151
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Sleep Impact on Perception, Memory, and Emotion in Adults and the Effects of Early-Life Experience. HANDBOOK OF SLEEP RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813743-7.00039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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152
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Cao K, Shen C, Yuan Y, Bai S, Yang L, Guo L, Zhang R, Shi Y. SiNiSan Ameliorates the Depression-Like Behavior of Rats That Experienced Maternal Separation Through 5-HT1A Receptor/CREB/BDNF Pathway. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:160. [PMID: 30984042 PMCID: PMC6447714 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Early adverse life stress is an important dangerous factor in the development of psychiatric disorders, particularly depression. Available clinical antidepressant agents, such as fluoxetine, [a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)], are unsatisfactory because of their side effects. SiNiSan (SNS) is a classic Chinese medicine prescription regarded to disperse stagnated liver qi to relieve qi stagnation. Therefore, this study was designed to detect the effects and molecular mechanism of SNS treatment in rats subjected to maternal separation (MS). Method: Male neonatal Wistar rats were divided into six groups including control + ddH2O, MS + ddH2O, MS + fluoxetine (5 g/kg), MS + SNS -low dose (2.5 g/kg), MS + SNS -medium dose (5 g/kg), MS + SNS -high dose (10 g/kg). The volume of drugs and ddH2O in each group are according to the weight of rats every day (10 mL/kg). Each group comprised 16 pups with 8 young and 8 adult pups. Except for the control group, all MS groups were separated from their mothers for 4 h/day from 9:00 to 13:00 during postnatal days (PNDs) 1 to 21. After MS, the six groups were intragastrically administered with ddH2O, fluoxetine, and different doses of SNS until PND 28 (for young pups) and PND 56 (for adult pups). The pups were weighed every day, and depression-like behavior was assessed by sucrose preference test, open field test, and forced swimming test. Serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptor, phosphorylated protein kinase A (p-PKA) substrate, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), p-CREB and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus were examined by Western blot, and in situ 5-HT1A receptor expression was measured by IHC. Results: Young and adult MS rats exhibited depression-like behavior. However, the depression-like behavior was ameliorated by SNS in both age groups. The levels of 5-HT1A receptor, p-CREB, and BDNF in the hippocampus were reduced in young and adult MS rats. SNS treatment significantly up-regulated the expression of 5-HT1A receptor, p-CREB, and BDNF in the hippocampus of adult MS rats. However, few significant effects on the protein expression were observed in the young MS rats. Conclusion: MS in infancy could develop depression-like behavior in young and adult. SNS treatment may perform antidepressant effects on young and adult MS rats through the BDNF/PKA/CREB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerun Cao
- School of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chongkun Shen
- School of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yumei Yuan
- Shenzhen Baoan Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shasha Bai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Guo
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yafei Shi
- School of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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153
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Ouchi R, Kawano T, Yoshida H, Ishii M, Miyasaka T, Ohkawara Y, Takayanagi M, Takahashi T, Ohno I. Maternal Separation as Early-Life Stress Causes Enhanced Allergic Airway Responses by Inhibiting Respiratory Tolerance in Mice. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2018; 246:155-165. [PMID: 30405003 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.246.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies indicate that exposure to psychosocial stress in early childhood is a risk factor of adult-onset asthma, but the mechanisms of this relationship are poorly understood. Therefore, we examined whether early-life stress increases susceptibility to adult-onset asthma by inhibiting the development of respiratory tolerance. Neonatal BALB/c female mice were aerosolized with ovalbumin (OVA) to induce immune tolerance prior to immune sensitization with an intraperitoneal injection of OVA and the adjuvant aluminum hydroxide. Maternal separation (MS) was applied as an early-life stressor during the induction phase of immune tolerance. The mice were challenged with OVA aerosol in adulthood, and allergic airway responses were evaluated, including airway hyper-responsiveness to inhaled methacholine, inflammatory cell infiltration, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and serum OVA-specific IgE. We then evaluated the effects of MS on the development of regulatory T (Treg) cells in bronchial lymph nodes (BLN) and on splenocyte proliferation and cytokine expression. In mice that underwent MS and OVA tolerization, the allergic airway responses and OVA-induced proliferation and IL-4 expression of splenocytes were significantly enhanced. Furthermore, exposure to MS was associated with a lower number of Treg cells in the BLN. These findings suggest that exposure to early-life stress prevents the acquisition of respiratory tolerance to inhaled antigen due to insufficient Treg cell development, resulting in Th2-biased sensitization and asthma onset. We provide the evidence for inhibitory effects of early-life stress on immune tolerance. The present findings may help to clarify the pathogenesis of adult-onset asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Ouchi
- Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Tasuku Kawano
- Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Hitomi Yoshida
- Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Masato Ishii
- Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Tomomitsu Miyasaka
- Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Yuichi Ohkawara
- Division of Experimental Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Motoaki Takayanagi
- Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Tomoko Takahashi
- Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Isao Ohno
- Center for Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
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154
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Reshetnikov VV, Kovner AV, Lepeshko AA, Pavlov KS, Grinkevich LN, Bondar NP. Stress early in life leads to cognitive impairments, reduced numbers of CA3 neurons and altered maternal behavior in adult female mice. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 19:e12541. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy V. Reshetnikov
- Laboratory of Gene Expression RegulationInstitute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS) Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Anna V. Kovner
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Pathological ProcessesInstitute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Arina A. Lepeshko
- Laboratory of Gene Expression RegulationInstitute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS) Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk National Research State University Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Konstantin S. Pavlov
- Laboratory of Experimental Models of Emotional PathologiesInstitute of Physiology and Basic Medicine Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Larisa N. Grinkevich
- Laboratory of Regulation of Functions of Brain NeuronsPavlov Institute of Physiology, RAS St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Natalya P. Bondar
- Laboratory of Gene Expression RegulationInstitute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS) Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk National Research State University Novosibirsk Russia
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155
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Endo N, Ujita W, Fujiwara M, Miyauchi H, Mishima H, Makino Y, Hashimoto L, Oyama H, Makinodan M, Nishi M, Tohyama C, Kakeyama M. Multiple animal positioning system shows that socially-reared mice influence the social proximity of isolation-reared cagemates. Commun Biol 2018; 1:225. [PMID: 30564746 PMCID: PMC6290015 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0213-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Social relationships are a key determinant of social behaviour, and disruption of social behaviour is a major symptom of several psychiatric disorders. However, few studies have analysed social relationships among multiple individuals in a group or how social relationships within a group influence the behaviour of members with impaired socialisation. Here, we developed a video-analysis-based system, the Multiple-Animal Positioning System (MAPS), to automatically and separately analyse the social behaviour of multiple individuals in group housing. Using MAPS, we show that social isolation of male mice during adolescence leads to impaired social proximity in adulthood. The phenotype of these socially isolated mice was partially rescued by cohabitation with group-housed (socially-reared) mice, indicating that both individual behavioural traits and those of cagemates influence social proximity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that low reactive behaviour of other cagemates also influence individual social proximity in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Endo
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Neurosciences and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, 359-1192 Japan
- Research Institute for Environmental Medical Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, 359-1192 Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, 634-8521 Japan
| | - Waka Ujita
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Neurosciences and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, 359-1192 Japan
- Research Institute for Environmental Medical Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, 359-1192 Japan
- Department of Clinical Information Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Masaya Fujiwara
- Research Institute for Environmental Medical Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, 359-1192 Japan
| | - Hideaki Miyauchi
- Research Institute for Environmental Medical Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, 359-1192 Japan
- COCOSNET Ltd., 2-4-29 Kiyokawa, Fukuoka, 810-0005 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mishima
- Research Institute for Environmental Medical Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, 359-1192 Japan
- Laboratory for Ecological Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, 359-1192 Japan
| | - Yusuke Makino
- Laboratory for Systems Neurosciences and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, 359-1192 Japan
- Research Institute for Environmental Medical Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, 359-1192 Japan
| | - Lisa Hashimoto
- Laboratory for Systems Neurosciences and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, 359-1192 Japan
- Research Institute for Environmental Medical Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, 359-1192 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Oyama
- Department of Clinical Information Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Manabu Makinodan
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, 634-8521 Japan
| | - Mayumi Nishi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, 634-8521 Japan
| | - Chiharu Tohyama
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
- Research Institute for Environmental Medical Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, 359-1192 Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575 Japan
| | - Masaki Kakeyama
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Neurosciences and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, 359-1192 Japan
- Research Institute for Environmental Medical Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, 359-1192 Japan
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156
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Lappé M. The paradox of care in behavioral epigenetics: Constructing early-life adversity in the lab. BIOSOCIETIES 2018; 13:698-714. [PMID: 31156717 PMCID: PMC6540972 DOI: 10.1057/s41292-017-0090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Many epigenetic studies focus on how stress, trauma, and care become molecularly embodied, affect gene expression without changing DNA sequence, and produce changes that influence the health and behavior of individuals, their offspring, and future generations. This article describes how care has become central in research on the epigenetic effects of early-life adversity. My analysis draws on two years of ethnographic research in a behavioral epigenetics laboratory in the United States. Building on traditions in feminist theory and the sociology of science, I document how care is enacted with research samples, experimental protocols, and behavioral endpoints in experiments with model organisms. My findings point to tensions between researchers' care for the data and their measurement of adversity as a discrete variable in the form of maternal interaction, neglect, and abuse. I argue that these tensions suggest a "paradox of care" that is actively shaping how epigenetic knowledge is produced and its impacts in society. My analysis shows how decisions in the lab are shaping new understandings of how early-life experiences influence health, with significant impacts on our expectations of mothers and pregnant women. This study suggests that the more complex explanations of health and development promised by epigenetics are simultaneously constructed and constrained by caring practices in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Lappé
- Columbia University Center for Research on Ethical, Legal and Social Implications of Psychiatric, Neurologic, and Behavioral Genetics
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157
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Kentrop J, Smid CR, Achterberg EJM, van IJzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Joëls M, van der Veen R. Effects of Maternal Deprivation and Complex Housing on Rat Social Behavior in Adolescence and Adulthood. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:193. [PMID: 30254573 PMCID: PMC6141926 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life context and stressful experiences are known to increase the risk of developing psychiatric disorders later in life, including disorders with deficits in the social domain. Our study aimed to investigate the influence of early life environment on social behavior in a well-controlled animal model. To this end we tested the effects of maternal deprivation (MD) on rat social play behavior in adolescence and social interaction in adulthood. Additionally, we provided a stimulating environment during adolescence (complex housing) as a potential intervention to diminish the effects of early life stress. Male and female Wistar rats were deprived from their mother for 24 h on postnatal day 3 (PND 3) or were left undisturbed. Complex housing started 5 days after weaning and consisted of housing 10 same-sex conspecifics in large, two-floor MarlauTM cages until the end of the study. Social play behavior in adolescence was tested under different conditions (3 h vs. 24 h social isolation prior to testing). Maternally deprived males – but not females – showed a longer latency to play and a decreased total amount of social play behavior, after a 24 h isolation period. In adulthood, social discrimination was impaired in deprived male and female rats in the three-chamber social approach task. Complex housing did not moderate the effects of MD, but in itself induced a strong behavioral phenotype. Both complex housed males and females hardly displayed any play behavior after a 3 h isolation period. However, after 24 h of isolation, these animals showed shorter latencies to engage in social play behavior. Only complex housed males truly showed more social play behavior here, while showing less social interest in adulthood. We conclude that MD has mild negative effects on social behavior in adolescence and adulthood, which are not counteracted by complex housing. Complex housing induces a specific phenotype associated with rapid habituation; a lack of social play after short isolation periods, while increasing play behavior after a prolonged period of isolation in adolescence, and less social interest, paired with intact social discrimination in adulthood. In both early life settings, males seem to be more influenced by the early life environment compared to females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiska Kentrop
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Claire R Smid
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - E J M Achterberg
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marinus H van IJzendoorn
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Primary Care Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marian Joëls
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Rixt van der Veen
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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158
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Negative consequences of early-life adversity on substance use as mediated by corticotropin-releasing factor modulation of serotonin activity. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 9:29-39. [PMID: 30151419 PMCID: PMC6108067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-life adversity is associated with increased risk for substance abuse in later life, with women more likely to report past and current stress as a mediating factor in their substance use and relapse as compared to men. Preclinical models of neonatal and peri-adolescent (early through late adolescence) stress all support a direct relationship between experiences of early-life adversity and adult substance-related behaviors, and provide valuable information regarding the underlying neurobiology. This review will provide an overview of these animal models and how these paradigms alter drug and alcohol consumption and/or seeking in male and female adults. An introduction to the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and serotonin systems, their development and their interactions at the level of the dorsal raphe will be provided, illustrating how this particular stress system is sexually dimorphic, and is well positioned to be affected by stressors early in development and throughout maturation. A model for CRF-serotonin interactions in the dorsal raphe and how these influence dopaminergic activity within the nucleus accumbens and subsequent reward-associated behaviors will be provided, and alterations to the activity of this system following early-life adversity will be identified. Overall, converging findings suggest that early-life adversity has long-term effects on the functioning of the CRF-serotonin system, highlighting a potentially important and targetable mediator linking stress to addiction. Future work should focus on identifying the exact mechanisms that promote long-term changes to the expression and activity of CRF receptors in the dorsal raphe. Moreover, it is important to clarify whether similar neurobiological mechanisms exist for males and females, given the sexual dimorphism both in CRF receptors and serotonin indices in the dorsal raphe and in the behavioral outcomes of early-life adversity. Early life stress increases risk for substance abuse in adulthood. Stress and drugs increase CRF which alters serotonin release in the brain. CRF2 receptor expression in the dorsal raphe is altered by early life stress. Resultant changes to serotonin output facilitates dopamine in the accumbens. CRF2-sertotonin-dopamine interactions may link early life stress with substance abuse.
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Key Words
- 5-HIAA, 5–Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid
- BNST, Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis
- CRF, Corticotropin-Releasing Factor
- CRF-BP, Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Binding Protein
- CeA, Central Nucleus of the Amygdala
- Corticotropin-releasing factor
- Dorsal raphe nucleus
- Drug reward
- Early-life stress
- LC, Locus Coeruleus
- MDMA, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
- NAc, Nucleus Accumbens
- NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartate
- PND, Postnatal Day
- Serotonin
- Sex differences
- TPH2, Tryptophan Hydroxylase 2
- VTA, Ventral Tegmental Area
- dRN, Dorsal Raphe Nucleus
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159
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Joëls M, Karst H, Sarabdjitsingh RA. The stressed brain of humans and rodents. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 223:e13066. [PMID: 29575542 PMCID: PMC5969253 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
After stress, the brain is exposed to waves of stress mediators, including corticosterone (in rodents) and cortisol (in humans). Corticosteroid hormones affect neuronal physiology in two time‐domains: rapid, non‐genomic actions primarily via mineralocorticoid receptors; and delayed genomic effects via glucocorticoid receptors. In parallel, cognitive processing is affected by stress hormones. Directly after stress, emotional behaviour involving the amygdala is strongly facilitated with cognitively a strong emphasis on the “now” and “self,” at the cost of higher cognitive processing. This enables the organism to quickly and adequately respond to the situation at hand. Several hours later, emotional circuits are dampened while functions related to the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus are promoted. This allows the individual to rationalize the stressful event and place it in the right context, which is beneficial in the long run. The brain's response to stress depends on an individual's genetic background in interaction with life events. Studies in rodents point to the possibility to prevent or reverse long‐term consequences of early life adversity on cognitive processing, by normalizing the balance between the two receptor types for corticosteroid hormones at a critical moment just before the onset of puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Joëls
- Department of Translational NeuroscienceBrain Center Rudolf MagnusUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- University Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - H. Karst
- Department of Translational NeuroscienceBrain Center Rudolf MagnusUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - R. A. Sarabdjitsingh
- Department of Translational NeuroscienceBrain Center Rudolf MagnusUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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160
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Novick AM, Levandowski ML, Laumann LE, Philip NS, Price LH, Tyrka AR. The effects of early life stress on reward processing. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 101:80-103. [PMID: 29567510 PMCID: PMC5889741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS), in the form of childhood maltreatment, abuse, or neglect, increases the risk for psychiatric sequelae later in life. The neurobiology of response to early stress and of reward processing overlap substantially, leading to the prediction that reward processing may be a primary mediator of the effects of early life stress. We describe a growing body of literature investigating the effects of early life stressors on reward processing in animals and humans. Despite variation in the reviewed studies, an emerging pattern of results indicates that ELS results in deficits of ventral striatum-related functions of reward responsiveness and approach motivation, especially when the stressor is experienced in early in development. For stressors experienced later in the juvenile period and adolescence, the animal literature suggests an opposite effect, in which ELS results in increased hedonic drive. Future research in this area will help elucidate the transdiagnostic impact of early life stress, and therefore potentially identify and intervene with at-risk youth, prior to the emergence of clinical psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Novick
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Corresponding author: Andrew M Novick, MD PhD, Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906, USA,
| | - Mateus L. Levandowski
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Graduate Program in Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura E. Laumann
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Noah S. Philip
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence VA, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lawrence H. Price
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Audrey R. Tyrka
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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161
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Di Segni M, Andolina D, Ventura R. Long-term effects of early environment on the brain: Lesson from rodent models. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 77:81-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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162
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Wei Y, Wang G, Wang H, He J, Zhang N, Wu Z, Xiao L, Yang C. Sex-dependent impact of different degrees of maternal separation experience on OFT behavioral performances after adult chronic unpredictable mild stress exposure in rats. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:153-161. [PMID: 29723593 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Early-life social-environmental factors are important for normal development, and different degrees of early-life stress experience have different impacts on adult behaviors and stress responsiveness. The aim of present study was to investigate the long-term effects of different degrees of maternal separation (MS) on male and female rats and subsequent responsiveness to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) exposure in adults. Sprague-Dawley (SD) newborn pups were exposed to either 15 min/day of MS (MS15), 360 min/day of MS (MS360) or no separation (NS) during postnatal day (PND)4-PND10. At PND56, behavioral tasks, including sucrose preference test (SPT), forced swimming test (FST) and open field test (OFT), were used to explore depressive and anxiety-like behaviors. Then the rats received a series of CUMS for 28 days, behavioral tasks were recorded after CUMS. Prior to CUMS, the behavioral performances in male and female rats were consistent, MS360 led to increased immobile time in FST and decreased activity in OFT, while MS15 rats exhibited behavioral performances similar to NS group. After CUMS, sexual dimorphism was observed in the OFT behavioral responses to adult stress re-exposure, but no differences in FST were observed. CUMS male rats with MS360 experiences showed the worst behavioral performances in OFT compared to those of the other male rats groups, while CUMS female rats without MS experience showed the worst behavioral performances in OFT compared to those of the other female rats groups. Both CUMS male and female rats with MS15 experiences showed better trend in OFT performances than those of CUMS rats with MS360 experience and without MS experiences. These results suggest that brief MS experiences increase the OFT behavioral resilience of rats to adult stress re-exposure, and prolonged MS promotes OFT behavioral resilience of female rats to adult stress re-exposure, while increases vulnerability of male rats to adult stress re-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wei
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238#, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China
| | - Gaohua Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238#, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Huiling Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238#, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238#, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238#, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zuotian Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238#, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ling Xiao
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238#, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China
| | - Can Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238#, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China
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163
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Portero-Tresserra M, Gracia-Rubio I, Cantacorps L, Pozo OJ, Gómez-Gómez A, Pastor A, López-Arnau R, de la Torre R, Valverde O. Maternal separation increases alcohol-drinking behaviour and reduces endocannabinoid levels in the mouse striatum and prefrontal cortex. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:499-512. [PMID: 29478745 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Childhood adversity is associated with an increased risk of mood, anxiety and substance use disorders. Maternal separation is a reliable rodent model of early life adversity that leads to depression-like symptoms, which may increase the vulnerability to alcohol consumption during adolescence. However, the specific alterations in the pattern of alcohol consumption induced by maternal separation and the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the long-term effects of maternal separation with early weaning (MSEW) on emotional and social behaviour, alcohol rewarding properties, and alcohol consumption, abstinence and relapse in adolescent male C57BL/6 mice. In addition, endocannabinoid and monoamine levels were analysed in discrete brain areas. Results showed that MSEW mice presented emotional alterations related to depressive-like behaviour and modified endocannabinoid levels in the striatum and the prefrontal cortex. MSEW mice also showed impairments in alcohol-induced conditioned place preference and higher alcohol intake in a model of binge drinking. Moreover, MSEW animals displayed a higher propensity to relapse in the two-bottle choice paradigm following a period of alcohol abstinence associated with reduced monoamine levels in the striatum. Such results indicate that exposure to early life stress increased the vulnerability to alcohol binge-drinking during adolescence, which may be partially explained by decreased sensitivity to alcohol rewarding properties and the ability to potentiate alcohol intake following a period of abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Portero-Tresserra
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Gracia-Rubio
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lídia Cantacorps
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute. Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gómez-Gómez
- IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute. Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Pastor
- IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute. Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl López-Arnau
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute. Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Valverde
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
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164
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Godoy LD, Umeoka EHL, Ribeiro DE, Santos VR, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Joca SRL, Garcia-Cairasco N. Multimodal early-life stress induces biological changes associated to psychopathologies. Horm Behav 2018; 100:69-80. [PMID: 29548783 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Evidences suggest the contributive role of early-life stress (ELS) to affective and anxiety disorders. Chronic exposure to the same stressor may generate habituation, while the exposure to different and repeated stressors gradually promotes maladaptive plasticity. Therefore, to further understand the effects of heterotypic stressors during early life period, male Wistar rat pups (P1-P21) were exposed to Multimodal ELS paradigm. Results indicate pups did not habituate to multimodal ELS and neonates respond to both physical and psychogenic stressors. Adult rats that underwent ELS protocol showed significant lower sucrose intake, decreased latency to immobility in the forced swim test and increased latency to light compartment in the light-dark test when compared to control group. Although it has been shown that ELS-induced changes in hippocampus can be used as biomarkers, multimodal ELS did not significantly alter BDNF, Tyrosine Kinase B (TrkB) receptor expression or neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Taken together, these findings indicate that multimodal ELS protocol can be an interesting experimental model for understanding long-term psychiatric disorders associated with stress. Indeed, our data with neurogenesis, BDNF and TrkB, and conflicting data from the literature, suggest that additional studies on synaptic plasticity/intracellular cascades would help to detect the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívea Dornela Godoy
- Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo H L Umeoka
- Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deidiane Elisa Ribeiro
- Pharmacology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José Antunes-Rodrigues
- Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samia Regiane Lourenço Joca
- Physics and Chemistry Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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165
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Electroacupuncture Ameliorates Cognitive Deficit and Improves Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity in Adult Rat with Neonatal Maternal Separation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:2468105. [PMID: 29785188 PMCID: PMC5896274 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2468105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to adverse early-life events is thought to be the risk factors for the development of psychiatric and altered cognitive function in adulthood. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether electroacupuncture (EA) treatment in young adult rat would improve impaired cognitive function and synaptic plasticity in adult rat with neonatal maternal separation (MS). Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group, MS group, MS with EA treatment (MS + EA) group, and MS with Sham-EA treatment (MS + Sham-EA) group. We evaluated the cognitive function by using Morris water maze and fear conditioning tests. Electrophysiology experiment used in vivo long-term potentiation (LTP) at Schaffer Collateral-CA1 synapses was detected to assess extent of synaptic plasticity. Repeated EA stimulation at Baihui (GV 20) and Yintang (GV 29) during postnatal 9 to 11 weeks was identified to significantly ameliorate poor performance in behavior tests and improve the impaired LTP induction detected at Schaffer Collateral-CA1 synapse in hippocampus. Collectively, the findings suggested that early-life stress due to MS may induce adult cognitive deficit associated with hippocampus, and EA in young adult demonstrated that its therapeutic efficacy may be via ameliorating deficit of hippocampal synaptic plasticity.
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166
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Ershov NI, Bondar NP, Lepeshko AA, Reshetnikov VV, Ryabushkina JA, Merkulova TI. Consequences of early life stress on genomic landscape of H3K4me3 in prefrontal cortex of adult mice. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:93. [PMID: 29504911 PMCID: PMC5836825 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4479-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal separation models in rodents are widely used to establish molecular mechanisms underlying prolonged effects of early life adversity on neurobiological and behavioral outcomes in adulthood. However, global epigenetic signatures following early life stress in these models remain unclear. Results In this study, we carried out a ChIP-seq analysis of H3K4 trimethylation profile in the prefrontal cortex of adult male mice with a history of early life stress. Two types of stress were used: prolonged separation of pups from their mothers (for 3 h once a day, maternal separation, MS) and brief separation (for 15 min once a day, handling, HD). Adult offspring in the MS group demonstrated reduced locomotor activity in the open field test accompanied by reduced exploratory activity, while the HD group showed decreased anxiety-like behavior only. In a group of maternal separation, we have found a small number (45) of slightly up-regulated peaks, corresponding to promoters of 70 genes, while no changes were observed in a group of handling. Among the genes whose promoters have differential enrichment of H3K4me3, the most relevant ones participate in gene expression regulation, modulation of chromatin structure and mRNA processing. For two genes, Ddias and Pip4k2a, increased H3K4me3 levels were associated with the increased mRNA expression in MS group. Conclusion The distribution of H3K4me3 in prefrontal cortex showed relatively low variability across all individuals, and only some subtle changes were revealed in mice with a history of early life stress. It is possible that the observed long-lasting behavioral alterations induced by maternal separation are mediated by other epigenetic mechanisms, or other brain structures are responsible for these effects. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4479-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita I Ershov
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Prospect Lavrentyeva, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalya P Bondar
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Prospect Lavrentyeva, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia. .,Novosibirsk National Research State University, 2 Pirogov Street, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Arina A Lepeshko
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Prospect Lavrentyeva, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk National Research State University, 2 Pirogov Street, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vasiliy V Reshetnikov
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Prospect Lavrentyeva, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Julia A Ryabushkina
- Novosibirsk National Research State University, 2 Pirogov Street, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatiana I Merkulova
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Prospect Lavrentyeva, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk National Research State University, 2 Pirogov Street, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
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167
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Astiz M, Oster H. Perinatal Programming of Circadian Clock-Stress Crosstalk. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:5689165. [PMID: 29593783 PMCID: PMC5822916 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5689165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An intact communication between circadian clocks and the stress system is important for maintaining physiological homeostasis under resting conditions and in response to external stimuli. There is accumulating evidence for a reciprocal interaction between both-from the systemic to the molecular level. Disruption of this interaction by external factors such as shiftwork, jetlag, or chronic stress increases the risk of developing metabolic, immune, or mood disorders. From experiments in rodents, we know that both systems maturate during the perinatal period. During that time, exogenous factors such as stress or alterations in the external photoperiod may critically affect-or program-physiological functions later in life. This developmental programming process has been attributed to maternal stress signals reaching the embryo, which lastingly change gene expression through the induction of epigenetic mechanisms. Despite the well-known function of the adult circadian system in temporal coordination of physiology and behavior, the role of maternal and embryonic circadian clocks during pregnancy and postnatal development is still poorly defined. A better understanding of the circadian-stress crosstalk at different periods of development may help to improve stress resistance and devise preventive and therapeutic strategies against chronic stress-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Astiz
- Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Marie-Curie Street, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henrik Oster
- Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Marie-Curie Street, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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168
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Effects of Early-Life Stress on Social and Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Adult Mice: Sex-Specific Effects. Behav Neurol 2018; 2018:1538931. [PMID: 29619126 PMCID: PMC5818933 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1538931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressful events in an early postnatal period have critical implications for the individual's life and can increase later risk for psychiatric disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of early-life stress on the social behavior of adult male and female mice. C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to maternal separation (MS, 3 h once a day) or handling (HD, 15 min once a day) on postnatal day 2 through 14. Adult male and female mice were tested for social behavior in the social interaction test and for individual behavior in the plus-maze and open-field tests. Female mice exposed to maternal separation had increased social behavior and increased anxiety. MS male mice had no changes in social behavior but had significantly disrupted individual behavior, including locomotor and exploratory activity. Handling had positive effects on social behavior in males and females and decreased anxiety in males. Our results support the hypothesis that brief separation of pups from their mothers (handling), which can be considered as moderate stress, may result in future positive changes in behavior. Maternal separation has deleterious effects on individual behavior and significant sex-specific effects on social behavior.
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169
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Brenhouse HC, Danese A, Grassi-Oliveira R. Neuroimmune Impacts of Early-Life Stress on Development and Psychopathology. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2018; 43:423-447. [PMID: 30003509 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2018_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Maltreatment and trauma in childhood, termed early-life stress (ELS), has long-term effects on the immune system. ELS impacts immune signaling at the time of exposure but also disrupts the developmental trajectory of certain immunological processes, both in the periphery and in the brain. One consequence of these early alterations is a heightened immune response to stressors later in life. However, chronic and sustained inflammatory response can also lead to excitotoxicity and prevent typical brain development. In this chapter, we discuss current progress toward understanding the contribution of neuroimmune signaling to ELS-attributable dysfunction or maladaptation with a focus on postnatal experiences. To do so we first present an operational definition of ELS. Then, we offer a brief overview of the immune system and neuroimmune development, followed by a section discussing the interaction between immunity, childhood trauma, and mental disorders in humans. We present evidence from animal models about immune alterations after ELS and discuss the ways in which ELS-induced immune changes ultimately affect brain and behavior, as well as the importance of individual differences and future directions in this field. Taken together, we submit that when encountered with ELS, some core brain circuits could develop differently via various mechanisms involving dysfunctional immune reprograming. However, given the remarkable plasticity of both the brain and the immune system, many of the deleterious effects of ELS may be mitigated with interventions that account for sex and target neuroimmune interactions over the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Danese
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Graduate Program in Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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170
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de Almeida Magalhães T, Correia D, de Carvalho LM, Damasceno S, Brunialti Godard AL. Maternal separation affects expression of stress response genes and increases vulnerability to ethanol consumption. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e00841. [PMID: 29568676 PMCID: PMC5853632 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maternal separation is an early life stress event associated with behavioral alterations and ethanol consumption. We aimed to expand the current understanding on the molecular mechanisms mediating the impact of postnatal stress on ethanol consumption. METHODS In the first experiment (T1), some of the pups were separated from their mothers for 6 hr daily (Maternal Separation group - MS), whereas the other pups remained in the cage with their respective mothers (Control group - C). In the second experiment (T2), mice from both groups were subjected to the model of free-choice between water and sucrose solution or between water and ethanol solution. Maternal behavior was assessed at the end of T1. At the end of both T1 and T2, pups were subjected to the light/dark box behavioral test and blood corticosterone concentrations were analyzed. RESULTS Our maternal separation protocol led to intense maternal care and affected weight gain of the animals. The expression of stress response genes was altered with higher levels of Crh and Pomc being observed in the hypothalamus, and higher levels of Crhr1, Crhr2, Htr2a and lower levels of Nr3c1 and Htr1a being observed in the hippocampus after T1. At the end of T2, we observed higher levels of Avp and Pomc in the hypothalamus, and higher levels of Crhr1, Crhr2, Nr3c1, Slc6a4, Bdnf and lower levels of Htr1a in the hippocampus. Additionally, maternal separation increased vulnerability to ethanol consumption during adolescence and induced changes in anxiety/stress-related behavior after T2. Furthermore, voluntary ethanol consumption attenuated stress response and modified expression of reward system genes: enhancing Drd1 and Drd2, and reducing Gabbr2 in the striatum. CONCLUSION Maternal separation induced behavioral changes and alterations in the expression of key genes involved in HPA axis and in the serotonergic and reward systems that are likely to increase vulnerability to ethanol consumption in adolescence. We demonstrated, for the first time, that ethanol consumption masked stress response by reducing the activity of the HPA axis and the serotonergic system, therefore, suggesting that adolescent mice from the MS group probably consumed ethanol for stress relieving purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taciani de Almeida Magalhães
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana Departamento de Biologia Geral Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Diego Correia
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana Departamento de Biologia Geral Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Luana Martins de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana Departamento de Biologia Geral Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Samara Damasceno
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana Departamento de Biologia Geral Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Brunialti Godard
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana Departamento de Biologia Geral Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
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171
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Hidaka C, Kashio T, Uchigaki D, Mitsui S. Vulnerability or resilience of motopsin knockout mice to maternal separation stress depending on adulthood behaviors. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:2255-2268. [PMID: 30233183 PMCID: PMC6129033 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s170281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both environmental and genetic conditions contribute to the robust development of neuronal circuits and adulthood behaviors. Loss of motopsin gene function causes severe intellectual disability in humans and enhanced social behavior in mice. Furthermore, childhood maltreatment is a risk factor for some psychiatric disorders, and children with disabilities have a higher risk of abuse than healthy children. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we investigated the effects of maternal separation (MS) on adulthood behaviors of motopsin knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. RESULTS The MS paradigm decreased the duration that WT mice stayed in the center area of an open field, but not for motopsin KO mice; however, it decreased the novel object recognition index in both genotypes. In the marble burying test, motopsin KO mice buried fewer marbles than WT mice, regardless of the rearing conditions. The MS paradigm slightly increased and reduced open arm entry in the elevated plus maze by WT and motopsin KO mice, respectively. In the three-chamber test, the rate of sniffing the animal cage was increased by the MS paradigm only for motopsin KO mice. After the three-chamber test, motopsin KO mice had fewer cFos-positive cells in the prelimbic cortex, which is involved in emotional response, than WT mice. In the infralimbic cortex, the MS paradigm decreased the number of cFos-positive cells in motopsin KO mice. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that motopsin deficiency and childhood adversity independently affect some behaviors, but they may interfere with each other for other behaviors. Defective neuronal circuits in the prefrontal cortex may add to this complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Hidaka
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Japan, .,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Taiki Kashio
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Japan,
| | - Daiju Uchigaki
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan,
| | - Shinichi Mitsui
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Japan, .,Department of Occupational Therapy, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan,
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172
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Reshetnikov V, Studenikina A, Ryabushkina J, Merkulova T, Bondar N. The impact of early-life stress on the expression of HPA-associated genes in the adult murine brain. BEHAVIOUR 2018. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Early life is an important period for the development of the nervous system and for the programming of behavioural phenotypes in adulthood. In our study, two types of early-life stress were used: prolonged separation of pups from their mothers (for 3 h/day, maternal separation (MS)) and brief separation (for 15 min/day, handling (HD)). We analysed the effects of early-life stress on behaviour and the expression of HPA-associated genes in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and frontal cortex of male mice. Adult mice in the MS group demonstrated reduced locomotor activity and deficiencies in spatial long-term memory, while the HD showed no significant changes. Additionally, early-life MS resulted in reduced hippocampal Crhr1 mRNA, increased MR/GR mRNA in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Both groups, HD and MS, showed increased Avp mRNA in the hypothalamus. Thus, prolonged maternal separation but not brief leads to adverse behavioural changes and influences the expression of HPA-associated genes in a brain region-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- V.V. Reshetnikov
- aLaboratory of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A.A. Studenikina
- aLaboratory of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- bNovosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - J.A. Ryabushkina
- aLaboratory of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- cNovosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - T.I. Merkulova
- aLaboratory of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- cNovosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N.P. Bondar
- aLaboratory of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- cNovosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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173
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Orso R, Wearick-Silva LE, Creutzberg KC, Centeno-Silva A, Glusman Roithmann L, Pazzin R, Tractenberg SG, Benetti F, Grassi-Oliveira R. Maternal behavior of the mouse dam toward pups: implications for maternal separation model of early life stress. Stress 2018; 21:19-27. [PMID: 29041860 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1389883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal care is essential for an adequate pup development, as well as for the health of the dam. Exposure to stress in early stages of life can disrupt this dam-pup relationship promoting altered neurobiological and behavioral phenotypes. However, there is a lack of consensus regarding the effects of daily maternal separation (MS) on the pattern of maternal behavior. The aim of this study is to compare the patterns of maternal behavior between mice exposed to MS and controls. BALB/c mice were subjected to MS for a period of 180 min/day from postnatal day 2-7 (n = 17) or designated to be standard animal facility reared (AFR) controls (n = 19). Maternal behaviors were computed as frequency of nursing, licking pups and contact with pups, and nonmaternal behaviors were computed as frequency of actions without interaction with pups and eating/drinking. A total of 18 daily observations of maternal behavior were conducted during these six days, and considering the proportion of maternal and nonmaternal behaviors, an index was calculated. There was no difference when comparing the global index of maternal behavior between the AFR and MS animals by the end of the observed period. However, the pattern of maternal behavior between groups was significantly different. While MS dams presented low frequency of maternal behavior within the first couple days of the stress protocol, but increasing over time, AFR dams showed higher maternal behavior at the beginning, reducing over time. Together, our results indicate that MS alters the maternal behavior of the dams toward pups throughout the first week of the stress protocol and provoked some anxiety-related traits in the dams. The inversion of maternal behavior pattern could possibly be an attempt to compensate the low levels of maternal care observed in the first days of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Orso
- a Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (DCNL), Brain Institute (InsCer) , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo Wearick-Silva
- a Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (DCNL), Brain Institute (InsCer) , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
- b Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Kerstin Camile Creutzberg
- a Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (DCNL), Brain Institute (InsCer) , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Anderson Centeno-Silva
- a Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (DCNL), Brain Institute (InsCer) , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Laura Glusman Roithmann
- a Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (DCNL), Brain Institute (InsCer) , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Rafaelly Pazzin
- a Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (DCNL), Brain Institute (InsCer) , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Saulo Gantes Tractenberg
- a Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (DCNL), Brain Institute (InsCer) , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
- c Graduate Program in Psychology, School of Health , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Fernando Benetti
- d Laboratório de Neurofisiologia Cognitiva e do Desenvolvimento, Department of Physiology , ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- a Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (DCNL), Brain Institute (InsCer) , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
- b Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
- c Graduate Program in Psychology, School of Health , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
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174
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A Systematic Look at Environmental Modulation and Its Impact in Brain Development. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:4-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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175
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Tan S, Ho HS, Song AY, Low J, Je HS. Maternal Separation Does Not Produce a Significant Behavioral Change in Mice. Exp Neurobiol 2017; 26:390-398. [PMID: 29302206 PMCID: PMC5746504 DOI: 10.5607/en.2017.26.6.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life adversities together with genetic predispositions have been associated with elevated risks of neuropsychiatric disorders during later life. In order to investigate the underlying mechanisms, many chronic, early-life stress paradigms in multiple animal models have been developed. Previously, studies reported that maternal separation (MS) in the early postnatal stages triggers depression-and/or anxiety-like behaviors in rats. However, similar studies using mice have reported inconsistent behavioral outcomes. In this study, we sought to assess behavioral outcomes from two different early-life stress paradigms; a conventional 3-hour MS and a maternal separation with early weaning (MSEW) paradigm using C57BL/6J male mice with independent cohorts. Our data demonstrated that both MS and MSEW paradigms did not produce reported behavioral anomalies. Therefore, MS paradigms in mice require further validation and modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Tan
- Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Signature Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Hin San Ho
- Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Signature Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Anna Yoonsu Song
- Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Signature Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,College of Liberal Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Joey Low
- Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Signature Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Hyunsoo Shawn Je
- Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Signature Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
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176
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Vaiserman AM, Koliada AK. Early-life adversity and long-term neurobehavioral outcomes: epigenome as a bridge? Hum Genomics 2017; 11:34. [PMID: 29246185 PMCID: PMC5732459 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-017-0129-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that adversities at critical periods in early life, both pre- and postnatal, can lead to neuroendocrine perturbations, including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation and inflammation persisting up to adulthood. This process, commonly referred to as biological embedding, may cause abnormal cognitive and behavioral functioning, including impaired learning, memory, and depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, as well as neuropsychiatric outcomes in later life. Currently, the regulation of gene activity by epigenetic mechanisms is suggested to be a key player in mediating the link between adverse early-life events and adult neurobehavioral outcomes. Role of particular genes, including those encoding glucocorticoid receptor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, as well as arginine vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing factor, has been demonstrated in triggering early adversity-associated pathological conditions. This review is focused on the results from human studies highlighting the causal role of epigenetic mechanisms in mediating the link between the adversity during early development, from prenatal stages through infancy, and adult neuropsychiatric outcomes. The modulation of epigenetic pathways involved in biological embedding may provide promising direction toward novel therapeutic strategies against neurological and cognitive dysfunctions in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Vaiserman
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute of Gerontology, Vyshgorodskaya st. 67, Kiev, 04114, Ukraine.
| | - Alexander K Koliada
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute of Gerontology, Vyshgorodskaya st. 67, Kiev, 04114, Ukraine
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177
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Tchenio A, Lecca S, Valentinova K, Mameli M. Limiting habenular hyperactivity ameliorates maternal separation-driven depressive-like symptoms. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1135. [PMID: 29074844 PMCID: PMC5658350 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01192-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life stress, including maternal separation (MS), increases the vulnerability to develop mood disorders later in life, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We report that MS promotes depressive-like symptoms in mice at a mature stage of life. Along with this behavioral phenotype, MS drives reduction of GABAB-GIRK signaling and the subsequent lateral habenula (LHb) hyperexcitability—an anatomical substrate devoted to aversive encoding. Attenuating LHb hyperactivity using chemogenetic tools and deep-brain stimulation ameliorates MS depressive-like symptoms. This provides insights on mechanisms and strategies to alleviate stress-dependent affective behaviors. Early-life stress primes depression in adulthood. This study shows that early maternal separation leads to lateral habenula (LHb) hyperactivity and causes depressive-like phenotypes, the latter being reversible when LHb hyperactivity is reduced chemogenetically or through deep-brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tchenio
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France.,Inserm, UMR-S 839, Paris, 75005, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 75005, France.,Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, The University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Lecca
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France.,Inserm, UMR-S 839, Paris, 75005, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 75005, France.,Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, The University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Valentinova
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France.,Inserm, UMR-S 839, Paris, 75005, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 75005, France.,Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, The University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Mameli
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France. .,Inserm, UMR-S 839, Paris, 75005, France. .,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 75005, France. .,Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, The University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland.
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178
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Beyer DKE, Freund N. Animal models for bipolar disorder: from bedside to the cage. Int J Bipolar Disord 2017; 5:35. [PMID: 29027157 PMCID: PMC5638767 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-017-0104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is characterized by recurrent manic and depressive episodes. Patients suffering from this disorder experience dramatic mood swings with a wide variety of typical behavioral facets, affecting overall activity, energy, sexual behavior, sense of self, self-esteem, circadian rhythm, cognition, and increased risk for suicide. Effective treatment options are limited and diagnosis can be complicated. To overcome these obstacles, a better understanding of the neurobiology underlying bipolar disorder is needed. Animal models can be useful tools in understanding brain mechanisms associated with certain behavior. The following review discusses several pathological aspects of humans suffering from bipolar disorder and compares these findings with insights obtained from several animal models mimicking diverse facets of its symptomatology. Various sections of the review concentrate on specific topics that are relevant in human patients, namely circadian rhythms, neurotransmitters, focusing on the dopaminergic system, stressful environment, and the immune system. We then explain how these areas have been manipulated to create animal models for the disorder. Even though several approaches have been conducted, there is still a lack of adequate animal models for bipolar disorder. Specifically, most animal models mimic only mania or depression and only a few include the cyclical nature of the human condition. Future studies could therefore focus on modeling both episodes in the same animal model to also have the possibility to investigate the switch from mania-like behavior to depressive-like behavior and vice versa. The use of viral tools and a focus on circadian rhythms and the immune system might make the creation of such animal models possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik K. E. Beyer
- Experimental and Molecular Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Nadja Freund
- Experimental and Molecular Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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179
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Watt MJ, Weber MA, Davies SR, Forster GL. Impact of juvenile chronic stress on adult cortico-accumbal function: Implications for cognition and addiction. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 79. [PMID: 28642080 PMCID: PMC5610933 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to stress during childhood is associated with increased risk for neuropsychiatric illness, substance use disorders and other behavioral problems in adulthood. However, it is not clear how chronic childhood stress can lead to emergence of such a wide range of symptoms and disorders in later life. One possible explanation lies in stress-induced disruption to the development of specific brain regions associated with executive function and reward processing, deficits in which are common to the disorders promoted by childhood stress. Evidence of aberrations in prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens function following repeated exposure of juvenile (pre- and adolescent) organisms to a variety of different stressors would account not only for the similarity in symptoms across the wide range of childhood stress-associated mental illnesses, but also their persistence into adulthood in the absence of further stress. Therefore, the goal of this review is to evaluate the current knowledge regarding disruption to executive function and reward processing in adult animals or humans exposed to chronic stress over the juvenile period, and the underlying neurobiology, with particular emphasis on the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. First, the role of these brain regions in mediating executive function and reward processing is highlighted. Second, the neurobehavioral development of these systems is discussed to illustrate how juvenile stress may exert long-lasting effects on prefrontal cortex-accumbal activity and related behavioral functions. Finally, a critical review of current animal and human findings is presented, which strongly supports the supposition that exposure to chronic stress (particularly social aggression and isolation in animal studies) in the juvenile period produces impairments in executive function in adulthood, especially in working memory and inhibitory control. Chronic juvenile stress also results in aberrations to reward processing and seeking, with increased sensitivity to drugs of abuse particularly noted in animal models, which is in line with greater incidence of substance use disorders seen in clinical studies. These consequences are potentially mediated by monoamine and glutamatergic dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens, providing translatable therapeutic targets. However, the predominant use of male subjects and social-based stressors in preclinical studies points to a clear need for determining how both sex differences and stressor heterogeneity may differentially contribute to stress-induced changes to substrates mediating executive function and reward processing, before the impact of chronic juvenile stress in promoting adult psychopathology can be fully understood.
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180
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Orso R, Creutzberg KC, Centeno-Silva A, Carapeços MS, Levandowski ML, Wearick-Silva LE, Viola TW, Grassi-Oliveira R. NFκB1 and NFκB2 gene expression in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of early life stressed mice exposed to cocaine-induced conditioned place preference during adolescence. Neurosci Lett 2017; 658:27-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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181
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Bandinelli LP, Levandowski ML, Grassi-Oliveira R. The childhood maltreatment influences on breast cancer patients: A second wave hit model hypothesis for distinct biological and behavioral response. Med Hypotheses 2017; 108:86-93. [PMID: 29055407 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stress and cancer are two complex situations involving different biological and psychological mechanisms. Their relationship have long been studied, and there is evidence of the impact stress has on both, development and disease progression. Furthermore, early stress has been studied as an important factor associated to this relationship, since its impacts on the immune, endocrine and cognitive development throughout life is already known. Therefore, understanding early stress as a first wave of stress in life is necessary in order to explore a possible second wave hit model. From this perspective, we believe that breast cancer can be understood as a second wave of stress during development and that, in addition to the first wave, can cause important impacts on the response to cancer treatment, such as increased chances of disease progression and distinct behavioral responses. In this article we propose a second wave hit hypothesis applied to breast cancer and its implications on the immune, endocrine and cognitive systems, through mechanisms that involve the HPA axis and subsequent activations of stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Poitevin Bandinelli
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), RS, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (PUCRS), RS, Brazil
| | - Mateus Luz Levandowski
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), RS, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (PUCRS), RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), RS, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (PUCRS), RS, Brazil.
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182
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Ishikawa C, Shiga T. The postnatal 5-HT 1A receptor regulates adult anxiety and depression differently via multiple molecules. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 78:66-74. [PMID: 28483674 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) and the 5-HT1A receptor during development are known to modulate anxiety and depression in later life. However, the brain mechanisms linking the postnatal 5-HT system and adult behavior remain unknown. Here, we examined the effects of pharmacological 5-HT1A receptor activation during the postnatal period on anxiety and depression-like behavior in adult BALB/c male mice. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, we measured mRNA expression of the 5-HT1A receptor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), GABAA receptor subunits, and AMPA receptor subunits in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), amygdala, and hippocampus. Treatment with the selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor (fluoxetine) and 5-HT1A receptor agonist (8-OH-DPAT) during the postnatal period decreased anxiety-like behavior in adulthood, whereas only 8-OH-DPAT treatment increased depression-like behavior. Concomitantly with the behavioral effects, postnatal treatment with fluoxetine and 8-OH-DPAT decreased the mRNA expression of the GABAA receptor α3 subunit in the mPFC and ventral hippocampus in adulthood, while 8-OH-DPAT, but not fluoxetine, decreased the mRNA expression of the 5-HT1A receptor and BDNF in the mPFC and the GABAA receptor α2 subunit in the mPFC and ventral hippocampus. On the basis of the correlative changes between behavior and mRNA expression, these results suggest that the GABAA receptor α3 subunit in the mPFC and ventral hippocampus may regulate anxiety-like behavior. In contrast, depression-like behavior may be regulated by the 5-HT1A receptor and BDNF in the mPFC and by the GABAA receptor α2 subunit in the mPFC and ventral hippocampus. In summary, activation of the 5-HT1A receptor during the postnatal period may reduce anxiety levels, but increase depression levels during adulthood via different multiple molecules in the mPFC and ventral hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiga
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan; Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan.
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183
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Feifel AJ, Shair HN, Schmauss C. Lasting effects of early life stress in mice: interaction of maternal environment and infant genes. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 16:768-780. [PMID: 28557378 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the mouse, a powerful paradigm of early life stress, infant maternal separation (IMS), can trigger emotional and cognitive dysfunctions in adulthood similar to those found in humans with a history of childhood adversity. The magnitude of IMS effects differs among diverse inbred strains suggesting an interaction between the genetic background of pups and the maternal care they received. Here, we investigated this interaction with studies on reciprocal F1 hybrid mice of the stress-susceptible Balb/c and the resilient C57Bl/6 strains that were either raised by Balb/c mothers (low maternal care) or by C57Bl/6 mothers (higher maternal care) with or without IMS exposure. The ultrasonic vocalization response to isolation was recorded from infant F1 pups, and their emotional, executive cognitive and epigenetic phenotypes were assessed in adulthood. These studies showed that, regardless of the maternal care received, the emotional phenotype of F1 hybrids was not significantly affected by IMS exposure. However, F1 pups raised by Balb/c (but not C57Bl/6) mothers during IMS exposure exhibit deficits in working memory and attention-set-shifting in adulthood. They also exhibit reduced histone deacetylase 1 levels at promotors of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and early growth response 2 genes, and abnormally high induction of expression of these genes during cognitive testing. As one of affected genes was previously shown to associate with the Balb/c and the other with the C57Bl/6 genetic background, these findings indicate that both parental alleles interact with the maternal environment to modulate the cognitive and epigenetic phenotypes of F1 mice exposed to the IMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Feifel
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - H N Shair
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Schmauss
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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184
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Knop J, Joëls M, van der Veen R. The added value of rodent models in studying parental influence on offspring development: opportunities, limitations and future perspectives. Curr Opin Psychol 2017; 15:174-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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185
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Reconsidering depression as a risk factor for substance use disorder: Insights from rodent models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 77:303-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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186
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Maternal separation induces hippocampal changes in cadherin-1 ( CDH-1 ) mRNA and recognition memory impairment in adolescent mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 141:157-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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187
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188
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Wearick-Silva LE, Marshall P, Viola TW, Centeno-Silva A, de Azeredo LA, Orso R, Li X, Donadio MV, Bredy TW, Grassi-Oliveira R. Running during adolescence rescues a maternal separation-induced memory impairment in female mice: Potential role of differential exon-specific BDNF expression. Dev Psychobiol 2016; 59:268-274. [PMID: 27807856 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to early life stress has been associated with memory impairments related to changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling. However, the potential impact of physical exercise to reverse these effects of maternal separation has been under investigated. Mice were subjected to maternal separation during the first 2 weeks of life and then exposed to a 3-week running protocol during adolescence. The spontaneous object recognition task was performed during adolescence followed by analysis of hippocampal expression of exons I, IV, and IX of the BDNF gene. As expected, maternal separation impaired recognition memory and this effect was reversed by exercise. In addition, running increased BDNF exon I expression, but decreased expression of BDNF exon IV in all groups, while exon IX expression increased only in MS animals exposed to exercise. Our data suggest that memory deficits can be attenuated by exercise and specific transcripts of the BDNF gene are dynamically regulated following both MS and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Eduardo Wearick-Silva
- Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (DCNL) Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paul Marshall
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Thiago Wendt Viola
- Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (DCNL) Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Anderson Centeno-Silva
- Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (DCNL) Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucas Araújo de Azeredo
- Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (DCNL) Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Orso
- Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (DCNL) Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Márcio V Donadio
- Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Timothy W Bredy
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (DCNL) Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Maternal separation exacerbates Alzheimer's disease-like behavioral and pathological changes in adult APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Behav Brain Res 2016; 318:18-23. [PMID: 27771383 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder that gradually destroys memory and cognitive abilities in the elderly, makes a huge emotional and economic burden on the patients and their families. The presence of senile plaques and the loss of cholinergic neurons in the brain are two neuropathological hallmarks of AD. Maternal separation (MS) is an animal paradigm designed to make early life stress. Studies on wild type rodents showed that MS could induce AD-like cognitive deficit and pathological changes. However, the effects of MS on AD susceptible population or AD animal models are still unclear. In the present study, male APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice were separated from dam and pups 3h per day from postnatal day 2 to day 21. After weaning, all animals were housed under normal conditions (4 mice per cage). At 9-month age, MWM tests were performed to evaluate the learning and memory abilities. Then the pathological changes in the brain were measured by histology staining. The results showed MS mice had more severe deficit of learning and memory. Compared to the control, there were more senile plaques in cortex and hippocampus, fewer cholinergic neurons in nucleus basalis of Meynert in MS mice. These results indicate that MS exacerbates Alzheimer's disease-like behavioral and pathological changes in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice.
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