151
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Schalinski I, Breinlinger S, Hirt V, Teicher MH, Odenwald M, Rockstroh B. Environmental adversities and psychotic symptoms: The impact of timing of trauma, abuse, and neglect. Schizophr Res 2019; 205:4-9. [PMID: 29141785 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trauma and adverse childhood experiences (ACE) occur more often in mental illness, including psychosis, than in the general population. Individuals with psychosis (cases) report a higher number and severity (dose) of adversities than healthy controls. While a dose-dependent increase of adversities has been related to more severe psychopathology, the role of type and timing is still insufficiently understood on the exacerbation of positive and negative psychotic symptoms. Moreover, dissociative symptoms were examined as potential mediator between adversities and severity of psychotic symptoms. METHODS Exposure to adversities were assessed by interviews in n=180 cases and n=70 controls. In cases, symptom severities were obtained for psychotic symptoms and dissociation. Conditioned random forest regression determined the importance of type and timing of ACE for positive and negative symptom severity, and mediator analyses evaluated the role of dissociative symptoms in the relationship between adversities and psychotic symptoms. RESULTS Cases experienced substantially more abuse and neglect than controls. Adversities were related in a dose-dependent manner to psychotic disorder. An array of adversities was associated with more severe positive symptoms, while the conditioned random forest regression depicted neglect at age 10 as the most important predictor. Dissociative symptoms mediated the small relation of trauma load in childhood and positive symptoms. CONCLUSION The role of trauma and ACE on psychotic symptoms can be specified by neglect during frontocortical development in the exacerbation of positive symptoms. The mediating role of dissociation is restricted to the relation of childhood trauma and positive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanne Breinlinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany; Center for Psychiatry Reichenau, Germany
| | - Vanessa Hirt
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | - Martin H Teicher
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
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152
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Andric Petrovic S, Jerotic S, Mihaljevic M, Pavlovic Z, Ristic I, Soldatovic I, Maric NP. Sex differences in facial emotion recognition in health and psychotic disorders. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2019; 24:108-122. [PMID: 30789053 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2019.1582411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies examining sex-differences in facial emotion recognition (FER) in psychosis yielded inconsistent results. Although females are considered to be superior in FER in health, it remains unclear whether the specific sex-difference is present in psychosis. We aimed to examine whether women and men differ in FER ability in health and in psychosis, and to explore potential sex differences in the illness' effects on FER. METHODS Remitted psychotic patients and controls were assessed using the CANTAB Emotion Recognition Task (ERT) examining accuracies/response latencies in identifying basic emotional expressions. General linear model was performed to assess the effects of group, sex and their interactions on ERT performance. RESULTS Healthy females showed FER advantage in comparison to healthy males, while the aforementioned sex-difference was not observed in remitted psychotic patients. Our results also demonstrated the existence of overall FER deficit in psychosis in comparison to healthy controls, as well as the differential illness' effects on the recognition accuracy of facial expression of anger in males and females-suggesting that females with psychotic disorders undergo more profound deterioration of FER ability than their male counterparts. CONCLUSION The assessment of sex-differences in FER and other important features of psychosis is important for better understanding of its neurobiological basis and for the development of targeted treatments for improved functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Jerotic
- a Clinic for Psychiatry, Clinical Center of Serbia , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Marina Mihaljevic
- a Clinic for Psychiatry, Clinical Center of Serbia , Belgrade , Serbia.,b School of Medicine , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Zorana Pavlovic
- a Clinic for Psychiatry, Clinical Center of Serbia , Belgrade , Serbia.,b School of Medicine , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Ivan Ristic
- b School of Medicine , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Ivan Soldatovic
- b School of Medicine , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Nadja P Maric
- a Clinic for Psychiatry, Clinical Center of Serbia , Belgrade , Serbia.,b School of Medicine , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
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153
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Wiersielis KR, Ceretti A, Hall A, Famularo ST, Salvatore M, Ellis AS, Jang H, Wimmer ME, Bangasser DA. Sex differences in corticotropin releasing factor regulation of medial septum-mediated memory formation. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 10:100150. [PMID: 30937355 PMCID: PMC6430617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress can disrupt memory and contribute to cognitive impairments in psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. These diseases are more common in men than in women, with men showing greater cognitive impairments. Mnemonic deficits induced by stress are mediated, in part, by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). However, where CRF is acting to regulate memory, and sex differences therein, is understudied. Here we assessed whether CRF in the medial septum (MS), which projects to the hippocampus, affected memory formation in male and female rats. CRF in the MS did not alter hippocampal-independent object recognition memory, but impaired hippocampal-dependent object location memory in both sexes. Interestingly, males were more sensitive than females to the disruptive effect of a low dose of CRF in the MS. Female resistance was not due to circulating ovarian hormones. However, compared to males, females had higher MS expression of CRF binding protein, which reduces CRF bioavailability and thus may mitigate the effect of the low dose of CRF in females. In contrast, there was no sex difference in CRF1 expression in the MS. Consistent with this finding, CRF1 antagonism blocked the memory impairment caused by the high dose of CRF in the MS in both sexes. Collectively, these results suggest that males are more vulnerable than females to the memory impairments caused by CRF in the MS. In both sexes, CRF1 antagonists prevented MS-mediated memory deficits caused by high levels of CRF, and such levels can result from very stressful events. Thus, CRF1 antagonists may be a viable option for treating cognitive deficits in stressed individuals with psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Wiersielis
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Attilio Ceretti
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Arron Hall
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Sydney T Famularo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Madeleine Salvatore
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Alexandra S Ellis
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Harah Jang
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Mathieu E Wimmer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Debra A Bangasser
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
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154
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Ruszkiewicz JA, Miranda-Vizuete A, Tinkov AA, Skalnaya MG, Skalny AV, Tsatsakis A, Aschner M. Sex-Specific Differences in Redox Homeostasis in Brain Norm and Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 67:312-342. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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155
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Sex differences in stress reactivity in arousal and attention systems. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:129-139. [PMID: 30022063 PMCID: PMC6235989 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Women are more likely than men to suffer from psychiatric disorders with hyperarousal symptoms, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression. In contrast, women are less likely than men to be diagnosed with schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which share attentional impairments as a feature. Stressful events exacerbate symptoms of the aforementioned disorders. Thus, researchers are examining whether sex differences in stress responses bias women and men towards different psychopathology. Here we review the preclinical literature suggesting that, compared to males, females are more vulnerable to stress-induced hyperarousal, while they are more resilient to stress-induced attention deficits. Specifically described are sex differences in receptors for the stress neuropeptide, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), that render the locus coeruleus arousal system of females more vulnerable to stress and less adaptable to CRF hypersecretion, a condition found in patients with PTSD and depression. Studies on the protective effects of ovarian hormones against CRF-induced deficits in sustained attention are also detailed. Importantly, we highlight how comparing males and females in preclinical studies can lead to the development of novel therapeutics to improve treatments for psychiatric disorders in both women and men.
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156
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Severance EG, Yolken RH. Deciphering microbiome and neuroactive immune gene interactions in schizophrenia. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 135:104331. [PMID: 30471416 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The body's microbiome represents an actively regulated network of novel mechanisms that potentially underlie the etiology and pathophysiology of a wide range of diseases. For complex brain disorders such as schizophrenia, understanding the cellular and molecular pathways that intersect the bidirectional gut-brain axis is anticipated to lead to new methods of treatment. The means by which the microbiome might differ across neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders are not known. Brain disorders as diverse as schizophrenia, major depression, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis appear to share a common pathology of an imbalanced community of commensal microbiota, often measured in terms of a leaky gut phenotype accompanied by low level systemic inflammation. While environmental factors associated with these disease states might contribute to intestinal pathologies, products from a perturbed microbiome may also directly promote specific signs, symptoms and etiologies of individual disorders. We hypothesize that in schizophrenia, it is the putatively unique susceptibility related to genes that modulate the immune system and the gut-brain pleiotropy of these genes which leads to a particularly neuropathological response when challenged by a microbiome in dysbiosis. Consequences from exposure to this dysbiosis may occur during pre- or post-natal time periods and thus may interfere with normal neurodevelopment in those who are genetically predisposed. Here, we review the evidence from the literature which supports the idea that the intersection of the microbiome and immune gene susceptibility in schizophrenia is relevant etiologically and for disease progression. Figuring prominently at both ends of the gut-brain axis and at points in between are proteins encoded by genes found in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), including select MHC as well as non-MHC complement pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Severance
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Robert H Yolken
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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157
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The Power of Collaboration and Data Aggregation. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:626-628. [PMID: 30297020 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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158
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Wellman CL, Bangasser DA, Bollinger JL, Coutellier L, Logrip ML, Moench KM, Urban KR. Sex Differences in Risk and Resilience: Stress Effects on the Neural Substrates of Emotion and Motivation. J Neurosci 2018; 38:9423-9432. [PMID: 30381434 PMCID: PMC6209838 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1673-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Risk for stress-sensitive psychopathologies differs in men and women, yet little is known about sex-dependent effects of stress on cellular structure and function in corticolimbic regions implicated in these disorders. Determining how stress influences these regions in males and females will deepen our understanding of the mechanisms underlying sex-biased psychopathology. Here, we discuss sex differences in CRF regulation of arousal and cognition, glucocorticoid modulation of amygdalar physiology and alcohol consumption, the age-dependent impact of social stress on prefrontal pyramidal cell excitability, stress effects on the prefrontal parvalbumin system in relation to emotional behaviors, contributions of stress and gonadal hormones to stress effects on prefrontal glia, and alterations in corticolimbic structure and function after cessation of chronic stress. These studies demonstrate that, while sex differences in stress effects may be nuanced, nonuniform, and nonlinear, investigations of these differences are nonetheless critical for developing effective, sex-specific treatments for psychological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Wellman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405,
| | - Debra A Bangasser
- Psychology Department and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122
| | - Justin L Bollinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
| | - Laurence Coutellier
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Marian L Logrip
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, and
| | - Kelly M Moench
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Kimberly R Urban
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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159
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Walsh-Messinger J, Stepanek C, Wiedemann J, Goetz D, Goetz RR, Malaspina D. Normal sexual dimorphism in theory of mind circuitry is reversed in Schizophrenia. Soc Neurosci 2018; 14:583-593. [PMID: 30373474 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2018.1536613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability to mentalize, or theory of mind (ToM), is sexually dimorphic in humans and impaired in schizophrenia. This sex-stratified study probed cognitive (indexed by intelligence) and affective (indexed by olfactory tasks) contributions to ToM performance in 37 individuals with schizophrenia and 31 healthy controls. The schizophrenia group showed impairments in mental state identification and inferring intentions compared to controls. Higher intelligence was correlated with mental state identification and inferring intentions in healthy females, whereas better smell identification was associated with mental state identification in healthy males. Conversely, higher intelligence was associated with mental state identification and inferring intentions in schizophrenia males, while better smell identification was correlated with mental state identification in schizophrenia females. These findings suggest that for ToM circuitry, the cognitive influences in healthy females and affective influences in healthy males are reversed in schizophrenia and may be displaced to lower circuitries by disease pathology. Symptom associations with emotion and cognition are also dimorphic, plausibly due to similar pathology superimposed on normal sex-specific circuitries. Males appear to rely on limbic processing for ToM, and disruption to this circuitry may contribute to development of negative symptoms. These findings highlight the importance of utilizing sex-stratified designs in schizophrenia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Walsh-Messinger
- a Department of Psychology, University of Dayton , Dayton , OH , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine , Dayton , OH , USA
| | - Christine Stepanek
- c Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Genetics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - Julia Wiedemann
- a Department of Psychology, University of Dayton , Dayton , OH , USA
| | - Deborah Goetz
- c Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Genetics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - Raymond R Goetz
- d New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- c Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Genetics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
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160
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Stefanatou P, Karatosidi CS, Tsompanaki E, Kattoulas E, Stefanis NC, Smyrnis N. Premorbid adjustment predictors of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2018; 267:249-255. [PMID: 29940456 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Premorbid adjustment (PA) in academic and social domain is a key-predictor of cognitive performance in schizophrenia. Prior studies provided inconsistent findings regarding the differential relationships of PA domains with post-illness cognition. Multivariate associations of academic and social PA in each developmental stage (childhood, early and late adolescence) with post-onset cognitive variables were explored. Furthermore, possible differential relationships of PA domain deterioration courses with post-onset cognitive dysfunction were investigated. Seventy-five schizophrenia patients were evaluated with Premorbid Adjustment Scale (PAS). General cognitive ability, verbal IQ, verbal memory and learning, processing speed, working memory, executive function and premorbid IQ were assessed. Canonical Correlation Analyses revealed that poorer academic PA across childhood and early adolescence was related to worse post-onset verbal IQ, working memory, verbal learning and executive function, while academic PA deterioration between early and late adolescence was associated with poorer verbal learning and executive function and, as further analysis indicated, predicts IQ decline. Academic PA was exclusively associated with post-onset cognitive impairment. New evidence emerged for the specificity of each developmental period in constructing academic PA in its relation to post-illness cognition. Early premorbid academic maladjustment possibly constitutes the onset of a cognitive dysmaturational process which results to post-diagnosis impaired cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pentagiotissa Stefanatou
- Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Chrysovalado-Sofia Karatosidi
- Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Evgenia Tsompanaki
- Department of Statistics, School of Information Sciences and Technology, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Kattoulas
- Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nicholas C Stefanis
- Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece.
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161
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Asif U, Saleem Z, Yousaf M, Saeed H, Hashmi FK, Islam M, Hassali MA, Saleem F. Genderwise clinical response of antipsychotics among schizophrenic patients: a prospective observational study from Lahore, Pakistan. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2018; 22:177-183. [PMID: 29082784 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2017.1395055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study was aimed to evaluate the gender specific response to adherence and occurrence of side effects among schizophrenic patients in Lahore, Pakistan. METHODS A prospective study was performed for a period of 1 year among 180 newly diagnosed schizophrenics, aged 20-60 years to observe the symptoms, medication adherence and side effects. Morisky-Green-Levine Scale was used to evaluate medication adherence, LUNSER for side effects and PANSS to measure positive and negative symptoms. Data were analyzed using SPSS. RESULTS Positive symptoms (Male: Baseline 36.14 vs. endpoint 23.58, Female: 35.29 vs. 23.74) and negative symptoms (Males 27.9 vs. 20.05, Females 28.41 vs. 20.2) of schizophrenia were equally reduced after a follow up of 1 year in both the genders. Male population suffered more accumulative side effects (11.4 in males vs. 6.40 in females), extrapyramidal symptoms such as tardive dyskinesia and tremors (1.21 in males vs. 0.57 in females) and other side effects as compared to women (p ≤ .005). Males were found poorly adherent to antipsychotic treatment than females (93.3% in males vs. 6.7% in females (p ≤ .005). CONCLUSIONS Prescribing practices should not overlook sex specific factors like hormonal changes, altered brain morphology and socioeconomic factors that may be responsible for the difference in the response to the course of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama Asif
- a University College of Pharmacy , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Zikria Saleem
- a University College of Pharmacy , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan.,b School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang , Malaysia
| | - Mahrukh Yousaf
- a University College of Pharmacy , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Hamid Saeed
- a University College of Pharmacy , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Islam
- a University College of Pharmacy , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Mohamed Azmi Hassali
- b School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang , Malaysia
| | - Fahad Saleem
- c Faculty of Pharmacy and health sciences , University of Balochistan , Quetta , Pakistan
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162
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Dong D, Wang Y, Jia X, Li Y, Chang X, Vandekerckhove M, Luo C, Yao D. Abnormal brain activation during threatening face processing in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Schizophr Res 2018; 197:200-208. [PMID: 29153447 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of face perception in schizophrenia is a core aspect of social cognitive dysfunction. This impairment is particularly marked in threatening face processing. Identifying reliable neural correlates of the impairment of threatening face processing is crucial for targeting more effective treatments. However, neuroimaging studies have not yet obtained robust conclusions. Through comprehensive literature search, twenty-one whole brain datasets were included in this meta-analysis. Using seed-based d-Mapping, in this voxel-based meta-analysis, we aimed to: 1) establish the most consistent brain dysfunctions related to threating face processing in schizophrenia; 2) address task-type heterogeneity in this impairment; 3) explore the effect of potential demographic or clinical moderator variables on this impairment. Main meta-analysis indicated that patients with chronic schizophrenia demonstrated attenuated activations in limbic emotional system along with compensatory over-activation in medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) during threatening faces processing. Sub-task analyses revealed under-activations in right amygdala and left fusiform gyrus in both implicit and explicit tasks. The remaining clusters were found to be differently involved in different types of tasks. Moreover, meta-regression analyses showed brain abnormalities in schizophrenia were partly modulated by age, gender, medication and severity of symptoms. Our results highlighted breakdowns in limbic-MPFC circuit in schizophrenia, suggesting general inability to coordinate and contextualize salient threat stimuli. These findings provide potential targets for neurotherapeutic and pharmacological interventions for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debo Dong
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of life Science and technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Yulin Wang
- Faculty of Psychological and Educational Sciences, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Research Group of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1040, Belgium; Department of Data Analysis, Faculty of Psychological and Pedagogical Sciences, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 1, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Xiaoyan Jia
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of life Science and technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Yingjia Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of life Science and technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Xuebin Chang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of life Science and technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Marie Vandekerckhove
- Faculty of Psychological and Educational Sciences, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Research Group of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1040, Belgium.
| | - Cheng Luo
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of life Science and technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Dezhong Yao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of life Science and technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, Chengdu 611731, China.
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163
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Chan CC, Szeszko PR, Wong E, Tang CY, Kelliher C, Penner JD, Perez-Rodriguez MM, Rosell DR, McClure M, Roussos P, New AS, Siever LJ, Hazlett EA. Frontal and temporal cortical volume, white matter tract integrity, and hemispheric asymmetry in schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophr Res 2018; 197:226-232. [PMID: 29454512 PMCID: PMC8043048 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in temporal and frontal cortical volume, white matter tract integrity, and hemispheric asymmetry have been implicated in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Schizotypal personality disorder can provide insight into vulnerability and protective factors in these disorders without the confounds associated with chronic psychosis. However, multimodal imaging and asymmetry studies in SPD are sparse. Thirty-seven individuals with SPD and 29 healthy controls (HC) received clinical interviews and 3T magnetic resonance T1-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging scans. Mixed ANOVAs were performed on gray matter volumes of the lateral temporal regions involved in auditory and language processing and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex involved in executive functioning, as well as fractional anisotropy (FA) of prominent white matter tracts that connect frontal and temporal lobes. In the temporal lobe regions, there were no group differences in volume, but SPD had reduced right>left middle temporal gyrus volume asymmetry compared to HC and lacked the right>left asymmetry in the inferior temporal gyrus volume seen in HC. In the frontal regions, there were no differences between groups on volume or asymmetry. In the white matter tracts, SPD had reduced FA in the left sagittal stratum and superior longitudinal fasciculus, and increased right>left asymmetry in sagittal stratum FA compared to HC. In the SPD group, lower left superior longitudinal fasciculus FA was associated with greater severity of disorganization symptoms. Findings suggest that abnormities in structure and asymmetry of temporal regions and frontotemporal white matter tract integrity are implicated in SPD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi C. Chan
- VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Corresponding author at: Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Room 6A-41G, Bronx, NY 10468, USA, (C.C. Chan)
| | - Philip R. Szeszko
- VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edmund Wong
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cheuk Y. Tang
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caitlin Kelliher
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Justin D. Penner
- VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Daniel R. Rosell
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Margaret McClure
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Panos Roussos
- VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Antonia S. New
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Larry J. Siever
- VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erin A. Hazlett
- VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Ayesa-Arriola R, Setién-Suero E, Neergaard KD, Belzunces ÀA, Contreras F, van Haren NEM, Crespo-Facorro B. Premorbid IQ subgroups in first episode non affective psychosis patients: Long-term sex differences in function and neurocognition. Schizophr Res 2018; 197:370-377. [PMID: 29275855 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low IQ has been associated with schizophrenia, even to the point of being posited as a possible causal factor for psychosis. However, individuals with normal and high IQ also develop psychotic illnesses. The aim of this study was to characterize premorbid IQ subgroups at first episode of psychosis (FEP). METHODS The study sample comes from a large epidemiological, 3-year longitudinal, intervention program on psychosis containing individuals living in a catchment area in Spain. Estimated premorbid IQ (epIQ) scores were used to build low (<90), normal (90-110) and high (>110) epIQ subgroups in samples of FEP patients (N=292) and healthy controls (N=199). The epIQ subgroups were compared in sociodemographic, neuropsychological, clinical and premorbid characteristics. Long-term functional and cognitive outcome, with a focus on sex differences, were also explored. RESULTS Low-epIQ was more frequently found in FEP patients (28.8%) than in healthy controls (14.6%). Low-epIQ patients were more likely to have worse premorbid adjustment, belong to low socioeconomic status families, have less years of education, and to be single, unemployed, and younger. They presented more severe impairments in processing speed, executive and global cognitive function. Female patients with low-epIQ showed better baseline function and more stable outcome than males. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that low premorbid IQ is a morbid manifestation, easily detected in a subgroup of FEP patients that predicts poorer outcome particularly in males. This perspective provides important information for the tailoring of subgroup-specific early intervention programs for psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Esther Setién-Suero
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Karl David Neergaard
- Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Àuria Albacete Belzunces
- Psychiatry Department, Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Contreras
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Psychiatry Department, Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neeltje E M van Haren
- Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
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165
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Turetsky BI, Moberg PJ, Quarmley M, Dress E, Calkins ME, Ruparel K, Prabhakaran K, Gur RE, Roalf DR. Structural anomalies of the peripheral olfactory system in psychosis high-risk subjects. Schizophr Res 2018; 195:197-205. [PMID: 28974405 PMCID: PMC5878118 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory impairments are prominent in both schizophrenia and the preceding at-risk state. Their presence prior to illness predicts poor functional outcome. In schizophrenia, these impairments reflect peripheral olfactory structural abnormalities, which are hypothesized to arise during early embryonic development. If this is correct, then similar structural anomalies should be apparent among clinical high-risk subjects. METHODS Thirty-nine clinical high-risk (CR) subjects (24M/15F) were compared to 36 low-risk (LR) subjects (19M/17F). Olfactory measures derived from 3T MRI scans included olfactory bulb volume, primary olfactory cortical gray matter volume, and the depth of the olfactory sulcus overlying the bulb. Additionally, nasal cavity volumes were assessed with acoustic rhinometry. RESULTS Male CR subjects exhibited bilateral reductions in olfactory bulb volume and abnormal asymmetries of the posterior nasal cavities and olfactory sulci (left reduced relative to right). Post-hoc contrasts also indicated reduced left, but not right, olfactory cortical gray matter volume. Female CRs had no significant abnormalities, although they exhibited similar trend effects. Left olfactory bulb volume correlated, across all CR subjects, with negative, but not positive, symptoms. In a classification analysis, with 80% target specificity, olfactory measurements distinguished male CR from male LR subjects with 93% sensitivity. Among females, the comparable sensitivity was 69%. CONCLUSION Psychosis-risk youths exhibit an array of sexually dimorphic and laterally asymmetric anomalies of the peripheral olfactory system. These are consistent with a developmental disruption primarily affecting male fetuses. These structural biomarkers may enhance the identification of at-risk subjects with poor prognosis, before their clinical trajectory is apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce I. Turetsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Paul J. Moberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Megan Quarmley
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Erich Dress
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Monica E. Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Karthik Prabhakaran
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - David R. Roalf
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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166
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Kocsis-Bogár K, Mészáros V, Perczel-Forintos D. Gender differences in the relationship of childhood trauma and the course of illness in schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry 2018; 82:84-88. [PMID: 29452966 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Different types of childhood trauma have been repeatedly shown to contribute to psychotic symptoms. Gender differences in schizophrenia are well known. Some studies argue that trauma history means a significantly higher risk of psychosis for women than men. However, there is evidence of early adverse life events to be associated with higher stress-sensitivity in men. Little is known about the connection of specific type of trauma and specific psychotic symptoms as well as the course of illness with explicit regard to gender differences. METHODS 102 men and women with schizophrenia spectrum disorder were tested using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Scale for Assessing Positive Symptoms, Early Trauma Inventory-SR. RESULTS Although, women had a later age at onset without regarding trauma history (d = 0.74), this difference became non-significant when introducing trauma variables. Patients reporting physical abuse had a significantly earlier age at onset, regardless of their sex (V = 0.13, F = 3.11, p = 0.03. Physical abuse predicted an earlier age at onset only in women (R2 = 0.23). History of general trauma predicted more frequent hospitalizations only in men (R2 = 0.55). CONCLUSIONS Although women generally tend to have a more favorable course of illness including a later age at onset men, women with CPA seem to lose this "advantage". It is necessary to investigate the contribution of gender interacting with adverse life events in contribution to the phenomenology and etiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Kocsis-Bogár
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement and Intervention, University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Veronika Mészáros
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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167
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Choleris E, Galea LAM, Sohrabji F, Frick KM. Sex differences in the brain: Implications for behavioral and biomedical research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 85:126-145. [PMID: 29287628 PMCID: PMC5751942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Biological differences between males and females are found at multiple levels. However, females have too often been under-represented in behavioral neuroscience research, which has stymied the study of potential sex differences in neurobiology and behavior. This review focuses on the study of sex differences in the neurobiology of social behavior, memory, emotions, and recovery from brain injury, with particular emphasis on the role of estrogens in regulating forebrain function. This work, presented by the authors at the 2016 meeting of the International Behavioral Neuroscience Society, emphasizes varying approaches from several mammalian species in which sex differences have not only been documented, but also become the focus of efforts to understand the mechanistic basis underlying them. This information may provide readers with useful experimental tools to successfully address recently introduced regulations by granting agencies that either require (e.g. the National Institutes of Health in the United States and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research in Canada) or recommend (e.g. Horizon 2020 in Europe) the inclusion of both sexes in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Choleris
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, MacKinnon Bldg. Room 4020, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Liisa A M Galea
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Farida Sohrabji
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M HSC College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, United States
| | - Karyn M Frick
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States
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168
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Kobayashi M, Jitoku D, Iwayama Y, Yamamoto N, Toyota T, Suzuki K, Kikuchi M, Hashimoto T, Kanahara N, Kurumaji A, Yoshikawa T, Nishikawa T. Association studies of WD repeat domain 3 and chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol beta-mannosyltransferase genes with schizophrenia in a Japanese population. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190991. [PMID: 29309433 PMCID: PMC5757935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like symptoms induced by the dopamine agonists and N-methyl-D aspartate type glutamate receptor antagonists occur only after the adolescent period. Similarly, animal models of schizophrenia by these drugs are also induced after the critical period around postnatal week three. Based upon the development-dependent onsets of these psychotomimetic effects, by using a DNA microarray technique, we identified the WD repeat domain 3 (WDR3) and chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol beta-mannosyltransferase (ALG1) genes as novel candidates for schizophrenia-related molecules, whose mRNAs were up-regulated in the adult (postnatal week seven), but not in the infant (postnatal week one) rats by an indirect dopamine agonist, and phencyclidine, an antagonist of the NMDA receptor. WDR3 and other related proteins are the nuclear proteins presumably involved in various cellular activities, such as cell cycle progression, signal transduction, apoptosis, and gene regulation. ALG1 is presumed to be involved in the regulation of the protein N-glycosylation. To further elucidate the molecular pathophysiology of schizophrenia, we have evaluated the genetic association of WDR3 and ALG1 in schizophrenia. We examined 21 single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs; W1 (rs1812607)-W16 (rs6656360), A1 (rs8053916)-A10 (rs9673733)] from these genes using the Japanese case-control sample (1,808 schizophrenics and 2,170 matched controls). No significant genetic associations of these SNPs were identified. However, we detected a significant association of W4 (rs319471) in the female schizophrenics (allelic P = 0.003, genotypic P = 0.008). Based on a haplotype analysis, the observed haplotypes consisting of W4 (rs319471)–W5 (rs379058) also displayed a significant association in the female schizophrenics (P = 0.016). Even after correction for multiple testing, these associations remained significant. Our findings suggest that the WDR3 gene may likely be a sensitive factor in female patients with schizophrenia, and that modification of the WDR3 signaling pathway warrants further investigation as to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Kobayashi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Jitoku
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Toyota
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kikuchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tasuku Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Kanahara
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akeo Kurumaji
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toru Nishikawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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169
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History of Suicide Attempt Is Associated with Reduced Medial Prefrontal Cortex Activity during Emotional Decision-Making among Men with Schizophrenia: An Exploratory fMRI Study. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2018; 2018:9898654. [PMID: 29686902 PMCID: PMC5852894 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9898654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of suicidal ideas/attempts in schizophrenia, only a handful of neuroimaging studies have examined the neurobiological differences associated with suicide risk in this population. The main objective of the current exploratory study is to examine the neurofunctional correlates associated with a history of suicide attempt in schizophrenia, using a risky decision-making task, in order to show alterations in brain reward regions in this population. Thirty-two male outpatients with schizophrenia were recruited: 13 patients with (SCZ + S) and 19 without a history of suicidal attempt (SCZ - S). Twenty-one healthy men with no history of mental disorders or suicidal attempt/idea were also recruited. Participants were scanned using fMRI while performing the Balloon Analogue Risk Task. A rapid event-related fMRI paradigm was used, separating decision and outcome events, and the explosion probabilities were included as parametric modulators. The most important finding of this study is that SCZ + S patients had reduced activations of the medial prefrontal cortex during the success outcome event (with parametric modulation), relative to both SCZ - S patients and controls, as illustrated by a spatial conjunction analysis. These exploratory results suggest that a history of suicidal attempt in schizophrenia is associated with blunted brain reward activity during emotional decision-making.
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170
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The art of matching brain tissue from patients and controls for postmortem research. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 150:197-217. [PMID: 29496142 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63639-3.00015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The quality of postmortem research depends strongly on a thorough clinical investigation and documentation of the patient's disorder and therapies. In addition, a systematic and professional neuropathologic investigation of both cases and controls is absolutely crucial. In the experience of the Netherlands Brain Bank (NBB), about 20% of clinical neurologic diagnoses, despite being made in first-rate clinics, have to be revised or require an extra diagnosis after a complete and thorough review by the NBB. The neuropathology examination may reveal for instance that the "controls" already have preclinical neurodegenerative alterations. In postmortem studies the patient and control groups must be matched for as many of the known confounding factors as possible. This is necessary to make the groups as similar as possible, except for the topic being investigated. Confounding factors are present before, during, and after death. They are respectively: (1) genetic background, systemic diseases, duration and gravity of illness, medicines and addictive compounds used, age, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, circadian and seasonal fluctuations, lateralization; (2) agonal state, stress of dying; and (3) postmortem delay, freezing procedures, fixation and storage time. Consequently, a brain bank should have a large number of controls at its disposal for appropriate matching. If matching fails for some confounders, then their influence may be determined by statistical methods such as analysis of variance or regression models.
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171
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Klinge C, Shuttleworth C, Muglia P, Nobre AC, Harmer CJ, Murphy SE. Methylphenidate enhances implicit learning in healthy adults. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:70-80. [PMID: 28946787 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117731472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE One limiting factor in the development of pharmacological interventions to enhance cognition is the absence of biomarkers that can be used in healthy volunteers to screen novel compounds. Drug discovery has tended to rely heavily on explicit measures of cognition, but these are typically insensitive to cognition-enhancing effects in healthy volunteers. This study investigated whether a novel battery of implicit cognition measures is sensitive to the effects of methylphenidate (Ritalin) in healthy volunteers. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Eighty healthy volunteers were randomised to receive either a single (10 mg) dose of methylphenidate or matched placebo. Participants completed a battery of tasks measuring implicit cognition (location priming, contextual cueing, implicit task switching). The effect of methylphenidate on standard, explicit measures of cognition was also assessed. KEY RESULTS Methylphenidate enhanced implicit learning on the location priming task and the implicit task-switching task. In line with previous work, we found that these effects were greater in male volunteers. There was no evidence for improved learning in any of the explicit measures. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These results demonstrate that implicit measures of cognition are sensitive to pharmacological interventions in healthy volunteers. As such, implicit cognition measures may be a useful way of screening and tracking cognitive effects of novel agents in experimental medicine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Klinge
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,2 Oxford Health, NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Anna C Nobre
- 4 Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,5 Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine J Harmer
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,2 Oxford Health, NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Susannah E Murphy
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,2 Oxford Health, NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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Delvecchio G, Pigoni A, Perlini C, Barillari M, Ruggeri M, Altamura AC, Bellani M, Brambilla P. Sexual dimorphism of the planum temporale in schizophrenia: A MRI study. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2017; 51:1010-1019. [PMID: 28410561 DOI: 10.1177/0004867417702748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anatomical alterations in the superior temporal gyrus have been consistently reported in patients with schizophrenia, and they have mostly been linked to positive symptoms, including hallucinations and thought disorders. The superior temporal gyrus is considered one of the most asymmetric and lateralized structure of the human brain, and the process of lateralization seems to vary according to gender in the normal population. However, although it has been consistently suggested that patients with schizophrenia did not show normal brain lateralization in several regions, only few studies investigated it in the superior temporal gyrus and its sub-regions considering the effects of gender. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate sexual dimorphism in superior temporal gyrus volumes in a sample of patients with schizophrenia compared to age- and gender-matched healthy controls. METHODS A total of 72 right/left-handed males (40 schizophrenia patients and 32 healthy controls) and 45 right/left-handed females (18 schizophrenia patients and 27 healthy controls) underwent clinical evaluation and a 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging scan. Gray and white matter volumes of regions of interest within the superior temporal gyrus were manually detected, including the Heschl's gyrus and the planum temporale. RESULTS Female patients with schizophrenia presented a reduction in left planum temporale gray matter volumes ( F = 4.58, p = 0.03) and a lack of the normal planum temporale asymmetry index ( t = 0.27; p = 0.79) compared to female controls ( t = 5.47; p = 0.001). No differences were found between males for any volumes or laterality indices. Finally, in female patients with schizophrenia, Heschl's gyrus gray and white matter volumes negatively correlated with positive symptoms ( r = -0.56, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Our results showed that sexual dimorphism plays a key role on planum temporale in schizophrenia, underlining the importance of gender as a modulator of brain morphology and lateralization of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Delvecchio
- 1 Scientific Institute, IRCCS 'Eugenio Medea', San Vito al Tagliamento, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pigoni
- 2 Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Perlini
- 3 Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,4 InterUniversity Centre for Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Barillari
- 5 Section of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mirella Ruggeri
- 6 Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alfredo Carlo Altamura
- 2 Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella Bellani
- 4 InterUniversity Centre for Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,7 Section of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- 2 Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,8 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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173
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Bangasser DA, Eck SR, Telenson AM, Salvatore M. Sex differences in stress regulation of arousal and cognition. Physiol Behav 2017; 187:42-50. [PMID: 28974457 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
There are sex differences in the prevalence and presentation of many psychiatric disorders. For example, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression are more common in women than men, and women with these disorders present with more hyperarousal symptoms than men. In contrast, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and schizophrenia are more common in men than women, and men with these disorders have increased cognitive deficits compared to women. A shared feature of the aforementioned psychiatric disorders is the contribution of stressful events to their onset and/or severity. Here we propose that sex differences in stress responses bias females towards hyperarousal and males towards cognitive deficits. Evidence from clinical and preclinical studies is detailed. We also describe underlying neurobiological mechanisms. For example, sex differences in stress receptor signaling and trafficking in the locus coeruleus-arousal center are detailed. In learning circuits, evidence for sex differences in dendritic morphology is provided. Finally, we describe how evaluating sex-specific mechanisms for responding to stress in female and male rodents can lead to better treatments for stress-related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra A Bangasser
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Samantha R Eck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Alexander M Telenson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Madeleine Salvatore
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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174
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Abstract
The aim of this narrative review is to provide readers with a summary of the recent literature on women and schizophrenia and to address commonly asked questions about the role of gender in this illness. Important gender distinctions were found in the knowledge base around schizophrenia, particularly in the areas of symptom onset, hormonal and immune effects, and antipsychotic drug kinetics and their consequences. We also discuss and address commonly asked questions about gender and schizophrenia. This review concludes that gender differences influence the effectiveness of various treatments and need to be taken into account when planning comprehensive care services for individuals with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary V Seeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 260 Heath St. W. Suite 605, Toronto, ON M5P 3L6, Canada
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Haring L, Mõttus R, Kajalaid K, Koch K, Uppin K, Maron E, Vasar E. The course of cognitive functioning after first-episode of psychosis: A six month follow-up study. Schizophr Res 2017; 182:31-41. [PMID: 27746055 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Our aim with the present study was to evaluate rank-order and mean-level cognitive functioning stability among first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients, measured using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), over a six month period. We also aimed to examine longitudinal measurement invariance and identify factors-such as age, gender, educational level, treatment and psychopathological change scores-potentially linked to cognitive change among patients. In addition, correlations between objectively measured and subjectively evaluated cognitive functioning were estimated. Neuropsychological assessments were administered to 85 patients after the initial stabilisation of their psychosis; 82 of the patients were retested. Subjectively perceived cognitive functioning was measured using a subscale derived from the Estonian version of the Subjective Well-Being Under Neuroleptic Scale (SWN-K-E). On average, executive functioning and processing speed improved significantly, while memory test scores decreased significantly, over time. Very high rank-order stability (r=0.80 to 0.94, p<0.001) was observed with all measured ability scores. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed the loadings of a single (broad ability) factor model were equal across both measurement occasions, but the lack of intercept invariance suggested that mean-level comparisons are more appropriately carried out at a subtest level. On average psychopathology scores and antipsychotics doses declined over time, with the latter also significantly correlating with better executive functioning. Gender was a significant moderator of some domains of cognitive performance, and decline tended to be somewhat more pronounced for women. The results also indicated the lack of any relationship between objective and subjective measurements of cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liina Haring
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - René Mõttus
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | | | - Kadri Koch
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Kärt Uppin
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Eduard Maron
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia; North Estonia Medical Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Tallinn, Estonia; Centre for Mental Health, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - Eero Vasar
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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176
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Tu HP, Yu CL, Lan CCE, Yu S. Prevalence of schizophrenia in patients with psoriasis: a nationwide study. DERMATOL SIN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dsi.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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178
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Esshili A, Thabet S, Jemli A, Trifa F, Mechri A, Zaafrane F, Gaha L, Juckel G, Babba H, Bel Hadj Jrad B. Toxoplasma gondii infection in schizophrenia and associated clinical features. Psychiatry Res 2016; 245:327-332. [PMID: 27573055 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The belief that latent toxoplasmosis is asymptomatic has been questioned, in particular due to the repeated highlighted link between the Toxoplasma gondii infection and an increased incidence of schizophrenia. However, to understand this relationship, the effect of infection with Toxoplasma gondii on the severity of schizophrenia has been poorly studied. Our work focused on comparing the prevalence of Toxoplasma infection between schizophrenic patients and healthy controls, as well as comparing the clinical features and the demographic characteristics between Toxoplasma-seronegative and Toxoplasma-seropositive patients with schizophrenia. The rate of IgG antibody in the schizophrenia patients was 74.8% compared 53.8% in controls. Patients with schizophrenia had a significantly higher mean of serum IgG antibodies to T. gondii compared to controls. The seropositive male patients had a higher age of disease onset, a higher BPRS score, a greater negative PANSS score and a lower GAF score than the seronegative male patients. These results suggest a higher severity of clinical symptoms in the male patients with schizophrenia. This study provides further evidence to the hypothesis that exposure to Toxoplasma may be a risk factor for schizophrenia. Moreover, toxoplasmosis in men with schizophrenia may lead to more severe negative and cognitive symptoms and a less favorable course of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awatef Esshili
- Laboratoire de génétique, biodiversité et valorisation des bioressources (LGVB) LR11ES41, Institut supérieur de biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Tunisia; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ruhr University Bochum LWL University Hospital Bochum, Alexandrinenstr., 144791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sihem Thabet
- Laboratoire de génétique, biodiversité et valorisation des bioressources (LGVB) LR11ES41, Institut supérieur de biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Achraf Jemli
- Laboratoire de génétique, biodiversité et valorisation des bioressources (LGVB) LR11ES41, Institut supérieur de biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Trifa
- Département de biostatistiques, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, 5000 Université de Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Anouar Mechri
- Laboratoire de vulnérabilité aux psychoses LR10ES05 et Service de psychiatrie Centre Hospitalier Universitaire FB, Monastir, Université de Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ferid Zaafrane
- Laboratoire de vulnérabilité aux psychoses LR10ES05 et Service de psychiatrie Centre Hospitalier Universitaire FB, Monastir, Université de Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Lotfi Gaha
- Laboratoire de vulnérabilité aux psychoses LR10ES05 et Service de psychiatrie Centre Hospitalier Universitaire FB, Monastir, Université de Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Georg Juckel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ruhr University Bochum LWL University Hospital Bochum, Alexandrinenstr., 144791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Hamouda Babba
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire (LP3M), LR12ES08, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Monastir, Laboratoire B Centre de Maternité EPS. F, Bourguiba. Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Besma Bel Hadj Jrad
- Laboratoire de génétique, biodiversité et valorisation des bioressources (LGVB) LR11ES41, Institut supérieur de biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Tunisia.
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Brébion G, Stephan-Otto C, Ochoa S, Roca M, Nieto L, Usall J. Impaired Self-Monitoring of Inner Speech in Schizophrenia Patients with Verbal Hallucinations and in Non-clinical Individuals Prone to Hallucinations. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1381. [PMID: 27683568 PMCID: PMC5022329 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has shown that various memory errors reflecting failure in the self-monitoring of speech were associated with auditory/verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia patients and with proneness to hallucinations in non-clinical individuals. METHOD We administered to 57 schizophrenia patients and 60 healthy participants a verbal memory task involving free recall and recognition of lists of words with different structures (high-frequency, low-frequency, and semantically organisable words). Extra-list intrusions in free recall were tallied, and the response bias reflecting tendency to make false recognitions of non-presented words was computed for each list. RESULTS In the male patient subsample, extra-list intrusions were positively associated with verbal hallucinations and inversely associated with negative symptoms. In the healthy participants the extra-list intrusions were positively associated with proneness to hallucinations. A liberal response bias in the recognition of the high-frequency words was associated with verbal hallucinations in male patients and with proneness to hallucinations in healthy men. Meanwhile, a conservative response bias for these high-frequency words was associated with negative symptoms in male patients and with social anhedonia in healthy men. CONCLUSION Misattribution of inner speech to an external source, reflected by false recollection of familiar material, seems to underlie both clinical and non-clinical hallucinations. Further, both clinical and non-clinical negative symptoms may exert on verbal memory errors an effect opposite to that of hallucinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gildas Brébion
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Stephan-Otto
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Ochoa
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Roca
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Nieto
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Usall
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental Barcelona, Spain
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Panzica G, Melcangi RC. Structural and molecular brain sexual differences: A tool to understand sex differences in health and disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 67:2-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Potvin S, Tikàsz A, Mendrek A. Emotionally Neutral Stimuli Are Not Neutral in Schizophrenia: A Mini Review of Functional Neuroimaging Studies. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:115. [PMID: 27445871 PMCID: PMC4916183 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliable evidence shows that schizophrenia patients tend to experience negative emotions when presented with emotionally neutral stimuli. Similarly, several functional neuroimaging studies show that schizophrenia patients have increased activations in response to neutral material. However, results are heterogeneous. Here, we review the functional neuroimaging studies that have addressed this research question. Based on the 36 functional neuroimaging studies that we retrieved, it seems that the increased brain reactivity to neutral stimuli is fairly common in schizophrenia, but that the regions involved vary considerably, apart from the amygdala. Prefrontal and cingulate sub-regions and the hippocampus may also be involved. By contrasts, results in individuals at risk for psychosis are less consistent. In schizophrenia patients, results are less consistent in the case of studies using non-facial stimuli, explicit processing paradigms, and/or event-related designs. This means that human faces may convey subtle information (e.g., trustworthiness) other than basic emotional expressions. It also means that the aberrant brain reactivity to neutral stimuli is less likely to occur when experimental paradigms are too cognitively demanding as well as in studies lacking statistical power. The main hypothesis proposed to account for this increased brain reactivity to neutral stimuli is the aberrant salience hypothesis of psychosis. Other investigators propose that the aberrant brain reactivity to neutral stimuli in schizophrenia results from abnormal associative learning, untrustworthiness judgments, priming effects, and/or reduced habituation to neutral stimuli. In the future, the effects of antipsychotics on this aberrant brain reactivity will need to be determined, as well as the potential implication of sex/gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Potvin
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andràs Tikàsz
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Adrianna Mendrek
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychology, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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182
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Sex Differences in Severity, Social Functioning, Adherence to Treatment, and Cognition of Adolescents with Schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2016; 2016:1928747. [PMID: 27703813 PMCID: PMC5039268 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1928747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. Previous studies have reported sex differences in the clinical presentation and outcome of adult patients with schizophrenia; the aim of present study was to compare the clinical characteristics, social functioning, adherence to treatment, and cognition of adolescents with this diagnosis in a six-month followup. Methods. A total of 87 adolescents with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder were evaluated with the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS), the Matrics Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB), Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP), and the Rating of Medication Influences (ROMI). Results. Both groups showed a similar improvement in all PANSS factors and in the PSP scores during the followup. Males better adhered to treatment. Females displayed better results in the area of social cognition (F = 6.3, df = 2,52, and p = 0.003) and attention/vigilance (F = 8.3, df = 2,51, and p = 0.001). Conclusions. Male and female adolescents showed similar clinical presentation and functioning but a different pattern of cognitive improvement and adherence to treatment. This trial is registered with Clinicaltrials.gov II3/02/0811..
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