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Altered mRNA Levels of Glucocorticoid Receptor, Mineralocorticoid Receptor, and Co-Chaperones (FKBP5 and PTGES3) in the Middle Frontal Gyrus of Autism Spectrum Disorder Subjects. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2090-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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152
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Herrero MT, Estrada C, Maatouk L, Vyas S. Inflammation in Parkinson's disease: role of glucocorticoids. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:32. [PMID: 25883554 PMCID: PMC4382972 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a major characteristic feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Studies in PD patients show evidence of augmented levels of potent pro-inflammatory molecules e.g., TNF-α, iNOS, IL-1β whereas in experimental Parkinsonism it has been consistently demonstrated that dopaminergic neurons are particularly vulnerable to activated glia releasing these toxic factors. Recent genetic studies point to the role of immune system in the etiology of PD, thus in combination with environmental factors, both peripheral and CNS-mediated immune responses could play important roles in onset and progression of PD. Whereas microglia, astrocytes and infiltrating T cells are known to mediate chronic inflammation, the roles of other immune-competent cells are less well understood. Inflammation is a tightly controlled process. One major effector system of regulation is HPA axis. Glucocorticoids (GCs) released from adrenal glands upon stimulation of HPA axis, in response to either cell injury or presence of pathogen, activate their receptor, GR. GR regulates inflammation both through direct transcriptional action on target genes and by indirectly inhibiting transcriptional activities of transcriptional factors such as NF-κB, AP-1 or interferon regulatory factors. In PD patients, the HPA axis is unbalanced and the cortisol levels are significantly increased, implying a deregulation of GR function in immune cells. In experimental Parkinsonism, the activation of microglial GR has a crucial effect in diminishing microglial cell activation and reducing dopaminergic degeneration. Moreover, GCs are also known to regulate human brain vasculature as well as blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability, any dysfunction in their actions may influence infiltration of cytotoxic molecules resulting in increased vulnerability of dopamine neurons in PD. Overall, deregulation of glucocorticoid receptor actions is likely important in dopamine neuron degeneration through establishment of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Trinidad Herrero
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE-IMIB), Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia, School of Medicine, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina Estrada
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE-IMIB), Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia, School of Medicine, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia Murcia, Spain
| | - Layal Maatouk
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Adaptive Behaviors, Department of Neuroscience Paris Seine, INSERM U 1130, CNRS UMR 8246, UPMC UM 119, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France
| | - Sheela Vyas
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Adaptive Behaviors, Department of Neuroscience Paris Seine, INSERM U 1130, CNRS UMR 8246, UPMC UM 119, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France
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153
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Masana M, Jukic M, Kretzschmar A, Wagner K, Westerholz S, Schmidt M, Rein T, Brodski C, Müller M. Deciphering the spatio-temporal expression and stress regulation of Fam107B, the paralog of the resilience-promoting protein DRR1 in the mouse brain. Neuroscience 2015; 290:147-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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154
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Blair LJ, Baker JD, Sabbagh JJ, Dickey CA. The emerging role of peptidyl-prolyl isomerase chaperones in tau oligomerization, amyloid processing, and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2015; 133:1-13. [PMID: 25628064 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases), a unique family of molecular chaperones, regulate protein folding at proline residues. These residues are abundant within intrinsically disordered proteins, like the microtubule-associated protein tau. Tau has been shown to become hyperphosphorylated and accumulate as one of the two main pathological hallmarks in Alzheimer's disease, the other being amyloid beta (Ab). PPIases, including Pin1, FK506-binding protein (FKBP) 52, FKBP51, and FKBP12, have been shown to interact with and regulate tau biology. This interaction is particularly important given the numerous proline-directed phosphorylation sites found on tau and the role phosphorylation has been found to play in pathogenesis. This regulation then affects downstream aggregation and oligomerization of tau. However, many PPIases have yet to be explored for their effects on tau biology, despite the high likelihood of interaction based on proline content. Moreover, Pin1, FKBP12, FKBP52, cyclophilin (Cyp) A, CypB, and CypD have been shown to also regulate Ab production or the toxicity associated with Ab pathology. Therefore, PPIases directly and indirectly regulate pathogenic protein multimerization in Alzheimer's disease and represent a family rich in targets for modulating the accumulation and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Blair
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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155
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Decreased adipogenesis and adipose tissue in mice with inactivated protein phosphatase 5. Biochem J 2015; 466:163-76. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20140428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
White adipose tissue levels are decreased and preadipoctye differentiation to adipocytes is retarded in mice with inactivated protein phosphatase 5. Increased phosphate in the glucocorticoid receptor mediates this phenotype by altering expression of several proteins in the pathway of adipogenesis.
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156
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Abstract
Hsp90 is a conserved molecular chaperone and is responsible for the folding and activation of several hundred client proteins, involved in various cellular processes. The large number and the diversity of these client proteins demand a high adaptiveness of Hsp90 towards the need of the individual client. This adaptiveness is amongst others mediated by more than 20 so-called cochaperones that differ in their actions towards Hsp90. Some of these cochaperones are able to modulate the ATPase activity of Hsp90 and/or its client protein binding, folding and activation. p23 and Aha1 are two prominent examples with opposing effects on the ATPase activity of Hsp90. p23 is able to inhibit the ATP turnover while Aha1 is the strongest known activator of the ATPase activity of Hsp90. Even though both cochaperones are conserved from yeast to man and have been studied for years, some Hsp90-related as well as Hsp90-independent functions are still enigmatic and under current investigation. In this chapter, we first introduce the ATPase cycle of Hsp90 and then focus on the two cochaperones integrating them in the Hsp90 cycle.
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157
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Chang PJ, Michaeloudes C, Zhu J, Shaikh N, Baker J, Chung KF, Bhavsar PK. Impaired nuclear translocation of the glucocorticoid receptor in corticosteroid-insensitive airway smooth muscle in severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191:54-62. [PMID: 25411910 PMCID: PMC4299627 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201402-0314oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Patients with severe asthma (SA) are less responsive to the beneficial effects of corticosteroid (CS) therapy, and relative CS insensitivity has been shown in airway smooth muscle cells (ASMC) from patients with SA. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether there was a defect in the actions of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) underlying the ability of CS to suppress the inflammatory response in ASMC of patients with SA. ASMC from healthy subjects (n = 10) and subjects with severe (n = 8) and nonsevere asthma (N-SA; n = 8) were cultured from endobronchial biopsies. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS GR expression in ASMC from SA and N-SA was reduced compared with that from healthy subjects by 49% (P < 0.01). Although baseline levels of nuclear GR were similar, GR nuclear translocation induced by dexamethasone (10(-7) M) in SA was 60% of that measured in either healthy subjects or subjects with N-SA. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α induced greater nuclear factor (NF)-κB (p65) mRNA expression in ASMC from subjects with SA (5.6- vs. 2.0-fold; P < 0.01), whereas baseline and TNF-α-induced nuclear translocation and dexamethasone-mediated suppression of p65 expression were similar between groups. Dexamethasone, although not modulating TNF-α-induced p65 nuclear translocation, attenuated p65 recruitment to the CCL11 promoter in the healthy and N-SA groups, but this suppressive effect was impaired in subjects with SA. CONCLUSIONS Decreased GR expression with impaired nuclear translocation in ASMC, associated with reduced dexamethasone-mediated attenuation of p65 recruitment to NF-κB-dependent gene promoters, may underlie CS insensitivity of severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Jui Chang
- 1 Experimental Studies, Airway Disease Section, and
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158
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones with widespread effects. They control intermediate metabolism by stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver, mobilize amino acids from extra hepatic tissues, inhibit glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue, and stimulate fat breakdown in adipose tissue. They also mediate stress response. They exert potent immune-suppressive and anti-inflammatory effects particularly when administered pharmacologically. Understanding these diverse effects of glucocorticoids requires a detailed knowledge of their mode of action. Research over the years has uncovered several details on the molecular action of this hormone, especially in immune cells. In this chapter, we have summarized the latest findings on the action of glucocorticoids in immune cells with a view of identifying important control points that may be relevant in glucocorticoid therapy.
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159
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Dangi SS, Gupta M, Nagar V, Yadav VP, Dangi SK, Shankar O, Chouhan VS, Kumar P, Singh G, Sarkar M. Impact of short-term heat stress on physiological responses and expression profile of HSPs in Barbari goats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2014; 58:2085-2093. [PMID: 24609928 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-014-0809-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Six, nonpregnant, Barbari goats aged 4-5 years were selected for the study. For the first 6 days, the animals were kept in psychrometric chamber at thermoneutral temperature for 6 h each day to make them acclimated to climatic chamber. On the 7th day, the animals were exposed to 41 °C temperature for 3 h and then to 45 °C for the next 3 h. Cardinal physiological responses were measured, and blood samples (3 ml) were collected at 1-h interval during the heat exposure period and then once after 6 h of the heat exposure. The rectal temperature (RT) and respiratory rate (RR) increased significantly (P < 0.05) during the heat exposure compared to pre- and postexposure. The relative messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of heat shock protein (HSP)60, HSP70, and HSP90 increased significantly (P < 0.05) within 1 h after exposure to heat stress at 41 and 45 °C and decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in next 2 h but remain significantly (P < 0.05) elevated from preexposure. HSP105/110 relative mRNA expression level remained unchanged during the first 4 h, and thereafter, it increased significantly (P < 0.05) and reached the peak at 6 h. Relative protein expression pattern of HSPs during exposure to heat stress showed similar trend as observed for the relative mRNA expression. Given the response sensitivity and intensity of HSP genes to environmental stresses, HSP70 was found to be the most sensitive to temperature fluctuation, and it could be used as an important molecular biomarker to heat stress in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyaveer Singh Dangi
- Division of Physiology & Climatology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
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160
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Structural characterization of the substrate transfer mechanism in Hsp70/Hsp90 folding machinery mediated by Hop. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5484. [PMID: 25407331 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukarya, chaperones Hsp70 and Hsp90 act coordinately in the folding and maturation of a range of key proteins with the help of several co-chaperones, especially Hop. Although biochemical data define the Hop-mediated Hsp70-Hsp90 substrate transfer mechanism, the intrinsic flexibility of these proteins and the dynamic nature of their complexes have limited the structural studies of this mechanism. Here we generate several complexes in the Hsp70/Hsp90 folding pathway (Hsp90:Hop, Hsp90:Hop:Hsp70 and Hsp90:Hop:Hsp70 with a fragment of the client protein glucocorticoid receptor (GR-LBD)), and determine their 3D structure using electron microscopy techniques. Our results show that one Hop molecule binds to one side of the Hsp90 dimer in both extended and compact conformations, through Hop domain rearrangement that take place when Hsp70 or Hsp70:GR-LBD bind to Hsp90:Hop. The compact conformation of the Hsp90:Hop:Hsp70:GR-LBD complex shows that GR-LBD binds to the side of the Hsp90 dimer opposite the Hop attachment site.
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161
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Hao Y, Gu X. Effects of heat shock protein 90 expression on pectoralis major oxidation in broilers exposed to acute heat stress. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2709-17. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2014-03993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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162
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Laukova M, Alaluf LG, Serova LI, Arango V, Sabban EL. Early intervention with intranasal NPY prevents single prolonged stress-triggered impairments in hypothalamus and ventral hippocampus in male rats. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3920-33. [PMID: 25057792 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intranasal administration of neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a promising treatment strategy to reduce traumatic stress-induced neuropsychiatric symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We evaluated the potential of intranasal NPY to prevent dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a core neuroendocrine feature of PTSD. Rats were exposed to single prolonged stress (SPS), a PTSD animal model, and infused intranasally with vehicle or NPY immediately after SPS stressors. After 7 days undisturbed, hypothalamus and hippocampus, 2 structures regulating the HPA axis activity, were examined for changes in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and CRH expression. Plasma ACTH and corticosterone, and hypothalamic CRH mRNA, were significantly higher in the vehicle but not NPY-treated group, compared with unstressed controls. Although total GR levels were not altered in hypothalamus, a significant decrease of GR phosphorylated on Ser232 and increased FK506-binding protein 5 mRNA were observed with the vehicle but not in animals infused with intranasal NPY. In contrast, in the ventral hippocampus, only vehicle-treated animals demonstrated elevated GR protein expression and increased GR phosphorylation on Ser232, specifically in the nuclear fraction. Additionally, SPS-induced increase of CRH mRNA in the ventral hippocampus was accompanied by apparent decrease of CRH peptide particularly in the CA3 subfield, both prevented by NPY. The results show that early intervention with intranasal NPY can prevent traumatic stress-triggered dysregulation of the HPA axis likely by restoring HPA axis proper negative feedback inhibition via GR. Thus, intranasal NPY has a potential as a noninvasive therapy to prevent negative effects of traumatic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Laukova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.L., L.G.A., L.I.S., E.L.S.), New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595; and Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division (V.A.), New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032
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163
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Liberman AC, Antunica-Noguerol M, Arzt E. Modulation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Activity by Post-Translational Modifications. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.11131/2014/101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara Liberman
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society
| | - María Antunica-Noguerol
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires
| | - Eduardo Arzt
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires
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164
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Detection of the glucocorticoid receptors in brain protein extracts by SDS-PAGE. Methods Mol Biol 2014. [PMID: 25182775 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1346-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones vital for organ system homeostasis and for the maintenance of essential biological processes. A significant part of these actions are mediated through glucocorticoid receptor (GR) that belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily. To cover such variety of processes the different glucocorticoids act through different GR isoforms that are originated due to posttranscriptional and posttranslational mechanisms. For this reason when evaluating the levels of GRs we should preferentially determine protein levels instead of gene expression. Here, we describe the detection by Western blotting of the GR (α and β isoforms) protein, using macrodissected brain tissue.
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165
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Uchoa ET, Aguilera G, Herman JP, Fiedler JL, Deak T, Cordeiro de Sousa MB. Novel aspects of glucocorticoid actions. J Neuroendocrinol 2014; 26:557-72. [PMID: 24724595 PMCID: PMC4161987 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Normal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity leading to the rhythmic and episodic release of adrenal glucocorticoids (GCs) is essential for body homeostasis and survival during stress. Acting through specific intracellular receptors in the brain and periphery, GCs regulate behaviour, as well as metabolic, cardiovascular, immune and neuroendocrine activities. By contrast to chronic elevated levels, circadian and acute stress-induced increases in GCs are necessary for hippocampal neuronal survival and memory acquisition and consolidation, as a result of the inhibition of apoptosis, the facilitation of glutamatergic neurotransmission and the formation of excitatory synapses, and the induction of immediate early genes and dendritic spine formation. In addition to metabolic actions leading to increased energy availability, GCs have profound effects on feeding behaviour, mainly via the modulation of orexigenic and anorixegenic neuropeptides. Evidence is also emerging that, in addition to the recognised immune suppressive actions of GCs by counteracting adrenergic pro-inflammatory actions, circadian elevations have priming effects in the immune system, potentiating acute defensive responses. In addition, negative-feedback by GCs involves multiple mechanisms leading to limited HPA axis activation and prevention of the deleterious effects of excessive GC production. Adequate GC secretion to meet body demands is tightly regulated by a complex neural circuitry controlling hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin secretion, which are the main regulators of pituitary adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). Rapid feedback mechanisms, likely involving nongenomic actions of GCs, mediate the immediate inhibition of hypothalamic CRH and ACTH secretion, whereas intermediate and delayed mechanisms mediated by genomic actions involve the modulation of limbic circuitry and peripheral metabolic messengers. Consistent with their key adaptive roles, HPA axis components are evolutionarily conserved, being present in the earliest vertebrates. An understanding of these basic mechanisms may lead to novel approaches for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic tools for disorders related to stress and alterations of GC secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernane Torres Uchoa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Greti Aguilera
- Section on Endocrine Physiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James P. Herman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Metabolic Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jenny L. Fiedler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Terrence Deak
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
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166
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Milara J, Peiró T, Armengot M, Frias S, Morell A, Serrano A, Cortijo J. Mucin 1 downregulation associates with corticosteroid resistance in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 135:470-6. [PMID: 25159466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) are resistant to oral corticosteroids. Mucin 1 (MUC1) shows anti-inflammatory properties, and its cytoplasmic tail (CT) interacts with transcription factors, facilitating their nuclear translocation. Because glucocorticoid receptor (GR) nuclear translocation is key to the anti-inflammatory effect of corticosteroids, we hypothesized that MUC1 is involved in the effectiveness of corticosteroids. OBJECTIVE To analyze the role of MUC1 in corticosteroid effectiveness in different cohorts of patients with CRSwNP and elucidate the possible mechanisms involved. METHODS Seventy-three patients with CRSwNP took oral corticosteroids for 15 days. Corticosteroid resistance was evaluated by nasal endoscopy. The expression of MUC1 and MUC1 CT was evaluated by real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Beas-2B knockdown with RNA interference for MUC1 (siRNA-MUC1) was used to analyze the role of MUC1 in the anti-inflammatory effects of dexamethasone. RESULTS Nineteen patients had nasal polyps that were resistant to oral corticosteroids (NP-CR). MUC1 expression was downregulated in these patients. Primary epithelial cells from patients with NP-CR were insensitive to the anti-inflammatory effects of dexamethasone. In siRNA-MUC1 Beas-2B, dexamethasone showed weaker anti-inflammatory effects, a reduced inhibition of phospho-extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1/2, a less severe mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 increase, and a reduced GR nuclear translocation. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that MUC1-CT and GRα form protein complexes and translocate to the nucleus in response to dexamethasone. MUC1-CT-GRα complex was downregulated in NP-CR tissue. CONCLUSION MUC1-CT participates in the corticosteroid response that mediates GRα nuclear translocation. The low expression of MUC1 in patients with CRSwNP may participate in corticosteroid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Milara
- Clinical Research Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain; Department of Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Research Foundation of General Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Teresa Peiró
- Research Foundation of General Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miquel Armengot
- Rhinology Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Soledad Frias
- Rhinology Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain
| | - Anselm Morell
- Research Foundation of General Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Adela Serrano
- Research Foundation of General Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julio Cortijo
- Clinical Research Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain; Research Foundation of General Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
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167
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Szczepankiewicz A, Leszczyńska-Rodziewicz A, Pawlak J, Narozna B, Rajewska-Rager A, Wilkosc M, Zaremba D, Maciukiewicz M, Twarowska-Hauser J. FKBP5 polymorphism is associated with major depression but not with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2014; 164:33-7. [PMID: 24856550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered activity of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal glands (HPA) axis in response to stress underlies the pathogenesis of mood disorders such as depression and bipolar disorder. Chaperone proteins regulate sensitivity of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to steroids. We hypothesized that genetic variants within the FKBP5 - gene encoding co-chaperone protein essential in GR signaling - may influence the susceptibility to major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. METHODS In the study participated 528 bipolar patients, 218 patients with major depressive disorder and 742 subjects from control group. Genotypes for eight FKBP5 polymorphisms (rs1360780, rs755658, rs9470080, rs4713916, rs7748266, rs9296158, rs9394309, rs3800373) were established by TagMan SNP Genotyping Assays (Applied Biosystems). Linkage disequilibrium analysis for FKBP5 gene was done in Haploview. Gene-gene interactions between FKBP5 and NR3C1 polymorphisms (reported previously) were analyzed using the multidimensionality-reduction method (MDR). RESULTS We have observed an association between five FKBP5 polymorphisms (rs1360780, rs9470080, rs4713916, rs9296158 and rs9394309) and major depressive disorder (p=0.011; p=0.007, p=0.038; p=0.030; p=0.018, respectively), but not bipolar disorder. In linkage disequilibrium analysis we found that seven FKBP5 polymorphisms build haplotype block (rs3800373, rs755658, rs9296158, rs7748266, rs1360780, rs9394309, rs9470080, respectively). We observed that two haplotype combinations (ACATTGT and CCACTAT) were significantly more frequent in the MDD patients than in controls (p=0.014 and p=0.043). We have not observed such an association for BD patients. We have found that interaction between rs9470080 of FKBP5 and rs6198 of NR3C1 influences MDD risk. LIMITATIONS The main limitations of this study include low power and limited sample size of MDD patients. CONCLUSIONS Single markers and haplotypes of FKBP5 gene and the interaction with glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) may influence MDD predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Szczepankiewicz
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry; Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Pulmonology, Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27/33 Szpitalna St., 60-572 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Anna Leszczyńska-Rodziewicz
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry; Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Pawlak
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry; Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Beata Narozna
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry; Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Monika Wilkosc
- Department of Individual Differences Psychology, Psychology Institute, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Dorota Zaremba
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry; Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Maciukiewicz
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry; Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Twarowska-Hauser
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry; Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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168
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Allan AM, Goggin SL, Caldwell KK. Prenatal alcohol exposure modifies glucocorticoid receptor subcellular distribution in the medial prefrontal cortex and impairs frontal cortex-dependent learning. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96200. [PMID: 24755652 PMCID: PMC3995983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) has been shown to impair learning, memory and executive functioning in children. Perseveration, or the failure to respond adaptively to changing contingencies, is a hallmark on neurobehavioral assessment tasks for human fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Adaptive responding is predominantly a product of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and is regulated by corticosteroids. In our mouse model of PAE we recently reported deficits in hippocampal formation-dependent learning and memory and a dysregulation of hippocampal formation glucocorticoid receptor (GR) subcellular distribution. Here, we examined the effect of PAE on frontal cortical-dependent behavior, as well as mPFC GR subcellular distribution and the levels of regulators of intracellular GR transport. PAE mice displayed significantly reduced response flexibility in a Y-maze reversal learning task. While the levels of total nuclear GR were reduced in PAE mPFC, levels of GR phosphorylated at serines 203, 211 and 226 were not significantly changed. Cytosolic, but not nuclear, MR levels were elevated in the PAE mPFC. The levels of critical GR trafficking proteins, FKBP51, Hsp90, cyclophilin 40, dynamitin and dynein intermediate chain, were altered in PAE mice, in favor of the exclusion of GR from the nucleus, indicating dysregulation of GR trafficking. Our findings suggest that there may be a link between a deficit in GR nuclear localization and frontal cortical learning deficits in prenatal alcohol-exposed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Allan
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Samantha L. Goggin
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Kevin K. Caldwell
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
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169
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Lin M, Zhao D, Hrabovsky A, Pedrosa E, Zheng D, Lachman HM. Heat shock alters the expression of schizophrenia and autism candidate genes in an induced pluripotent stem cell model of the human telencephalon. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94968. [PMID: 24736721 PMCID: PMC3988108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are highly heritable neuropsychiatric disorders, although environmental factors, such as maternal immune activation (MIA), play a role as well. Cytokines mediate the effects of MIA on neurogenesis and behavior in animal models. However, MIA stimulators can also induce a febrile reaction, which could have independent effects on neurogenesis through heat shock (HS)-regulated cellular stress pathways. However, this has not been well-studied. To help understand the role of fever in MIA, we used a recently described model of human brain development in which induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) differentiate into 3-dimensional neuronal aggregates that resemble a first trimester telencephalon. RNA-seq was carried out on aggregates that were heat shocked at 39°C for 24 hours, along with their control partners maintained at 37°C. 186 genes showed significant differences in expression following HS (p<0.05), including known HS-inducible genes, as expected, as well as those coding for NGFR and a number of SZ and ASD candidates, including SMARCA2, DPP10, ARNT2, AHI1 and ZNF804A. The degree to which the expression of these genes decrease or increase during HS is similar to that found in copy loss and copy gain copy number variants (CNVs), although the effects of HS are likely to be transient. The dramatic effect on the expression of some SZ and ASD genes places HS, and perhaps other cellular stressors, into a common conceptual framework with disease-causing genetic variants. The findings also suggest that some candidate genes that are assumed to have a relatively limited impact on SZ and ASD pathogenesis based on a small number of positive genetic findings, such as SMARCA2 and ARNT2, may in fact have a much more substantial role in these disorders - as targets of common environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Lin
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Dejian Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Anastasia Hrabovsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Erika Pedrosa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Dominick Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HML); (D. Zheng)
| | - Herbert M. Lachman
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Dominick Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HML); (D. Zheng)
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170
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Petrosyan A, Cheng PW. Golgi fragmentation induced by heat shock or inhibition of heat shock proteins is mediated by non-muscle myosin IIA via its interaction with glycosyltransferases. Cell Stress Chaperones 2014; 19:241-54. [PMID: 23990450 PMCID: PMC3933620 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-013-0450-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a highly dynamic organelle which frequently undergoes morphological changes in certain normal physiological processes or in response to stress. The mechanisms are largely not known. We have found that heat shock of Panc1 cells expressing core 2 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-M (Panc1-C2GnT-M) induces Golgi disorganization by increasing non-muscle myosin IIA (NMIIA)-C2GnT-M complexes and polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of C2GnT-M. These effects are prevented by inhibition or knockdown of NMIIA. Also, the speed of Golgi fragmentation induced by heat shock is found to be positively correlated with the levels of C2GnT-M in the Golgi. The results are reproduced in LNCaP cells expressing high levels of two endogenous glycosyltransferases-core 2 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-L:1 and β-galactoside:α2-3 sialyltransferase 1. Further, during recovery after heat shock, Golgi reassembly as monitored by a Golgi matrix protein giantin precedes the return of C2GnT-M to the Golgi. The results are consistent with the roles of giantin as a building block of the Golgi architecture and a docking site for transport vesicles carrying glycosyltransferases. In addition, inhibition/depletion of HSP70 or HSP90 in Panc1-C2GnT-M cells also causes an increase of NMIIA-C2GnT-M complexes and NMIIA-mediated Golgi fragmentation but results in accumulation or degradation of C2GnT-M, respectively. These results can be explained by the known functions of these two HSP: participation of HSP90 in protein folding and HSP70 in protein folding and degradation. We conclude that NMIIA is the master regulator of Golgi fragmentation induced by heat shock or inhibition/depletion of HSP70/90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen Petrosyan
- />Department of Research Service, Veterans Administration Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE USA
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870 USA
| | - Pi-Wan Cheng
- />Department of Research Service, Veterans Administration Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE USA
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870 USA
- />Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE USA
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171
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Matić G, Vojnović Milutinović D, Nestorov J, Elaković I, Manitašević Jovanović S, Elzaedi YM, Perišić T, Dunđerski J, Damjanović S, Knežević G, Špirić Ž, Vermetten E, Savić D. Mineralocorticoid receptor and heat shock protein expression levels in peripheral lymphocytes from war trauma-exposed men with and without PTSD. Psychiatry Res 2014; 215:379-85. [PMID: 24355684 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the number and functional status of mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) may contribute to vulnerability to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Corticosteroid receptors are chaperoned by heat shock proteins Hsp90 and Hsp70. We examined relations between corticosteroid receptor and heat shock protein expression levels, and related them with war trauma exposure, PTSD and resilience to PTSD. Relative levels of MR, Hsp90 and Hsp70 were determined by immunoblotting in lymphocytes from war trauma-exposed men with current PTSD (current PTSD group, n=113), with life-time PTSD (life-time PTSD group, n=61) and without PTSD (trauma control group, n=88), and from non-traumatized healthy controls (healthy control group, n=85). Between-group differences in MR, Hsp90 and Hsp70 levels and in MR/GR ratio were not observed. The level of MR was correlated with both Hsp90 and Hsp70 levels in trauma control and healthy control groups. On the other hand, GR level was correlated only with Hsp90 level, and this correlation was evident in current PTSD and trauma control groups. In conclusion, PTSD and exposure to trauma are not related to changes in lymphocyte MR, Hsp90 or Hsp70 levels, but may be associated with disturbances in corticosteroid receptors interaction with heat shock proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Matić
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Danijela Vojnović Milutinović
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Nestorov
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Elaković
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Manitašević Jovanović
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Younis Mouftah Elzaedi
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Perišić
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jadranka Dunđerski
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetozar Damjanović
- University of Belgrade, School of Medicine, Clinical Center of Serbia, Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Knežević
- International Aid Network, Belgrade, Serbia; University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Psychology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Željko Špirić
- International Aid Network, Belgrade, Serbia; Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eric Vermetten
- Military Mental Health-Research Center, University Medical Center, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neurosciences, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Danka Savić
- International Aid Network, Belgrade, Serbia; University of Belgrade, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Theoretical and Condensed Matter Physics, Belgrade, Serbia
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172
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Gioacchini G, Giorgini E, Olivotto I, Maradonna F, Merrifield DL, Carnevali O. The influence of probiotics on zebrafish Danio rerio innate immunity and hepatic stress. Zebrafish 2014; 11:98-106. [PMID: 24564619 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2013.0932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of probiotic administration on zebrafish Danio rerio intestinal innate immunity and hepatic stress were evaluated. Zebrafish adults were treated for 10 days with the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus IMC 501(®). To assess the effects at the molecular level, the mRNA levels of genes involved in the innate immune system, stress response, oxidative stress, and apoptosis were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. An increase of biomarkers related to innate immune responses was observed in intestinal tissue from the probiotic-treated fish compared with the control fish. In addition, a decrease in the abundance of stress and apoptotic-related genes was observed in the liver of the probiotic-fed fish. Finally, imaging Fourier transform infrared analysis was conducted on liver sections and the data obtained confirmed that probiotic administration decreased oxidative stress levels, decreased DNA damage, and increased lipid saturation levels. Overall, the results show that probiotic administration may enhance zebrafish welfare by modulating the innate immune response and improving hepatic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Gioacchini
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
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173
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Roy S, Ryals MM, Van den Bruele AB, Fitzgerald TS, Cunningham LL. Sound preconditioning therapy inhibits ototoxic hearing loss in mice. J Clin Invest 2014; 123:4945-9. [PMID: 24216513 DOI: 10.1172/jci71353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic drugs with ototoxic side effects cause significant hearing loss for thousands of patients annually. Two major classes of ototoxic drugs are cisplatin and the aminoglycoside antibiotics, both of which are toxic to mechanosensory hair cells, the receptor cells of the inner ear. A critical need exists for therapies that protect the inner ear without inhibiting the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs. The induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs) inhibits both aminoglycoside- and cisplatin-induced hair cell death and hearing loss. We hypothesized that exposure to sound that is titrated to stress the inner ear without causing permanent damage would induce HSPs in the cochlea and inhibit ototoxic drug–induced hearing loss. We developed a sound exposure protocol that induces HSPs without causing permanent hearing loss. We used this protocol in conjunction with a newly developed mouse model of cisplatin ototoxicity and found that preconditioning mouse inner ears with sound has a robust protective effect against cisplatin-induced hearing loss and hair cell death. Sound therapy also provided protection against aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss. These data indicate that sound preconditioning protects against both classes of ototoxic drugs, and they suggest that sound therapy holds promise for preventing hearing loss in patients receiving these drugs.
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174
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Harcken C, Riether D, Kuzmich D, Liu P, Betageri R, Ralph M, Emmanuel M, Reeves JT, Berry A, Souza D, Nelson RM, Kukulka A, Fadra TN, Zuvela-Jelaska L, Dinallo R, Bentzien J, Nabozny GH, Thomson DS. Identification of Highly Efficacious Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists with a Potential for Reduced Clinical Bone Side Effects. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1583-98. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4019178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Harcken
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Doris Riether
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Daniel Kuzmich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Pingrong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Raj Betageri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Mark Ralph
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Michel Emmanuel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Jonathan T. Reeves
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Angela Berry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Donald Souza
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Richard M. Nelson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Alison Kukulka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Tazmeen N. Fadra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Ljiljana Zuvela-Jelaska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Roger Dinallo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Jörg Bentzien
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Gerald H. Nabozny
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - David S. Thomson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
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175
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Regulatory role of the 90-kDa-heat-shock protein (Hsp90) and associated factors on gene expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:71-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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176
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Knapp RT, Wong MJH, Kollmannsberger LK, Gassen NC, Kretzschmar A, Zschocke J, Hafner K, Young JC, Rein T. Hsp70 cochaperones HspBP1 and BAG-1M differentially regulate steroid hormone receptor function. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85415. [PMID: 24454860 PMCID: PMC3891853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsp70 binding protein 1 (HspBP1) and Bcl2-associated athanogene 1 (BAG-1), the functional orthologous nucleotide exchange factors of the heat shock protein 70 kilodalton (Hsc70/Hsp70) chaperones, catalyze the release of ADP from Hsp70 while inducing different conformational changes of the ATPase domain of Hsp70. An appropriate exchange rate of ADP/ATP is crucial for chaperone-dependent protein folding processes. Among Hsp70 client proteins are steroid receptors such as the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), and the androgen receptor (AR). BAG-1 diversely affects steroid receptor activity, while to date the influence of HspBP1 on steroid receptor function is mostly unknown. Here, we compared the influence of HspBP1 and BAG-1M on Hsp70-mediated steroid receptor folding complexes and steroid receptor activity. Coimmunoprecipitation studies indicated preferential binding of Hsp40 and the steroid receptors to BAG-1M as compared to HspBP1. Furthermore, Hsp70 binding to the ligand-binding domain of GR was reduced in the presence of HspBP1 but not in the presence of BAG-1M as shown by pull-down assays. Reporter gene experiments revealed an inhibitory effect on GR, MR, and AR at a wide range of HspBP1 protein levels and at hormone concentrations at or approaching saturation. BAG-1M exhibited a transition from stimulatory effects at low BAG-1M levels to inhibitory effects at higher BAG-1M levels. Overall, BAG-1M and HspBP1 had differential impacts on the dynamic composition of steroid receptor folding complexes and on receptor function with important implications for steroid receptor physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina T. Knapp
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Chaperone Research Group, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael J. H. Wong
- McGill University, Department of Biochemistry, Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Nils C. Gassen
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Chaperone Research Group, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Kretzschmar
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Chaperone Research Group, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zschocke
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Chaperone Research Group, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Hafner
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Chaperone Research Group, Munich, Germany
| | - Jason C. Young
- McGill University, Department of Biochemistry, Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, Montreal, Canada
| | - Theo Rein
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Chaperone Research Group, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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177
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Kovačević S, Nestorov J, Matić G, Elaković I. Dietary fructose-related adiposity and glucocorticoid receptor function in visceral adipose tissue of female rats. Eur J Nutr 2014; 53:1409-20. [PMID: 24420787 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0644-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Excessive fructose intake coincides with the growing rate of obesity and metabolic syndrome, with women being more prone to these disorders than men. Findings that detrimental effects of fructose might be mediated by glucocorticoid regeneration in adipose tissue only indirectly implicated glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the phenomenon. The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether fructose overconsumption induces derangements in GR expression and function that might be associated with fructose-induced adiposity in females. METHODS We examined effects of fructose-enriched diet on GR expression and function in visceral adipose tissue of female rats. Additionally, we analyzed the expression of genes involved in glucocorticoid prereceptor metabolism [11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase], lipolysis (hormone-sensitive lipase) and lipogenesis (sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 and peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor γ). RESULTS Fructose-fed rats had elevated energy intake that resulted in visceral adiposity, as indicated by increased visceral adipose tissue mass and its share in the whole-body weight. GR hormone binding capacity and affinity, as well as the expression of GR gene at both mRNA and protein levels were reduced in visceral adipose tissue of the rats on fructose diet. The glucocorticoid prereceptor metabolism was stimulated, as evidenced by elevated tissue corticosterone, while the key regulators of lipolysis and lipogenesis remained unaffected by fructose diet. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the 11βHSD1-mediated elevation of intracellular corticosterone may induce GR downregulation, which may be associated with failure of GR to stimulate lipolysis in fructose-fed female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Kovačević
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, 142 Despot Stefan Blvd, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
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178
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Sinclair D, Fillman SG, Webster MJ, Weickert CS. Dysregulation of glucocorticoid receptor co-factors FKBP5, BAG1 and PTGES3 in prefrontal cortex in psychotic illness. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3539. [PMID: 24345775 PMCID: PMC3866598 DOI: 10.1038/srep03539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular abnormalities within the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) stress signaling pathway may confer, or reflect, susceptibility to stress in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, but the extent of such abnormalities in the brain is not known. Using RNA-Seq and qPCR in two postmortem cohorts totaling 55 schizophrenia, 34 bipolar disorder and 55 control individuals, we identified increased FKBP5 and PTGES3 mRNA expression, and decreased BAG1 mRNA expression, in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia cases relative to controls (68.0% [p < 0.001], 26.0% [p < 0.01] and 12.1% [p < 0.05] respectively). We also observed increased FKBP5 and decreased BAG1 mRNA expression in bipolar disorder (47.5% [p < 0.05] and 14.9% [p < 0.005]). There were no diagnostic differences in steady-state FKBP51 protein levels, nor in HSPA1A, HSP90AA1, DNAJB1 or HSPB1 mRNA levels. GR, co-factor and chaperone mRNA levels were strongly correlated. These results reveal coordinated cortical dysregulation of FKBP5, PTGES3, BAG1 and GR genes within the glucocorticoid signaling pathway in psychotic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Sinclair
- 1] Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia [2] Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia [3] School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia [4] Neuropsychiatric Signaling Program, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Stu G Fillman
- 1] Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia [2] Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia [3] School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maree J Webster
- Stanley Medical Research Institute, Laboratory of Brain Research, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- 1] Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia [2] Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia [3] School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Deb R, Sajjanar B, Singh U, Kumar S, Singh R, Sengar G, Sharma A. Effect of heat stress on the expression profile of Hsp90 among Sahiwal (Bos indicus) and Frieswal (Bos indicus × Bos taurus) breed of cattle: a comparative study. Gene 2013; 536:435-40. [PMID: 24333856 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of thermal challenge on the expression profile of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) among Sahiwal (Bos indicus) and Frieswal (Bos indicus × Bos taurus) breeds of cattle. The present investigation was focused on the comparative studies on Hsp90 expression among Frieswal and Sahiwal under in vitro and environmental heat stress. Measured immediately after the in vitro heat shock to the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), the relative expression of Hsp90 mRNA was significantly (P<0.05) higher in Sahiwal compared to those in Frieswal. In later intervals of time, the differences in the expression levels between the two breeds become negligible coming down towards the basal level. A similar pattern was observed in the protein concentration showing significantly (P<0.05) higher levels in Sahiwal compared to those in Frieswal. The second sets of experiments were undertaken during summer months (March to May) when temperature peaked from 37 to 45 °C. During these months, Frieswal cows consistently recorded higher rectal temperatures than the Sahiwal breed. Further during this peak summer stress, Sahiwal showed significantly higher levels of mRNA transcripts as well as protein concentration compared to the Frieswal breed. Our findings also interestingly showed that, the cell viability of PBMC are significantly higher among the Sahiwal than Frieswal. Taken together, the experiments of both induced in vitro and environmental stress conditions indicate that, Sahiwal may express higher levels of Hsp90 then Frieswal to regulate their body temperature and increase cell survivality under heat stressed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Deb
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Animal Genetics & Breeding Section, Project Directorate on Cattle, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Grass Farm Road, P. O. Box 17, Meerut Cantt., Meerut 250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Basavaraj Sajjanar
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Animal Genetics & Breeding Section, Project Directorate on Cattle, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Grass Farm Road, P. O. Box 17, Meerut Cantt., Meerut 250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Umesh Singh
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Animal Genetics & Breeding Section, Project Directorate on Cattle, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Grass Farm Road, P. O. Box 17, Meerut Cantt., Meerut 250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Animal Genetics & Breeding Section, Project Directorate on Cattle, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Grass Farm Road, P. O. Box 17, Meerut Cantt., Meerut 250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rani Singh
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Animal Genetics & Breeding Section, Project Directorate on Cattle, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Grass Farm Road, P. O. Box 17, Meerut Cantt., Meerut 250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - G Sengar
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Animal Genetics & Breeding Section, Project Directorate on Cattle, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Grass Farm Road, P. O. Box 17, Meerut Cantt., Meerut 250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arjava Sharma
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Animal Genetics & Breeding Section, Project Directorate on Cattle, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Grass Farm Road, P. O. Box 17, Meerut Cantt., Meerut 250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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180
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Zannas AS, Binder EB. Gene-environment interactions at theFKBP5locus: sensitive periods, mechanisms and pleiotropism. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 13:25-37. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Zannas
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry; Munich Germany
- Department of Psychiatry; Duke University Medical Center; Durham NC USA
| | - E. B. Binder
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry; Munich Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Emory University Medical School; Atlanta GA USA
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181
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Minelli A, Maffioletti E, Cloninger CR, Magri C, Sartori R, Bortolomasi M, Congiu C, Bignotti S, Segala M, Giacopuzzi M, Gennarelli M. Role of allelic variants of FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP5) gene in the development of anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety 2013; 30:1170-6. [PMID: 23861224 DOI: 10.1002/da.22158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety disorders exhibit remarkably high rates of comorbidity with major depressive disorder (MDD). Mood and anxiety disorders are considered stress-related diseases. Genetic variations in the co-chaperone FK506-binding protein 51, FKBP5, which modulates the function of glucocorticoid receptors, have been associated with an increased risk for the development of posttraumatic stress disorder, but data regarding its role in MDD are controversial. The aims of this study were to clarify the role of the FKBP5 gene in depression and anxiety disorders through a case-control study and an association study with personality traits using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) in healthy subjects. METHODS Six hundred fifty-seven MDD patients, with or without an anxiety disorder in comorbidity, and 462 healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study. Two hundred fifty-six controls agreed to fill out the TCI. RESULTS The results showed that the T allele of rs1360780 was more frequent among the patients affected by MDD with a comorbidity of anxiety disorders, compared to those without (P < .001). Among the controls, we found that the T allele more often exhibited personality traits associated with an increased vulnerability to anxiety. CONCLUSIONS These results support the hypothesis that allelic variants of FKBP5 are a risk factor for anxiety disorders. The identification of genetic variants involved in anxiety may have implications for the optimization of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Minelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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182
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Luteal serum BDNF and HSP70 levels in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013; 263:685-93. [PMID: 23455589 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-013-0398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome characterized by psychological and somatic symptoms commencing in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and concludes with menstrual bleeding. PMDD affects 3-8 % of premenopausal women and represents a significant public health problem especially in young women. Decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels are associated with several mental disorders. Heat-shock protein-70 (HSP70) is an important member of the molecular chaperone system, which provides a molecular defense against proteotoxic stress. We hypothesized that there would be changed levels of BDNF and HSP70 in women with PMDD compared with non-symptomatic women, reflecting impaired and/or activated stress-related responses involved in the underlying pathogenesis of PMDD. Female medical students were screened, and 24 women without premenstrual symptoms and 25 women with PMDD were enrolled in the study. Psychiatric evaluation and the Daily Record of Severity of Problems-Short Form were used for two consecutive menstrual cycles to diagnose PMDD. Serum BDNF and HSP70 levels were assessed in the third luteal phase. Participants with PMDD had significantly higher serum BDNF and HSP70 levels compared with controls, and there was a significant positive correlation between serum BDNF and HSP70 levels. Increased HSP70 levels may reflect cellular distress in PMDD. Increased serum BDNF levels in the luteal phase in subjects with PMDD may reflect a compensation process, which results in subsequent improvement of PMDD-associated depressive symptoms in the follicular phase. Thus, increased serum BDNF levels may be indicative of a compensating capacity in PMDD.
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183
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Holub JM, Larochelle JR, Appelbaum JS, Schepartz A. Improved assays for determining the cytosolic access of peptides, proteins, and their mimetics. Biochemistry 2013; 52:9036-46. [PMID: 24256505 DOI: 10.1021/bi401069g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteins and other macromolecules that cross biological membranes have great potential as tools for research and next-generation therapeutics. Here, we describe two assays that effectively quantify the cytosolic localization of a number of previously reported peptides and protein domains. One assay, which we call GIGI (glucocorticoid-induced eGFP induction), is an amplified assay that informs on relative cytosolic access without the need for sophisticated imaging equipment or adherent cells. The second, GIGT (glucocorticoid-induced eGFP translocation), is a nonamplified assay that informs on relative cytosolic access and exploits sophisticated imaging equipment to facilitate high-content screens in live cells. Each assay was employed to quantify the cytosolic delivery of several canonical "cell permeable peptides," as well as more recently reported minimally cationic miniature proteins and zinc finger nuclease domains. Our results show definitively that both overall charge as well as charge distribution influence cytosolic access and that small protein domains containing a discrete, helical, penta-Arg motif can dramatically improve the cytosolic delivery of small folded proteins such as zinc finger domains. We anticipate that the assays described herein will prove useful to explore and discover the fundamental physicochemical and genetic properties that influence both the uptake and endosomal release of peptidic molecules and their mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Holub
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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184
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Dickmeis T, Weger BD, Weger M. The circadian clock and glucocorticoids--interactions across many time scales. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 380:2-15. [PMID: 23707790 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones of the adrenal gland that are an integral component of the stress response and regulate many physiological processes, including metabolism and immune response. Their release into the blood is highly dynamic and occurs in about hourly pulses, the amplitude of which is modulated in a daytime dependent fashion. In addition, in many species seasonal changes in basal glucocorticoid levels have been reported. In their target tissues, glucocorticoids bind to cytoplasmic receptors of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Upon binding, these receptors regulate transcription in a highly dynamic fashion, which involves stochastic binding to regulatory DNA elements on a time scale of seconds and heat shock protein mediated receptor-ligand complex recycling within minutes. The glucocorticoid hormone system interacts with another highly dynamic system, the circadian clock. The circadian clock is an endogenous biological timing mechanism that allows organisms to anticipate regular daily changes in their environment. It regulates daily rhythms of glucocorticoid release by a variety of mechanisms, modulates glucocorticoid signaling and is itself influenced by glucocorticoids. Here, we discuss mechanisms, functions and interactions of the circadian and glucocorticoid systems across time scales ranging from seconds (DNA binding by transcriptional regulators) to years (seasonal rhythms).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dickmeis
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Campus Nord, Postfach 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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185
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Oppong E, Flink N, Cato ACB. Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid action in mast cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 380:119-26. [PMID: 23707629 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are compounds that have successfully been used over the years in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. They are known to exhibit their effects through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) that acts to downregulate the action of proinflammatory transcription factors such as AP-1 and NF-κB. The GR also exerts anti-inflammatory effects through activation of distinct genes. In addition to their anti-inflammatory actions, glucocorticoids are also potent antiallergic compounds that are widely used in conditions such as asthma and anaphylaxis. Nevertheless the mechanism of action of this hormone in these disorders is not known. In this article, we have reviewed reports on the effects of glucocorticoids in mast cells, one of the important immune cells in allergy. Building on the knowledge of the molecular action of glucocorticoids and the GR in the treatment of inflammation in other cell types, we have made suggestions as to the likely mechanisms of action of glucocorticoids in mast cells. We have further identified some important questions and research directions that need to be addressed in future studies to improve the treatment of allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Oppong
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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186
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Ratman D, Vanden Berghe W, Dejager L, Libert C, Tavernier J, Beck IM, De Bosscher K. How glucocorticoid receptors modulate the activity of other transcription factors: a scope beyond tethering. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 380:41-54. [PMID: 23267834 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The activity of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a nuclear receptor transcription factor belonging to subclass 3C of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily, is typically triggered by glucocorticoid hormones. Apart from driving gene transcription via binding onto glucocorticoid response elements in regulatory regions of particular target genes, GR can also inhibit gene expression via transrepression, a mechanism largely based on protein:protein interactions. Hereby GR can influence the activity of other transcription factors, without contacting DNA itself. GR is known to inhibit the activity of a growing list of immune-regulating transcription factors. Hence, GCs still rule the clinic for treatments of inflammatory disorders, notwithstanding concomitant deleterious side effects. Although patience is a virtue when it comes to deciphering the many mechanisms GR uses to influence various signaling pathways, the current review is testimony of the fact that groundbreaking mechanistic work has been accumulating over the past years and steadily continues to grow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Ratman
- Cytokine Receptor Lab, VIB Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, UGent, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
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187
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Martinez NJ, Chang HM, Borrajo JDR, Gregory RI. The co-chaperones Fkbp4/5 control Argonaute2 expression and facilitate RISC assembly. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 19:1583-93. [PMID: 24049110 PMCID: PMC3851725 DOI: 10.1261/rna.040790.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Argonaute2 (Ago2) protein and associated microRNAs (miRNAs) or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) form the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) for target messenger RNA cleavage and post-transcriptional gene silencing. Although Ago2 is essential for RISC activity, the mechanism of RISC assembly is not well understood, and factors controlling Ago2 protein expression are largely unknown. A role for the Hsc70/Hsp90 chaperone complex in loading small RNA duplexes into the RISC has been demonstrated in cell extracts, and unloaded Ago2 is unstable and degraded by the lysosome in mammalian cells. Here we identify the co-chaperones Fkbp4 and Fkbp5 as Ago2-associated proteins in mouse embryonic stem cells. Pharmacological inhibition of this interaction using FK506 or siRNA-mediated Fkbp4/5 depletion leads to decreased Ago2 protein levels. We find FK506 treatment inhibits, whereas Fkbp4/5 overexpression promotes, miRNA-mediated stabilization of Ago2 expression. Simultaneous treatment with a lysosome inhibitor revealed the accumulation of unloaded Ago2 complexes in FK506-treated cells. We find that, consistent with unloaded miRNAs being unstable, FK506 treatment also affects miRNA abundance, particularly nascent miRNAs. Our results support a role for Fkbp4/5 in RISC assembly.
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188
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Quax RA, Manenschijn L, Koper JW, Hazes JM, Lamberts SWJ, van Rossum EFC, Feelders RA. Glucocorticoid sensitivity in health and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2013; 9:670-86. [PMID: 24080732 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2013.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids regulate many physiological processes and have an essential role in the systemic response to stress. For example, gene transcription is modulated by the glucocorticoid-glucocorticoid receptor complex via several mechanisms. The ultimate biologic responses to glucocorticoids are determined by not only the concentration of glucocorticoids but also the differences between individuals in glucocorticoid sensitivity, which is influenced by multiple factors. Differences in sensitivity to glucocorticoids in healthy individuals are partly genetically determined by functional polymorphisms of the gene that encodes the glucocorticoid receptor. Hereditary syndromes have also been identified that are associated with increased and decreased sensitivity to glucocorticoids. As a result of their anti-inflammatory properties, glucocorticoids are widely used in the treatment of allergic, inflammatory and haematological disorders. The variety in clinical responses to treatment with glucocorticoids reflects the considerable variation in glucocorticoid sensitivity between individuals. In immune-mediated disorders, proinflammatory cytokines can induce localized resistance to glucocorticoids via several mechanisms. Individual differences in how tissues respond to glucocorticoids might also be involved in the predisposition for and pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome and mood disorders. In this Review, we summarize the mechanisms that influence glucocorticoid sensitivity in health and disease and discuss possible strategies to modulate glucocorticoid responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier A Quax
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands
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189
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Finsterwald C, Alberini CM. Stress and glucocorticoid receptor-dependent mechanisms in long-term memory: from adaptive responses to psychopathologies. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 112:17-29. [PMID: 24113652 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A proper response against stressors is critical for survival. In mammals, the stress response is primarily mediated by secretion of glucocorticoids via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and release of catecholamines through adrenergic neurotransmission. Activation of these pathways results in a quick physical response to the stress and, in adaptive conditions, mediates long-term changes in the brain that lead to the formation of long-term memories of the experience. These long-term memories are an essential adaptive mechanism that allows an animal to effectively face similar demands again. Indeed, a moderate stress level has a strong positive effect on memory and cognition, as a single arousing or moderately stressful event can be remembered for up to a lifetime. Conversely, exposure to extreme, traumatic, or chronic stress can have the opposite effect and cause memory loss, cognitive impairments, and stress-related psychopathologies such as anxiety disorders, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While more effort has been devoted to the understanding of the negative effects of chronic stress, much less has been done thus far on the identification of the mechanisms engaged in the brain when stress promotes long-term memory formation. Understanding these mechanisms will provide critical information for use in ameliorating memory processes in both normal and pathological conditions. Here, we will review the role of glucocorticoids and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in memory formation and modulation. Furthermore, we will discuss recent findings on the molecular cascade of events underlying the effect of GR activation in adaptive levels of stress that leads to strong, long-lasting memories. Our recent data indicate that the positive effects of GR activation on memory consolidation critically engage the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) pathway. We propose and will discuss the hypothesis that stress promotes the formation of strong long-term memories because the activation of hippocampal GRs after learning is coupled to the recruitment of the growth and pro-survival BDNF/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) pathway, which is well-know to be a general mechanism required for long-term memory formation. We will then speculate about how these results may explain the negative effects of traumatic or chronic stress on memory and cognitive functions.
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190
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The biology of the glucocorticoid receptor: new signaling mechanisms in health and disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:1033-44. [PMID: 24084075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are primary stress hormones necessary for life that regulate numerous physiologic processes in an effort to maintain homeostasis. Synthetic derivatives of these hormones have been mainstays in the clinic for treating inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders, and hematologic cancers. The physiologic and pharmacologic actions of glucocorticoids are mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors. Ligand-occupied GR induces or represses the transcription of thousands of genes through direct binding to DNA response elements, physically associating with other transcription factors, or both. The traditional view that glucocorticoids act through a single GR protein has changed dramatically with the discovery of a large cohort of receptor isoforms with unique expression, gene-regulatory, and functional profiles. These GR subtypes are derived from a single gene by means of alternative splicing and alternative translation initiation mechanisms. Posttranslational modification of these GR isoforms further expands the diversity of glucocorticoid responses. Here we discuss the origin and molecular properties of the GR isoforms and their contribution to the specificity and sensitivity of glucocorticoid signaling in healthy and diseased tissues.
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191
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Neigh GN, Ritschel LA, Kilpela LS, Harrell CS, Bourke CH. Translational reciprocity: bridging the gap between preclinical studies and clinical treatment of stress effects on the adolescent brain. Neuroscience 2013; 249:139-53. [PMID: 23069751 PMCID: PMC6528486 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The genetic, biological, and environmental backgrounds of an organism fundamentally influence the balance between risk and resilience to stress. Sex, age, and environment transact with responses to trauma in ways that can mitigate or exacerbate the likelihood that post-traumatic stress disorder will develop. Translational approaches to modeling affective disorders in animals will ultimately provide novel treatments and a better understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings behind these debilitating disorders. The extant literature on trauma/stress has focused predominately on limbic and cortical structures that innervate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and influence glucocorticoid-mediated negative feedback. It is through these neuroendocrine pathways that a self-perpetuating fear memory can propagate the long-term effects of early life trauma. Recent work incorporating translational approaches has provided novel pathways that can be influenced by early life stress, such as the glucocorticoid receptor chaperones, including FKBP51. Animal models of stress have differing effects on behavior and endocrine pathways; however, complete models replicating clinical characteristics of risk and resilience have not been rigorously studied. This review discusses a four-factor model that considers the importance of studying both risk and resilience in understanding the developmental response to trauma/stress. Consideration of the multifactorial nature of clinical populations in the design of preclinical models and the application of preclinical findings to clinical treatment approaches comprise the core of translational reciprocity, which is discussed in the context of the four-factor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Neigh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Suite 4000, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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192
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Ellsworth KA, Eckloff BW, Li L, Moon I, Fridley BL, Jenkins GD, Carlson E, Brisbin A, Abo R, Bamlet W, Petersen G, Wieben ED, Wang L. Contribution of FKBP5 genetic variation to gemcitabine treatment and survival in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70216. [PMID: 23936393 PMCID: PMC3731355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE FKBP51, (FKBP5), is a negative regulator of Akt. Variability in FKBP5 expression level is a major factor contributing to variation in response to chemotherapeutic agents including gemcitabine, a first line treatment for pancreatic cancer. Genetic variation in FKBP5 could influence its function and, ultimately, treatment response of pancreatic cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We set out to comprehensively study the role of genetic variation in FKBP5 identified by Next Generation DNA resequencing on response to gemcitabine treatment of pancreatic cancer by utilizing both tumor and germline DNA samples from 43 pancreatic cancer patients, including 19 paired normal-tumor samples. Next, genotype-phenotype association studies were performed with overall survival as well as with FKBP5 gene expression in tumor using the same samples in which resequencing had been performed, followed by functional genomics studies. RESULTS In-depth resequencing identified 404 FKBP5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in normal and tumor DNA. SNPs with the strongest associations with survival or FKBP5 expression were subjected to functional genomic study. Electromobility shift assay showed that the rs73748206 "A(T)" SNP altered DNA-protein binding patterns, consistent with significantly increased reporter gene activity, possibly through its increased binding to Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR). The effect of rs73748206 was confirmed on the basis of its association with FKBP5 expression by affecting the binding to GR in lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from the same patients for whom DNA was used for resequencing. CONCLUSION This comprehensive FKBP5 resequencing study provides insights into the role of genetic variation in variation of gemcitabine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A. Ellsworth
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Bruce W. Eckloff
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Liang Li
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Irene Moon
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Brooke L. Fridley
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Gregory D. Jenkins
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Erin Carlson
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Abra Brisbin
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ryan Abo
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - William Bamlet
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Gloria Petersen
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Eric D. Wieben
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Liewei Wang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
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193
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Gene and protein alterations of FKBP5 and glucocorticoid receptor in the amygdala of suicide victims. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:1251-8. [PMID: 23219223 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports suggest that FKBP5 gene and its corresponding FKBP5 protein play a relevant role in the regulation of anxiety and depression in animal models and human stress-related disorders. In the present study, FKBP5 and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene and protein expression were analyzed in the amygdala (AMY) of suicide victims (n=13 males, without clinical psychiatric history and non-treated with anxiolytic or antidepressant drugs) and its corresponding controls (n=13 males) by real-time PCR and Western blotting. The results revealed that FKBP5 and GR gene expression were significantly reduced in the AMY (-38% and -48%, respectively) of suicide victims compared with controls. Interestingly, FKBP5 and GR protein expression were also significantly decreased (-41% and -42%, respectively) in the AMY of suicide victims compared with controls. These results suggest that the FKBP5 plays a relevant role in human emotional responses and suggest this receptor as a new promising target in the treatment of suicide behavior.
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Hsp90 Inhibition Protects Against Biomechanically Induced Osteoarthritis in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:2102-12. [DOI: 10.1002/art.38000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor expression level and hormone-binding properties differ between war trauma-exposed men with and without PTSD. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 43:238-45. [PMID: 23333536 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been shown to be associated with altered glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activity. We studied the expression and functional properties of the receptor in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from non-traumatized healthy individuals (healthy controls; n=85), and war trauma-exposed individuals with current PTSD (n=113), with life-time PTSD (n=61) and without PTSD (trauma controls; n=88). The aim of the study was to distinguish the receptor alterations related to PTSD from those related to trauma itself or to resilience to PTSD. METHODS Functional status of the receptor was assessed by radioligand binding and lysozyme synthesis inhibition assays. The level of GR gene expression was measured by quantitative PCR and immunoblotting. RESULTS Current PTSD patients had the lowest, while trauma controls had the highest number of glucocorticoid binding sites (Bmax) in PBMCs. Hormone-binding potential (Bmax/KD ratio) of the receptor was diminished in the current PTSD group in comparison to all other study groups. Correlation between Bmax and KD that normally exists in healthy individuals was decreased in the current PTSD group. Contrasting Bmax data, GR protein level was lower in trauma controls than in participants with current or life-time PTSD. CONCLUSIONS Current PTSD is characterized by reduced lymphocyte GR hormone-binding potential and by disturbed compensation between Bmax and hormone-binding affinity. Resilience to PTSD is associated with enlarged fraction of the receptor molecules capable of hormone binding, within the total receptor molecule population in PBMCs.
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196
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Wu TC, Chen HT, Chang HY, Yang CY, Hsiao MC, Cheng ML, Chen JC. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone prevents chronic corticosterone induced depression-like behavior. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:871-83. [PMID: 23044404 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
High level of serum corticosteroid is frequently associated with depression, in which a notable HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal) axis hyperactivity is often observed. There are two types of corticosteroid receptors expressed in the hippocampus that provide potent negative feedback regulation on the HPA axis but dysfunction during depression, i.e. the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). The balance between hippocampal MR and GR during chronic stress plays an important role in the occurrence of depression. The aim of this study is to explore if chronic corticosterone administration would induce depression-like behavior and affect the expression and function of hippocampal MR and GR, in addition to assess whether manipulation of corticosteroid receptors would modulate depressive behaviors. Hence, mice were treated with corticosterone (40 mg/kg) for 21 days followed by assessment in a battery of depression-like behaviors. The results show that chronic corticosterone-treated animals displayed an increased immobility time in a forced-swimming test, decreased preference to sucrose solution and novel object recognition performance, and enhanced hippocampal serotonin but decreased MR expression in both hippocampus and hypothalamus. On the other hand, co-administration of MR antagonist, spironolactone (25mg/kg, i.p. × 7 days) in corticosteroid-treated animals reduced immobility time in a forced-swimming test and improved performance in a novel object recognition test. In conclusion, we demonstrate that chronic corticosterone treatment triggers several depression-like behaviors, and in parallel, down-regulates MR expression in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Administration of an MR antagonist confers an anti-depressant effect in chronic corticosterone-treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ching Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang-Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
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Trebble PJ, Woolven JM, Saunders KA, Simpson KD, Farrow SN, Matthews LC, Ray DW. A ligand-specific kinetic switch regulates glucocorticoid receptor trafficking and function. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:3159-69. [PMID: 23687373 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.124784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a major drug target for inflammatory disease, but issues of specificity and target tissue sensitivity remain. We now identify high potency, non-steroidal GR ligands, GSK47867A and GSK47869A, which induce a novel conformation of the GR ligand-binding domain (LBD) and augment the efficacy of cellular action. Despite their high potency, GSK47867A and GSK47869A both induce surprisingly slow GR nuclear translocation, followed by prolonged nuclear GR retention, and transcriptional activity following washout. We reveal that GSK47867A and GSK47869A specifically alter the GR LBD structure at the HSP90-binding site. The alteration in the HSP90-binding site was accompanied by resistance to HSP90 antagonism, with persisting transactivation seen after geldanamycin treatment. Taken together, our studies reveal a new mechanism governing GR intracellular trafficking regulated by ligand binding that relies on a specific surface charge patch within the LBD. This conformational change permits extended GR action, probably because of altered GR-HSP90 interaction. This chemical series may offer anti-inflammatory drugs with prolonged duration of action due to altered pharmacodynamics rather than altered pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Trebble
- Manchester Centre for Nuclear Hormone Research in Disease, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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198
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Benítez-Dorta V, Caballero MJ, Izquierdo M, Manchado M, Infante C, Zamorano MJ, Montero D. Total substitution of fish oil by vegetable oils in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) diets: effects on fish performance, biochemical composition, and expression of some glucocorticoid receptor-related genes. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:335-349. [PMID: 22955962 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-012-9703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To study the substitution of fish oil by vegetable oils in fish diets, juveniles Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) were fed diets (56 % crude protein, 12 % crude lipid) containing either linseed (100LO) or soybean (100SO) oils in comparison with a 100 % fish oil-based diet (100FO) for 90 days. Samples of muscle, liver, and intestine were collected for biochemical analysis and for glucocorticoid receptor-related genes, including GR1 and GR2, and the associated heat shock proteins HSP70, HSP90AA, and HSP90AB. Besides, basal levels of plasma cortisol were also determined. After the feeding period, a stress test, consisting on 5 min of net chasing, was applied to a selected population of each dietary group. Total replacement of fish oil by vegetable oils did not induced changes in fish growth and performance, but affected fatty acid profile of muscle, liver, and intestine, reflecting those tissues the characteristic fatty acids of each type of dietary oil. A tendency to conserve the ARA/EPA ratio could be observed in the different tissues, despite of the level of these fatty acids in diet. Chasing stress induced an increase of muscle GR1 and a reduction in intestinal GR2 relative expressions at any of the experimental diets assayed. In liver, chasing stress induced an increase in both GR1 and GR2 gene expression in fish fed fish oil diets. Similarly, chasing stress induced an increase of muscle HSP70 and decrease of HSP90AB in liver at any of the experimental diet assayed. Besides, vegetable oils decreased the expression of HSP70 in intestine, being the relative expression of liver HSP90AA increased by the inclusion of linseed oil in the diet, at any of the experimental conditions assayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Benítez-Dorta
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and ICCM, PO Box 56, 35200 Telde, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain.
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199
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Malviya SA, Kelly SD, Greenlee MM, Eaton DC, Duke BJ, Bourke CH, Neigh GN. Estradiol stimulates an anti-translocation expression pattern of glucocorticoid co-regulators in a hippocampal cell model. Physiol Behav 2013; 122:187-92. [PMID: 23541378 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A consistent clinical finding in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) is hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the system in the body that facilitates the response to stress. It has been suggested that alterations in glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated feedback prolong activation of the HPA axis, leading to the dysfunction observed in MDD. Additionally, the risk for developing MDD is heightened by several risk factors, namely gender, genetics and early life stress. Previous studies have demonstrated that GR translocation is sexually dimorphic and this difference may be facilitated by differential expression of GR co-regulators. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which ovarian hormones alter expression of GR and its co-regulators, Fkbp5 and Ppid, in HT-22 hippocampal neurons. The impact of corticosterone (cort), estradiol (E2), and progesterone (P4) treatments on the expression of the genes Nr3c1, Ppid, and Fkbp5 was assessed in HT-22 hippocampal neurons. Treatment of cells with increasing doses of cort increased the expression of Fkbp5, an effect that was potentiated by E2. Exposure of HT-22 cells to E2 decreased the expression of Ppid and simultaneous exposure to E2 and P4 had combinatory effects on Ppid expression. The effects of E2 on Ppid extend previous work which demonstrated that serum E2 concentrations correlate with hippocampal Ppid expression in female rats. The results presented here illustrate that E2 generates an anti-translocation pattern of GR co-regulators in hippocampal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana A Malviya
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Xuan M, Li H, Fu R, Yang Y, Zhang D, Zhang X, Yang R. Lack of association between NR3C1 polymorphism and glucocorticoid resistance in Chinese patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Platelets 2013; 25:125-8. [PMID: 23527567 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2013.779369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to glucocorticoids (GCs) is a tricky problem in therapy for immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). As GCs exert their effects through glucocorticoid receptor (GR), being a GR gene, NR3C1 is thought to connect with individual differences in GC responsiveness during GCs treatments. We analyzed the frequency of three novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of NR3C1 in ITP patients and evaluated the role of these genetic variants in GCs therapy. Four hundred and seventy-three patients with ITP and 160 healthy controls were recruited. Patients were allocated into GCs-responsive (n = 358) and -non-responsive group (n = 115). All subjects of the three groups were genotyped by the PCR-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) method for the BclI, N363S and ER22/23EK polymorphisms. Assess the statistical differences of genotypes between ITP and controls, and those between GCs- responsive and non-responsive groups. In healthy controls, BclI-GG/GC/CC occurred with 0.581/0.35/0.069 frequency. In ITP patients, BclI-GG/GC/CC was found with 0.617/0.353/0.03 frequency. There was no statistically differences between ITP and controls (p = 0.070). In GCs-responsive and -non-responsive group, BclI-GG, GC, CC occurred with frequencies of 0.628/0.352/0.02 and 0.583/0.357/0.061, respectively. No correlations in the variants of BclI was found between the GCs-responsive and -non-responsive group (p = 0.086). Neither N363S nor ER22/23EK polymorphism was observed in all 636 participants. The BclI polymorphism is not related to the response of GCs in patients with ITP. Furthermore, we did not observe N363S and ER22/23EK polymorphism in Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Tianjin , PR China
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