151
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Lenhart L, Steiger R, Waibel M, Mangesius S, Grams AE, Singewald N, Gizewski ER. Cortical reorganization processes in meditation naïve participants induced by 7 weeks focused attention meditation training. Behav Brain Res 2020; 395:112828. [PMID: 32745662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on the evidence that meditation is associated with numerous beneficial effects on well-being and reduced stress-related symptoms, mindfulness-based techniques were increasingly implemented into psychotherapeutic programs. However, different meditation styles and the cross-sectional nature of most previous analyses resulted in a great variety of morphometric findings. The present study aims to elucidate cortical reorganization processes and altered axonal integrity caused by short-term meditation training, and benefits from solely using focused attention meditation (FAM). METHODS 3 T MRI, including T1-MPRAGE and diffusion-weighted sequences, was performed in 27 healthy, meditation naïve participants (age: 43 ± 12.4 years) pre and post FAM meditation training (duration: 7.3 ± 0.4 weeks). Voxel-based morphometry was applied to assess brain changes in gray and white matter. Questionnaires were filled out by the individuals at both time-points to evaluate quality of life and self-awareness deficits. RESULTS The major findings comprised (i) gray matter increases in the insula, the caudate nucleus and frontal cortices, (ii) decreases in extended parietotemporal regions, the right medial prefrontal cortex and the parahippocampal gyrus, as well as (iii) fractional anisotropy increases of the right hippocampus, the basal ganglia and adjacent regions. Regression analysis revealed an association of specific alterations with reduced levels of state anxiety. CONCLUSIONS FAM training induced a broad range of dynamic brain alterations even within few weeks of training. Interestingly, this cohort revealed more, and partially different patterns of structural gray matter change compared to prior studies. The broad impact on neuronal organization processes may reflect more general outcomes related to health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lenhart
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Neuroimaging Research Core Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Ruth Steiger
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Neuroimaging Research Core Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Stephanie Mangesius
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Neuroimaging Research Core Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Astrid E Grams
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Neuroimaging Research Core Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nicolas Singewald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, Leopold Franzens University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elke R Gizewski
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Neuroimaging Research Core Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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152
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Mindfulness meditation alters neural activity underpinning working memory during tactile distraction. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 20:1216-1233. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00828-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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153
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Stieger JR, Engel S, Jiang H, Cline CC, Kreitzer MJ, He B. Mindfulness Improves Brain-Computer Interface Performance by Increasing Control Over Neural Activity in the Alpha Band. Cereb Cortex 2020; 31:426-438. [PMID: 32965471 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are promising tools for assisting patients with paralysis, but suffer from long training times and variable user proficiency. Mind-body awareness training (MBAT) can improve BCI learning, but how it does so remains unknown. Here, we show that MBAT allows participants to learn to volitionally increase alpha band neural activity during BCI tasks that incorporate intentional rest. We trained individuals in mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR; a standardized MBAT intervention) and compared performance and brain activity before and after training between randomly assigned trained and untrained control groups. The MBAT group showed reliably faster learning of BCI than the control group throughout training. Alpha-band activity in electroencephalogram signals, recorded in the volitional resting state during task performance, showed a parallel increase over sessions, and predicted final BCI performance. The level of alpha-band activity during the intentional resting state correlated reliably with individuals' mindfulness practice as well as performance on a breath counting task. Collectively, these results show that MBAT modifies a specific neural signal used by BCI. MBAT, by increasing patients' control over their brain activity during rest, may increase the effectiveness of BCI in the large population who could benefit from alternatives to direct motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Stieger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Stephen Engel
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Haiteng Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Christopher C Cline
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Mary Jo Kreitzer
- Earl E. Bakken Center for Spirituality & Healing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Bin He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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154
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D'Silva A, MacQueen G, Nasser Y, Taylor LM, Vallance JK, Raman M. Yoga as a Therapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:2503-2514. [PMID: 31832970 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05989-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this state-of-the-art narrative review is to evaluate the current evidence about the effectiveness of yoga as therapy for IBS and explore its potential mechanisms of action. The current literature suggests yoga is effective and safe and may target multiple mechanisms involved in treatment of IBS. Evidence from randomized controlled trials identified yoga as more effective compared to pharmacological treatment and equally effective as dietary interventions or moderate-intensity walking. Improvements were seen in both physical health (IBS symptom severity, gastric motility, autonomic and somatic symptom scores, and physical functioning) and mental health outcomes (depression, anxiety, gastrointestinal-specific anxiety, and quality of life). Given favorable changes in IBS-related physical and mental health outcomes, preliminary data supports yoga as beneficial in this population. However, the relatively low-quality evidence resulting from heterogeneity of study designs, interventions, and outcome measures limit our ability to make specific recommendations about the use of yoga as therapy for patients with IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrijana D'Silva
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Glenda MacQueen
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Yasmin Nasser
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Lorian M Taylor
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Jeff K Vallance
- Faculty of Health Disciplines, Athabasca University, 1 University Drive, Athabasca, AB, T9S 3A3, Canada
| | - Maitreyi Raman
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada. .,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada. .,University of Calgary, 6D33 TRW Building, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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155
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Shankland R, Tessier D, Strub L, Gauchet A, Baeyens C. Improving Mental Health and Well-Being through Informal Mindfulness Practices: An Intervention Study. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2020; 13:63-83. [PMID: 32851775 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mindfulness-based programs have been shown to be effective in reducing stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms, and enhancing well-being. However, it remains unclear whether longer formal mindfulness practices are necessary to obtain such results. We therefore aimed to assess the effectiveness of a program (FOVEA, 8 weeks, 2h/week) which was only based on brief and informal practices. METHODS Using a switching replication design, participants (N = 139) were assigned to a FOVEA or a wait-list group, and completed the following self-report questionnaires online at three time points: perceived stress, anxiety, depression, satisfaction with life (dependent variables), and mindfulness (mediating variable). They also completed a daily practice diary. RESULTS Relative to the wait-list group, FOVEA participants showed significantly reduced perceived stress, anxiety, and depression, and increased satisfaction with life. These changes were completely mediated by increased mindfulness, and were maintained 2.5 months after the end of the program. The effect sizes were moderate to large. CONCLUSIONS These results underline the potential benefits of a mindfulness informal practices program for the general population. This type of program could constitute a first step towards more formal practices once the motivation to practice has been enhanced by the perceived benefits of brief practices.
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156
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Yuan JP, Connolly CG, Henje E, Sugrue LP, Yang TT, Xu D, Tymofiyeva O. Gray Matter Changes in Adolescents Participating in a Meditation Training. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:319. [PMID: 32922278 PMCID: PMC7456888 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Meditation has shown to benefit a wide range of conditions and symptoms, but the neural mechanisms underlying the practice remain unclear. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have investigated the structural brain changes due to the practice by examining volume, density, or cortical thickness changes. However, these studies have focused on adults; meditation’s structural effects on the adolescent brain remain understudied. In this study, we investigated how meditation training affects the structure of the adolescent brain by scanning a group of 38 adolescents (16.48 ± 1.29 years) before and after participating in a 12-week meditation training. Subjects underwent Training for Awareness, Resilience, and Action (TARA), a program that mainly incorporates elements from mindfulness meditation and yoga-based practices. A subset of the adolescents also received an additional control scan 12 weeks before TARA. We conducted voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to assess gray matter volume changes pre- to post-training and during the control period. Subjects showed significant gray matter (GM) volume decreases in the left posterior insula and to a lesser extent in the left thalamus and left putamen after meditation training. There were no significant changes during the control period. Our results support previous findings that meditation affects regions associated with physical and emotional awareness. However, our results are different from previous morphometric studies in which meditation was associated with structural increases. We posit that this discrepancy may be due to the differences between the adolescent brain and the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Yuan
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Colm G Connolly
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Eva Henje
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Clinical Science/Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Leo P Sugrue
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Tony T Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Duan Xu
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Olga Tymofiyeva
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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157
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Lymeus F, Ahrling M, Apelman J, Florin CDM, Nilsson C, Vincenti J, Zetterberg A, Lindberg P, Hartig T. Mindfulness-Based Restoration Skills Training (ReST) in a Natural Setting Compared to Conventional Mindfulness Training: Psychological Functioning After a Five-Week Course. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1560. [PMID: 32903687 PMCID: PMC7438830 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Restoration skills training (ReST) is a mindfulness-based course that draws on restorative nature experience to facilitate the meditation practice and teach widely applicable adaptation skills. Previous studies comparing ReST to conventional mindfulness training (CMT) showed that ReST has important advantages: it supports beginning meditators in connecting with restorative environmental qualities and in meditating with less effort; it restores their attention regulation capabilities; and it helps them complete the course and establish a regular meditation habit. However, mindfulness theory indicates that effortful training may be necessary to achieve generalized improvements in psychological functioning. Therefore, this study tests whether the less effortful and more acceptable ReST approach is attended by any meaningful disadvantage compared to CMT in terms of its effects on central aspects psychological functioning. We analyze data from four rounds of development of the ReST course, in each of which we compared it to a parallel and formally matched CMT course. Randomly assigned participants (total course starters = 152) provided ratings of dispositional mindfulness, cognitive functioning, and chronic stress before and after the 5-week ReST and CMT courses. Round 4 also included a separately recruited passive control condition. ReST and CMT were attended by similar average improvements in the three outcomes, although the effects on chronic stress were inconsistent. Moderate to large improvements in the three outcomes could also be affirmed in contrasts with the passive controls. Using a reliable change index, we saw that over one third of the ReST and CMT participants enjoyed reliably improved psychological functioning. The risk of experiencing deteriorated functioning was no greater with either ReST or CMT than for passive control group participants. None of the contrasts exceeded our stringent criterion for inferiority of ReST compared with CMT. We conclude that ReST is a promising alternative for otherwise healthy people with stress or concentration problems who would be less likely to complete more effortful CMT. By adapting the meditation practices to draw on restorative setting characteristics, ReST can mitigate the demands otherwise incurred in early stages of mindfulness training without compromising the acquisition of widely applicable mindfulness skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddie Lymeus
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie Ahrling
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josef Apelman
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Cecilia Nilsson
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Janina Vincenti
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Per Lindberg
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Terry Hartig
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Institute for Housing and Urban Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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158
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Marciniak R, Šumec R, Vyhnálek M, Bendíčková K, Lázničková P, Forte G, Jeleník A, Římalová V, Frič J, Hort J, Sheardová K. The Effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on Depression, Cognition, and Immunity in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Feasibility Study. Clin Interv Aging 2020; 15:1365-1381. [PMID: 32848377 PMCID: PMC7429186 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s249196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mindfulness-based programs have shown a promising effect on several health factors associated with increased risk of dementia and the conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia such as depression, stress, cognitive decline, immune system and brain structural and functional changes. Studies on mindfulness in MCI subjects are sparse and frequently lack control intervention groups. OBJECTIVE To determine the feasibility and the effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) practice on depression, cognition and immunity in MCI compared to cognitive training. METHODS Twenty-eight MCI subjects were randomly assigned to two groups. MBSR group underwent 8-week MBSR program. Control group underwent 8-week cognitive training. Their cognitive and immunological profiles and level of depressive symptoms were examined at baseline, after each 8-week intervention (visit 2, V2) and six months after each intervention (visit 3, V3). MBSR participants completed feasibility questionnaire at V2. RESULTS Twenty MCI patients completed the study (MBSR group n=12, control group n=8). MBSR group showed significant reduction in depressive symptoms at both V2 (p=0.03) and V3 (p=0.0461) compared to the baseline. There was a minimal effect on cognition - a group comparison analysis showed better psychomotor speed in the MBSR group compared to the control group at V2 (p=0.0493) but not at V3. There was a detectable change in immunological profiles in both groups, more pronounced in the MBSR group. Participants checked only positive/neutral answers concerning the attractivity/length of MBSR intervention. More severe cognitive decline (PVLT≤36) was associated with the lower adherence to home practice. CONCLUSION MBSR is well-accepted potentially promising intervention with positive effect on cognition, depressive symptoms and immunological profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Marciniak
- International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rastislav Šumec
- International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- First Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Psychology and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vyhnálek
- International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Bendíčková
- Center of Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Lázničková
- Center of Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Giancarlo Forte
- Center of Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Jeleník
- International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Římalová
- International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Mathematical Analysis and Applications of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Frič
- Center of Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hort
- International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Sheardová
- International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- First Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
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159
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Lifshitz M, Sacchet MD, Huntenburg JM, Thiery T, Fan Y, Gärtner M, Grimm S, Winnebeck E, Fissler M, Schroeter TA, Margulies DS, Barnhofer T. Mindfulness-Based Therapy Regulates Brain Connectivity in Major Depression. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2020; 88:375-377. [PMID: 31509824 DOI: 10.1159/000501170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lifshitz
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada, .,Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA,
| | - Matthew D Sacchet
- Center for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julia M Huntenburg
- Max Planck Research Group for Neuroanatomy & Connectivity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Neurocomputation and Neuroimaging Unit, Department of Education and Psychology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Thiery
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yan Fan
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany.,Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matti Gärtner
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Grimm
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emilia Winnebeck
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Dahlem Institute for Neuroimaging of Emotion, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Fissler
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Dahlem Institute for Neuroimaging of Emotion, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Titus A Schroeter
- Dahlem Institute for Neuroimaging of Emotion, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel S Margulies
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7225, Frontlab, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, Paris, France
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160
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Seminowicz DA, Burrowes SAB, Kearson A, Zhang J, Krimmel SR, Samawi L, Furman AJ, Keaser ML, Gould NF, Magyari T, White L, Goloubeva O, Goyal M, Peterlin BL, Haythornthwaite JA. Enhanced mindfulness-based stress reduction in episodic migraine: a randomized clinical trial with magnetic resonance imaging outcomes. Pain 2020; 161:1837-1846. [PMID: 32701843 PMCID: PMC7487005 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an enhanced mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR+) vs stress management for headache (SMH). We performed a randomized, assessor-blind, clinical trial of 98 adults with episodic migraine recruited at a single academic center comparing MBSR+ (n = 50) with SMH (n = 48). MBSR+ and SMH were delivered weekly by group for 8 weeks, then biweekly for another 8 weeks. The primary clinical outcome was reduction in headache days from baseline to 20 weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes included activity of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and cognitive task network during cognitive challenge, resting state connectivity of right dorsal anterior insula to DLPFC and cognitive task network, and gray matter volume of DLPFC, dorsal anterior insula, and anterior midcingulate. Secondary outcomes were headache-related disability, pain severity, response to treatment, migraine days, and MRI whole-brain analyses. Reduction in headache days from baseline to 20 weeks was greater for MBSR+ (7.8 [95% CI, 6.9-8.8] to 4.6 [95% CI, 3.7-5.6]) than for SMH (7.7 [95% CI 6.7-8.7] to 6.0 [95% CI, 4.9-7.0]) (P = 0.04). Fifty-two percent of the MBSR+ group showed a response to treatment (50% reduction in headache days) compared with 23% in the SMH group (P = 0.004). Reduction in headache-related disability was greater for MBSR+ (59.6 [95% CI, 57.9-61.3] to 54.6 [95% CI, 52.9-56.4]) than SMH (59.6 [95% CI, 57.7-61.5] to 57.5 [95% CI, 55.5-59.4]) (P = 0.02). There were no differences in clinical outcomes at 52 weeks or MRI outcomes at 20 weeks, although changes related to cognitive networks with MBSR+ were observed. Enhanced mindfulness-based stress reduction is an effective treatment option for episodic migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Seminowicz
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Shana AB Burrowes
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Alexandra Kearson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 21224
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Samuel R Krimmel
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
- Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Luma Samawi
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Andrew J Furman
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
- Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Michael L Keaser
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Neda F. Gould
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 21224
| | - Trish Magyari
- Private Mindfulness-based Psychotherapy Practice, 3511 N Calvert St, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Linda White
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 21224
| | - Olga Goloubeva
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Madhav Goyal
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21287
| | - B. Lee Peterlin
- Neuroscience Institute, Penn Medicine Lancaster General Health, Lancaster, PA, USA 17601
| | - Jennifer A. Haythornthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 21224
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161
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Miragoli S, Milani L, Di Blasio P, Camisasca E. Difficulties in emotion regulation in child abuse potential: Gender differences in parents. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 106:104529. [PMID: 32438014 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Social Information Processing model (SIP; Milner, 1993, 2000, 2003) suggests that emotion dysregulation can be a moderating factor in Child Abuse Potential (CAP), influencing the processes of perception, interpretation and attribution of child's behavior. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate comprehensively emotion dysregulation in CAP and to examine gender differences between fathers and mother at risk. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants were 186 mothers and 110 fathers of Italian pupils, aged 6-14 years (M = 9.3; SD = 1.9). METHODS We analyzed emotion dysregulation in terms of specific dimensions (non-acceptance of emotional responses; difficulty in distracting and performing alternative behaviors; lack of confidence in the emotional regulation skills; difficulties controlling impulsive behaviors when distressed; difficulties recognizing emotion; and lack of emotional awareness) and, through correlation and regression analyses, we tested the gender differences. RESULTS Overall, parents at risk showed several difficulties in the regulation, from emotional awareness/recognition to impulse control through effective coping strategies. In particular, lack of emotional awareness (β = .20, p = .026) was a specific deficit of fathers at risk, whereas non-acceptance of emotional responses (β = .30, p = .001) and difficulties controlling impulsive behaviors (when distressed) (β = .35, p = .001) of mothers at risk. CONCLUSIONS Findings confirmed the significant role of emotional dysregulation in CAP with different profiles for fathers and mothers. Clinical implications were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Miragoli
- Psychology Department, CRIdee, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy.
| | - Luca Milani
- Psychology Department, CRIdee, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Di Blasio
- Psychology Department, CRIdee, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Camisasca
- Psychology Department, CRIdee, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy; e-Campus University, Via Isimbardi 10, 22060 Novedrate, CO, Italy
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162
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Conversano C, Ciacchini R, Orrù G, Di Giuseppe M, Gemignani A, Poli A. Mindfulness, Compassion, and Self-Compassion Among Health Care Professionals: What's New? A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1683. [PMID: 32849021 PMCID: PMC7412718 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Health care professionals (HCPs) are a population at risk for high levels of burnout and compassion fatigue. The aim of the present systematic review was to give an overview on recent literature about mindfulness and compassion characteristics of HCPs, while exploring the effectiveness of techniques, involving the two aspects, such as MBSR or mindfulness intervention and compassion fatigue-related programs. A search of databases, including PubMed and PsycINFO, was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and the methodological quality for this systematic review was appraised using AMSTAR-2 (A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews-2). The number of articles that met the inclusion criteria was 58 (4 RCTs, 24 studies with pre-post measurements, 12 cross-sectional studies, 11 cohort studies and 7 qualitative studies). MBSR intervention was effective at improving, and maintaining, mindfulness and self-compassion levels and to improve burnout, depression, anxiety, stress. The most frequently employed interventional strategies were mindfulness-related trainings that were effective at improving mindfulness and self-compassion, but not compassion fatigue, levels. Compassion-related interventions have been shown to improve self-compassion, mindfulness and interpersonal conflict levels. Mindfulness was effective at improving negative affect and compassion fatigue, while compassion satisfaction may be related to cultivation of positive affect. This systematic review summarized the evidence regarding mindfulness- and compassion-related qualities of HCPs as well as potential effects of MBSR, mindfulness-related and compassion-related interventions on professionals' psychological variables like mindfulness, self-compassion and quality of life. Combining structured mindfulness and compassion cultivation trainings may enhance the effects of interventions, limit the variability of intervention protocols and improve data comparability of future research.
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163
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Brain structural evidence for a frontal pole specialization in glossolalia. IBRO Rep 2020; 9:32-36. [PMID: 32671282 PMCID: PMC7338610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glossolalia is defined as the ritual oral production of phoneme sequences without recognizable semantic content. The functional underpinnings of glossolalia, and notably whether it consists of a highly specific or ordinary behavior, remain largely unresolved. We addressed this question by measuring the structural brain remodeling associated with the extensive practice of glossolalia in thirty experts. This approach enabled us to circumvent the limitations of functional imaging to reveal the neural correlates of behaviors elicited in specific contexts and involving movements incompatible with most imaging methods. Whole-brain regression analyses of glossolalia expertise with indices of grey and white matter structure revealed positive associations between practice time and grey matter volume within the left frontal pole and the right middle frontal gyrus. These findings suggest that glossolalia involves a degree of neurocognitive specialization, though not at the level of language control and production networks, but within domain-general executive areas. They further call for including multi-tasking and interference suppression as key processes in models of unrecognizable speech production. Our results also concur with current demonstrations that measures of brain structural remodeling may help identifying whether cognitive skills depend on networks specialization or on a recycling of already existing processes.
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164
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Shen H, Chen M, Cui D. Biological mechanism study of meditation and its application in mental disorders. Gen Psychiatr 2020; 33:e100214. [PMID: 32695961 PMCID: PMC7359050 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research on meditation as an important alternative therapy has developed rapidly and been widely applied in clinical medicine. Mechanism studies of meditation have also developed progressively, showing that meditation has great impact on brain structure and function, and epigenetic and telomere regulation. In line with this, the application of meditation has gradually been expanded to mental illness, most often applied for major depressive disorders and substance-related and addictive disorders. The focus of this paper is to illustrate the biological mechanisms of meditation and its application in mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shen
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meijuan Chen
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Donghong Cui
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
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165
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van Aalst J, Ceccarini J, Demyttenaere K, Sunaert S, Van Laere K. What Has Neuroimaging Taught Us on the Neurobiology of Yoga? A Review. Front Integr Neurosci 2020; 14:34. [PMID: 32733213 PMCID: PMC7362763 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2020.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Yoga is becoming increasingly popular worldwide, with several implicated physical and mental benefits. Here we provide a comprehensive and critical review of the research generated from the existing neuroimaging literature in studies of yoga practitioners. We reviewed 34 international peer-reviewed neuroimaging studies of yoga using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT): 11 morphological and 26 functional studies, including three studies that were classified as both morphological and functional. Consistent findings include increased gray matter volume in the insula and hippocampus, increased activation of prefrontal cortical regions, and functional connectivity changes mainly within the default mode network. There is quite some variability in the neuroimaging findings that partially reflects different yoga styles and approaches, as well as sample size limitations. Direct comparator groups such as physical activity are scarcely used so far. Finally, hypotheses on the underlying neurobiology derived from the imaging findings are discussed in the light of the potential beneficial effects of yoga.
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Affiliation(s)
- June van Aalst
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, UZ/KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jenny Ceccarini
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, UZ/KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Demyttenaere
- Research Group Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University Psychiatry Center KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Adult Psychiatry, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Sunaert
- Translational MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Radiology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Van Laere
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, UZ/KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Division of Nuclear Medicine, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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166
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Long-Term Vegan Meditation Improved Human Gut Microbiota. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:9517897. [PMID: 32714427 PMCID: PMC7358775 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9517897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective Meditation has been widely used for the treatment of a variety of psychological, cardiovascular, and digestive diseases as well as chronic pain. Vegetarian diets can effectively prevent hypertension, metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity, and certain cancers. Meditation and vegetarian diets have been recognized as components of a healthy lifestyle and have therefore attracted more people around the world. Meditation can help regulate overall health through the neural-endocrine-immune network. Changes in dietary habits can affect the composition of the intestinal flora, which in turn affects human physiology, metabolism, nutrition, and immune function through the bacteria-intestine-brain axis. Here, we aimed to investigate the effect of long-term meditation and vegan diet on human intestinal flora. Materials and Methods The present study used 16S rDNA sequencing technology to detect the differences in intestinal flora between 12 healthy vegan subjects receiving long-term meditation training and 12 healthy omnivorous subjects who never received any meditation training. Results The results showed that, compared with the subjects in the omnivorous healthy control group who had never received any meditation training, the intestinal flora structure in the people who followed the long-term vegan meditation practices changed significantly. The intersection set between the results of the LEfSe analysis and the Wilcoxon rank sum test includes 14 bacterial genera. These 14 genera are defined as the dominant genera, and the AUC value was 0.92 in the ROC curve, which demonstrates that the 14 genera can be used as a biomarker to distinguish the two groups. Three beneficial bacteria genera (Bifidobacterium, Roseburia, and Subdoligranulum) were significantly enriched in the meditation group with a threshold of 4, according to the LDAs. The functional prediction of differentially enriched intestinal flora showed that the metabolism of tyrosine, propionate, niacin, and nicotinamide in the intestinal micro-organisms in the meditation group was significantly reduced compared with those in the control group, while the biosynthesis of flavones, flavone alcohols, butosin, and neomycin; flavonoid-mediated oocyte maturation; cytoskeleton protein pathways; and antigen processing and presentation were significantly enhanced. Conclusions These results indicate that long-term vegan meditation plays a positive role in improving the body's immunity and adjusting endocrine and metabolic levels, enabling the body to be in a state of good health.
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167
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Brandmeyer T, Delorme A. Meditation and the Wandering Mind: A Theoretical Framework of Underlying Neurocognitive Mechanisms. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 16:39-66. [PMID: 32598855 DOI: 10.1177/1745691620917340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During the practice of meditation, the tendency of the mind to wander away from the object of focus is ubiquitous. The occurrence of mind wandering in the context of meditation provides individuals a unique and intimate opportunity to closely examine the nature of the wandering mind by cultivating an awareness of ongoing thought patterns, while simultaneously aiming to cultivate equanimity (evenness of temper or disposition) and compassion toward the content of thoughts, interpretations, and bodily sensations. In this article we provide a theoretical framework that highlights the neurocognitive mechanisms by which contemplative practices influence the neural and phenomenological processes underlying spontaneous thought. Our theoretical model focuses on several converging mechanisms: the role of meta-awareness in facilitating an increased moment-to-moment awareness of spontaneous thought processes, the effects of meditation practice on key structures underlying both the top-down cognitive processes and bottom-up sensory processes implicated in attention and emotion regulation, and the influence of contemplative practice on the neural substrates underlying perception and perceptual decoupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Brandmeyer
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.,Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université Paul Sabatier.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5549
| | - Arnaud Delorme
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université Paul Sabatier.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5549.,Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute of Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego
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168
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Pascoe MC, Thompson DR, Ski CF. Meditation and Endocrine Health and Wellbeing. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:469-477. [PMID: 32037024 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Meditation is a popular practice for reducing stress and improving mental health and wellbeing. Its effects are mediated largely by the endocrine system, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and energy homeostasis. The limited evidence available indicates that changes associated with endocrine function following meditation correspond with improvements in mental health. However, this field of study is hampered by a lack of consensus as to definition and types of meditation and the mixed quality of reported studies. Moreover, the exact mechanisms by which meditation operates remain unclear and more robust studies are required to explore this by delineating the target populations, forms, dosages, and modes of delivery of meditation, comparison groups, and health experiences and outcomes used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela C Pascoe
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - David R Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Chantal F Ski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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169
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Abdul Khaiyom JH. Managing Mental Health in Pandemic COVID-19 and Movement Control Order. Malays J Med Sci 2020; 27:147-153. [PMID: 32863754 PMCID: PMC7444836 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2020.27.4.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 and the Movement Control Order (MCO) may trigger a 'next wave' of mental health problems. However, the relationship is not linear. Human psychology also has an impact on the outbreak. Thus, proper strategies to manage human psychology, especially mental health, is very important to break the vicious cycle. This article aims to discuss ways to manage mental health using cognitive-behavioural approaches, mindfulness and spirituality. Specific cognitive-behavioural and mindfulness strategies are listed and suggestions to return to the foundation of human existence are discussed. By practising the cognitive-behavioural, mindfulness, and spirituality strategies described, we may enhance our acceptance, optimism and commitment to prepare for a 'new or renewed normal'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamilah Hanum Abdul Khaiyom
- Department of Psychology, Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge & Human Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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170
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Mioduszewski O, Hatchard T, Fang Z, Poulin P, Khoo EL, Romanow H, Shergill Y, Tennant E, Schneider MA, Browne N, Smith AM. Breast cancer survivors living with chronic neuropathic pain show improved brain health following mindfulness-based stress reduction: a preliminary diffusion tensor imaging study. J Cancer Surviv 2020; 14:915-922. [PMID: 32557211 DOI: 10.1007/s11764-020-00903-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study explores the benefits of an 8-week mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program to white matter integrity among breast cancer survivors experiencing chronic neuropathic pain (CNP). METHODS Twenty-three women were randomly assigned to either a MBSR treatment group (n = 13) or a waitlist control group (n = 10). Participants were imaged with MRI prior to and post-MBSR training using diffusion tensor imaging. RESULTS Compared with controls, the MBSR group showed a significant increase in fractional anisotropy (FA), particularly in the left subcortical regions including the uncinate fasciculus, amygdala, and hippocampus, as well as in the external capsule and in the left sagittal stratum. No decreases to FA were found in any brain regions following MBSR training. The FA values also negatively correlated with the pain severity and pain interference scores from the BRIEF pain questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS The present findings demonstrate that MBSR training may enhance the integrity of cerebral white matter that coincides with a reduction in pain perception. Further research with a larger sample size is required. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS This study highlights the potential for MBSR, as a non-pharmacological intervention, to provide both brain health improvement and pain perception relief for female breast cancer survivors experiencing CNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Mioduszewski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine,, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taylor Hatchard
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine,, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Youth Wellness Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Zhuo Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine,, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia Poulin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine,, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,The Ottawa Research Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Psychology, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Eve-Ling Khoo
- Youth Wellness Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada.,School of Rehabilitation, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Heather Romanow
- Youth Wellness Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Yaad Shergill
- Youth Wellness Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Emily Tennant
- Youth Wellness Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Maiko A Schneider
- Youth Wellness Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Nikisha Browne
- Youth Wellness Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Andra M Smith
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine,, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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171
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Travis F, Nash J, Parim N, Cohen BH. Does the MRI/fMRI Procedure Itself Confound the Results of Meditation Research? An Evaluation of Subjective and Neurophysiological Measures of TM Practitioners in a Simulated MRI Environment. Front Psychol 2020; 11:728. [PMID: 32411046 PMCID: PMC7198852 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Early research into meditation, including Transcendental Meditation (TM), relied exclusively on EEG to measure brain activity during meditation practice. Since the advent of neural imaging, MRI, and later fMRI, have dominated this field. Unfortunately, the use of this technology rests on the questionable assumption that lying down in a confining tube while exposed to very loud sounds would not interfere with the meditation practice. The present study was designed to assess the effects of the fMRI procedure on both the subjective and neurophysiological responses of short and long-term TM practitioners. Twenty-three TM practitioners volunteered to participate in this study: 11 short-term meditators, averaging 2.2 years practice, and 12 long-term meditators, averaging 34.8 years. The repeated-measures design included two activities for each participant, eyes-closed rest, and TM practice, in each of three conditions: sitting quietly in an upright position (normal TM practice); lying quietly in a supine position; and lying, with earplugs, inside a simulated fMRI tube (simMRI), while exposed to 110 dB recordings of an actual fMRI machine. Subjective experiences were collected after each activity in each condition. Physiological arousal was recorded using skin conductance levels. Scalp EEG was averaged into eight frequency bands within frontal and parietal leads; eLORETA software was used to explore the 3-D cortical distribution of EEG sources. During the simMRI condition, participants reported having more shallow meditation experiences, and greater agitation/distraction. Skin conductance levels paralleled self-reports, decreasing least during the simMRI condition. Frontal and parietal power decreased from sitting to simMRI in the alpha2 through gamma bands. Parietal power was higher during rest compared to TM in the alpha1 through beta2 bands. Frontal and parietal alpha1 coherence were highest during the simMRI condition. The eLORETA analysis revealed that the default mode network was more active during TM when sitting compared to the simMRI condition. The responses to the supine condition were generally between sitting and simMRI, with some significant exceptions. In conclusion, these data indicate that the fMRI procedure itself (high dB noise; lying down) strongly influences subjective and neurophysiological responses during meditation practice, and may therefore confound the interpretation of results from fMRI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Travis
- Center for Brain, Consciousness and Cognition, Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, IA, United States
| | | | - Niyazi Parim
- Center for Brain, Consciousness and Cognition, Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, IA, United States
| | - Barry H Cohen
- Mindful Education Lab, New York University Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, New York, NY, United States
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172
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Hoffman L, Hutt R, Yi Tsui CK, Zorokong K, Marfeo E. Meditation-Based Interventions for Adults With Dementia: A Scoping Review. Am J Occup Ther 2020; 74:7403205010p1-7403205010p14. [PMID: 32365307 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2020.037820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE With the high prevalence and cost of dementia care worldwide, a need exists to develop cost-effective and evidence-based treatment for people with dementia. Meditation, which has been demonstrated to have positive effects on brain health, may be a viable intervention option. OBJECTIVE To investigate how meditation-based interventions affect health and quality-of-life (QOL) outcomes for adults with dementia. DATA SOURCES Articles were located by using the keywords meditation, mindfulness, mind-body, dementia, and Alzheimer's to search the following electronic databases: PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Cochrane, and JumboSearch at Tufts University. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA COLLECTION Using Arksey and O'Malley's methodology, a scoping review was conducted to examine scientific and gray literature published between 1997 and 2018. Data were abstracted and assessed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Only articles that included a meditation-based intervention and at least 1 participant with dementia were included. FINDINGS Nineteen articles met inclusion criteria. The four main outcomes that emerged from the literature were improvement in QOL, mental health, cognition, and functional abilities after participation in a meditation-based intervention. The outcome with the strongest support was the effectiveness of meditation-based interventions in maintaining cognitive function in people living with dementia. Significant gaps in the research were identified, including weak research design, inconsistency in measurement of outcomes, small sample sizes, and a lack of standardized meditation protocols for people with dementia. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Our findings suggest that incorporating meditation into interventions for clients with dementia can have beneficial results. Opportunities exist for occupational therapy practitioners to advocate for the continuation of research in this field. Notable gaps in the literature highlight the need for randomized controlled trials and the development of standardized meditation protocols for people with dementia. WHAT THIS ARTICLE ADDS Meditation-based interventions for people with dementia are associated with improved quality of life and cognition and may be viable treatment options for occupational therapists to implement in their practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Hoffman
- Lindsey Hoffman, MSOT, OTR/L, is Alumna, Boston School of Occupational Therapy, Tufts University, Medford, MA;
| | - Rebecca Hutt
- Rebecca Hutt, MSOT, OTR, is Alumna, Boston School of Occupational Therapy, Tufts University, Medford, MA
| | - Celine Kin Yi Tsui
- Celine Kin Yi Tsui, OT/s, is Student, Boston School of Occupational Therapy, Tufts University, Medford, MA
| | - Kim Zorokong
- Kimberly Zorokong, OT/s, is Student, Boston School of Occupational Therapy, Tufts University, Medford, MA
| | - Elizabeth Marfeo
- Elizabeth Marfeo, PhD, MPH, OT, is Assistant Professor, Boston School of Occupational Therapy, Tufts University, Medford, MA
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173
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Common and distinct lateralised patterns of neural coupling during focused attention, open monitoring and loving kindness meditation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7430. [PMID: 32366919 PMCID: PMC7198563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Meditation has been integrated into different therapeutic interventions. To inform the evidence-based selection of specific meditation types it is crucial to understand the neural processes associated with different meditation practices. Here we explore commonalities and differences in electroencephalographic oscillatory spatial synchronisation patterns across three important meditation types. Highly experienced meditators engaged in focused attention, open monitoring, and loving kindness meditation. Improving on previous research, our approach avoids comparisons between groups that limited previous findings, while ensuring that the meditation states are reliably established. Employing a novel measure of neural coupling – the imaginary part of EEG coherence – the study revealed that all meditation conditions displayed a common connectivity pattern that is characterised by increased connectivity of (a) broadly distributed delta networks, (b) left-hemispheric theta networks with a local integrating posterior focus, and (c) right-hemispheric alpha networks, with a local integrating parieto-occipital focus. Furthermore, each meditation state also expressed specific synchronisation patterns differentially recruiting left- or right-lateralised beta networks. These observations provide evidence that in addition to global patterns, frequency-specific inter-hemispheric asymmetry is one major feature of meditation, and that mental processes specific to each meditation type are also supported by lateralised networks from fast-frequency bands.
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174
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Gabriely R, Tarrasch R, Velicki M, Ovadia-Blechman Z. The influence of mindfulness meditation on inattention and physiological markers of stress on students with learning disabilities and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2020; 100:103630. [PMID: 32163834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over recent decades, the number of students diagnosed with learning disabilities and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorders has substantially increased. These students face various challenges and experience stress when receiving higher education. AIMS The purpose of this study was to compare two non-pharmacological interventions: mindfulness and device-guided slow breathing, with a control group. METHODS Seventy-three students (age = 25.76, std. dev = 3.10) with attention problems and/or learning disabilities were randomly assigned to three groups: mindfulness meditation, device guided breathing practice and waiting-list control. Before and after the intervention physiological and psychological measures were collected. RESULTS Our results show that only mindfulness practice improved awareness of the present moment and decreased hyperactivity and inattention. Furthermore, both mindfulness and practice with device-guided breathing were associated with stress reduction, as shown by an increase in the galvanic skin response only in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Implementation of the study results may lead to an advance in treating attention deficit disorders and learning disabilities, especially among higher education students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Tarrasch
- School of Education, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
| | - Maria Velicki
- School of Medical Engineering, Afeka - Tel Aviv Academic College of Engineering, Israel
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175
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Chan JSY, Deng K, Wu J, Yan JH. Effects of Meditation and Mind-Body Exercises on Older Adults' Cognitive Performance: A Meta-analysis. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2020; 59:e782-e790. [PMID: 30796782 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnz022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Meditation and mind-body exercises are suggested to delay decline or enhance cognitive capabilities in older adults. However, their effectiveness remains uncertain. This study assessed the effectiveness of meditation and mind-body exercises to improve cognition in elderly people aged 60 years or above. Moderator variables were also explored. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A databases search (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wangfang) was conducted from the first available date to January 10, 2018. Inclusion criteria include (a) human older adults aged 60 years or above, (b) meditation, Tai Chi, Qigong, or yoga intervention, (c) intervention should be structured, (d) inclusion of a control group, (e) at least one outcome measure of cognition was measured at baseline and post-training, and (f) peer-reviewed journal articles in English or Chinese. RESULTS Forty-one studies (N = 3,551) were included in the meta-analysis. In general, meditation and mind-body exercises improve cognition in the elderly people (SMD = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.19 to 0.48), but the cognition-enhancing effects depend on the type of exercise. In addition, cognitive performance is only improved when the length of intervention is longer than 12 weeks, exercise frequency is 3-7 times/week, or duration of an exercise session is 45-60 min/session. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS This study suggests that meditation and mind-body exercises are effective to improve cognition of older adults aged 60 years or above, and exercise parameters should be considered for intervention planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Y Chan
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Control and Learning, Shenzhen University, China
| | - Kanfeng Deng
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Control and Learning, Shenzhen University, China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Control and Learning, Shenzhen University, China
| | - Jin H Yan
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Control and Learning, Shenzhen University, China
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176
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Buchwitz TM, Maier F, Greuel A, Eggers C. Improving Self-Awareness of Motor Symptoms in Patients With Parkinson's Disease by Using Mindfulness - A Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Psychol 2020; 11:743. [PMID: 32362861 PMCID: PMC7180229 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to increase self-awareness in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) using a newly developed mindfulness-based intervention, tailored for the specific needs of PD patients. Its impact on self-awareness and patients’ daily lives is currently being evaluated. Background Recently, the phenomenon of impaired self-awareness for motor symptoms (ISAm) and some non-motor symptoms has been described in PD. ISAm can negatively influence patients’ daily lives, e.g., by affecting therapy adherence, and is therefore the main focus of this study. The main goal is the development of IPSUM (“Insight into Parkinson’s Disease Symptoms by using Mindfulness”), a PD-specific intervention for increasing patients’ mindfulness and thereby reducing ISAm. Methods The effectiveness of IPSUM is evaluated by comparison of an intervention group with a waitlist-control group. A pre-post design with an additional 8-week follow-up measurement is applied, resulting in three measurement points: before, directly after and 8 weeks after completing the intervention protocol. In total, up to 180 non-depressed PD patients without severe cognitive impairment (non-demented) will be included. The primary outcome is a quantitative score for measuring ISAm. Secondary outcome measures are affective changes, neuropsychological performance and self-awareness of cognition. At pre- and post-measurement an fMRI scan is performed to connect behavioral and neurobiological findings. At post- and follow-up-measurement each patient will take part in a semi-structured interview to explore IPSUM’s impact on self-awareness and patients’ everyday lives. Results The conception of the intervention protocol is finished, the resulting 8-week program is presented in detail. It has successfully been tested in the first group of patients, their feedback so far was quite promising. Recruitment is ongoing and a first interim analysis will be performed once 30 patients have completed IPSUM. Conclusion For the first time, the intervention protocol of IPSUM has successfully been tested in a group of PD patients. As the study goes on, more quantitative data is collected for statistical analyses to evaluate its effectiveness. More qualitative data is collected to evaluate feasibility and effectiveness. We hope for this intervention to be capable of reducing the patients’ ISAm and improving their quality of life on many levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franziska Maier
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrea Greuel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Eggers
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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177
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One pathway to cognitive behaviour therapy integration: introducing assimilative integrative rational emotive behaviour therapy. COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/s1754470x20000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this paper, rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) is presented as the most comprehensive cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) to date, with over-arching influence on most of the other therapies that came after it. However, despite REBT’s comprehensiveness and the limitations inherent in other CBT approaches, REBT has its limitations. Limitations in REBT theory are explored and an argument is made in favour of rectifying these limitations by incorporating other approaches into REBT (namely cognitive therapy and compassion-focused therapy) to create a more complete integrative psychotherapy model. It is then argued that psychotherapy integration is the future of CBT mainly due to the fact that it reflects how most therapists practise, and due to its utilization of the common factors theory. Finally, the integrative model – which I callAssimilative Integrative Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy– is presented and demonstrated using a clinical case example.Key learning aims(1)To understand the limitations of cognitive therapy and third-wave CBT approaches.(2)To appreciate the comprehensiveness and over-arching influence of REBT.(3)To understand the limitations of REBT despite its comprehensiveness.(4)To consider rectifying the limitations in REBT by incorporating other models into it.(5)To appreciate the complementary nature of CFT when integrated into other models.(6)To understand the value and relevance of psychotherapy integration.(7)To consider AI-REBT as one possible pathway to psychotherapy integration in CBT.
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178
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Yoo S, Choi HH, Choi HY, Yun S, Park H, Bahng H, Hong H, Kim H, Park HJ. Neural correlates of anxiety under interrogation in guilt or innocence contexts. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230837. [PMID: 32271789 PMCID: PMC7145196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interrogation elicits anxiety in individuals under scrutiny regardless of their innocence, and thus, anxious responses to interrogation should be differentiated from deceptive behavior in practical lie detection settings. Despite its importance, not many empirical studies have yet been done to separate the effects of interrogation from the acts of lying or guilt state. The present fMRI study attempted to identify neural substrates of anxious responses under interrogation in either innocent or guilt contexts by developing a modified "Doubt" game. Participants in the guilt condition showed higher brain activations in the right central-executive network and bilateral basal ganglia. Regardless of the person's innocence, we observed higher activation of the salience, theory of mind and sensory-motor networks-areas associated with anxiety-related responses in the interrogative condition, compared to the waived conditions. We further explored two different types of anxious responses under interrogation-true detection anxiety in the guilty (true positive) and false detection anxiety in the innocent (false positive). Differential neural responses across these two conditions were captured at the caudate, thalamus, ventral anterior cingulate and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. We conclude that anxiety is a common neural response to interrogation, regardless of an individual's innocence, and that there are detectable differences in neural responses for true positive and false positive anxious responses under interrogation. The results of our study highlight a need to isolate complex cognitive processes involved in the deceptive acts from the emotional and regulatory responses to interrogation in lie detection schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sole Yoo
- Department of Cognitive Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Systems and Translational Brain Sciences, Institute of Human Complexity and Systems Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanseul H. Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Systems and Translational Brain Sciences, Institute of Human Complexity and Systems Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Yoon Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Systems and Translational Brain Sciences, Institute of Human Complexity and Systems Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjae Yun
- BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeil Park
- Department of English Literature, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunseok Bahng
- BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunki Hong
- The National Forensic Service, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesong Kim
- The National Forensic Service, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Jeong Park
- Department of Cognitive Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Systems and Translational Brain Sciences, Institute of Human Complexity and Systems Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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179
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Adluru N, Korponay CH, Norton DL, Goldman RI, Davidson RJ. BrainAGE and regional volumetric analysis of a Buddhist monk: a longitudinal MRI case study. Neurocase 2020; 26:79-90. [PMID: 32100616 PMCID: PMC7150651 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2020.1731553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Yongey Mingyur Rinpoche (YMR) is a Tibetan Buddhist monk, and renowned meditation practitioner and teacher who has spent an extraordinary number of hours of his life meditating. The brain-aging profile of this expert meditator in comparison to a control population was examined using a machine learning framework, which estimates "brain-age" from brain imaging. YMR's brain-aging rate appeared slower than that of controls suggesting early maturation and delayed aging. At 41 years, his brain resembled that of a 33-year-old. Specific regional changes did not differentiate YMR from controls, suggesting that the brain-aging differences may arise from coordinated changes spread throughout the gray matter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Derek L Norton
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, UW-Madison, USA
| | | | - Richard J Davidson
- Center for Healthy Minds, UW-Madison, USA.,Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, UW-Madison, USA
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180
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Janssen L, de Vries AM, Hepark S, Speckens AEM. The Feasibility, Effectiveness, and Process of Change of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Adults With ADHD: A Mixed-Method Pilot Study. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:928-942. [PMID: 28853328 PMCID: PMC7081523 DOI: 10.1177/1087054717727350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) is a promising psychosocial intervention for adult ADHD. The feasibility and effectiveness of an adapted MBCT program is explored, together with the possible process of change. Method: Mixed-method study with 31 ADHD patients participating in an adapted MBCT program. Self-report questionnaires on ADHD symptoms, executive functioning, mindfulness skills, self-compassion, patient functioning, and health status were administered before and after MBCT. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 patients. Results: A modest drop-out of n = 5 (16%) was found. MBCT resulted in a significant reduction of ADHD symptoms and improvements of executive functioning, self-compassion, and mental health. Qualitative analysis provided insight in facilitators and barriers participants experienced, and their process of change. Conclusion: The adapted MBCT program seemed to be feasible for adults with ADHD and preliminary evidence for the effectiveness is shown. An adequately powered Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) is needed to further examine the effectiveness of MBCT for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Janssen
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Lotte Janssen, Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Reinier Postlaan 4, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6525 GC, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Sevket Hepark
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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181
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Chrisinger BW, Rich T. Contemplation by Design: Leveraging the "Power of the Pause" on a Large University Campus Through Built and Social Environments. Front Public Health 2020; 8:31. [PMID: 32181235 PMCID: PMC7059735 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
College and university campuses have long been designed as embodied places of societal values and aspirations, reflecting both academic traditions and heritages alongside social and scientific change and innovation. More pragmatically, these spaces share some commonalities with other living and working environments, and must adapt to changing technological and social norms. Since the 1970's, workplace adaptations included employer-sponsored health promotion programs and facilities. While campus environments such as fitness centers and dining halls have been incorporated into health promotion initiatives, other aspects of human well-being have been neglected. In this paper, we describe an initiative, Contemplation By Design, to incorporate contemplation and mindfulness into the daily lives of all members of the Stanford University community, including students, faculty, staff, and their families, as well as alumni and retirees who live close by. This case study highlights ways that physical planning and programmatic initiatives for contemplative practices have been integrated to deliver generalizable, community-based well-being resources that can be emulated in diverse settings throughout the Stanford University campuses, including the main campus and local satellite campuses. Based on experience drawn from Contemplation By Design, practical recommendations for designing contemplative practice spaces and programs are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Chrisinger
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Stanford Prevention Research Center, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Tia Rich
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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182
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Nadler R, Carswell JJ, Minda JP. Online Mindfulness Training Increases Well-Being, Trait Emotional Intelligence, and Workplace Competency Ratings: A Randomized Waitlist-Controlled Trial. Front Psychol 2020; 11:255. [PMID: 32153468 PMCID: PMC7048000 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A randomized waitlist-controlled trial was conducted to assess the effectiveness of an online 8-week mindfulness-based training program in a sample of adults employed fulltime at a Fortune 100 company in the United States. Baseline measures were collected in both intervention and control groups. Following training, the intervention group (N = 37) showed statistically significant increases in resilience and positive mood, and significant decreases in stress and negative mood. There were no reported improvements in the wait-list control group (N = 65). Trait mindfulness and emotional intelligence (EI) were also assessed. Following the intervention mindfulness intervention participants reported increases in trait mindfulness and increases on all trait EI facets with the exception of empathy. The control group did not report any positive changes in these variables, and reported reductions in resilience and increases in negative mood. Finally, both self and colleague ratings of workplace competencies were collected in the intervention group only and provided preliminary evidence that mindfulness training enhanced performance on key leadership competencies including competencies related to decisiveness and creativity. The present study demonstrates the effectiveness of an online-based mindfulness training program for enhancing well-being, self-perceptions of emotional intelligence, and workplace performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Nadler
- SIGMA Assessment Systems, Inc., London, ON, Canada
| | | | - John Paul Minda
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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183
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Lusnig L, Radach R, Mueller CJ, Hofmann MJ. Zen meditation neutralizes emotional evaluation, but not implicit affective processing of words. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229310. [PMID: 32074130 PMCID: PMC7029852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ample evidence that meditation can regulate emotions. It is questionable, however, whether meditation can down-regulate sensitivity to emotional experience in high-level cognitive representations such as words. The present study shows that adept Zen meditators rated the emotional valence of (low-arousal) positive and (high- and low-arousal) negative nouns significantly more neutral after a meditation session, while there was no change of valence ratings after a comparison intervention in the comparison group. Because the Zen group provided greater "openness to experience" and lower "need for achievement and performance" in the "Big Five" personality assessment, we used these scores as covariates for all analyses. We found no differential emotion effects of Zen meditation during lexical decision, but we replicated the slow-down of low-arousal negative words during lexical decision in both groups. Interestingly, Zen meditation elicited a global facilitation of all response times, which we discuss in terms of increased attentional resources after meditation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Lusnig
- Department of Psychology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ralph Radach
- Department of Psychology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Christina J. Mueller
- Methods and Evaluation, International Psychoanalytic University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus J. Hofmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
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184
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Bottaccioli AG, Bottaccioli F, Carosella A, Cofini V, Muzi P, Bologna M. Psychoneuroendocrinoimmunology-based meditation (PNEIMED) training reduces salivary cortisol under basal and stressful conditions in healthy university students: Results of a randomized controlled study. Explore (NY) 2020; 16:189-198. [PMID: 31982328 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meditation represents an effective and safe practice to lower distress and promote well-being. PsychoNeuroEndocrinoImmunology-based Meditation (PNEIMED) is a validated method that can reduce stress-related symptoms and salivary cortisol secretion. To date, few randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have assessed cortisol levels through salivary samples, collected both in the morning phase and during acute mental stress elicitation, in healthy young subjects following brief meditation training. AIM The present study aims to investigate, in healthy young undergraduate students, the effects of a brief PNEIMED training course on HPA axis by measuring salivary cortisol levels. METHODS Forty students attending the Faculty of Psychology, without comorbidities and previous experience of meditation, were enrolled in the study. Twenty subjects were randomly assigned to 30 h of PNEIMED training (intervention group, IG), and twenty subjects were randomly assigned to 30 h of academic lessons (control group, CG). Salivary cortisol measures included basal morning (t0 = baseline time, collected 30 min after waking) and under stress-eliciting task values. Cortisol measurement under the stress-eliciting task was provided through the Subtraction Stress Task (SST) at scheduled time intervals (t1 = 5 min pre-SST, t2 = 10 min post-SST, t3 = 30 min = post-SST). Salivary cortisol was measured among all subjects (IG + CG) at the beginning (pre-test) and at the end (post-test, four days later) of the study. RESULTS ANOVA between-group analysis of basal diurnal salivary cortisol showed a significant hormone deflection in the IG at the end of the PNEIMED course (post-test) when compared to the CG (IG post-test 5.64 ± 4.2 vs CG post-test 9.44 ± 4.9; F1,38 = 6.838; p = 0.013). RM-ANOVA within-group analysis for the IG also showed that time and condition effects were statistically significant, with Ftime = 5.438; p = 0.002 and Fcondition = 10.478; p = 0.004, respectively. The IG group presented a significant reduction in basal morning cortisol at the end of the PNEIMED course (post-test) compared to the salivary concentration at baseline (pre-test) (IG pre-test 9.42 ± 6.0 vs IG post-test 5.64 ± 4.2; F1,38 8,354; p = 0.009). RM-ANOVA for the control group showed only the main effect of time (F1,38 = 40.348; p < 0.001). Regarding cortisol measures under the SST-stress eliciting task, ANOVA between-groups analysis showed higher cortisol levels in the IG than in the CG before the PNEIMED course, with significant differences between groups at time t2 and time t3. After the PNEIMED course, the cortisol levels in the IG had decreased, although the differences between groups were not significant. Interestingly, ANOVA within-groups analysis showed that in the IG, the cortisol levels post-test (after the PNEIMED course) were lower than at pre-test (before the PNEIMED course), showing a significant difference of cortisol salivary concentration between conditions at t3 (F = 5.326; p = 0.032). In the control group, the post-hoc analyses for pairwise comparisons between conditions (pre-test vs post-test) did not show significant differences. CONCLUSION Although the low number of subjects enrolled in the study does not allow for definitive conclusions to be drawn, the present findings confirmed the capability of the PNEIMED method to lower stress hormone secretion both at baseline and under acute mental stimulation in a group of young naïve practitioners and make a contribution to the existing literature by increasing the number of published RCTs about the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Giulia Bottaccioli
- Faculty of Psychology, University "Vita-Salute San Raffaele", Milan, Italy; Italian Society of Psycho Neuro Endocrino Immunology (SIPNEI), Italy.
| | - Francesco Bottaccioli
- Italian Society of Psycho Neuro Endocrino Immunology (SIPNEI), Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life Sciences and the Environment, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonia Carosella
- Italian Society of Psycho Neuro Endocrino Immunology (SIPNEI), Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life Sciences and the Environment, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Vincenza Cofini
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life Sciences and the Environment, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Paola Muzi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life Sciences and the Environment, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Mauro Bologna
- Italian Society of Psycho Neuro Endocrino Immunology (SIPNEI), Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life Sciences and the Environment, University of L'Aquila, Italy
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185
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Avvenuti G, Leo A, Cecchetti L, Franco MF, Travis F, Caramella D, Bernardi G, Ricciardi E, Pietrini P. Reductions in perceived stress following Transcendental Meditation practice are associated with increased brain regional connectivity at rest. Brain Cogn 2020; 139:105517. [PMID: 31945602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transcendental Meditation (TM) is defined as a mental process of transcending using a silent mantra. Previous work showed that relatively brief period of TM practice leads to decreases in stress and anxiety. However, whether these changes are subserved by specific morpho-functional brain modifications (as observed in other meditation techniques) is still unclear. Using a longitudinal design, we combined psychometric questionnaires, structural and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) to investigate the potential brain modifications underlying the psychological effects of TM. The final sample included 19 naïve subjects instructed to complete two daily 20-min TM sessions, and 15 volunteers in the control group. Both groups were evaluated at recruitment (T0) and after 3 months (T1). At T1, only meditators showed a decrease in perceived anxiety and stress (t(18) = 2.53, p = 0.02), which correlated negatively with T1-T0 changes in functional connectivity among posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), precuneus and left superior parietal lobule. Additionally, TM practice was associated with increased connectivity between PCC and right insula, likely reflecting changes in interoceptive awareness. No structural changes were observed in meditators or control subjects. These preliminary findings indicate that beneficial effects of TM may be mediated by functional brain changes that take place after a short practice period of 3 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Avvenuti
- MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
| | - Andrea Leo
- MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
| | - Luca Cecchetti
- MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
| | | | | | - Davide Caramella
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulio Bernardi
- MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
| | - Emiliano Ricciardi
- MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
| | - Pietro Pietrini
- MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy.
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186
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Lekhak N, Bhatta TR, Zauszniewski JA. Episodic Memory in Later Life: Benefits of Prayer and Meditation. J Holist Nurs 2020; 38:30-40. [DOI: 10.1177/0898010119898547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To examine the effects of prayer and meditation on the episodic memory of older adults. Design: Secondary analysis of Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Method: Drawing from a subsample of HRS ( n = 1,135), this study utilized generalized estimating equation regression models to examine the effects of meditation and prayer on changes in episodic memory of older adults over time. Findings: Findings show a statistically significant positive effect of the use of prayer (0.50, p < .05) on episodic memory score at baseline. We also observed a slight gain in episodic memory over time for older adults who used prayer (0.04, p = .05). Meditation was not found to have a statistically significant effect on changes in memory in later life. Conclusion: This study illustrates the benefits of prayer in preserving memory and provides much needed empirical basis for community-level interventions to enhance memory in later life.
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187
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Neural correlates of emotion-attention interactions: From perception, learning, and memory to social cognition, individual differences, and training interventions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 108:559-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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188
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Meditation effect in changing functional integrations across large-scale brain networks: Preliminary evidence from a meta-analysis of seed-based functional connectivity. JOURNAL OF PACIFIC RIM PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/prp.2020.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Meditation is a type of mental training commonly applied in clinical settings and also practiced for general well-being. Brain functional connectivity (FC) patterns associated with meditation have revealed its brain mechanisms. However, the variety of FC methods applied has made it difficult to identify brain communication patterns associated with meditation. Here we carried out a coordinate-based meta-analysis to get preliminary evidence of meditation effects on changing brain network interactions. Fourteen seed-based, voxel-wise FC studies reported in 13 publications were reviewed; 10 studies with seeds in the default mode network (DMN) were meta-analyzed. Seed coordinates and the effect sizes in statistically significant regions were extracted, based on 170 subjects in meditation groups and 163 subjects in control groups. Seed-based d-mapping was used to analyze meditation versus control FC differences with DMN seeds. Meditation was associated with increased connectivity within DMN and between DMN and somatomotor network and with decreased connectivity between DMN and frontoparietal network (FPN) as well as ventral attention network (VAN). The pattern of decreased within-DMN FC and increased between-network FC (FPN and DAN with DMN) was more robust in highly experienced meditators compared to less experienced individuals. The identified neural network interactions may also promote meditation’s effectiveness in clinical interventions for treating physical and mental disorders.
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Brown DR, Jackson TCJ, Claus ED, Votaw VR, Stein ER, Robinson CSH, Wilson AD, Brandt E, Fratzke V, Clark VP, Witkiewitz K. Decreases in the Late Positive Potential to Alcohol Images Among Alcohol Treatment Seekers Following Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention. Alcohol Alcohol 2019; 55:78-85. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agz096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aim
Heightened craving among individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) has been attributed to a hypersensitivity to alcohol cues in attentional brain networks. Active mindfulness training has been shown to help improve attentional control. Here, we examined alcohol cue-related hypersensitivity among individuals with AUD who received rolling group mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) in combination with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), over right inferior frontal gyrus.
Methods
Participants (n = 68) viewed a series of emotionally negative, emotionally neutral and alcohol-related images. Following image presentation, participants were asked to rate their level of craving for the alcohol cues, and their level of negative affect evoked by neutral and negative cues. During the task, electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded to capture an event-related component shown to relate to emotionally salient stimuli: the late positive potential (LPP). Participants who completed a follow-up EEG (n = 37) performed the task a second time after up to eight sessions of MBRP coupled with active or sham tDCS.
Results
We found that both craving ratings and the LPP significantly decreased in response to alcohol cues from pre- to post-treatment, but not for other image cues. The magnitude of alcohol image craving reductions was associated with the number of MBRP group sessions attended. Active tDCS was not associated with craving ratings, but it was associated with greater LPP amplitudes across image types.
Conclusions
Taken together, these results suggest that disruption of alcohol-cue hypersensitivity in people with AUD may be a target mechanism of MBRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin R Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, MSC 03-2220, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Trevor C J Jackson
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, MSC 03-2220, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Eric D Claus
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Mind Research Network of the Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, 1101 Yale Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Victoria R Votaw
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, MSC 03-2220, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Elena R Stein
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, MSC 03-2220, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Charles S H Robinson
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, MSC 03-2220, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Adam D Wilson
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, MSC 03-2220, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Emma Brandt
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, MSC 03-2220, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Violet Fratzke
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, MSC 03-2220, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Vincent P Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, MSC 03-2220, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Mind Research Network of the Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, 1101 Yale Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Katie Witkiewitz
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, MSC 03-2220, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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190
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Bendig BW, Shapiro D, Zaidel E. Group differences between practitioners and novices in hemispheric processing of attention and emotion before and after a session of Falun Gong qigong. Brain Cogn 2019; 138:105494. [PMID: 31811982 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2019.105494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We examined the hemispheric effects of Falun Gong qigong (FLG), a movement meditation practice, using a systematic approach to hemispheric function by administering the Emotion Lateralized Attention Network Test (ELANT) to measure the interaction of the Conflict Resolution, Spatial Orienting, and Emotion networks. Measuring both behavior (ELANT, DV = accuracy) and physiology (HF-HRV), we compared experienced FLG practitioners (n = 19) to novices serving as an active control group (n = 16) before and after a 91-min sequence of FLG qigong exercises. We compared practitioners and novices using a hierarchy of intrahemispheric and interhemispheric control relations that can be tested with the ELANT. Practitioners exhibited a prominent short-term effect in which they improved relative to novices on trials requiring complex interhemispheric transfer (ηP2 = 0.21). Two baseline group differences, suggesting long-term effects of FLG, both involved the left hemisphere. First, practitioners were selectively spared the negative effects of processing positive emotion cues preceding left hemisphere targets (ηP2 = 0.34). Second, only practitioners showed improved left-hemisphere Conflict Resolution at higher levels of HF-HRV (r2 = 0.40). The data showed that FLG practitioners had increased flexibility in the management of a limited attentional resource pool that is accessible to both hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben W Bendig
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - David Shapiro
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Eran Zaidel
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
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191
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From State-to-Trait Meditation: Reconfiguration of Central Executive and Default Mode Networks. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0335-18.2019. [PMID: 31694816 PMCID: PMC6893234 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0335-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While brain default mode network (DMN) activation in human subjects has been associated with mind wandering, meditation practice has been found to suppress it and to increase psychological well-being. In addition to DMN activity reduction, experienced meditators (EMs) during meditation practice show an increased connectivity between the DMN and the central executive network (CEN). While brain default mode network (DMN) activation in human subjects has been associated with mind wandering, meditation practice has been found to suppress it and to increase psychological well-being. In addition to DMN activity reduction, experienced meditators (EMs) during meditation practice show an increased connectivity between the DMN and the central executive network (CEN). However, the gradual change between DMN and CEN configuration from pre-meditation, during meditation, and post-meditation is unknown. Here, we investigated the change in DMN and CEN configuration by means of brain activity and functional connectivity (FC) analyses in EMs across three back-to-back functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans: pre-meditation baseline (trait), meditation (state), and post-meditation (state-to-trait). Pre-meditation baseline group comparison was also performed between EMs and healthy controls (HCs). Meditation trait was characterized by a significant reduction in activity and FC within DMN and increased anticorrelations between DMN and CEN. Conversely, meditation state and meditation state-to-trait periods showed increased activity and FC within the DMN and between DMN and CEN. However, the latter anticorrelations were only present in EMs with limited practice. The interactions between networks during these states by means of positive diametric activity (PDA) of the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFFs) defined as CEN fALFF¯ − DMN fALFF¯ revealed no trait differences but significant increases during meditation state that persisted in meditation state-to-trait. The gradual reconfiguration in DMN and CEN suggest a neural mechanism by which the CEN negatively regulates the DMN and is probably responsible for the long-term trait changes seen in meditators and reported psychological well-being.
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Xiao Q, Zhao X, Bi G, Wu L, Zhang H, Liu R, Zhong J, Wu S, Zeng Y, Cui L, Chen Y, Wu K, Chen Z. Alterations of Regional Homogeneity and Functional Connectivity Following Short-Term Mindfulness Meditation in Healthy Volunteers. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:376. [PMID: 31680921 PMCID: PMC6813410 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mindfulness is described as the non-judgmental awareness of experiences in the present moment. The sustained practice of mindfulness may also have beneficial effects on an individual's well-being. For instance, mindfulness meditation is an effective approach for improving emotion regulation. Specifically, the early stage of mindfulness meditation training enhances emotional monitoring systems related to attention regulation and executive function. Reduced activity in the default mode network (DMN) would probably be observed corresponding to the attenuated mind wandering. In the present study, we hypothesized that alterations in functional activity in the frontal-parietal cortex and DMN may be induced by short-term mindfulness meditation. In this study, before and after 8 weeks of weekly Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) training, healthy participants were evaluated using a mindfulness questionnaire and an affect schedule, as well as via resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Sixteen right-handed non-meditators were enrolled. Another 16 demographically matched healthy adults without any meditation experience were recruited as controls. Pre- and post-MBSR assessments were compared. Increased regional homogeneity in the right superior parietal lobule and left postcentral gyrus (PoCG), as well as altered functional connectivity in PoCG-related networks, were observed post-MBSR. The mindfulness questionnaire scores also improved and negative affect was significantly decreased after MBSR. Together with reduced involvement of the posterior brain, our results suggest a tendency toward stronger involvement of the parietal cortex in mindfulness beginners. This study provides novel evidence regarding the optimization of emotional processing with short-term mindfulness meditation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiao
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xingrong Zhao
- Mental Health Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Guoli Bi
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Image, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Lisha Wu
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Hongjiang Zhang
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Image, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Ruixiang Liu
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Second People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Jingmei Zhong
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Shaoyuan Wu
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, China
| | - Liqian Cui
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanmei Chen
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Kunhua Wu
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Image, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Zhuangfei Chen
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
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Kaselionyte J, Gumley A. Psychosis or spiritual emergency? A Foucauldian discourse analysis of case reports of extreme mental states in the context of meditation. Transcult Psychiatry 2019; 56:1094-1115. [PMID: 31311435 DOI: 10.1177/1363461519861842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Meditation is becoming increasingly popular in the West and research on its effects is growing. While studies point to various benefits of meditation on mental and physical health, reports of extreme mental states in the context of meditation have also been published. This study employed Foucauldian discourse analysis to examine how the experience of extreme mental states has been constructed in case reports and what kind of practices were employed to address them. The study analyses how extreme mental states associated with meditation are framed within the scientific literature and how such differential framings may affect the meaning making and help-seeking of persons experiencing these states. A systematic scientific literature search identified 22 case studies of extreme mental states experienced by practitioners of various types of meditation. The analysis suggests a discursive divide between two dominant framings: a biomedical discourse which constructs such experiences as psychiatric symptoms and an alternative discursive, which understands them as spiritual emergencies. Both approaches offered distinct therapeutic avenues. This divide maps onto the disciplinary divides within the mental health field more generally, which may obscure a better understanding of these experiences. However, the two discourses are not necessarily mutually exclusive and authors of three articles chose to blend them for their case reports. A supportive environment could help those experiencing extreme state integrate them into their lives. Our findings encourage collaboration between clinicians, therapists and spiritual teachers in order to make a range of approaches available.
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195
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Chatutain A, Pattana J, Parinsarum T, Lapanantasin S. Walking meditation promotes ankle proprioception and balance performance among elderly women. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2019; 23:652-657. [PMID: 31563384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2018.09.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related change of proprioception affects body balance among the elderly. Walking meditation (WM)-a mindfulness practice-involves focusing on leg movements while walking slowly, possibly improving brain processes for perception and balance adjustments. This study investigates the WM's effects on ankle proprioception and balance among the elderly. METHODS Fifty-eight women aged 69.25 ± 6.06 were randomized into control (n = 29) and WM (n = 29) groups. The WM group engaged in 8 weeks of WM practice (30 min/day, 3 days/week). The absolute angular error of the ankle reposition test (AAE) was measured by an electrogoniometer. The balance performance was evaluated using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Functional Reach Test (FRT), and Timed Up and Go test (TUG). Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test and BBS with nonparametric statistics. RESULTS At baseline, the WM group's AAE, BBS, FRT, and TUG were 4.2 ± 1.6°, 51.3 ± 4.1 points, 21.7 ± 5.7 cm, and 11.1 ± 2.5 s, respectively, whereas those of the control group were 3.6 ± 2.0°, 51.0 ± 5.0 points, 21.6 ± 5.2 cm, and 10.2 ± 3.1 s, respectively. Post-training, WM group showed significant decrease in AAE (2.4 ± 0.9°) and displayed improvements in BBS, FRT, and TUG (55.4 ± 0.9 points, 29.1 ± 5.8 cm, and 8.1 ± 1.1 s, respectively) (p < 0.01). Conversely, the control group presented no change in AAE, significant decreases in BBS and FRT, and slower TUG (p < 0.01). No difference was found between WM and control groups at the baseline. However, post-training, WM group demonstrated significant improvements in AAE, BBS, FRT, and TUG as compared to the control group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS WM practice improved the balance and ankle reposition sense among the elderly. It can be used as an alternative form of training to promote balance and ankle proprioception. The results supported that balance performance worsens among the elders who do not engage in physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apsornsawan Chatutain
- Physical Therapy Division, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Srinakharinwirot University, Ongkharak, Nakhon Nayok, 26120, Thailand
| | - Jindarut Pattana
- Physical Therapy Division, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Srinakharinwirot University, Ongkharak, Nakhon Nayok, 26120, Thailand
| | - Tunyakarn Parinsarum
- Physical Therapy Division, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Srinakharinwirot University, Ongkharak, Nakhon Nayok, 26120, Thailand
| | - Saitida Lapanantasin
- Physical Therapy Division, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Srinakharinwirot University, Ongkharak, Nakhon Nayok, 26120, Thailand.
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Gibson J. Mindfulness, Interoception, and the Body: A Contemporary Perspective. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2012. [PMID: 31572256 PMCID: PMC6753170 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mindfulness is often used as an umbrella term to characterize a large number of practices, processes, and characteristics. Critics argue that this broad definition has led to misinformation, misunderstanding, and a general lack of methodologically rigorous research. Some of the confusion surrounding mindfulness is also believed to stem from an undifferentiated use of the term mindfulness and meditation. Mindfulness and all other forms of meditation have been shown to modulate the insula, which is the primary hub for interoception. Some have argued that interoception is foundational to mindfulness and may be the primary mechanism by which one benefits from the practice. However, much like the mindfulness literature, interoception remains broadly defined often without precision and with domain-specific meanings and implications. Research demonstrates that the insula and surrounding neural circuits are believed to be responsible for a number of other functions beyond interoception including attention, awareness, and all subjective experiences, much of which has been linked to the mindfulness literature. It has been assumed that mindfulness produces these neuroplasticity and functional effects. There is evidence that mindfulness and some of its benefits may be better described as increased interoception as a result of the neuroplasticity changes in the insula, and the development of the insula and surrounding neural circuits may cultivate dispositional mindfulness. The purposes of this article are to (1) highlight that it may be more accurate to link many of the identified benefits in the mindfulness literature to interoception and its neurological correlates and (2) propose attentional style as a means to clarify some of the confusion surrounding mindfulness, interoception, and meditation. Different meditations require different attentional styles. Attention can be analogous to a focal point with each focal point providing a unique perspective. Given that all meditative techniques modulate the insula, each meditation can provide a unique perspective from which to investigate complex interoceptive signals that may be unavailable from other meditative traditions. It may prove more useful to anchor scientific findings in the concrete body as a means to investigate those rather than a set of abstract, broadly defined meditative techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gibson
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, United States
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197
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Nyhus E, Engel WA, Pitfield TD, Vakkur IMW. Increases in Theta Oscillatory Activity During Episodic Memory Retrieval Following Mindfulness Meditation Training. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:311. [PMID: 31551738 PMCID: PMC6738165 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mindfulness meditation has been shown to improve episodic memory and increase theta oscillations which are known to play a role in episodic memory retrieval. The present study examined the effect of mindfulness meditation on episodic memory retrieval and theta oscillations. Using a longitudinal design, subjects in the mindfulness meditation experimental group who underwent 4 weeks of mindfulness meditation training and practice were compared to a waitlist control group. During the pre-training and post-training experimental sessions, subjects completed the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and studied adjectives and either imagined a scene (Place Task) or judged its pleasantness (Pleasant Task). During the recognition test, subjects decided which task was performed with each word ("Old Place Task" or "Old Pleasant Task") or "New." FFMQ scores and source discrimination were greater post-training than pre-training in the mindfulness meditation experimental group. Electroencephalography (EEG) results revealed that for the mindfulness meditation experimental group theta power was greater post-training than pre-training in right frontal and left parietal channels and changes in FFMQ scores correlated with changes in theta oscillations in right frontal channels (n = 20). The present results suggest that mindfulness meditation increases source memory retrieval and theta oscillations in a fronto-parietal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Nyhus
- Department of Psychology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, United States
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Quinones C, Griffiths MD. Reducing compulsive Internet use and anxiety symptoms via two brief interventions: A comparison between mindfulness and gradual muscle relaxation. J Behav Addict 2019; 8:530-536. [PMID: 31505967 PMCID: PMC7044623 DOI: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compulsive Internet use (CIU) refers to those individuals who experience a loss of control regarding their online use. Although suffered by a minority, a much larger proportion of adults report to be experiencing early signs of CIU, which can become more problematic if sustained over time, especially when used as a coping mechanism for stress. Since compulsive behaviors are characterized by executing behaviors on "automatic pilot," mindfulness techniques, which help individuals relate more consciously with their environment, could help develop a more adaptive relationship with technology. However, mindfulness interventions are often lengthy hence not ideal for busy individuals with early signs of CIU. AIMS This study tested the effectiveness of a brief mindfulness intervention (10 min a day for 2 weeks) to reduce CIU and anxiety and depression symptoms, in relation to an equivalent length classic arousal descending technique (i.e., gradual-muscle-relaxation), and a wait-list control group. METHODS A randomized controlled trial (RCT) was used with assessments at pre- and post-phases. Participants showing initial signs of CIU were allocated to a mindfulness-group (n = 343), gradual-relaxation (n = 301), or a wait-list control group (n = 350). RESULTS The mindfulness and gradual-muscle-relaxation participants were equally effective in reducing anxiety and depression. The mindfulness intervention was more effective reducing CIU symptoms. DISCUSSION Given the large sample sizes of this RCT, these results are promising, although follow-up studies are needed. Considering health hazards of the "always-on-culture" and the popularity of bite-sized learning, the effectiveness of easy-to fit-in daily life health practices is a positive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Quinones
- Department of People and Organisations, Open University Business School, Milton Keynes, UK,Corresponding author: Cristina Quinones; Open University Business School, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Phone: +44 01908 632763; E-mail:
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Yin T, Li Z, Xiong J, Lan L, Sun R, Ren F, Zhang P. Neuroimaging biomarkers of psychogenic erectile dysfunction: protocol for a systematic review. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e030061. [PMID: 31455711 PMCID: PMC6720482 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the most common male sexual disorder that severely impacts the sexual performance and quality of life of men. As the main subtype of ED, psychogenic ED (pED) has been demonstrated to be a genitourinary disease and also associated with alterations in both brain structure and function. However, the scattered neuroimaging evidence from individual studies has not yet been integrated, and the central pathological alterations associated with pED remain unclear. The objective of this systematic review is to integrate and assess the evidence of the impact of pED on brain structure and function. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Five databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, China Biology Medicine Database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI)) will be systematically searched from inception to 1 October 2019 (the anticipated completion date of this review), with language restricted to English and Chinese. Studies focusing on the structural or functional alterations in patients with pED will be retrieved. The study selection process will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline and quality assessment will be conducted with a customised checklist. After data extraction, a qualitative review will be performed to synthesise the structural and functional brain alterations as well as the correlations between the altered cerebral structures and functions and the clinical characteristics of patients with pED. If the collected data make it feasible, an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis will also be launched. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval is not required as primary data will not be collected. This review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at conferences. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42019117206.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yin
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengjie Li
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture-Brain Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Xiong
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Lan
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture-Brain Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruirui Sun
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture-Brain Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Feiqiang Ren
- Clinical Medicine School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Urology and Andrology Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Peihai Zhang
- Urology and Andrology Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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200
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Reddy JSK, Roy S. Understanding Meditation Based on the Subjective Experience and Traditional Goal: Implications for Current Meditation Research. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1827. [PMID: 31496967 PMCID: PMC6712509 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to its benefits on various cognitive aspects, one's emotions, and well-being, meditation has drawn interest from several researchers and common public alike. We have different meditation practices associated with many cultures and traditions across the globe. Current literature suggests significant changes in the neural activity among the different practices of meditation, as each of these practices contributes to distinct physiological and psychological effects. Although this is the case, we want to find out if there is an underlying commonality among all these different practices. Thus, we ask the following questions related to different practices of meditation, the traditional goal of meditation and its significance-what is the central purpose of meditation? Do traditions define the final goal of all the practices of meditation? Are the purpose and goal of these practices different or is there a common goal to be attained through all these distinct practices? Embracing the traditional perspective, through this paper, we want to emphasize that, although these techniques and practices may appear different on the periphery, eventually, they seem to subject one to the same experience at the end, a natural meditative state (discussed in various spiritual traditions as the goal of meditation). In view of future studies on different meditation practices and also those exploring this subjective state, we offer some interesting ideas based on the traditional insights into meditation. In this context, we would also like to make a few comments on the way contemporary researchers view different practices of meditation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Shashi Kiran Reddy
- Consciousness Studies Programme, National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Campus, Bangalore, India
| | - Sisir Roy
- Consciousness Studies Programme, National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Campus, Bangalore, India
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