151
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Graykowski DR, Wang YZ, Upadhyay A, Savas JN. The Dichotomous Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Central Nervous System. iScience 2020; 23:101456. [PMID: 32835924 PMCID: PMC7452271 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important mediators of intercellular communication. Interest in the role of central nervous system (CNS)-derived EVs has been increasing; however, some skepticism of their importance has persisted because many aspects of their biology remain elusive. This ambiguity is largely due to technical barriers that hamper our ability to achieve a comprehensive understanding of their molecular components and mechanisms responsible for their transmission and uptake. However, accumulating evidence supports the notion that EVs play important roles in basic physiological processes within the CNS during neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity. Interestingly, EVs also act to spread toxic polypeptides in neurodegenerative diseases. Developing a more profound understanding of the role that EVs play in the CNS could lead to the identification of biomarkers and potential vehicles for drug delivery. Here we highlight our current understanding of CNS EVs and summarize our current understanding of their complex role in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Graykowski
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yi-Zhi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Arun Upadhyay
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jeffrey N. Savas
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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152
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Ioannou MS. Current Insights into Fatty Acid Transport in the Brain. J Membr Biol 2020; 253:375-379. [PMID: 32968835 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-020-00140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Ioannou
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. .,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. .,Group On the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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153
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Merezhko M, Uronen RL, Huttunen HJ. The Cell Biology of Tau Secretion. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:569818. [PMID: 33071756 PMCID: PMC7539664 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.569818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The progressive accumulation and spread of misfolded tau protein in the nervous system is the hallmark of tauopathies, progressive neurodegenerative diseases with only symptomatic treatments available. A growing body of evidence suggests that spreading of tau pathology can occur via cell-to-cell transfer involving secretion and internalization of pathological forms of tau protein followed by templated misfolding of normal tau in recipient cells. Several studies have addressed the cell biological mechanisms of tau secretion. It now appears that instead of a single mechanism, cells can secrete tau via three coexisting pathways: (1) translocation through the plasma membrane; (2) membranous organelles-based secretion; and (3) ectosomal shedding. The relative importance of these pathways in the secretion of normal and pathological tau is still elusive, though. Moreover, glial cells contribute to tau propagation, and the involvement of different cell types, as well as different secretion pathways, complicates the understanding of prion-like propagation of tauopathy. One of the important regulators of tau secretion in neuronal activity, but its mechanistic connection to tau secretion remains unclear and may involve all three secretion pathways of tau. This review article summarizes recent advancements in the field of tau secretion with an emphasis on cell biological aspects of the secretion process and discusses the role of neuronal activity and glial cells in the spread of pathological forms of tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Merezhko
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Henri J Huttunen
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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154
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De La-Rocque S, Moretto E, Butnaru I, Schiavo G. Knockin' on heaven's door: Molecular mechanisms of neuronal tau uptake. J Neurochem 2020; 156:563-588. [PMID: 32770783 PMCID: PMC8432157 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since aggregates of the microtubule‐binding protein tau were found to be the main component of neurofibrillary tangles more than 30 years ago, their contribution to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and tauopathies has become well established. Recent work shows that both tau load and its distribution in the brain of AD patients correlate with cognitive decline more closely compared to amyloid plaque deposition. In addition, the amyloid cascade hypothesis has been recently challenged because of disappointing results of clinical trials designed to treat AD by reducing beta‐amyloid levels, thus fuelling a renewed interest in tau. There is now robust evidence to indicate that tau pathology can spread within the central nervous system via a prion‐like mechanism following a stereotypical pattern, which can be explained by the trans‐synaptic inter‐neuronal transfer of pathological tau. In the receiving neuron, tau has been shown to take multiple routes of internalisation, which are partially dependent on its conformation and aggregation status. Here, we review the emerging mechanisms proposed for the uptake of extracellular tau in neurons and the requirements for the propagation of its pathological conformers, addressing how they gain access to physiological tau monomers in the cytosol. Furthermore, we highlight some of the key mechanistic gaps of the field, which urgently need to be addressed to expand our understanding of tau propagation and lead to the identification of new therapeutic strategies for tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha De La-Rocque
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Edoardo Moretto
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ioana Butnaru
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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155
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d'Errico P, Meyer-Luehmann M. Mechanisms of Pathogenic Tau and Aβ Protein Spreading in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:265. [PMID: 33061903 PMCID: PMC7481386 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is pathologically defined by extracellular accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides generated by the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP), strings of hyperphosphorylated Tau proteins accumulating inside neurons known as neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and neuronal loss. The association between the two hallmarks and cognitive decline has been known since the beginning of the 20th century when the first description of the disease was carried out by Alois Alzheimer. Today, more than 40 million people worldwide are affected by AD that represents the most common cause of dementia and there is still no effective treatment available to cure the disease. In general, the aggregation of Aβ is considered an essential trigger in AD pathogenesis that gives rise to NFTs, neuronal dysfunction and dementia. During the process leading to AD, tau and Aβ first misfold and form aggregates in one brain region, from where they spread to interconnected areas of the brain thereby inducing its gradual morphological and functional deterioration. In this mini-review article, we present an overview of the current literature on the spreading mechanisms of Aβ and tau pathology in AD since a more profound understanding is necessary to design therapeutic approaches aimed at preventing or halting disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo d'Errico
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Meyer-Luehmann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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156
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Extracellular vesicles and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: from misfolded protein vehicles to promising clinical biomarkers. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:561-572. [PMID: 32803397 PMCID: PMC7872995 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03619-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small reservoirs of different molecules and important mediators of cell-to-cell communication. As putative vehicles of misfolded protein propagation between cells, they have drawn substantial attention in the field of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, exosome-mediated non-coding RNA delivery may play a crucial role in ALS, given the relevance of RNA homeostasis in disease pathogenesis. Since EVs can enter the systemic circulation and are easily detectable in patients’ biological fluids, they have generated broad interest both as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and as valuable tools in understanding disease pathogenesis. Here, after a brief introduction on biogenesis and functions of EVs, we aim to investigate their role in neurodegenerative disorders, especially ALS. Specifically, we focus on the main findings supporting EV-mediated protein and RNA transmission in ALS in vitro and in vivo models. Then, we provide an overview of clinical applications of EVs, summarizing the most relevant studies able to detect EVs in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of ALS patients, underlying their potential use in aiding diagnosis and prognosis. Finally, we explore the therapeutic applications of EVs in ALS, either as targets or as vehicles of proteins, nucleic acids and molecular drugs.
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157
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Muralidar S, Ambi SV, Sekaran S, Thirumalai D, Palaniappan B. Role of tau protein in Alzheimer's disease: The prime pathological player. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1599-1617. [PMID: 32784025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalently found tauopathy characterized by memory loss and cognitive insufficiency. AD is an age-related neurodegenerative disease with two major hallmarks which includes extracellular amyloid plaques made of amyloid-β (Aβ) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau. With population aging worldwide, there is an indispensable need for treatment strategies that can potentially manage this developing dementia. Despite broad researches on targeting Aβ in the past two decades, research findings on Aβ targeted therapeutics failed to prove efficacy in the treatment of AD. Tau protein with its extensive pathological role in several neurodegenerative diseases can be considered as a promising target candidate for developing therapeutic interventions. The abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau plays detrimental pathological functions which ultimately lead to neurodegeneration. This review will divulge the importance of tau in AD pathogenesis, the interplay of Aβ and tau, the pathological functions of tau, and potential therapeutic strategies for an effective management of neuronal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibi Muralidar
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Senthil Visaga Ambi
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Saravanan Sekaran
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India; Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Diraviyam Thirumalai
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balamurugan Palaniappan
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
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158
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Kelly K, West AB. Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers for Emerging LRRK2 Therapeutics. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:807. [PMID: 32903744 PMCID: PMC7438883 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies have identified variants in the LRRK2 gene as important components of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathobiology. Biochemical and emergent biomarker studies have coalesced around LRRK2 hyperactivation in disease. Therapeutics that diminish LRRK2 activity, either with small molecule kinase inhibitors or anti-sense oligonucleotides, have recently advanced to the clinic. Historically, there have been few successes in the development of therapies that might slow or halt the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Over the past few decades of biomedical research, retrospective analyses suggest the broad integration of informative biomarkers early in development tends to distinguish successful pipelines from those that fail early. Herein, we discuss the biomarker regulatory process, emerging LRRK2 biomarker candidates, assays, underlying biomarker biology, and clinical integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaela Kelly
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration Research, Departments of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Neurology, and Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Andrew B West
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration Research, Departments of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Neurology, and Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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159
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Soares Martins T, Trindade D, Vaz M, Campelo I, Almeida M, Trigo G, da Cruz E Silva OAB, Henriques AG. Diagnostic and therapeutic potential of exosomes in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2020; 156:162-181. [PMID: 32618370 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles released by almost all cell types in physiological and pathological conditions. The exosomal potential to unravel disease mechanisms, or to be used as a source of biomarkers, is being explored, in particularly in the field of neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in the world and exosomes appear to have a relevant role in disease pathogenesis. This review summarizes the current knowledge on exosome contributions to AD as well as their use as disease biomarker resources or therapeutic targets. The most recent findings with respect to both protein and miRNA biomarker candidates for AD, herein described, highlight the state of the art in this field and encourage the use of exosomes derived from biofluids in clinical practice in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Soares Martins
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Dário Trindade
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Margarida Vaz
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Inês Campelo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Martim Almeida
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Trigo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Odete A B da Cruz E Silva
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,The Discovery CTR, University of Aveiro Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Gabriela Henriques
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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160
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Blanchette CR, Rodal AA. Mechanisms for biogenesis and release of neuronal extracellular vesicles. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 63:104-110. [PMID: 32387925 PMCID: PMC7483335 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Neurons release membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying proteins, nucleic acids, and other cargoes to mediate neuronal development, plasticity, inflammation, regeneration, and degeneration. Functional studies and therapeutic interventions into EV-dependent processes will require a deep understanding of how neuronal EVs are formed and released. However, unraveling EV biogenesis and trafficking mechanisms is challenging, since there are multiple pathways governing generation of different types of EVs, which overlap mechanistically with each other, as well as with intracellular endolysosomal trafficking pathways. Further, neurons present special considerations for EVs due to their extreme morphologies and specialization for membrane traffic. Here, we review recent work elucidating neuronal pathways that regulate EV biogenesis and release, with the goal of identifying directed strategies for experimental and therapeutic targeting of specific types of EVs.
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161
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Exosome: A New Player in Translational Nanomedicine. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082380. [PMID: 32722531 PMCID: PMC7463834 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Summary: Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by the vast majority of cell types both in vivo and ex vivo, upon the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the cellular plasma membrane. Two main functions have been attributed to exosomes: their capacity to transport proteins, lipids and nucleic acids between cells and organs, as well as their potential to act as natural intercellular communicators in normal biological processes and in pathologies. From a clinical perspective, the majority of applications use exosomes as biomarkers of disease. A new approach uses exosomes as biologically active carriers to provide a platform for the enhanced delivery of cargo in vivo. One of the major limitations in developing exosome-based therapies is the difficulty of producing sufficient amounts of safe and efficient exosomes. The identification of potential proteins involved in exosome biogenesis is expected to directly cause a deliberate increase in exosome production. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding exosomes, with particular emphasis on their structural features, biosynthesis pathways, production techniques and potential clinical applications.
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162
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The Emerging Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Glioma Microenvironment: Biogenesis and Clinical Relevance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071964. [PMID: 32707733 PMCID: PMC7409063 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are a diverse group of brain tumors comprised of malignant cells ('tumor' cells) and non-malignant 'normal' cells, including neural (neurons, glia), inflammatory (microglia, macrophage) and vascular cells. Tumor heterogeneity arises in part because, within the glioma mass, both 'tumor' and 'normal' cells secrete factors that form a unique microenvironment to influence tumor progression. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are critical mediators of intercellular communication between immediate cellular neighbors and distantly located cells in healthy tissues/organs and in tumors, including gliomas. EVs mediate cell-cell signaling as carriers of nucleic acid, lipid and protein cargo, and their content is unique to cell types and physiological states. EVs secreted by non-malignant neural cells have important physiological roles in the healthy brain, which can be altered or co-opted to promote tumor progression and metastasis, acting in combination with glioma-secreted EVs. The cell-type specificity of EV content means that 'vesiculome' data can potentially be used to trace the cell of origin. EVs may also serve as biomarkers to be exploited for disease diagnosis and to assess therapeutic progress. In this review, we discuss how EVs mediate intercellular communication in glioma, and their potential role as biomarkers and readouts of a therapeutic response.
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163
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Ellegaard Nielsen J, Sofie Pedersen K, Vestergård K, Georgiana Maltesen R, Christiansen G, Lundbye-Christensen S, Moos T, Risom Kristensen S, Pedersen S. Novel Blood-Derived Extracellular Vesicle-Based Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease Identified by Proximity Extension Assay. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E199. [PMID: 32645971 PMCID: PMC7400538 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8070199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Easily accessible biomarkers for Alzheimer's dementia (AD) are lacking and established clinical markers are limited in applicability. Blood is a common biofluid for biomarker discoveries, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) may provide a matrix for exploring AD related biomarkers. Thus, we investigated proteins related to neurological and inflammatory processes in plasma and EVs. By proximity extension assay (PEA), 182 proteins were measured in plasma and EVs from patients with AD (n = 10), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI, n = 10), and healthy controls (n = 10). Plasma-derived EVs were enriched by 20,000× g, 1 h, 4 °C, and confirmed using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), western blotting, and transmission electron microscopy with immunolabelling (IEM). Presence of CD9+ EVs was confirmed by western blotting and IEM. No group differences in particle concentration or size were detected by NTA. However, significant protein profiles were observed among subjects, particularly for EVs. Several proteins and their ratios could distinguish cognitively affected from healthy individuals. For plasma TGF-α│CCL20 (AUC = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.88-1.00, p = 0.001) and EVs CLEC1B│CCL11 (AUC = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.86-1.00, p = 0.001) showed diagnostic capabilities. Using PEA, we identified protein profiles capable of distinguishing healthy controls from AD patients. EVs provided additional biological information related to AD not observed in plasma alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Ellegaard Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark; (S.L.-C.); (S.R.K.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Karsten Vestergård
- Department of Neurology, Aalborg University Hospital, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark;
| | - Raluca Georgiana Maltesen
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark;
| | - Gunna Christiansen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark;
| | - Søren Lundbye-Christensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark; (S.L.-C.); (S.R.K.)
- Unit of Clinical Biostatistics, Aalborg University Hospital, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Torben Moos
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark;
| | - Søren Risom Kristensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark; (S.L.-C.); (S.R.K.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Shona Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark; (S.L.-C.); (S.R.K.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
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164
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Vakili S, Ahooyi TM, Yarandi SS, Donadoni M, Rappaport J, Sariyer IK. Molecular and Cellular Impact of Inflammatory Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) Derived from M1 and M2 Macrophages on Neural Action Potentials. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10070424. [PMID: 32635207 PMCID: PMC7408497 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10070424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several factors can contribute to neuroinflammatory disorders, such as cytokine and chemokines that are produced and released from peripherally derived immune cells or from locally activated cells such as microglia and perivascular macrophages in the brain. The primary function of these cells is to clear inflammation; however, following inflammation, circulating monocytes are recruited to the central nervous system (CNS). Monocyte-derived macrophages in the CNS play pivotal roles in mediating neuroinflammatory responses. Macrophages are heterogeneous both in normal and in pathological conditions due to their plasticity, and they are classified in two main subsets, classically activated (M1) or alternatively activated (M2). There is accumulating evidence suggesting that extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from activated immune cells may play crucial roles in mediating inflammation. However, a possible role of EVs released from immune cells such as M1 and M2 macrophages on neuronal functions in the brain is not known. In order to investigate the molecular and cellular impacts of macrophages and EVs released from macrophage subtypes on neuronal functions, we used a recently established in vitro M1 and M2 macrophage culture model and isolated and characterized EVs from these macrophage subtypes, treated primary neurons with M1 or M2 EVs, and analyzed the extracellular action potentials of neurons with microelectrode array studies (MEA). Our results introduce evidence on the interfering role of inflammatory EVs released from macrophages in interneuronal signal transmission processes, with implications in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases induced by a variety of inflammatory insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Vakili
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (S.V.); (T.M.A.); (S.S.Y.); (M.D.)
| | - Taha Mohseni Ahooyi
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (S.V.); (T.M.A.); (S.S.Y.); (M.D.)
| | - Shadan S. Yarandi
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (S.V.); (T.M.A.); (S.S.Y.); (M.D.)
| | - Martina Donadoni
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (S.V.); (T.M.A.); (S.S.Y.); (M.D.)
| | - Jay Rappaport
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, New Orleans, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
| | - Ilker K. Sariyer
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (S.V.); (T.M.A.); (S.S.Y.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
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165
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Zou J, Guo Y, Wei L, Yu F, Yu B, Xu A. Long Noncoding RNA POU3F3 and α-Synuclein in Plasma L1CAM Exosomes Combined with β-Glucocerebrosidase Activity: Potential Predictors of Parkinson's Disease. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:1104-1119. [PMID: 32236821 PMCID: PMC7609611 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00842-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are implicated in the autophagic-lysosomal pathway (ALP) and are closely linked to Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. β-Glucocerebrosidase (GCase) has also been reported to be correlated with α-synuclein (α-syn) proteostasis. However, lncRNAs and α-syn in neural-derived L1CAM exosomes and GCase activity in the plasma of PD patients have not been studied. This study used an ultrasensitive methodology, fluorescence nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), to measure plasma L1CAM exosomes and Quanterix Simoa to measure α-syn concentrations in L1CAM exosomes. Eighty-five healthy controls and 93 PD patients were enrolled, and several scales were used to rate the severity of PD. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were applied to map the diagnostic accuracy of categorizing PD patients and healthy subjects. We found increased Linc-POU3F3 and α-syn concentrations in L1CAM exosomes and decreased GCase activity in PD patients compared with controls. The three biomarkers displayed obvious differences among PD patients based on gender, H-Y stage, and UPDRS-III distribution. Interestingly, Linc-POU3F3 was significantly positively correlated with α-syn in L1CAM exosomes and inversely correlated with GCase activity in PD patients. Significant correlations were observed among L1CAM exosomal Linc-POU3F3 levels, GCase activity, and PD severity, including motor/cognitive dysfunction. Additionally, the combination of Linc-POU3F3 and α-syn in L1CAM exosomes and GCase activity could discriminate PD patients from controls. These results suggest that L1CAM exosomal Linc-POU3F3, L1CAM exosomal α-syn, and GCase activity may shed light on the mechanism underlying the autophagic-lysosomal system in the pathogenesis of PD and could be used to assess the severity of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zou
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Guo
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Medicine, Lincoln Medical Center, Bronx, New York, 10451, USA
| | - Anding Xu
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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166
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NeuroEVs: Characterizing Extracellular Vesicles Generated in the Neural Domain. J Neurosci 2020; 39:9262-9268. [PMID: 31748281 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0146-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication has recently been shown to occur via transfer of cargo loaded within extracellular vesicles (EVs). Present within all biofluids of the body, EVs can contain various signaling factors, including coding and noncoding RNAs (e.g., mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA, snRNA, tRNA, yRNA), DNA, proteins, and enzymes. Multiple types of cells appear to be capable of releasing EVs, including cancer, stem, epithelial, immune, glial, and neuronal cells. However, the functional impact of these circulating signals among neural networks within the brain has been difficult to establish given the complexity of cellular populations involved in release and uptake, as well as inherent limitations of examining a biofluid. In this brief commentary, we provide an analysis of the conceptual and technical considerations that limit our current understanding of signaling mediated by circulating EVs relative to their impact on neural function.
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167
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Wooff Y, Cioanca AV, Chu-Tan JA, Aggio-Bruce R, Schumann U, Natoli R. Small-Medium Extracellular Vesicles and Their miRNA Cargo in Retinal Health and Degeneration: Mediators of Homeostasis, and Vehicles for Targeted Gene Therapy. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:160. [PMID: 32670023 PMCID: PMC7330137 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptor cell death and inflammation are known to occur progressively in retinal degenerative diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these biological processes are largely unknown. Extracellular vesicles (EV) are essential mediators of cell-to-cell communication with emerging roles in the modulation of immune responses. EVs, including exosomes, encapsulate and transfer microRNA (miRNA) to recipient cells and in this way can modulate the environment of recipient cells. Dysregulation of EVs however is correlated to a loss of cellular homeostasis and increased inflammation. In this work we investigated the role of isolated retinal small-medium sized EV (s-mEV) which includes exosomes in both the healthy and degenerating retina. Isolated s-mEV from normal retinas were characterized using dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy and western blotting, and quantified across 5 days of photo-oxidative damage-induced degeneration using nanotracking analysis. Small RNAseq was used to characterize the miRNA cargo of retinal s-mEV isolated from healthy and damaged retinas. Finally, the effect of exosome inhibition on cell-to-cell miRNA transfer and immune modulation was conducted using systemic daily administration of exosome inhibitor GW4869 and in situ hybridization of s-mEV-abundant miRNA, miR-124-3p. Electroretinography and immunohistochemistry was performed to assess functional and morphological changes to the retina as a result of GW4869-induced exosome depletion. Results demonstrated an inverse correlation between s-mEV concentration and photoreceptor survivability, with a decrease in s-mEV numbers following degeneration. Small RNAseq revealed that s-mEVs contained uniquely enriched miRNAs in comparison to in whole retinal tissue, however, there was no differential change in the s-mEV miRNAnome following photo-oxidative damage. Exosome inhibition via the use of GW4869 was also found to exacerbate retinal degeneration, with reduced retinal function and increased levels of inflammation and cell death demonstrated following photo-oxidative damage in exosome-inhibited mice. Further, GW4869-treated mice displayed impaired translocation of photoreceptor-derived miR-124-3p to the inner retina during damage. Taken together, we propose that retinal s-mEV and their miRNA cargo play an essential role in maintaining retinal homeostasis through immune-modulation, and have the potential to be used in targeted gene therapy for retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Wooff
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,The ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Adrian V Cioanca
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Joshua A Chu-Tan
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,The ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Riemke Aggio-Bruce
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,The ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ulrike Schumann
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,The ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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168
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Sancho-Albero M, Medel-Martínez A, Martín-Duque P. Use of exosomes as vectors to carry advanced therapies. RSC Adv 2020; 10:23975-23987. [PMID: 35517364 PMCID: PMC9055210 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02414g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are microvesicles of nanometric size involved in the communication between cells and tissues. Inside their bilipidic membrane they carry nucleic acids such as cargos (DNA, miRNA, etc.). Some of the advantages that make exosomes very attractive therapeutic vehicles are (i) their tropism through different tissues, (ii) the ability to pass biological barriers and (iii) the protection of the encapsulated material from the immune system and degradation. Viruses are some of the most widely employed gene therapy vehicles; however, they are still facing many problems, such as inefficient tropism to damaged areas and their elimination by the immune system. One of the functions attributed to exosomes is the elimination of substances that could be harmful to the cell, including viruses. Recently it has been investigated whether complete viruses or part of them could be encapsulated in exosomes, for a new viral-exosome gene therapy approach. Moreover, nanotechnology is another type of advanced therapy (together with gene and cell therapies) that can be used, among other utilities, to transfer genetic material. Recently the field of encapsulation of nanomaterials in exosomes, with or without gene transfer, is increasing. In this review we will summarize all of those studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sancho-Albero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Nanoscience (INA), Aragon Materials Science Institute (ICMA), University of Zaragoza Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, C/Poeta Mariano Esquillor s/n 50018 Zaragoza Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBERBBN) 28029 Madrid Spain
| | - Ana Medel-Martínez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Nanoscience (INA), Aragon Materials Science Institute (ICMA), University of Zaragoza Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, C/Poeta Mariano Esquillor s/n 50018 Zaragoza Spain
- Aragon Health Sciences Institute(IACS)/IIS Aragón, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Aragón Avda San Juan Bosco 13 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Pilar Martín-Duque
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBERBBN) 28029 Madrid Spain
- Aragon Health Sciences Institute(IACS)/IIS Aragón, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Aragón Avda San Juan Bosco 13 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Araid Fund. Av. de Ranillas 1-D, Planta 2a, Oficina B 50018 Zaragoza Spain
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169
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Lv J, Zhao HP, Dai K, Cheng Y, Zhang J, Guo L. Circulating exosomal miRNAs as potential biomarkers for Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:2889-2901. [PMID: 32587437 PMCID: PMC7304109 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i22.2889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, a class of extracellular vesicles, are small membrane-bound vesicles derived from almost all cell types that can play important roles in intercellular communication. Exosomes contain proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that are obtained from the parental cells and participate in various pathophysiological processes, including cell growth, migration, inflammation, immune regulation, and tumor pathogenesis. Moreover, exosomes might be applied in clinical settings, such as diagnosis, treatment, and outcome prediction of diseases, including various cancers. The incidence rates of Barrett's esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) have increased in recent decades, and studies have proposed specific factors that may contribute to the development and progression of these diseases. However, how exosomes play a role in this pathological process needs to be clarified. Studies have identified candidate microRNAs (miRNAs) that might be related to BE/EAC. Further studies are needed to ascertain whether circulating exosomal miRNAs are altered before or after disease onset, which could also help understand the pathophysiology of and find potential targets for prevention, diagnosis, and therapy in BE/EAC. This review summarizes recent findings on the features of circulating exosomal miRNAs in BE/EAC, which could be valuable for the early diagnosis, therapeutic approaches, and outcome prediction of BE/EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lv
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - He-Ping Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Kun Dai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yanliang Railway Hospital of Xi’an, Xi'an 710089, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi Province, China
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170
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Extracellular Vesicles miRNA Cargo for Microglia Polarization in Traumatic Brain Injury. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060901. [PMID: 32545705 PMCID: PMC7356143 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major causes of death and disability worldwide, and despite its high dissemination, effective pharmacotherapies are lacking. TBI can be divided into two phases: the instantaneous primary mechanical injury, which occurs at the moment of insult, and the delayed secondary injury, which involves a cascade of biological processes that lead to neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of both acute and chronic TBI, and it is considered to be one of the major determinants of the outcome and progression of disease. In TBI one of the emerging mechanisms for cell–cell communication involved in the immune response regulation is represented by Extracellular Vesicles (EVs). These latter are produced by all cell types and are considered a fingerprint of their generating cells. Exosomes are the most studied nanosized vesicles and can carry a variety of molecular constituents of their cell of origin, including microRNAs (miRNAs). Several miRNAs have been shown to target key neuropathophysiological pathways involved in TBI. The focus of this review is to analyze exosomes and their miRNA cargo to modulate TBI neuroinflammation providing new strategies for prevent long-term progression of disease.
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171
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Song Z, Xu Y, Deng W, Zhang L, Zhu H, Yu P, Qu Y, Zhao W, Han Y, Qin C. Brain Derived Exosomes Are a Double-Edged Sword in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:79. [PMID: 32547364 PMCID: PMC7274346 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain derived exosomes (BDEs) are extracellular nanovesicles that are collectively released by all cell lineages of the central nervous system and contain cargo from their original cells. They are emerging as key mediators of communication and waste management among neurons, glial cells and connective tissue during both physiological and pathological conditions in the brain. We review the rapidly growing frontier of BDEs biology in recent years including the involvement of exosomes in neuronal development, maintenance and communication through their multiple signaling functions. Particularly, we highlight the important role of exosomes in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), both as a pathogenic agent and as a disease biomarker. Our understanding of such unique nanovesicles may offer not only answers about the (patho) physiological course in AD and associated neurodegenerative diseases but also ideal methods to develop these vesicles as vehicles for drug delivery or as tools to monitor brain diseases in a non-invasive manner because crossing the blood brain barrier is an inherent capability of exosomes. BDEs have potential as biomarkers and as therapeutic tools for AD and related brain disorders in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Song
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yajin Qu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yunlin Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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172
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Veletic M, Barros MT, Arjmandi H, Balasubramaniam S, Balasingham I. Modeling of Modulated Exosome Release From Differentiated Induced Neural Stem Cells for Targeted Drug Delivery. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2020; 19:357-367. [PMID: 32365033 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2020.2991794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A novel implantable and externally controllable stem-cell-based platform for the treatment of Glioblastoma brain cancer has been proposed to bring hope to patients who suffer from this devastating cancer type. Induced Neural Stem Cells (iNSCs), known to have potent therapeutic effects through exosomes-based molecular communication, play a pivotal role in this platform. Transplanted iNSCs demonstrate long-term survival and differentiation into neurons and glia which then fully functionally integrate with the existing neural network. Recent studies have shown that specific types of calcium channels in differentiated neurons and astrocytes are inhibited or activated upon cell depolarization leading to the increased intracellular calcium concentration levels which, in turn, interact with mobilization of multivesicular bodies and exosomal release. In order to provide a platform towards treating brain cancer with the optimum therapy dosage, we propose mathematical models to compute the therapeutic exosomal release rate that is modulated by cell stimulation patterns applied from the external wearable device. This study serves as an initial and required step in the evaluation of controlled exosomal secretion and release via induced stimulation with electromagnetic, optical and/or ultrasonic waves.
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173
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Brunello CA, Merezhko M, Uronen RL, Huttunen HJ. Mechanisms of secretion and spreading of pathological tau protein. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1721-1744. [PMID: 31667556 PMCID: PMC7190606 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03349-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of misfolded and aggregated forms of tau protein in the brain is a neuropathological hallmark of tauopathies, such as Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Tau aggregates have the ability to transfer from one cell to another and to induce templated misfolding and aggregation of healthy tau molecules in previously healthy cells, thereby propagating tau pathology across different brain areas in a prion-like manner. The molecular mechanisms involved in cell-to-cell transfer of tau aggregates are diverse, not mutually exclusive and only partially understood. Intracellular accumulation of misfolded tau induces several mechanisms that aim to reduce the cellular burden of aggregated proteins and also promote secretion of tau aggregates. However, tau may also be released from cells physiologically unrelated to protein aggregation. Tau secretion involves multiple vesicular and non-vesicle-mediated pathways, including secretion directly through the plasma membrane. Consequently, extracellular tau can be found in various forms, both as a free protein and in vesicles, such as exosomes and ectosomes. Once in the extracellular space, tau aggregates can be internalized by neighboring cells, both neurons and glial cells, via endocytic, pinocytic and phagocytic mechanisms. Importantly, accumulating evidence suggests that prion-like propagation of misfolding protein pathology could provide a general mechanism for disease progression in tauopathies and other related neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review the recent literature on cellular mechanisms involved in cell-to-cell transfer of tau, with a particular focus in tau secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia A Brunello
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Merezhko
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka-Liisa Uronen
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henri J Huttunen
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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174
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Lv X, Li Y, Li H, Zhou L, Wang B, Zhi Z, Tang W. Molecular function predictions and diagnostic value analysis of plasma exosomal miRNAs in Hirschsprung's disease. Epigenomics 2020; 12:409-422. [PMID: 32297806 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2019-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To discover the potential roles of plasma exosomal miRNAs in Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) and identify potential noninvasive biomarkers for early diagnosis of HSCR. Materials & methods: Plasma samples were collected from HSCR patients and matched controls. Exosomes were isolated before high-throughput Illumina sequencing was utilized to gain a profile of dysregulated exosomal miRNAs, followed with further verification in two separate cohorts. Bioinformatics analyses were also adopted to explore the molecular functions of dysregulated miRNAs in Hirschsprung's disease. Results & conclusion: 31 dysregulated miRNAs were identified with five considered as promising HSCR signatures. Gene enrichment analysis disclosed that the upregulated miRNAs were most likely to participate in 'extracellular matrix-receptor interaction' and contribute to HSCR through interfering in cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiurui Lv
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yuhan Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Hongxing Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Lingling Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Binyu Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Zhengke Zhi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Weibing Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
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175
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Koh YQ, Tan CJ, Toh YL, Sze SK, Ho HK, Limoli CL, Chan A. Role of Exosomes in Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082755. [PMID: 32326653 PMCID: PMC7215650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A decline in cognitive function following cancer treatment is one of the most commonly reported post-treatment symptoms among patients with cancer and those in remission, and include memory, processing speed, and executive function. A clear understanding of cognitive impairment as a result of cancer and its therapy can be obtained by delineating structural and functional changes using brain imaging studies and neurocognitive assessments. There is also a need to determine the underlying mechanisms and pathways that impact the brain and affect cognitive functioning in cancer survivors. Exosomes are small cell-derived vesicles formed by the inward budding of multivesicular bodies, and are released into the extracellular environment via an exocytic pathway. Growing evidence suggests that exosomes contribute to various physiological and pathological conditions, including neurological processes such as synaptic plasticity, neuronal stress response, cell-to-cell communication, and neurogenesis. In this review, we summarize the relationship between exosomes and cancer-related cognitive impairment. Unraveling exosomes’ actions and effects on the microenvironment of the brain, which impacts cognitive functioning, is critical for the development of exosome-based therapeutics for cancer-related cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qin Koh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Chia Jie Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Yi Long Toh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Han Kiat Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Charles L. Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
| | - Alexandre Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-949-824-8896
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176
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Schou AS, Nielsen JE, Askeland A, Jørgensen MM. Extracellular vesicle-associated proteins as potential biomarkers. Adv Clin Chem 2020; 99:1-48. [PMID: 32951635 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Every cell in the body secretes extracellular vesicles (EVs) possibly as cellular signaling components and these cell-derivatives can be found in multiple numbers in biological fluids. EVs have in the scientific field received great attention in relation to pathophysiology and disease diagnostics. Altered protein expressions associated with circulating EVs in diseased individuals can serve as biomarkers for different disease states. This capacity paves the way for non-invasive screening tools and early diagnostic markers. However, no isolation method of EVs has been acknowledged as the "golden standard," thus reproducibility of the studies remains inadequate. Increasing interest in EV proteins as disease biomarkers could give rise to more scientific knowledge with diagnostic applicability. In this chapter, studies of proteins believed to be associated with EVs within cancer, autoimmunity, metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases have been outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sophie Schou
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jonas Ellegaard Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anders Askeland
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Malene Møller Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
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177
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Kumar R, Tang Q, Müller SA, Gao P, Mahlstedt D, Zampagni S, Tan Y, Klingl A, Bötzel K, Lichtenthaler SF, Höglinger GU, Koeglsperger T. Fibroblast Growth Factor 2-Mediated Regulation of Neuronal Exosome Release Depends on VAMP3/Cellubrevin in Hippocampal Neurons. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1902372. [PMID: 32195080 PMCID: PMC7080514 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are endogenous membrane-derived vesicles that shuttle bioactive molecules between glia and neurons, thereby promoting neuronal survival and plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS) and contributing to neurodegenerative conditions. Although EVs hold great potential as CNS theranostic nanocarriers, the specific molecular factors that regulate neuronal EV uptake and release are currently unknown. A combination of patch-clamp electrophysiology and pH-sensitive dye imaging is used to examine stimulus-evoked EV release in individual neurons in real time. Whereas spontaneous electrical activity and the application of a high-frequency stimulus induce a slow and prolonged fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the plasma membrane (PM) in a subset of cells, the neurotrophic factor basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) greatly increases the rate of stimulus-evoked MVB-PM fusion events and, consequently, the abundance of EVs in the culture medium. Proteomic analysis of neuronal EVs demonstrates bFGF increases the abundance of the v-SNARE vesicle-associated membrane protein 3 (VAMP3, cellubrevin) on EVs. Conversely, knocking-down VAMP3 in cultured neurons attenuates the effect of bFGF on EV release. The results determine the temporal characteristics of MVB-PM fusion in hippocampal neurons and reveal a new function for bFGF signaling in controlling neuronal EV release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar
- Department of Translational NeurodegenerationGerman Centre for Neurodegenerative DiseasesFeodor‐Lynen‐Str. 1781377MunichGermany
- Department of NeurologyLudwig Maximilian UniversityMarchioninistr. 1581377MunichGermany
- Graduate Program for Experimental MedicineFaculty of MedicineTechnical University of MunichIsmaninger Straße 2281675MünchenGermany
| | - Qilin Tang
- Department of Translational NeurodegenerationGerman Centre for Neurodegenerative DiseasesFeodor‐Lynen‐Str. 1781377MunichGermany
- Department of NeurologyLudwig Maximilian UniversityMarchioninistr. 1581377MunichGermany
| | - Stephan A. Müller
- Department of NeuroproteomicsGerman Centre for Neurodegenerative DiseasesFeodor‐Lynen‐Str. 1781377MunichGermany
| | - Pan Gao
- Department of Translational NeurodegenerationGerman Centre for Neurodegenerative DiseasesFeodor‐Lynen‐Str. 1781377MunichGermany
| | - Diana Mahlstedt
- Department of Translational NeurodegenerationGerman Centre for Neurodegenerative DiseasesFeodor‐Lynen‐Str. 1781377MunichGermany
- Graduate Program for Experimental MedicineFaculty of MedicineTechnical University of MunichIsmaninger Straße 2281675MünchenGermany
| | - Sofia Zampagni
- Department of Translational NeurodegenerationGerman Centre for Neurodegenerative DiseasesFeodor‐Lynen‐Str. 1781377MunichGermany
| | - Yi Tan
- Department of Translational NeurodegenerationGerman Centre for Neurodegenerative DiseasesFeodor‐Lynen‐Str. 1781377MunichGermany
- Graduate Program for Experimental MedicineFaculty of MedicineTechnical University of MunichIsmaninger Straße 2281675MünchenGermany
| | - Andreas Klingl
- Plant Development and Electron MicroscopyDepartment of Biology IBiocenterLudwig Maximilian UniversityGroßhaderner Str. 282152Planegg‐MartinsriedGermany
| | - Kai Bötzel
- Department of NeurologyLudwig Maximilian UniversityMarchioninistr. 1581377MunichGermany
| | - Stefan F. Lichtenthaler
- Department of NeuroproteomicsGerman Centre for Neurodegenerative DiseasesFeodor‐Lynen‐Str. 1781377MunichGermany
- NeuroproteomicsKlinikum rechts der IsarInstitute for Advanced StudyTechnical University of MunichIsmaninger Straße 2281675MunichGermany
| | - Günter U. Höglinger
- Department of Translational NeurodegenerationGerman Centre for Neurodegenerative DiseasesFeodor‐Lynen‐Str. 1781377MunichGermany
- Department of Neurology (OE 7210)Hannover Medical SchoolCarl‐Neuberg‐Str. 130625HannoverGermany
- Department of NeurologyTechnical University of MunichIsmaninger Str. 2281675MunichGermany
| | - Thomas Koeglsperger
- Department of Translational NeurodegenerationGerman Centre for Neurodegenerative DiseasesFeodor‐Lynen‐Str. 1781377MunichGermany
- Department of NeurologyLudwig Maximilian UniversityMarchioninistr. 1581377MunichGermany
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178
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Wang M, Su Z, Amoah Barnie P. Crosstalk among colon cancer-derived exosomes, fibroblast-derived exosomes, and macrophage phenotypes in colon cancer metastasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 81:106298. [PMID: 32058925 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular crosstalk is an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders and cancers. One significant means by which cells communicate with each other is through the release of exosomes. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles formed by the outward budding of plasma membranes, which are then released from cells into the extracellular space. Many studies have suggested that microvesicles released by colon cancer cells initiate crosstalk and modulate the fibroblast activities and macrophage phenotypes. Interestingly, crosstalk among colon cancer cells, macrophages and cancer-associated fibroblasts maximizes the mechanical composition of the stromal extracellular matrix (ECM). Exosomes contribute to cancer cell migration and invasion, which are critical for colon cancer progression to metastasis. The majority of the studies on colorectal cancers (CRCs) have focused on developing exosomal biomarkers for the early detection and prediction of CRC prognosis. This study highlights the crosstalk among colon cancer-derived exosomes, macrophage phenotypes and fibroblasts during colon cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyun Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Prince Amoah Barnie
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
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179
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Nishio M, Teranishi Y, Morioka K, Yanagida A, Shoji A. Real-time assay for exosome membrane fusion with an artificial lipid membrane based on enhancement of gramicidin A channel conductance. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 150:111918. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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180
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Batool A, Hill TDM, Nguyen NT, Langa E, Diviney M, Mooney C, Brennan GP, Connolly NMC, Sanz-Rodriguez A, Cavanagh BL, Henshall DC. Altered Biogenesis and MicroRNA Content of Hippocampal Exosomes Following Experimental Status Epilepticus. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1404. [PMID: 32009885 PMCID: PMC6978807 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive or prolonged seizures (status epilepticus) can damage neurons within the hippocampus, trigger gliosis, and generate an enduring state of hyperexcitability. Recent studies have suggested that microvesicles including exosomes are released from brain cells following stimulation and tissue injury, conveying contents between cells including microRNAs (miRNAs). Here, we characterized the effects of experimental status epilepticus on the expression of exosome biosynthesis components and analyzed miRNA content in exosome-enriched fractions. Status epilepticus induced by unilateral intra-amygdala kainic acid in mice resulted in acute subfield-specific, bi-directional changes in hippocampal transcripts associated with exosome biosynthesis including up-regulation of endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT)-dependent and -independent pathways. Increased expression of exosome components including Alix were detectable in samples obtained 2 weeks after status epilepticus and changes occurred in both the ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampus. RNA sequencing of exosome-enriched fractions prepared using two different techniques detected a rich diversity of conserved miRNAs and showed that status epilepticus selectively alters miRNA contents. We also characterized editing sites of the exosome-enriched miRNAs and found six exosome-enriched miRNAs that were adenosine-to-inosine (ADAR) edited with the majority of the editing events predicted to occur within miRNA seed regions. However, the prevalence of these editing events was not altered by status epilepticus. These studies demonstrate that status epilepticus alters the exosome pathway and its miRNA content, but not editing patterns. Further functional studies will be needed to determine if these changes have pathophysiological significance for epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasia Batool
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas D M Hill
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ngoc T Nguyen
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elena Langa
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mairéad Diviney
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine Mooney
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gary P Brennan
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh M C Connolly
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Amaya Sanz-Rodriguez
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brenton L Cavanagh
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Core, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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181
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Chicón-Bosch M, Tirado OM. Exosomes in Bone Sarcomas: Key Players in Metastasis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010241. [PMID: 31963599 PMCID: PMC7016778 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone sarcomas are rare cancers which often present with metastatic disease and are still associated with poor survival rates. Studies in the last decade have identified that exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicle released by cells, play an important role in tumour progression and dissemination. Through the transfer of their cargo (RNAs, proteins, and lipids) across cells, they are involved in cellular cross-talk and can induce changes in cellular behaviour. Exosomes have been shown to be important in metastasis organotropism, induction of angiogenesis and vascular permeability, the education of cells towards a pro-metastatic phenotype or the interaction between stromal and tumour cells. Due to the importance exosomes have in disease progression and the high incidence of metastasis in bone sarcomas, recent studies have evaluated the implications of these extracellular vesicles in bone sarcomas. In this review, we discuss the studies that evaluate the role of exosomes in osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and preliminary data on chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Chicón-Bosch
- Sarcoma Research Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.C.-B.); (O.M.T.); Tel.: +34-9326-0742 (M.C.-B.); +34-932-603-823 (O.M.T.)
| | - Oscar M. Tirado
- Sarcoma Research Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERONC, Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut Català d’Oncologia (ICO), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.C.-B.); (O.M.T.); Tel.: +34-9326-0742 (M.C.-B.); +34-932-603-823 (O.M.T.)
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182
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Coulter ME, Dorobantu CM, Lodewijk GA, Delalande F, Cianferani S, Ganesh VS, Smith RS, Lim ET, Xu CS, Pang S, Wong ET, Lidov HGW, Calicchio ML, Yang E, Gonzalez DM, Schlaeger TM, Mochida GH, Hess H, Lee WCA, Lehtinen MK, Kirchhausen T, Haussler D, Jacobs FMJ, Gaudin R, Walsh CA. The ESCRT-III Protein CHMP1A Mediates Secretion of Sonic Hedgehog on a Distinctive Subtype of Extracellular Vesicles. Cell Rep 2020; 24:973-986.e8. [PMID: 30044992 PMCID: PMC6178983 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) complex proteins regulate biogenesis and release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which enable cell-to-cell communication in the nervous system essential for development and adult function. We recently showed human loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in ESCRT-III member CHMP1A cause autosomal recessive microcephaly with pontocerebellar hypoplasia, but its mechanism was unclear. Here, we show Chmp1a is required for progenitor proliferation in mouse cortex and cerebellum and progenitor maintenance in human cerebral organoids. In Chmp1a null mice, this defect is associated with impaired sonic hedgehog (Shh) secretion and intraluminal vesicle (ILV) formation in multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Furthermore, we show CHMP1A is important for release of an EV subtype that contains AXL, RAB18, and TMED10 (ART) and SHH. Our findings show CHMP1A loss impairs secretion of SHH on ART-EVs, providing molecular mechanistic insights into the role of ESCRT proteins and EVs in the brain. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are essential for cell-to-cell communication in developing brain. Coulter et al. show that the human microcephaly gene CHMP1A is required for neuroprogenitor proliferation through regulation of vesicular secretion of the growth factor sonic hedgehog (SHH). CHMP1A specifically impairs SHH secretion on a distinctive EV subtype, ART-EV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Coulter
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience and Harvard/MIT MD-PHD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cristina M Dorobantu
- Inserm U1110, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Gerrald A Lodewijk
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - François Delalande
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC, UMR 7178, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah Cianferani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC, UMR 7178, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Vijay S Ganesh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard S Smith
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elaine T Lim
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - C Shan Xu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Song Pang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Eric T Wong
- Brain Tumor Center and Neuro-Oncology Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hart G W Lidov
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Monica L Calicchio
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Edward Yang
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dilenny M Gonzalez
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thorsten M Schlaeger
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ganeshwaran H Mochida
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Harald Hess
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Wei-Chung Allen Lee
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tomas Kirchhausen
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Haussler
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Frank M J Jacobs
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Raphael Gaudin
- Inserm U1110, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Christopher A Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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183
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Thankam FG, Agrawal DK. Infarct Zone: a Novel Platform for Exosome Trade in Cardiac Tissue Regeneration. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2020; 13:686-701. [PMID: 31907784 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-019-09952-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The global incidence of coronary artery diseases (CADs), especially myocardial infarction (MI), has drastically increased in recent years. Even though the conventional therapies have improved the outcomes, the post-MI complications and the increased rate of recurrence among the survivors are still alarming. Molecular events associated with the pathogenesis and the adaptive responses of the surviving myocardium are largely unknown. Focus on exosome-mediated signaling for cell-cell/matrix communications at the infarct zone reflects an emerging opportunity in cardiac regeneration. Also, cardiac tissue engineering provides promising insights for the next generation of therapeutic approaches in the management of CADs. In this article, we critically reviewed the current understanding on the biology of cardiac exosomes, therapeutic potential of exosomes, and recent developments in cardiac tissue engineering and discussed novel translational approaches based on tissue engineering and exosomes for cardiac regeneration and CADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finosh G Thankam
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA.
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184
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Avila JA, Kiprowska M, Jean-Louis T, Rockwell P, Figueiredo-Pereira ME, Serrano PA. PACAP27 mitigates an age-dependent hippocampal vulnerability to PGJ2-induced spatial learning deficits and neuroinflammation in mice. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01465. [PMID: 31769222 PMCID: PMC6955932 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation in the brain is mediated by the cyclooxygenase pathway, which leads to the production of prostaglandins. Prostaglandin (PG) D2, the most abundant PG in the brain, increases under pathological conditions and is spontaneously metabolized to PGJ2. PGJ2 is highly neurotoxic, with the potential to transition neuroinflammation into a chronic state and contribute to neurodegeneration as seen in many neurological diseases. Conversely, PACAP27 is a lipophilic peptide that raises intracellular cAMP and is an anti-inflammatory agent. The aim of our study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of PACAP27 to counter the behavioral and neurotoxic effects of PGJ2 observed in aged subjects. METHODS PGJ2 was injected bilaterally into the hippocampal CA1 region of 53-week-old and 12-week-old C57BL/6N male mice, once per week over 3 weeks (three total infusions) and included co-infusions of PACAP27 within respective treatment groups. Our behavioral assessments looked at spatial learning and memory performance on the 8-arm radial maze, followed by histological analyses of fixed hippocampal tissue using Fluoro-Jade C and fluorescent immunohistochemistry focused on IBA-1 microglia. RESULTS Aged mice treated with PGJ2 exhibited spatial learning and long-term memory deficits, as well as neurodegeneration in CA3 pyramidal neurons. Aged mice that received co-infusions of PACAP27 exhibited remediated learning and memory performance and decreased neurodegeneration in CA3 pyramidal neurons. Moreover, microglial activation in the CA3 region was also reduced in aged mice cotreated with PACAP27. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that PGJ2 can produce a retrograde spread of damage not observed in PGJ2-treated young mice, leading to age-dependent neurodegeneration of hippocampal neurons producing learning and memory deficits. PACAP27 can remediate the behavioral and neurodegenerative effects that PGJ2 produces in aged subjects. Targeting specific neurotoxic prostaglandins, such as PGJ2, offers great promise as a new therapeutic strategy downstream of cyclooxygenases, to combat the neuronal deficits induced by chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Avila
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Magdalena Kiprowska
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Teneka Jean-Louis
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Rockwell
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria E Figueiredo-Pereira
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter A Serrano
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY, USA
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185
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Yoshino Y, Dwivedi Y. Non-Coding RNAs in Psychiatric Disorders and Suicidal Behavior. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:543893. [PMID: 33101077 PMCID: PMC7522197 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.543893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that only a small proportion of the human genome code for proteins; the rest belong to the family of RNAs that do not code for protein and are known as non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). ncRNAs are further divided into two subclasses based on size: 1) long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs; >200 nucleotides) and 2) small RNAs (<200 nucleotides). Small RNAs contain various family members that include microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), and small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). The roles of ncRNAs, especially lncRNAs and miRNAs, are well documented in brain development, homeostasis, stress responses, and neural plasticity. It has also been reported that ncRNAs can influence the development of psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder. More recently, their roles are being investigated in suicidal behavior. In this article, we have comprehensively reviewed the findings of lncRNA and miRNA expression changes and their functions in various psychiatric disorders including suicidal behavior. We primarily focused on studies that have been done in postmortem human brain. In addition, we have briefly reviewed the role of other small RNAs (e.g. piwiRNA, siRNA, snRNA, and snoRNAs) and their expression changes in psychiatric illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Yoshino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Yogesh Dwivedi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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186
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Cell-to-Cell Communication in Learning and Memory: From Neuro- and Glio-Transmission to Information Exchange Mediated by Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010266. [PMID: 31906013 PMCID: PMC6982255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most aspects of nervous system development and function rely on the continuous crosstalk between neurons and the variegated universe of non-neuronal cells surrounding them. The most extraordinary property of this cellular community is its ability to undergo adaptive modifications in response to environmental cues originating from inside or outside the body. Such ability, known as neuronal plasticity, allows long-lasting modifications of the strength, composition and efficacy of the connections between neurons, which constitutes the biochemical base for learning and memory. Nerve cells communicate with each other through both wiring (synaptic) and volume transmission of signals. It is by now clear that glial cells, and in particular astrocytes, also play critical roles in both modes by releasing different kinds of molecules (e.g., D-serine secreted by astrocytes). On the other hand, neurons produce factors that can regulate the activity of glial cells, including their ability to release regulatory molecules. In the last fifteen years it has been demonstrated that both neurons and glial cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) of different kinds, both in physiologic and pathological conditions. Here we discuss the possible involvement of EVs in the events underlying learning and memory, in both physiologic and pathological conditions.
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187
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Ahmad W, Ali A, Ali A, Khan S, Khan S, Husain I. Upcoming diagnostic biomarkers with promising prospects in neurological disorders. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 47:347-356. [PMID: 31746003 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An exponential increase in the prevalence of neurological disorders requires substantial steps to be taken for their prevention and treatment. Neurodiagnostic biomarkers are gaining momentum presently in order to enhance the diagnostic accuracy of neurodegenerative disorders, to precisely assess their advancement and to monitor the efficiency of therapeutic interventions. Therefore, the primary focus of the present review is the recent development in this field of neurodiagnostic biomarkers, and the current state of biomarker exploration in the context of various neurodegenerative diseases. This review encompasses an updated and detailed account of specific (β-Amyloid, Tau and Phospho-tau 181, Tar-DNA binding protein-43, Progranulin, a-synuclein, Clusterin, etc) and non-specific (genetic, synaptic, inflammatory and coagulation) neurodiagnostic biomarkers and the recent advances in this growing field. This comprehensive review also suggests the utilization of neurodiagnostic markers in network approaches and personalized medication that will eventually improvise the existing diagnostic and therapeutic complexities of neurodiagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Mohammad Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abuzer Ali
- College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amena Ali
- College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sana Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, India
| | - Saba Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, India
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188
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Fukuta T, Nishikawa A, Kogure K. Low level electricity increases the secretion of extracellular vesicles from cultured cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 21:100713. [PMID: 31828227 PMCID: PMC6889636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicles, can be collected from the conditioned medium of cultured cells, and are expected to be used in disease therapy and drug delivery systems. However, since the yield of exosomes from conditioned medium is generally low, investigations to develop new methods to increase exosome secretion and to elucidate the secretion mechanism have been performed. Our previous studies demonstrated that activation of intracellular signaling including Rho GTPase and subsequent endocytosis of extraneous molecules in cells could be induced by low level electricity (0.3–0.5 mA/cm2). Since exosomes are produced in the process of endocytosis and secreted by exocytosis via certain signaling pathways, we hypothesized that low level electric treatment (ET) would increase exosome secretion from cultured cells via intracellular signaling activation. In the present study, the influence of ET (0.34 mA/cm2) on extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion from cultured cells was examined by using murine melanoma and murine fibroblast cells. The results showed that the number of EV particles collected by ultracentrifugation was remarkably increased by ET in both cell lines without cellular toxicity or changes in the particle distribution. Also, protein amounts of the collected EVs were significantly increased in both cells by ET without alteration of expression of representative exosome marker proteins. Moreover, in both cells, the ratio of particle numbers to protein amount was not significantly changed by ET. Rho GTPase inhibition significantly suppressed ET-mediated increase of EV secretion in murine melanoma, indicating that Rho GTPase activation could be involved in ET-mediated EV secretion in the cell. Additionally, there were almost no differences in uptake of each EV into each donor cell regardless of whether the cells had been exposed to ET for EV collection. Taken together, these results suggest that ET could increase EV secretion from both cancer and normal cells without apparent changes in EV quality. Low level electric treatment (ET; 0.34 mA/cm2) increased exosome yield from cells. The number of exosome particles was increased by ET without distribution changes. ET increased protein amounts of the collected exosomes from conditioned media. ET did not induce cellular toxicity and change in exosomal marker protein expression. ET-mediated increase of exosome secretion occurred in both cancer and normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Fukuta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi 1, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Akina Nishikawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi 1, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kogure
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi 1, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
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189
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Yates AG, Anthony DC, Ruitenberg MJ, Couch Y. Systemic Immune Response to Traumatic CNS Injuries-Are Extracellular Vesicles the Missing Link? Front Immunol 2019; 10:2723. [PMID: 31824504 PMCID: PMC6879545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation following traumatic injury to the central nervous system (CNS) persists long after the primary insult and is known to exacerbate cell death and worsen functional outcomes. Therapeutic interventions targeting this inflammation have been unsuccessful, which has been attributed to poor bioavailability owing to the presence of blood-CNS barrier. Recent studies have shown that the magnitude of the CNS inflammatory response is dependent on systemic inflammatory events. The acute phase response (APR) to CNS injury presents an alternative strategy to modulating the secondary phase of injury. However, the communication pathways between the CNS and the periphery remain poorly understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane bound nanoparticles that are regulators of intercellular communication. They are shed from cells of the CNS including microglia, astrocytes, neurons and endothelial cells, and are able to cross the blood-CNS barrier, thus providing an attractive candidate for initiating the APR after acute CNS injury. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current evidence that EVs play a critical role in the APR following CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abi G Yates
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel C Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marc J Ruitenberg
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yvonne Couch
- Acute Stroke Programme, RDM-Investigative Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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190
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Trubetckaia O, Lane AE, Qian L, Zhou P, Lane DA. Alpha-synuclein is strategically positioned for afferent modulation of midbrain dopamine neurons and is essential for cocaine preference. Commun Biol 2019; 2:418. [PMID: 31754648 PMCID: PMC6858354 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0651-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is an abundant neuroprotein elevated in cocaine addicts, linked to drug craving, and recruited to axon terminals undergoing glutamatergic plasticity - a proposed mechanism for substance abuse. However, little is known about normal α-syn function or how it contributes to substance abuse. We show that α-syn is critical for preference of hedonic stimuli and the cognitive flexibility needed to change behavioral strategies, functions that are altered with substance abuse. Electron microscopic analysis reveals changes in α-syn targeting of ventral tegmental area axon terminals that is dependent upon the duration of cocaine exposure. The dynamic changes in presynaptic α-syn position it to control neurotransmission and fine-tune the complex afferent inputs to dopamine neurons, potentially altering functional dopamine output. Cocaine also increases postsynaptic α-syn where it is needed for normal ALIX function, multivesicular body formation, and cocaine-induced exosome release indicating potentially similar α-syn actions for vesicle release pre- and post-synaptically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Trubetckaia
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Ariana E. Lane
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Liping Qian
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Ping Zhou
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Diane A. Lane
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065 USA
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191
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Sancho-Albero M, Encabo-Berzosa MDM, Beltrán-Visiedo M, Fernández-Messina L, Sebastián V, Sánchez-Madrid F, Arruebo M, Santamaría J, Martín-Duque P. Efficient encapsulation of theranostic nanoparticles in cell-derived exosomes: leveraging the exosomal biogenesis pathway to obtain hollow gold nanoparticle-hybrids. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:18825-18836. [PMID: 31595912 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr06183e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes can be considered natural targeted delivery systems able to carry exogenous payloads, drugs or theranostic nanoparticles (NPs). This work aims to combine the therapeutic capabilities of hollow gold nanoparticles (HGNs) with the unique tumor targeting properties provided by exosomes. Here, we tested different methods to encapsulate HGNs (capable of absorbing light in the NIR region for selective thermal ablation) into murine melanoma cells derived exosomes (B16-F10-exos), including electroporation, passive loading by diffusion, thermal shock, sonication and saponin-assisted loading. These methods gave less than satisfactory results: although internalization of relatively large NPs into B16-F10-exos was achieved by almost all the physicochemical methods tested, only about 15% of the exosomes were loaded with NPs and several of those processes had a negative effect regarding the morphology and integrity of the loaded exosomes. In a different approach, B16-F10 cells were pre-incubated with PEGylated HGNs (PEG-HGNs) in an attempt to incorporate the NPs into the exosomal biogenesis pathway. The results were highly successful: exosomes recovered from the supernatant of the cell culture showed up to 50% of HGNs internalization. The obtained hybrid HGN-exosome vectors were characterized with a battery of techniques to make sure that internalization of HGNs did not affect exosome characteristics compared with other strategies. PEG-HGNs were released through the endosomal-exosome biogenesis pathway confirming that the isolated vesicles were exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sancho-Albero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro-Edificio I+D+I, C/Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain. and Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Del Mar Encabo-Berzosa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro-Edificio I+D+I, C/Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain. and Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Beltrán-Visiedo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro-Edificio I+D+I, C/Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Lola Fernández-Messina
- Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. C/Diego de León 62, 28006-Madrid, Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER- CV), 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Sebastián
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro-Edificio I+D+I, C/Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain. and Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. C/Diego de León 62, 28006-Madrid, Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER- CV), 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Arruebo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro-Edificio I+D+I, C/Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain. and Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Santamaría
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro-Edificio I+D+I, C/Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain. and Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Martín-Duque
- Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029-Madrid, Spain and Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Aragón (CIBA), 50009-Zaragoza, Spain and IIS Aragón(IISA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Aragón (CIBA), 50009-Zaragoza, Spain and Fundación ARAID. Avda. Ranillas, 1-D, planta 2ª, oficina b, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain
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192
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Lee YXF, Johansson H, Wood MJA, El Andaloussi S. Considerations and Implications in the Purification of Extracellular Vesicles - A Cautionary Tale. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1067. [PMID: 31680809 PMCID: PMC6813730 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized particles constitutively released from cells into all biological fluids. Interestingly, these vesicles contain genetic cargoes including proteins, RNA and bioactive lipids that can be functionally delivered and affect recipient cells. As a result, there is growing interest in studying EVs in pathological conditions, including central nervous system (CNS)-related diseases, as EVs may be used for diagnostic purposes or as therapeutic agents. However, one major bottleneck is the need for better EV purification strategies when considering complex biological sources such as serum/protein-rich media or plasma. In this study, we have performed a systematic comparison study between the current gold-standard method: ultracentrifugation, to an alternative: size-exclusion chromatography (LC), using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived complex media as a model system. We demonstrate that LC allows for derivation of purer EVs from iPSCs, which was previously impossible with the original UC method. Importantly, our study further highlights the various drawbacks when using the conventional UC approach that lead to misinterpretation of EV data. Lastly, we describe novel data on our iPSC-EVs; how they could relate to stem cell biology and discuss their potential use as EV therapeutics for CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xin Fiona Lee
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Henrik Johansson
- Cancer Proteomics Mass Spectrometry, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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193
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Exploratory study on microRNA profiles from plasma-derived extracellular vesicles in Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Transl Neurodegener 2019; 8:31. [PMID: 31592314 PMCID: PMC6775659 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-019-0169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Because of the increasing life expectancy in our society, aging-related neurodegenerative disorders are one of the main issues in global health. Most of these diseases are characterized by the deposition of misfolded proteins and a progressive cognitive decline. Among these diseases, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are the most common types of degenerative dementia. Although both show specific features, an important neuropathological and clinical overlap between them hampers their correct diagnosis. In this work, we identified molecular biomarkers aiming to improve the misdiagnosis between both diseases. Methods Plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) -from DLB, AD and healthy controls- were isolated using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and characterized by flow cytometry, Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) and cryo-electron microscopy. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and related bibliographic search was performed and a selected group of EV-associated microRNAs (miRNAs) was analysed by qPCR. Results Results uncovered two miRNAs (hsa-miR-451a and hsa-miR-21-5p) significantly down-regulated in AD samples respect to DLB patients, and a set of four miRNAs (hsa-miR-23a-3p, hsa-miR-126-3p, hsa-let-7i-5p, and hsa-miR-151a-3p) significantly decreased in AD respect to controls. The two miRNAs showing decreased expression in AD in comparison to DLB provided area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.9 in ROC curve analysis, thus suggesting their possible use as biomarkers to discriminate between both diseases. Target gene analysis of these miRNAs using prediction online tools showed accumulation of phosphorylation enzymes, presence of proteasome-related proteins and genes involved in cell death among others. Conclusion Our data suggest that plasma-EV associated miRNAs may reflect a differential profile for a given dementia-related disorder which, once validated in larger cohorts of patients, could help to improve the differential diagnosis of DLB versus AD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40035-019-0169-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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194
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Xia X, Wang Y, Huang Y, Zhang H, Lu H, Zheng JC. Exosomal miRNAs in central nervous system diseases: biomarkers, pathological mediators, protective factors and therapeutic agents. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 183:101694. [PMID: 31542363 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small bilipid layer-enclosed extracellular vesicles that can be found in tissues and biological fluids. As a key cell-to-cell and distant communication mediator, exosomes are involved in various central nervous system (CNS) diseases, potentially through transferring their contents such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids to the target cells. Exosomal miRNAs, which are small non-coding RNAs in the exosomes, are known to be more stable than free miRNAs and therefore have lasting effects on disease-related gene expressions. There are distinct profiles of exosomal miRNAs in different types of CNS diseases even before the onset of irreversible neurological damages, indicating that exosomal miRNAs within tissues and biological fluids could serve as promising biomarkers. Emerging evidence has also demonstrated the pathological effects of several exosomal miRNAs in CNS diseases via specific modulation of disease-related factors. Moreover, exosomes carry therapeutically beneficial miRNAs across the blood-brain-barrier, which can be exploited as a powerful drug delivery tool to help alleviating multiple CNS diseases. In this review, we summarize the recent progress made in understanding the biological roles of exosomal miRNAs as potential diagnostic biomarkers, pathological regulators, and therapeutic targets/drugs for CNS diseases. A comprehensive discussion of the main concerns and challenges for the applications of exosomal miRNAs in the clinical setting is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Xia
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yunlong Huang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA
| | - Han Zhang
- Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongfang Lu
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jialin C Zheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA.
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195
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Men Y, Yelick J, Jin S, Tian Y, Chiang MSR, Higashimori H, Brown E, Jarvis R, Yang Y. Exosome reporter mice reveal the involvement of exosomes in mediating neuron to astroglia communication in the CNS. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4136. [PMID: 31515491 PMCID: PMC6742670 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11534-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroglia play active and diverse roles in modulating neuronal/synaptic functions in the CNS. How these astroglial functions are regulated, especially by neuronal signals, remains largely unknown. Exosomes, a major type of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that originate from endosomal intraluminal vesicles (ILVs), have emerged as a new intercellular communication process. By generating cell-type-specific ILVs/exosome reporter (CD63-GFPf/f) mice and immuno-EM/confocal image analysis, we found that neuronal CD63-GFP+ ILVs are primarily localized in soma and dendrites, but not in axonal terminals in vitro and in vivo. Secreted neuronal exosomes contain a subset of microRNAs (miRs) that is distinct from the miR profile of neurons. These miRs, especially the neuron-specific miR-124-3p, are potentially internalized into astrocytes. MiR-124-3p further up-regulates the predominant glutamate transporter GLT1 by suppressing GLT1-inhibiting miRs. Our findings suggest a previously undescribed neuronal exosomal miR-mediated genetic regulation of astrocyte functions, potentially opening a new frontier in understanding CNS intercellular communication. Our current understanding of exosome signaling among CNS cells is mostly limited to culture models. In this study, authors generated a new cell-type specific exosome reporter mouse line which allows the first in vivo investigation of the localization of neuronal exosomes in the CNS, and also potentially highlights the role of exosomally transferred miR-124-3p in mediating astroglial glutamate uptake function
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Men
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Tufts University, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Julia Yelick
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Shijie Jin
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Yang Tian
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Dongfang Hospital of University of Chinese Medicine, No.6, District 1, Fangxingyuan, Fangzhuang, Fengtai District, 100078, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Sum R Chiang
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Haruki Higashimori
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Eoin Brown
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Rachel Jarvis
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Yongjie Yang
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA. .,Tufts University, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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196
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D'Anca M, Fenoglio C, Serpente M, Arosio B, Cesari M, Scarpini EA, Galimberti D. Exosome Determinants of Physiological Aging and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:232. [PMID: 31555123 PMCID: PMC6722391 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is consistently reported as the most important independent risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. As life expectancy has significantly increased during the last decades, neurodegenerative diseases became one of the most critical public health problem in our society. The most investigated neurodegenerative diseases during aging are Alzheimer disease (AD), Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) and Parkinson disease (PD). The search for biomarkers has been focused so far on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. Recently, exosomes emerged as novel biological source with increasing interest for age-related neurodegenerative disease biomarkers. Exosomes are tiny Extracellular vesicles (EVs; 30-100 nm in size) released by all cell types which originate from the endosomal compartment. They constitute important vesicles for the release and transfer of multiple (signaling, toxic, and regulatory) molecules among cells. Initially considered with merely waste disposal function, instead exosomes have been recently recognized as fundamental mediators of intercellular communication. They can move from the site of release by diffusion and be retrieved in several body fluids, where they may dynamically reflect pathological changes of cells present in inaccessible sites such as the brain. Multiple evidence has implicated exosomes in age-associated neurodegenerative processes, which lead to cognitive impairment in later life. Critically, consolidated evidence indicates that pathological protein aggregates, including Aβ, tau, and α-synuclein are released from brain cells in association with exosomes. Importantly, exosomes act as vehicles between cells not only of proteins but also of nucleic acids [DNA, mRNA transcripts, miRNA, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs)] thus potentially influencing gene expression in target cells. In this framework, exosomes could contribute to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underneath neurodegenerative diseases and could represent a promising source of biomarkers. Despite the involvement of exosomes in age-associated neurodegeneration, the study of exosomes and their genetic cargo in physiological aging and in neurodegenerative diseases is still in its infancy. Here, we review, the current knowledge on protein and ncRNAs cargo of exosomes in normal aging and in age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna D'Anca
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Fenoglio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Serpente
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Arosio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Cesari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Geriatrics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elio Angelo Scarpini
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Dino Ferrari Center, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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197
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Emerging Role of Genetic Alterations Affecting Exosome Biology in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174113. [PMID: 31450727 PMCID: PMC6747137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal deposition of proteins in brain tissue is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) often accompanied by the spread of mutated proteins, causing neuronal toxicity. Exosomes play a fundamental role on their releasing in extracellular space after endosomal pathway activation, allowing to remove protein aggregates by lysosomal degradation or their inclusion into multivesicular bodies (MVBs), besides promoting cellular cross-talk. The emerging evidence of pathogenic mutations associated to ND susceptibility, leading to impairment of exosome production and secretion, opens a new perspective on the mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration. Recent findings suggest to investigate the genetic mechanisms regulating the different exosome functions in central nervous system (CNS), to understand their role in the pathogenesis of NDs, addressing the identification of diagnostic and pharmacological targets. This review aims to summarize the mechanisms underlying exosome biogenesis, their molecular composition and functions in CNS, with a specific focus on the recent findings invoking a defective exosome biogenesis as a common biological feature of the major NDs, caused by genetic alterations. Further definition of the consequences of specific genetic mutations on exosome biogenesis and release will improve diagnostic and pharmacological studies in NDs.
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198
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Mahnke AH, Adams AM, Wang AZ, Miranda RC. Toxicant and teratogenic effects of prenatal alcohol. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2019; 14:29-34. [PMID: 32864517 DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure can result in growth, cognitive, and behavioral deficits due to the toxicant and teratogenic effects of alcohol. Alcohol is an unusual toxicant, because, unlike other toxicants, it is consumed and has biological effects in the millimolar range. Cerebral cortical development is particularly vulnerable to both alcohol's acute and long-term reprogramming effects. Recent evidence suggests that neuroinflammation may be a persistent result of prenatal alcohol exposure and that modes of cellular communication capable of carrying miRNAs, such as extracellular vesicles, may be an integral part of long-term changes to cellular communication and inflammation following in utero alcohol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H Mahnke
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Bryan, TX 77807 USA
| | - Amy M Adams
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Bryan, TX 77807 USA
| | - Andrew Z Wang
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Bryan, TX 77807 USA
| | - Rajesh C Miranda
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Bryan, TX 77807 USA
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199
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Porro C, Panaro MA, Lofrumento DD, Hasalla E, Trotta T. The multiple roles of exosomes in Parkinson's disease: an overview. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41:469-476. [PMID: 31405314 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2019.1650371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a relatively new field of research in neurodegenerative disease and they are thought to be one of the ways that neurodegenerative pathologies, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), spread in the brain. EVs are membrane vesicles released from cells into the extracellular space and they are produced by all cells of the nervous tissue. The classification of the vesicle subtypes comprises exosomes, microvesicles/microparticles, apoptotic bodies. EVs change in number and content in response to environmental conditions and may function as shuttles for the delivery of cargo between cells. Recent data suggest that exosomes secreted by both activated microglia and neurons play an important role in α-synuclein (α-syn) spreading and increase of neuroinflammation, thus exacerbating neuronal dysfunction and disease progression. α-syn is a presynaptic protein secreted by neurons in small amounts, and it is the main component of Lewy bodies, one of the histopathological features of PD. Several factors have shown to induce and/or modulate α-syn structure and oligomerization in vitro. Under pathological conditions, progressive accumulation of α-syn and the formation of oligomers have been proposed to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of PD. This review gives an overview about the multiple roles of exosomes in PD, despite their role in the progression of neurodegeneration, exosomes could represent a specific drug delivery tool for a difficult target such as the brain, which poses an obstacle to most drugs and they could also represent new biomarkers to track the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Porro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Panaro
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Dario Domenico Lofrumento
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Salento , Lecce , Italy
| | - Elona Hasalla
- Department of Pre-Clinic Subjects, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Elbasan "Aleksander Xhuvani" , Elbasan , Albania
| | - Teresa Trotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
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200
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Hamlett ED, LaRosa A, Mufson EJ, Fortea J, Ledreux A, Granholm AC. Exosome release and cargo in Down syndrome. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:639-655. [PMID: 31347291 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a multisystem disorder affecting 1 in 800 births worldwide. Advancing technology, medical treatment, and social intervention have dramatically increased life expectancy, yet there are many etiologies of this disorder that are in need of further research. The advent of the ability to capture extracellular vesicles (EVs) in blood from specific cell types allows for the investigation of novel intracellular processes. Exosomes are one type of EVs that have demonstrated great potential in uncovering new biomarkers of neurodegeneration and disease, and also that appear to be intricately involved in the transsynaptic spread of pathogenic factors underlying Alzheimer's disease and other neurological diseases. Exosomes are nanosized vesicles, generated in endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and secreted by most cells in the body. Since exosomes are important mediators of intercellular communication and genetic exchange, they have emerged as a major research focus and have revealed novel biological sequelae involved in conditions afflicting the DS population. This review summarizes current knowledge on exosome biology in individuals with DS, both early in life and in aging individuals. Collectively these studies have demonstrated that complex multicellular processes underlying DS etiologies may include abnormal formation and secretion of extracellular vesicles such as exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Hamlett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Angela LaRosa
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Elliott J Mufson
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Juan Fortea
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, CIBERNED, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurélie Ledreux
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Ann-Charlotte Granholm
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
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