151
|
Jackson MD, Keyzers RA, Linklater WL. Single compounds elicit complex behavioural responses in wild, free-ranging rats. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12588. [PMID: 30135461 PMCID: PMC6105672 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30953-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
There is mounting evidence that single compounds can act as signals and cues for mammals and that when presented at their optimal concentration they can elicit behavioural responses that replicate those recorded for complex mixtures like gland secretions and foods. We designed a rapid bioassay to present nine compounds that we had previously identified in foods, each at seven different concentrations (63 treatments), to wild, free-ranging rats and scored each treatment for attraction and three behavioural responses. Nine treatments (taken from five compounds) statistically outperformed the current standard rat attractant, peanut butter. Attraction to treatments was highest at the two lowest concentrations (0.1 and 0.01 μg g−1) and a statistically significant relationship of increasing attraction with decreasing treatment concentration was identified. Our study identified five compounds not previously associated with behavioural responses by rats that elicit equivalent or more intense behavioural responses than those obtained with peanut butter. Moreover, attraction to treatments was driven by a concentration-dependent relationship not previously reported. This is the first study to identify isopentanol, 1-hexanol, acetoin, isobutyl acetate and 2-methylbutyl acetate as possible semiochemicals/cues for rats. More broadly, our findings provide important guidance to researchers in the ongoing search for mammalian semiochemicals and cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Jackson
- Centre for Biodiversity & Restoration Ecology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand. .,School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Biodiversity and Restoration Ecology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiversity & Restoration Ecology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.,School of Chemical and Physical Sciences and Centre for Biodiversity and Restoration Ecology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Wayne L Linklater
- Centre for Biodiversity & Restoration Ecology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Scaros AT, Croll RP, Baratte S. Immunohistochemical Approach to Understanding the Organization of the Olfactory System in the Cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:2074-2088. [PMID: 29578683 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cephalopods are nontraditional but captivating models of invertebrate neurobiology, particularly in evolutionary comparisons. Cephalopod olfactory systems have striking similarities and fundamental differences with vertebrates, arthropods, and gastropods, raising questions about the ancestral origins of those systems. We describe here the organization and development of the olfactory system of the common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. FMRFamide and/or related peptides and histamine are putative neurotransmitters in olfactory sensory neurons. Other neurotransmitters, including serotonin and APGWamide within the olfactory and other brain lobes, suggest efferent control of olfactory input and/or roles in the processing of olfactory information. The distributions of neurotransmitters, along with staining patterns of phalloidin, anti-acetylated α-tubulin, and a synaptotagmin riboprobe, help to clarify the structure of the olfactory lobe. We discuss a key difference, the lack of identifiable olfactory glomeruli, in cuttlefish in comparison to other models, and suggest its implications for the evolution of olfaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexia T. Scaros
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Roger P. Croll
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sébastien Baratte
- Sorbonne Université,
MNHN, UNICAEN, UA, CNRS, IRD, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes
Aquatiques (BOREA), Paris 75005, France
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Alexander BM. ASAS-SSR Triennial Reproduction Symposium: Looking Back And Moving Forward-How Reproductive Physiology Has Evolved: Male reproductive behavior: sensory signaling in the brain of low-performing domestic rams. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3003-3008. [PMID: 29596647 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rams are selected for genetic traits a producer desires to propagate in his flock. Even though practically all sheep are naturally bred, rams are rarely evaluated for expression of sexual interest or behavior. Research at the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station reported that the proportion of rams with limited interest in ewes was nearly 30% of the total number of breeding rams. Breeding soundness tested rams with low sexual interest sire less than 16% of the lamb crop. Although producers recognize the problem, their usual solution is to increase the number of rams in breeding flocks decreasing the risk of open ewes. Increased costs and a lack of genetic progress are clearly important considerations, but the biological question as to what controls sexual interest remains intriguing. Circulating concentrations of testosterone do not differ by sexual interest among rams. However, following exposure to estrous ewes, sexually active, but not inactive, rams exhibit an increase in LH pulsatile activity, a biological response to sexual stimuli. This begs the question as to whether sexually inactive rams recognize sexual cues. Using c fos activity as an indicator of neural activity, differences in the olfactory pathway were compared among sexually active and inactive rams. Differences in fos activity were not detected in the olfactory bulb or medial amygdala. However, sexually inactive rams had lower fos activity in the central amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus following exposure to sexual evocative olfactory stimuli. This suggests sexually inactive rams detect olfactory cues but have decreased vigilance to sensory stimuli and a muted response to sexual signals in areas of the brain required for the execution of sexual performance. With the amygdala receiving and integrating sensory signals from many areas of the brain, sexually inactive rams may lack normal reward mechanisms contributing to their lack of sexual interest. Rams with limited sexual interest have decreased dopamine synthesis and a lower expression of dopamine D2 receptors following exposure to sexual stimuli. Thus, a tempered reward pathway in combination with decreased vigilance and sensory processing in the amygdala may reduce stimulation and/or responsiveness in areas of the brain required for expression of sexual behavior.
Collapse
|
154
|
Lee K, Mylonakis E. An Intestine-Derived Neuropeptide Controls Avoidance Behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans. Cell Rep 2018; 20:2501-2512. [PMID: 28877481 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjusting to a continuously changing environment is a key feature of life. For metazoans, environmental changes include alterations in the gut microbiota, which can affect both memory and behavior. The bacteriovorous nematode Caenorhabditis elegans discriminates between pathogenic and non-pathogenic food sources, avoiding the consumption of pathogens. Here, we demonstrate the role of the intestine in regulating C. elegans avoidance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa by an insulin-like neuropeptide encoded by ins-11. The transcriptional expression of ins-11 is controlled through transcription factor hlh-30 and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. ins-11 negatively controls signal pathways in neurons that regulate aversive learning behavior. Attenuation of ins-11 increased avoidance behavior and survival on pathogenic bacteria but decreased opportunities to find a food source as well as lowered energy storage and the number of viable progeny. Our findings support a role for the intestine in avoidance and identify an advantageous role for negative feedback that allows C. elegans to actively balance noxious and favorable environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiho Lee
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Yohe LR, Hoffmann S, Curtis A. Vomeronasal and Olfactory Structures in Bats Revealed by DiceCT Clarify Genetic Evidence of Function. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:32. [PMID: 29867373 PMCID: PMC5953337 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The degree to which molecular and morphological loss of function occurs synchronously during the vestigialization of traits is not well understood. The mammalian vomeronasal system, a sense critical for mediating many social and reproductive behaviors, is highly conserved across mammals. New World Leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) are under strong selection to maintain a functional vomeronasal system such that most phyllostomids possess a distinct vomeronasal organ and an intact TRPC2, a gene encoding a protein primarily involved in vomeronasal sensory neuron signal transduction. Recent genetic evidence, however, shows that TRPC2 is a pseudogene in some Caribbean nectarivorous phyllostomids. The loss-of-function mutations suggest the sensory neural tissue of the vomeronasal organ is absent in these species despite strong selection on this gene in its mainland relatives, but the anatomy was unknown in most Caribbean nectarivorous phyllostomids until this study. We used diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) to test whether the vomeronasal and main olfactory anatomy of several phyllostomid species matched genetic evidence of function, providing insight into whether loss of a structure is linked to pseudogenization of a molecular component of the system. The vomeronasal organ is indeed rudimentary or absent in species with a disrupted TRPC2 gene. Caribbean nectar-feeders also exhibit derived olfactory turbinal morphology and a large olfactory recess that differs from closely related bats that have an intact vomeronasal organ, which may hint that the main olfactory system may compensate for loss. We emphasize non-invasive diceCT is capable of detecting the vomeronasal organ, providing a feasible approach for quantifying mammalian chemosensory anatomy across species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurel R Yohe
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Simone Hoffmann
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, United States
| | - Abigail Curtis
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Heerema JL, Jackman KW, Miliano RC, Li L, Zaborniak TSM, Veldhoen N, van Aggelen G, Parker WJ, Pyle GG, Helbing CC. Behavioral and molecular analyses of olfaction-mediated avoidance responses of Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana tadpoles: Sensitivity to thyroid hormones, estrogen, and treated municipal wastewater effluent. Horm Behav 2018; 101:85-93. [PMID: 28964734 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Olfaction is critical for survival, facilitating predator avoidance and food location. The nature of the olfactory system changes during amphibian metamorphosis as the aquatic herbivorous tadpole transitions to a terrestrial, carnivorous frog. Metamorphosis is principally dependent on the action of thyroid hormones (THs), l-thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), yet little is known about their influence on olfaction during this phase of postembryonic development. We exposed Taylor Kollros stage I-XIII Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana tadpoles to physiological concentrations of T4, T3, or 17-beta-estradiol (E2) for 48h and evaluated a predator cue avoidance response. The avoidance response in T3-exposed tadpoles was abolished while T4- or E2-exposed tadpoles were unaffected compared to control tadpoles. qPCR analyses on classic TH-response gene transcripts (thra, thrb, and thibz) in the olfactory epithelium demonstrated that, while both THs produced molecular responses, T3 elicited greater responses than T4. Municipal wastewater feed stock was spiked with a defined pharmaceutical and personal care product (PPCP) cocktail and treated with an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR). Despite substantially reduced PPCP levels, exposure to this effluent abolished avoidance behavior relative to AnMBR effluent whose feed stock was spiked with vehicle. Thibz transcript levels increased upon exposure to either effluent indicating TH mimic activity. The present work is the first to demonstrate differential TH responsiveness of the frog tadpole olfactory system with both behavioral and molecular alterations. A systems-based analysis is warranted to further elucidate the mechanism of action on the olfactory epithelium and identify further molecular bioindicators linked to behavioral response disruption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jody L Heerema
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Kevin W Jackman
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Rachel C Miliano
- Environment Canada, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, 2645 Dollarton Highway, North Vancouver, British Columbia V7H 1V2, Canada
| | - Linda Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Tristan S M Zaborniak
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Nik Veldhoen
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Graham van Aggelen
- Environment Canada, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, 2645 Dollarton Highway, North Vancouver, British Columbia V7H 1V2, Canada
| | - Wayne J Parker
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Gregory G Pyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Caren C Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Noonan MJ, Tinnesand HV, Buesching CD. Normalizing Gas-Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Data: Method Choice can Alter Biological Inference. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1700210. [PMID: 29709068 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate how different normalization techniques in GC-MS analysis impart unique properties to the data, influencing any biological inference. Using simulations, and empirical data, we compare the most commonly used techniques (Total Sum Normalization 'TSN'; Median Normalization 'MN'; Probabilistic Quotient Normalization 'PQN'; Internal Standard Normalization 'ISN'; External Standard Normalization 'ESN'; and a compositional data approach 'CODA'). When differences between biological classes are pronounced, ESN and ISN provides good results, but are less reliable for more subtly differentiated groups. MN, TSN, and CODA approaches produced variable results dependent on the structure of the data, and are prone to false positive biomarker identification. In contrast, PQN exhibits the lowest false positive rate, though with occasionally poor model performance. Because ESN requires extensive pre-planning, and offers only mixed reliability, and ISN, TSN, MN, and CODA approaches are prone to introducing artefactual differences, we recommend the use of PQN in GC-MS research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Noonan
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Rd., Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Helga V Tinnesand
- Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences, and Maritime Sciences, Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University College of Southeast Norway, 3800 Bø i Telemark, Norway
| | - Christina D Buesching
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology Department, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon, OX13 5QL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
McGlone JJ, Garcia A, Thompson WG, Pirner GM. Maternal-Neonatal Pheromone/Interomone Added to Cat Litter Improves Litter Box Use and Reduces Aggression in Pair-Housed Cats. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2018; 22:127-138. [PMID: 29580091 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2018.1446341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Introducing a new cat into a household with one or more resident cats can be a significant source of stress for the cats involved. These studies sought to determine if rabbit maternal-neonatal pheromone (2-methyl-2-butenal [2M2B]) in litter impacted cat social behaviors and litter box use. Study 1 determined that cats preferred to eliminate in litter containing 2M2B; other semiochemicals tested did not change litter box use. Cats prone to aggression were identified in an intermediate pilot study, and eight pairs of these cats were selected for Study 2. In Study 2, cat pairs were provided litter containing either vehicle or 2M2B for 24 hours. Cats experiencing control litter displayed more aggression during the first 6 hours (p < .01) and spent more time using the litter box 12 hours and 18 hours after pairing compared with cats experiencing litter with 2M2B (p = .02). These results suggest 2M2B-infused cat litter may act as an interomone in cats housed domestically to prevent initial occurrences of aggression and may improve cat welfare in multicat households.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J McGlone
- a Department of Animal and Food Sciences , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas , USA
| | - Arlene Garcia
- a Department of Animal and Food Sciences , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas , USA
| | | | - Glenna M Pirner
- a Department of Animal and Food Sciences , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas , USA
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Gruber L, Rybak J, Hansson BS, Cantera R. Synaptic Spinules in the Olfactory Circuit of Drosophila melanogaster. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:86. [PMID: 29636666 PMCID: PMC5880883 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report on ultrastructural features of brain synapses in the fly Drosophila melanogaster and outline a perspective for the study of their functional significance. Images taken with the aid of focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (EM) at 20 nm intervals across olfactory glomerulus DA2 revealed that some synaptic boutons are penetrated by protrusions emanating from other neurons. Similar structures in the brain of mammals are known as synaptic spinules. A survey with transmission EM (TEM) disclosed that these structures are frequent throughout the antennal lobe. Detailed neuronal tracings revealed that spinules are formed by all three major types of neurons innervating glomerulus DA2 but the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) receive significantly more spinules than other olfactory neurons. Double-membrane vesicles (DMVs) that appear to represent material that has pinched-off from spinules are also most abundant in presynaptic boutons of OSNs. Inside the host neuron, a close association was observed between spinules, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. We propose that by releasing material into the host neuron, through a process triggered by synaptic activity and analogous to axonal pruning, synaptic spinules could function as a mechanism for synapse tagging, synaptic remodeling and neural plasticity. Future directions of experimental work to investigate this theory are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Gruber
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPG)Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rybak
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPG)Jena, Germany
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPG)Jena, Germany
| | - Rafael Cantera
- Departamento de Biología del Neurodesarrollo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE)Montevideo, Uruguay.,Zoology Department, Stockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Han Z, Zhang X, Zhu J, Chen Y, Li CT. High-Throughput Automatic Training System for Odor-Based Learned Behaviors in Head-Fixed Mice. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:15. [PMID: 29487506 PMCID: PMC5816819 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding neuronal mechanisms of learned behaviors requires efficient behavioral assays. We designed a high-throughput automatic training system (HATS) for olfactory behaviors in head-fixed mice. The hardware and software were constructed to enable automatic training with minimal human intervention. The integrated system was composed of customized 3D-printing supporting components, an odor-delivery unit with fast response, Arduino based hardware-controlling and data-acquisition unit. Furthermore, the customized software was designed to enable automatic training in all training phases, including lick-teaching, shaping and learning. Using HATS, we trained mice to perform delayed non-match to sample (DNMS), delayed paired association (DPA), Go/No-go (GNG), and GNG reversal tasks. These tasks probed cognitive functions including sensory discrimination, working memory, decision making and cognitive flexibility. Mice reached stable levels of performance within several days in the tasks. HATS enabled an experimenter to train eight mice simultaneously, therefore greatly enhanced the experimental efficiency. Combined with causal perturbation and activity recording techniques, HATS can greatly facilitate our understanding of the neural-circuitry mechanisms underlying learned behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Han
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yulei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengyu T Li
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Di Natale C, Martinelli E, Magna G, Mandoj F, Monti D, Nardis S, Stefanelli M, Paolesse R. Porphyrins for olfaction mimic: The Rome Tor Vergata approach. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424617300026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The impressive chemistry shown by porphyrins in natural systems is particularly attractive for exploitation in chemical sensors. In these devices the sensing mechanisms can mimic most of the porphyrin biological reactivity, such as reversible binding, activation of small molecules, redox activity, and photoactivated processes. The simultaneous presence of multiple binding mechanisms allows porphyrins to interact with a large variety of analytes. This feature reduces the selectivity, but prompts the development of sensor arrays, where the cross-selectivity of more sensors is used to classify and identify samples characterized by a complex composition. Since 1995 the Sensors Group of the University of Rome Tor Vergata has exploited these features to prepare sensor arrays based on different transducers and aimed at several applications. These kinds of devices have been reported as electronic noses (gaseous phase analytes) and electronic tongues (liquid phase analytes) to underline that their working mechanisms are tentatively similar to that of biological senses. We report here some of the results obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Di Natale
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Eugenio Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Magna
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Federica Mandoj
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Donato Monti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Sara Nardis
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Manuela Stefanelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Paolesse
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Carcaud J, Giurfa M, Sandoz JC. Differential Processing by Two Olfactory Subsystems in the Honeybee Brain. Neuroscience 2018; 374:33-48. [PMID: 29374539 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Among insects, Hymenoptera present a striking olfactory system with a clear neural dichotomy from the periphery to higher order centers, based on two main tracts of second-order (projection) neurons: the medial and lateral antennal lobe tracts (m-ALT and l-ALT). Despite substantial work on this dual pathway, its exact function is yet unclear. Here, we ask how attributes of odor quality and odor quantity are represented in the projection neurons (PNs) of the two pathways. Using in vivo calcium imaging, we compared the responses of m-ALT and l-ALT PNs of the honey bee Apis mellifera to a panel of 16 aliphatic odorants, and to three chosen odorants at eight concentrations. The results show that each pathway conveys differential information about odorants' chemical features or concentration to higher order centers. While the l-ALT primarily conveys information about odorants' chain length, the m-ALT informs about odorants' functional group. Furthermore, each tract can only predict chemical distances or bees' behavioral responses for odorants that differ according to its main feature, chain length or functional group. Generally l-ALT neurons displayed more graded dose-response relationships than m-ALT neurons, with a correspondingly smoother progression of inter-odor distances with increasing concentration. Comparison of these results with previous data recorded at AL input reveals differential processing by local networks within the two pathways. These results support the existence of parallel processing of odorant features in the insect brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Carcaud
- Evolution, Genomes, Behavior and Ecology, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, IRD, Université Paris Saclay, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Martin Giurfa
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Sandoz
- Evolution, Genomes, Behavior and Ecology, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, IRD, Université Paris Saclay, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
|
164
|
Lizbinski KM, Dacks AM. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Neuromodulation of Olfactory Processing. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 11:424. [PMID: 29375314 PMCID: PMC5767172 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulation is a ubiquitous feature of neural systems, allowing flexible, context specific control over network dynamics. Neuromodulation was first described in invertebrate motor systems and early work established a basic dichotomy for neuromodulation as having either an intrinsic origin (i.e., neurons that participate in network coding) or an extrinsic origin (i.e., neurons from independent networks). In this conceptual dichotomy, intrinsic sources of neuromodulation provide a “memory” by adjusting network dynamics based upon previous and ongoing activation of the network itself, while extrinsic neuromodulators provide the context of ongoing activity of other neural networks. Although this dichotomy has been thoroughly considered in motor systems, it has received far less attention in sensory systems. In this review, we discuss intrinsic and extrinsic modulation in the context of olfactory processing in invertebrate and vertebrate model systems. We begin by discussing presynaptic modulation of olfactory sensory neurons by local interneurons (LNs) as a mechanism for gain control based on ongoing network activation. We then discuss the cell-class specific effects of serotonergic centrifugal neurons on olfactory processing. Finally, we briefly discuss the integration of intrinsic and extrinsic neuromodulation (metamodulation) as an effective mechanism for exerting global control over olfactory network dynamics. The heterogeneous nature of neuromodulation is a recurring theme throughout this review as the effects of both intrinsic and extrinsic modulation are generally non-uniform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristyn M Lizbinski
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Andrew M Dacks
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Steinke M, Randell L, Dumbrell AJ, Saha M. Volatile Biomarkers for Aquatic Ecological Research. ADV ECOL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
166
|
Heerema JL, Helbing CC, Pyle GG. Use of electro-olfactography to measure olfactory acuity in the North American bullfrog (Lithobates (Rana) catesbeiana) tadpole. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 147:643-647. [PMID: 28926819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Olfaction is an important sense for aquatic organisms because it provides information about their surroundings, including nearby food, mates, and predators. Electro-olfactography (EOG) is an electrophysiological technique that measures the response of olfactory tissue to olfactory stimuli, and responses are indicative of olfactory acuity. Previous studies have used this technique on a variety of species including frogs, salamanders, daphniids and, most extensively, fish. In the present study, we introduce a novel modified EOG method for use on Lithobates (Rana) catesbeiana tadpoles. Responses to a number of olfactory stimuli including amino acids, an algal extract (Spirulina), and taurocholic acid were tested, as measured by EOG. Tadpoles exhibited consistent and reliable responses to L-alanine and Spirulina extract. Tadpoles also exhibited concentration-dependent responses to Spirulina extract. These findings indicate that tadpole EOG is a viable electrophysiology technique that can be used in future research to study olfactory physiology and impairment in tadpoles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jody L Heerema
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 6T5.
| | - Caren C Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2.
| | - Greg G Pyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 6T5.
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Savoca MS, Tyson CW, McGill M, Slager CJ. Odours from marine plastic debris induce food search behaviours in a forage fish. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:rspb.2017.1000. [PMID: 28814656 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic pollution is an anthropogenic stressor in marine ecosystems globally. Many species of marine fish (more than 50) ingest plastic debris. Ingested plastic has a variety of lethal and sublethal impacts and can be a route for bioaccumulation of toxic compounds throughout the food web. Despite its pervasiveness and severity, our mechanistic understanding of this maladaptive foraging behaviour is incomplete. Recent evidence suggests that the chemical signature of plastic debris may explain why certain species are predisposed to mistaking plastic for food. Anchovy (Engraulis sp.) are abundant forage fish in coastal upwelling systems and a critical prey resource for top predators. Anchovy ingest plastic in natural conditions, though the mechanism they use to misidentify plastic as prey is unknown. Here, we presented wild-caught schools of northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) with odour solutions made of plastic debris and clean plastic to compare school-wide aggregation and rheotactic responses relative to food and food odour presentations. Anchovy schools responded to plastic debris odour with increased aggregation and reduced rheotaxis. These results were similar to the effects food and food odour presentations had on schools. Conversely, these behavioural responses were absent in clean plastic and control treatments. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence that adult anchovy use odours to forage. We conclude that the chemical signature plastic debris acquires in the photic zone can induce foraging behaviours in anchovy schools. These findings provide further support for a chemosensory mechanism underlying plastic consumption by marine wildlife. Given the trophic position of forage fish, these findings have considerable implications for aquatic food webs and possibly human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Savoca
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Chris W Tyson
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael McGill
- Aquarium of the Bay, Pier 39, Embarcadero at Beach Street, San Francisco, CA 94133, USA
| | - Christina J Slager
- Aquarium of the Bay, Pier 39, Embarcadero at Beach Street, San Francisco, CA 94133, USA
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Mazur J, Roy K, Kanwar JR. Recent advances in nanomedicine and survivin targeting in brain cancers. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 13:105-137. [PMID: 29161215 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain cancer is a highly lethal disease, especially devastating toward both the elderly and children. This cancer has no therapeutics available to combat it, predominately due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) preventing treatments from maintaining therapeutic levels within the brain. Recently, nanoparticle technology has entered the forefront of cancer therapy due to its ability to deliver therapeutic effects while potentially passing physiological barriers. Key nanoparticles for brain cancer treatment include glutathione targeted PEGylated liposomes, gold nanoparticles, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and nanoparticle-albumin bound drugs, with these being discussed throughout this review. Recently, the survivin protein has gained attention as it is over-expressed in a majority of tumors. This review will briefly discuss the properties of survivin, while focusing on how both nanoparticles and survivin-targeting treatments hold potential as brain cancer therapies. This review may provide useful insight into new brain cancer treatment options, particularly survivin inhibition and nanomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jake Mazur
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biomedical Research, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (CMMR), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong VIC 3217, Australia
| | - Kislay Roy
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biomedical Research, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (CMMR), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong VIC 3217, Australia
| | - Jagat R Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biomedical Research, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (CMMR), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong VIC 3217, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
López-Elizalde R, Campero A, Sánchez-Delgadillo T, Lemus-Rodríguez Y, López-González MI, Godínez-Rubí M. Anatomy of the olfactory nerve: A comprehensive review with cadaveric dissection. Clin Anat 2017; 31:109-117. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.23003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. López-Elizalde
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital General Dr. Valentín Gómez Farías, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado; Guadalajara Jalisco 45100 Mexico
| | - A. Campero
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Padilla; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - T. Sánchez-Delgadillo
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital General Dr. Valentín Gómez Farías, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado; Guadalajara Jalisco 45100 Mexico
| | - Y. Lemus-Rodríguez
- Módulo de Cirugía Cerebrovascular, Centro Médico 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado; Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - MI. López-González
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología, Departamento de Microbiología y Patología; Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara; Guadalajara Jalisco Mexico
| | - M. Godínez-Rubí
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital General Dr. Valentín Gómez Farías, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado; Guadalajara Jalisco 45100 Mexico
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología, Departamento de Microbiología y Patología; Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara; Guadalajara Jalisco Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Sepahi A, Tacchi L, Casadei E, Takizawa F, LaPatra SE, Salinas I. CK12a, a CCL19-like Chemokine That Orchestrates both Nasal and Systemic Antiviral Immune Responses in Rainbow Trout. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3900-3913. [PMID: 29061765 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and chemokine receptors have rapidly diversified in teleost fish but their immune functions remain unclear. We report in this study that CCL19, a chemokine known to control lymphocyte migration and compartmentalization of lymphoid tissues in mammals, diversified in salmonids leading to the presence of six CCL19-like genes named CK10a, CK10b, CK12a, CK12b, CK13a, and CK13b. Salmonid CCL19-like genes all contain the DCCL-conserved motif but share low amino acid sequence identity. CK12 (but not CK10 or CK13) is constitutively expressed at high levels in all four trout MALT. Nasal vaccination with a live attenuated virus results in sustained upregulation of CK12 (but not CK10 or CK13) expression in trout nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue. Recombinant His-tagged trout CK12a (rCK12a) is not chemotactic in vitro but it increases the width of the nasal lamina propria when delivered intranasally. rCK12a delivered intranasally or i.p. stimulates the expression of CD8α, granulysin, and IFN-γ in mucosal and systemic compartments and increases nasal CD8α+ cell numbers. rCK12a is able to stimulate proliferation of head kidney leukocytes from Ag-experienced trout but not naive controls, yet it does not confer protection against viral challenge. These results show that local nasal production of CK12a contributes to antiviral immune protection both locally and systemically via stimulation of CD8 cellular immune responses and highlight a conserved role for CK12 in the orchestration of mucosal and systemic immune responses against viral pathogens in vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sepahi
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Luca Tacchi
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Elisa Casadei
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | | | - Irene Salinas
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131;
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Grabe V, Sachse S. Fundamental principles of the olfactory code. Biosystems 2017; 164:94-101. [PMID: 29054468 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sensory coding represents a basic principle of all phyla in nature: species attempt to perceive their natural surroundings and to make sense of them. Ultimately, sensory coding is the only way to allow a species to make the kinds of crucial decisions that lead to a behavioral response. In this manner, animals are able to detect numerous parameters, ranging from temperature and humidity to light and sound to volatile or non-volatile chemicals. Most of these environmental cues represent a clearly defined stimulus array that can be described along a single physical parameter, such as wavelength or frequency; odorants, in contrast, cannot. The odor space encompasses an enormous and nearly infinite number of diverse stimuli that cannot be classified according to their positions along a single dimension. Hence, the olfactory system has to encode and translate the vast odor array into an accurate neural map in the brain. In this review, we will outline the relevant steps of the olfactory code and describe its progress along the olfactory pathway, i.e., from the peripheral olfactory organs to the first olfactory center in the brain and then to the higher processing areas where the odor perception takes place, enabling an organism to make odor-guided decisions. We will focus mainly on studies from the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster, but we will also indicate similarities to and differences from the olfactory system of other invertebrate species as well as of the vertebrate world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veit Grabe
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of EvolutionaryNeuroethology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Silke Sachse
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of EvolutionaryNeuroethology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Moran RL, Zhou M, Catchen JM, Fuller RC. Male and female contributions to behavioral isolation in darters as a function of genetic distance and color distance. Evolution 2017; 71:2428-2444. [PMID: 28776645 PMCID: PMC5656840 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Determining which reproductive isolating barriers arise first between geographically isolated lineages is critical to understanding allopatric speciation. We examined behavioral isolation among four recently diverged allopatric species in the orangethroat darter clade (Etheostoma: Ceasia). We also examined behavioral isolation between each Ceasia species and the sympatric rainbow darter Etheostoma caeruleum. We asked (1) is behavioral isolation present between allopatric Ceasia species, and how does this compare to behavioral isolation with E. caeruleum, (2) does male color distance and/or genetic distance predict behavioral isolation between species, and (3) what are the relative contributions of female choice, male choice, and male competition to behavioral isolation? We found that behavioral isolation, genetic differentiation, and male color pattern differentiation were present between allopatric Ceasia species. Males, but not females, discerned between conspecific and heterospecific mates. Males also directed more aggression toward conspecific rival males. The high levels of behavioral isolation among Ceasia species showed no obvious pattern with genetic distance or male color distance. However, when the E. caeruleum was included in the analysis, an association between male aggression and male color distance was apparent. We discuss the possibility that reinforcement between Ceasia and E. caeruleum is driving behavioral isolation among allopatric Ceasia species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Moran
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820.,Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820
| | - Muchu Zhou
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820.,Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820
| | - Julian M Catchen
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820.,Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820
| | - Rebecca C Fuller
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820.,Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Sáiz J, García-Roa R, Martín J, Gómara B. Fast, sensitive, and selective gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the target analysis of chemical secretions from femoral glands in lizards. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1514:110-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
174
|
Mazzola L, Royet JP, Catenoix H, Montavont A, Isnard J, Mauguière F. Gustatory and olfactory responses to stimulation of the human insula. Ann Neurol 2017; 82:360-370. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.25010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Mazzola
- Neurology Department; University Hospital; Saint-Étienne
- Central Integration of Pain Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Health and Medical Research Unit 1028; National Center for Scientific Research Mixed Unit of Research 5292; Lyon
- Jean Monnet University; Saint-Étienne
| | - Jean-Pierre Royet
- Olfaction: From Coding to Memory Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Health and Medical Research Unit 1028, National Center for Scientific Research Mixed Unit of Research 5292; University of Lyon; Lyon
- Claude Bernard University Lyon 1; University of Lyon; Lyon
| | - Hélène Catenoix
- Functional Neurology and Epilepsy Department, Neurological Hospital; Civil Hospices of Lyon; Lyon France
| | - Alexandra Montavont
- Functional Neurology and Epilepsy Department, Neurological Hospital; Civil Hospices of Lyon; Lyon France
| | - Jean Isnard
- Central Integration of Pain Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Health and Medical Research Unit 1028; National Center for Scientific Research Mixed Unit of Research 5292; Lyon
- Functional Neurology and Epilepsy Department, Neurological Hospital; Civil Hospices of Lyon; Lyon France
| | - François Mauguière
- Central Integration of Pain Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Health and Medical Research Unit 1028; National Center for Scientific Research Mixed Unit of Research 5292; Lyon
- Claude Bernard University Lyon 1; University of Lyon; Lyon
- Functional Neurology and Epilepsy Department, Neurological Hospital; Civil Hospices of Lyon; Lyon France
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Kingston ACN, Chappell DR, Miller HV, Lee SJ, Speiser DI. Expression of G Proteins in the Eyes and Parietovisceral Ganglion of the Bay Scallop Argopecten irradians. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2017; 233:83-95. [PMID: 29182502 DOI: 10.1086/694448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A multitude of image-forming eyes are spread across the bodies of certain invertebrates. Recent efforts have characterized how these eyes function, but less progress has been made toward describing the neural structures associated with them. Scallops, for example, have a distributed visual system that includes dozens of eyes whose optic nerves project to the lateral lobes of the parietovisceral ganglion (PVG). To identify sensory receptors and chemical synapses associated with the scallop visual system, we studied the expression of four G protein α subunits (Gαi, Gαo, Gαq, and Gαs) in the eyes and PVG of the bay scallop Argopecten irradians (Lamarck, 1819). In the eyes of A. irradians, we noted expression of Gαo by the ciliary photoreceptors of the distal retina, expression of Gαq by the rhabdomeric photoreceptors of the proximal retina, and the expression of Gαo and Gαq by the cells of the cornea; we did not, however, detect expression of Gαi or Gαs in the eyes. In the PVG of A. irradians, we noted widespread expression of Gαi, Gαo, and Gαq. The expression of Gαs was limited to fine neurites in the lateral and ventral central lobes, as well as large unipolar neurons in the dorsal central lobes. Our findings suggest that light detection by the eyes of A. irradians is conferred primarily by photoreceptors that express Gαo or Gαq, that the corneal cells of scallops may contain sensory receptors and/or receive neural input, and that G protein labeling is useful for visualizing substructures and identifying specific populations of cells within the nervous systems of invertebrates.
Collapse
|
176
|
One Special Glomerulus in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis Tadpoles Integrates a Broad Range of Amino Acids and Mechanical Stimuli. J Neurosci 2017; 36:10978-10989. [PMID: 27798179 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4631-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory system senses odors, but not exclusively, as shown over the past years. It also registers other modalities such as temperature and pressure. However, it remains unknown how widespread these sensitivities are across species and how strongly their processing is interconnected with the processing of odors. Here, we present data on the β-glomerulus in the olfactory bulb of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. We show that this glomerulus possesses an unusually broad response pattern to a large number of amino acids. The β-glomerulus uses the classical cAMP-mediated pathway, as suggested by its sensitivity to forskolin. This finding was unexpected because amino acid-sensitive olfactory sensory neurons of Xenopus commonly function in a cAMP-independent manner. Furthermore, we show that the β-glomerulus also reacts to pressure pulses delivered to the olfactory mucosa. These mechanical stimuli induce responses with profiles having typical dose-response and adaptation curves. Finally, whereas the mechanosensitivity in the glomerular layer was observed repeatedly in the β-glomerulus only, mechanosensitive modulation of mitral cells and their postsynaptic neuropils was found on a larger scale. Some mitral cells closely followed the response time course of the β-glomerulus, whereas many others were strongly inhibited by short pressure pulses. In conclusion, our data demonstrate the existence of one glomerulus sensitive to both a large number of amino acids and pressure pulses and show that the processing of pressure pulses is intertwined with odor processing. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We present a glomerulus in the olfactory bulb (OB) activated by very different stimuli, namely mechanical stimuli to the olfactory mucosa and a large number of amino acids. This unusual sensitivity is conveyed to the second-order neurons in the OB. Pressure sensitivity of olfactory sensory neurons has been shown recently in mice. Along with temperature sensitivity found in the olfactory system of mice and Xenopus laevis tadpoles, a discussion arose about the influence of these modalities on odor coding. Our results suggest that mechanosensitivity may be a general feature in olfactory systems. The pressure and broad amino acid sensitivity is not only focused to one glomerulus, but is also integrated in the odor processing of the OB's network.
Collapse
|
177
|
Kiss T. Do terrestrial gastropods use olfactory cues to locate and select food actively? INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 17:9. [PMID: 28688004 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-017-0202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Having been investigated for over 40 years, some aspects of the biology of terrestrial gastropod's olfactory system have been challenging and highly contentious, while others still remain unresolved. For example, a number of terrestrial gastropod species can track the odor of food, while others have no strong preferences toward food odor; rather they find it by random encounter. Here, while assessing the most recent findings and comparing them with earlier studies, the aspects of the food selection based on olfactory cues are examined critically to highlight the speculations and controversies that have arisen. We analyzed and compared the potential role of airborne odors in the feeding behavior of several terrestrial gastropod species. The available results indicate that in the foraging of most of the terrestrial gastropod species odor cues contribute substantially to food finding and selection. The results also suggest, however, that what they will actually consume largely depends on where they live and the species of gastropod that they are. Due to the voluminous literature relevant to this object, this review is not intended to be exhaustive. Instead, I selected what I consider to be the most important or critical in studies regarding the role of the olfaction in feeding of terrestrial gastropods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Kiss
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Klebelsberg Kuno Str. 2-3, Tihany, 8237, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Ashur MM, Johnston NK, Dixson DL. Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Sensory Function in Marine Organisms. Integr Comp Biol 2017; 57:63-80. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
179
|
Roberts RE, Motti CA, Baughman KW, Satoh N, Hall MR, Cummins SF. Identification of putative olfactory G-protein coupled receptors in Crown-of-Thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:400. [PMID: 28535807 PMCID: PMC5442662 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3793-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In marine organisms, and in particular for benthic invertebrates including echinoderms, olfaction is a dominant sense with chemosensation being a critical signalling process. Until recently natural product chemistry was the primary investigative approach to elucidate the nature of chemical signals but advances in genomics and transcriptomics over the last decade have facilitated breakthroughs in understanding not only the chemistry but also the molecular mechanisms underpinning chemosensation in aquatic environments. Integration of these approaches has the potential to reveal the fundamental elements influencing community structure of benthic ecosystems as chemical signalling modulates intra- and inter-species interactions. Such knowledge also offers avenues for potential development of novel biological control methods for pest species such as the predatory Crown-of-Thorns starfish (COTS), Acanthaster planci which are the primary biological cause of coral cover loss in the Indo-Pacific. Results In this study, we have analysed the COTS sensory organs through histological and electron microscopy. We then investigated key elements of the COTS molecular olfactory toolkit, the putative olfactory rhodopsin-like G protein-protein receptors (GPCRs) within its genome and olfactory organ transcriptomes. Many of the identified Acanthaster planci olfactory receptors (ApORs) genes were found to cluster within the COTS genome, indicating rapid evolution and replication from an ancestral olfactory GPCR sequence. Tube feet and terminal sensory tentacles contain the highest proportion of ApORs. In situ hybridisation confirmed the presence of four ApORs, ApOR15, 18, 25 and 43 within COTS sensory organs, however expression of these genes was not specific to the adhesive epidermis, but also within the nerve plexus of tube feet stems and within the myomesothelium. G alpha subunit proteins were also identified in the sensory organs, and we report the spatial localisation of Gαi within the tube foot and sensory tentacle. Conclusions We have identified putative COTS olfactory receptors that localise to sensory organs. These results provide a basis for future studies that may enable the development of a biological control not only for COTS, but also other native pest or invasive starfish. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3793-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Roberts
- Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia
| | - Cherie A Motti
- Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Cape Ferguson, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia
| | - Kenneth W Baughman
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Michael R Hall
- Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Cape Ferguson, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia
| | - Scott F Cummins
- Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Giordano G, Carbone M, Ciavatta ML, Silvano E, Gavagnin M, Garson MJ, Cheney KL, Mudianta IW, Russo GF, Villani G, Magliozzi L, Polese G, Zidorn C, Cutignano A, Fontana A, Ghiselin MT, Mollo E. Volatile secondary metabolites as aposematic olfactory signals and defensive weapons in aquatic environments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3451-3456. [PMID: 28289233 PMCID: PMC5380024 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614655114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is considered a distance sense; hence, aquatic olfaction is thought to be mediated only by molecules dissolved in water. Here, we challenge this view by showing that shrimp and fish can recognize the presence of hydrophobic olfactory cues by a "tactile" form of chemoreception. We found that odiferous furanosesquiterpenes protect both the Mediterranean octocoral Maasella edwardsi and its specialist predator, the nudibranch gastropod Tritonia striata, from potential predators. Food treated with the terpenes elicited avoidance responses in the cooccurring shrimp Palaemon elegans Rejection was also induced in the shrimp by the memory recall of postingestive aversive effects (vomiting), evoked by repeatedly touching the food with chemosensory mouthparts. Consistent with their emetic properties once ingested, the compounds were highly toxic to brine shrimp. Further experiments on the zebrafish showed that this vertebrate aquatic model also avoids food treated with one of the terpenes, after having experienced gastrointestinal malaise. The fish refused the food after repeatedly touching it with their mouths. The compounds studied thus act simultaneously as (i) toxins, (ii) avoidance-learning inducers, and (iii) aposematic odorant cues. Although they produce a characteristic smell when exposed to air, the compounds are detected by direct contact with the emitter in aquatic environments and are perceived at high doses that are not compatible with their transport in water. The mouthparts of both the shrimp and the fish have thus been shown to act as "aquatic noses," supporting a substantial revision of the current definition of the chemical senses based upon spatial criteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Giordano
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, Naples 80143, Italy
| | - Marianna Carbone
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Ciavatta
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Eleonora Silvano
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Biology, Federico II University of Naples, Naples 80126, Italy
| | - Margherita Gavagnin
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Mary J Garson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Karen L Cheney
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - I Wayan Mudianta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, 81116 Bali, Indonesia
| | - Giovanni Fulvio Russo
- Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, Naples 80143, Italy
| | - Guido Villani
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Laura Magliozzi
- Department of Biology, Federico II University of Naples, Naples 80126, Italy
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, Federico II University of Naples, Naples 80126, Italy
| | - Christian Zidorn
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Adele Cutignano
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Angelo Fontana
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Michael T Ghiselin
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118
| | - Ernesto Mollo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Non-invasive aerosol delivery and transport of gold nanoparticles to the brain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44718. [PMID: 28300204 PMCID: PMC5353651 DOI: 10.1038/srep44718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted delivery of nanoscale carriers containing packaged payloads to the central nervous system has potential use in many diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Moreover, understanding of the bio-interactions of the engineered nanoparticles used for tissue-specific delivery by non-invasive delivery approaches are also of paramount interest. Here, we have examined this issue systematically in a relatively simple invertebrate model using insects. We synthesized 5 nm, positively charged gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and targeted their delivery using the electrospray aerosol generator. Our results revealed that after the exposure of synthesized aerosol to the insect antenna, AuNPs reached the brain within an hour. Nanoparticle accumulation in the brain increased linearly with the exposure time. Notably, electrophysiological recordings from neurons in the insect brain several hours after exposure did not show any significant alterations in their spontaneous and odor-evoked spiking properties. Taken together, our findings reveal that aerosolized delivery of nanoparticles can be an effective non-invasive approach for delivering nanoparticles to the brain, and also presents an approach to monitor the short-term nano-biointeractions.
Collapse
|
182
|
Nelson Slater M, Hauber ME. Olfactory enrichment and scent cue associative learning in captive birds of prey. Zoo Biol 2017; 36:120-126. [PMID: 28198048 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As the use of enrichment in zoos has become a standardized husbandry practice, the continued improvement of enrichment programs should be concomitant with empirical validation of those practices. The role of scent as enrichment remains an unexplored avenue for many bird species. We conducted a multi-phase experiment to introduce wrapped food packages and scent cuing to indicate food presence into the exhibits of several birds of prey species at the Bronx Zoo, New York City, to assess if scent can function as enrichment in these species. Our research found support for these birds associating a novel scent cue from a package with the presence of food inside. When tested with sham (empty) packages, these individuals more often and more extensively handled scented versus unscented packages. Overall, these results indicate the ability of some our small sample of individuals to learn olfactory cues and provide support for trials to include olfactory enrichment as a potential part of the daily routine for some birds of prey in zoo settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Nelson Slater
- Bronx Zoo/Wildlife Conservation Society 2300, Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York.,Doctoral Program in Psychology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Mark E Hauber
- Doctoral Program in Psychology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York.,Animal Behavior and Conservation Program, Department of Psychology, Hunter College, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Oleszkiewicz A, Pellegrino R, Pusch K, Margot C, Hummel T. Chemical complexity of odors increases reliability of olfactory threshold testing. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39977. [PMID: 28071665 PMCID: PMC5223190 DOI: 10.1038/srep39977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of odor thresholds is a widely recognized method of measuring olfactory abilities in humans. To date no attempts have been made to assess whether chemical complexity of odors used can produce more reliable results. To this end, we performed two studies of repeated measures design with 121 healthy volunteers (age 19–62 years). In Study 1, we compared thresholds obtained from tests based on one odor presented in a pen-like odor dispensing device with three odors and six odors mixtures presented in glass containers. In study 2 we compared stimuli of one and three odors, both presented in glass containers. In both studies measurements were performed twice, separated by at least three days. Results indicate that the multiple odor mixtures produced more reliable threshold scores, as compared to thresholds based on a single substance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Oleszkiewicz
- Interdisciplinary Center, "Smell &Taste", Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Germany.,Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Robert Pellegrino
- Interdisciplinary Center, "Smell &Taste", Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Katharina Pusch
- Interdisciplinary Center, "Smell &Taste", Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Celine Margot
- Interdisciplinary Center, "Smell &Taste", Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Interdisciplinary Center, "Smell &Taste", Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Mollo E, Garson MJ, Polese G, Amodeo P, Ghiselin MT. Taste and smell in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:496-513. [DOI: 10.1039/c7np00008a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The review summarizes results up to 2017 on chemosensory cues occurring in both aquatic and terrestrial environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. Mollo
- National Research Council of Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry
- Italy
| | - M. J. Garson
- University of Queensland
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Brisbane Q 4072
- Australia
| | - G. Polese
- University of Naples “Federico II”
- Department of Biology
- 80126 Naples
- Italy
| | - P. Amodeo
- National Research Council of Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry
- Italy
| | - M. T. Ghiselin
- California Academy of Sciences
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology
- San Francisco
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Kollmann M, Schmidt R, Heuer CM, Schachtner J. Variations on a Theme: Antennal Lobe Architecture across Coleoptera. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166253. [PMID: 27973569 PMCID: PMC5156346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Beetles comprise about 400,000 described species, nearly one third of all known animal species. The enormous success of the order Coleoptera is reflected by a rich diversity of lifestyles, behaviors, morphological, and physiological adaptions. All these evolutionary adaptions that have been driven by a variety of parameters over the last about 300 million years, make the Coleoptera an ideal field to study the evolution of the brain on the interface between the basic bauplan of the insect brain and the adaptions that occurred. In the current study we concentrated on the paired antennal lobes (AL), the part of the brain that is typically responsible for the first processing of olfactory information collected from olfactory sensilla on antenna and mouthparts. We analyzed 63 beetle species from 22 different families and thus provide an extensive comparison of principal neuroarchitecture of the AL. On the examined anatomical level, we found a broad diversity including AL containing a wide range of glomeruli numbers reaching from 50 to 150 glomeruli and several species with numerous small glomeruli, resembling the microglomerular design described in acridid grasshoppers and diving beetles, and substructures within the glomeruli that have to date only been described for the small hive beetle, Aethina tumida. A first comparison of the various anatomical features of the AL with available descriptions of lifestyle and behaviors did so far not reveal useful correlations. In summary, the current study provides a solid basis for further studies to unravel mechanisms that are basic to evolutionary adaptions of the insect olfactory system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kollmann
- Department of Biology—Animal Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rovenna Schmidt
- Department of Biology—Animal Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus-Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Carsten M. Heuer
- Department of Biology—Animal Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Trendanalysen INT, Euskirchen, Germany
| | - Joachim Schachtner
- Department of Biology—Animal Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Wystrach A, Lagogiannis K, Webb B. Continuous lateral oscillations as a core mechanism for taxis in Drosophila larvae. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27751233 PMCID: PMC5117870 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxis behaviour in Drosophila larva is thought to consist of distinct control mechanisms triggering specific actions. Here, we support a simpler hypothesis: that taxis results from direct sensory modulation of continuous lateral oscillations of the anterior body, sparing the need for ‘action selection’. Our analysis of larvae motion reveals a rhythmic, continuous lateral oscillation of the anterior body, encompassing all head-sweeps, small or large, without breaking the oscillatory rhythm. Further, we show that an agent-model that embeds this hypothesis reproduces a surprising number of taxis signatures observed in larvae. Also, by coupling the sensory input to a neural oscillator in continuous time, we show that the mechanism is robust and biologically plausible. The mechanism provides a simple architecture for combining information across modalities, and explaining how learnt associations modulate taxis. We discuss the results in the light of larval neural circuitry and make testable predictions. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15504.001
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Wystrach
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre de recherche sur la cognition animal, CNRS, Universite de Toulouse, Toulouse, United Kingdom
| | | | - Barbara Webb
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
|
188
|
Odor-induced recall of emotional memories in PTSD–Review and new paradigm for research. Exp Neurol 2016; 284:168-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
189
|
Steinberg DS, Leal M. Visual motion detection and habitat preference in Anolis lizards. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2016; 202:783-790. [PMID: 27558791 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-016-1120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The perception of visual stimuli has been a major area of inquiry in sensory ecology, and much of this work has focused on coloration. However, for visually oriented organisms, the process of visual motion detection is often equally crucial to survival and reproduction. Despite the importance of motion detection to many organisms' daily activities, the degree of interspecific variation in the perception of visual motion remains largely unexplored. Furthermore, the factors driving this potential variation (e.g., ecology or evolutionary history) along with the effects of such variation on behavior are unknown. We used a behavioral assay under laboratory conditions to quantify the visual motion detection systems of three species of Puerto Rican Anolis lizard that prefer distinct structural habitat types. We then compared our results to data previously collected for anoles from Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Central America. Our findings indicate that general visual motion detection parameters are similar across species, regardless of habitat preference or evolutionary history. We argue that these conserved sensory properties may drive the evolution of visual communication behavior in this clade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Steinberg
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Manuel Leal
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Presynaptic GABA Receptors Mediate Temporal Contrast Enhancement in Drosophila Olfactory Sensory Neurons and Modulate Odor-Driven Behavioral Kinetics. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0080-16. [PMID: 27588305 PMCID: PMC4994068 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0080-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrast enhancement mediated by lateral inhibition within the nervous system enhances the detection of salient features of visual and auditory stimuli, such as spatial and temporal edges. However, it remains unclear how mechanisms for temporal contrast enhancement in the olfactory system can enhance the detection of odor plume edges during navigation. To address this question, we delivered to Drosophila melanogaster flies pulses of high odor intensity that induce sustained peripheral responses in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). We use optical electrophysiology to directly measure electrical responses in presynaptic terminals and demonstrate that sustained peripheral responses are temporally sharpened by the combined activity of two types of inhibitory GABA receptors to generate contrast-enhanced voltage responses in central OSN axon terminals. Furthermore, we show how these GABA receptors modulate the time course of innate behavioral responses after odor pulse termination, demonstrating an important role for temporal contrast enhancement in odor-guided navigation.
Collapse
|
191
|
Hickner PV, Rivaldi CL, Johnson CM, Siddappaji M, Raster GJ, Syed Z. The making of a pest: Insights from the evolution of chemosensory receptor families in a pestiferous and invasive fly, Drosophila suzukii. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:648. [PMID: 27530109 PMCID: PMC4988008 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2983-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Drosophila suzukii differs from other melanogaster group members in their proclivity for laying eggs in fresh fruit rather than in fermenting fruits. Olfaction and gustation play a critical role during insect niche formation, and these senses are largely mediated by two important receptor families: olfactory and gustatory receptors (Ors and Grs). Earlier work from our laboratory has revealed how the olfactory landscape of D. suzukii is dominated by volatiles derived from its unique niche. Signaling and reception evolve in synchrony, since the interaction of ligands and receptors together mediate the chemosensory behavior. Here, we manually annotated the Ors and Grs in D. suzukii and two close relatives, D. biarmipes and D. takahashii, and compared these repertoires to those in other melanogaster group drosophilids to identify candidate chemoreceptors associated with D. suzukii’s unusual niche utilization. Results Our comprehensive annotations of the chemosensory genomes in three species, and comparative analysis with other melanogaster group members provide insights into the evolution of chemosensation in the pestiferous D. suzukii. We annotated a total of 71 Or genes in D. suzukii, with nine of those being pseudogenes (12.7 %). Alternative splicing of two genes brings the total to 62 genes encoding 66 Ors. Duplications of Or23a and Or67a expanded D. suzukii’s Or repertoire, while pseudogenization of Or74a, Or85a, and Or98b reduced the number of functional Ors to roughly the same as other annotated species in the melanogaster group. Seventy-one intact Gr genes and three pseudogenes were annotated in D. suzukii. Alternative splicing in three genes brings the total number of Grs to 81. We identified signatures of positive selection in two Ors and three Grs at nodes leading to D. suzukii, while three copies in the largest expanded Or lineage, Or67a, also showed signs of positive selection at the external nodes. Conclusion Our analysis of D. suzukii’s chemoreceptor repertoires in the context of nine melanogaster group drosophilids, including two of its closest relatives (D. biarmipes and D. takahashii), revealed several candidate receptors associated with the adaptation of D. suzukii to its unique ecological niche. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2983-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul V Hickner
- Department of Biological Sciences & Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Chissa L Rivaldi
- Department of Biological Sciences & Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Cole M Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences & Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Madhura Siddappaji
- Department of Biological Sciences & Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Gregory J Raster
- Department of Biological Sciences & Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Zainulabeuddin Syed
- Department of Biological Sciences & Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Schumann I, Hering L, Mayer G. Immunolocalization of Arthropsin in the Onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli (Peripatopsidae). Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:80. [PMID: 27540356 PMCID: PMC4972820 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Opsins are light-sensitive proteins that play a key role in animal vision and are related to the ancient photoreceptive molecule rhodopsin found in unicellular organisms. In general, opsins involved in vision comprise two major groups: the rhabdomeric (r-opsins) and the ciliary opsins (c-opsins). The functionality of opsins, which is dependent on their protein structure, may have changed during evolution. In arthropods, typically r-opsins are responsible for vision, whereas in vertebrates c-opsins are components of visual photoreceptors. Recently, an enigmatic r-opsin-like protein called arthropsin has been identified in various bilaterian taxa, including arthropods, lophotrochozoans, and chordates, by performing transcriptomic and genomic analyses. Since the role of arthropsin and its distribution within the body are unknown, we immunolocalized this protein in a representative of Onychophora – Euperipatoides rowelli – an ecdysozoan taxon which is regarded as one of the closest relatives of Arthropoda. Our data show that arthropsin is expressed in the central nervous system of E. rowelli, including the brain and the ventral nerve cords, but not in the eyes. These findings are consistent with previous results based on reverse transcription PCR in a closely related onychophoran species and suggest that arthropsin is a non-visual protein. Based on its distribution in the central brain region and the mushroom bodies, we speculate that the onychophoran arthropsin might be either a photosensitive molecule playing a role in the circadian clock, or a non-photosensitive protein involved in olfactory pathways, or both.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Schumann
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, KasselGermany; Molecular Evolution and Animal Systematics, University of Leipzig, LeipzigGermany
| | - Lars Hering
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel Germany
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Antennal-lobe tracts in the noctuid moth, Heliothis virescens: new anatomical findings. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 366:23-35. [PMID: 27352608 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As in other insects, three main tracts in the moth brain form parallel connections between the antennal lobe and the protocerebrum. These tracts, which consist of the antennal-lobe projection-neuron axons, target two main areas in the protocerebrum, the calyces of the mushroom bodies and the lateral horn. In spite of the solid neuroanatomical knowledge already established, there are still unresolved issues regarding the antennal-lobe tracts of the moth. One is the proportion of lateral-tract neurons targeting the calyces. In the study presented here, we have performed both retrograde and anterograde labeling of the antennal-lobe projection neurons in the brain of the moth, Heliothis virescens. The results from the retrograde staining, obtained by applying dye in the calyces, demonstrated that the direct connection between the antennal lobe and this neuropil is maintained primarily by the medial antennal-lobe tract; only a few axons confined to the lateral tract were found to innervate the calyces. In addition, these staining experiments, which allowed us to explore the arborization pattern of labeled neurons within the antennal lobe, resulted in new findings regarding anatomical arrangement of roots and cell body clusters linked to the medial tract. The results from the anterograde staining, obtained by applying dye into the antennal lobe, visualized the total assembly of axons passing along the antennal-lobe tracts. In addition to the three classical tracts, we found a transverse antennal-lobe tract not previously described in the moth. Also, these staining experiments revealed an organized neuropil in the lateral horn formed by terminals of the four antennal-lobe tracts.
Collapse
|
194
|
Rybak J, Talarico G, Ruiz S, Arnold C, Cantera R, Hansson BS. Synaptic circuitry of identified neurons in the antennal lobe of Drosophila melanogaster. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:1920-56. [PMID: 26780543 PMCID: PMC6680330 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In Drosophila melanogaster olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) establish synapses with projection neurons (PNs) and local interneurons within antennal lobe (AL) glomeruli. Substantial knowledge regarding this circuitry has been obtained by functional studies, whereas ultrastructural evidence of synaptic contacts is scarce. To fill this gap, we studied serial sections of three glomeruli using electron microscopy. Ectopic expression of a membrane-bound peroxidase allowed us to map synaptic sites along PN dendrites. Our data prove for the first time that each of the three major types of AL neurons is both pre- and postsynaptic to the other two types, as previously indicated by functional studies. PN dendrites carry a large proportion of output synapses, with approximately one output per every three input synapses. Detailed reconstructions of PN dendrites showed that these synapses are distributed unevenly, with input and output sites partially segregated along a proximal-distal gradient and the thinnest branches carrying solely input synapses. Moreover, our data indicate synapse clustering, as we found evidence of dendritic tiling of PN dendrites. PN output synapses exhibited T-shaped presynaptic densities, mostly arranged as tetrads. In contrast, output synapses from putative OSNs showed elongated presynaptic densities in which the T-bar platform was supported by several pedestals and contacted as many as 20 postsynaptic profiles. We also discovered synaptic contacts between the putative OSNs. The average synaptic density in the glomerular neuropil was about two synapses/µm(3) . These results are discussed with regard to current models of olfactory glomerular microcircuits across species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rybak
- Department of Evolutionary NeuroethologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology07745JenaGermany
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- Department of Evolutionary NeuroethologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology07745JenaGermany
| | - Santiago Ruiz
- Clemente Estable Institute of Biological Research11600 MontevideoUruguay
| | - Christopher Arnold
- Department of Evolutionary NeuroethologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology07745JenaGermany
| | - Rafael Cantera
- Clemente Estable Institute of Biological Research11600 MontevideoUruguay
- Zoology DepartmentStockholm University10691StockholmSweden
| | - Bill S. Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary NeuroethologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology07745JenaGermany
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
|
196
|
Shannon RWR, Félix AE, Poppy GM, Newland PL, van Dam NM, Hanley ME. Something in the air? The impact of volatiles on mollusc attack of oilseed rape seedlings. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:1073-82. [PMID: 27009912 PMCID: PMC4866317 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mounting concerns about balancing food security with the environmental impacts of agro-chemical use underpin the need to better understand the mechanisms by which crop plants, particularly during the vulnerable seedling stage, attract or repel herbivores. METHODS The feeding preferences of the mollusc Helix aspersa were determined for several oilseed rape (Brassica napus) cultivars and a rank order of acceptability was established. This was compared with glucosinolate concentrations and volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles to determine whether seedling acceptability to molluscs was linked to either form of defence. KEY RESULTS While VOC profiles for each oilseed rape cultivar could be separated by canonical discriminant analysis and associated with mollusc feeding preferences, glucosinolate profiles were unrelated to snail feeding behaviour. A mixture of monoterpenes (α-pinene, β-myrcene and δ-3-carene) was identified as a putative attractant, while a blend of the green leaf volatiles 3-hexen-1-ol, 3-hexen-1-ol acetate and the monoterpene α-terpinene was identified as a putative repellent mix. Added to the VOC profile of oilseed rape seedlings, the 'repellent' mix reduced mollusc selection, while the 'attractant' mix had no effect. CONCLUSIONS Despite the widespread assumption that seedling selection by generalist herbivores is governed by chemical defence and taste, we show that olfactory cues may be more important. Oilseed rape may be atypical of wild plants, but our ability to identify repellent volatile organic compounds that can influence snail olfactory selection points to new methods for crop protection using modified VOC profiles during the vulnerable seedling stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger W R Shannon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK, Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK,
| | - Anne-Emmanuelle Félix
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Guy M Poppy
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Philip L Newland
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany and Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute of Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mick E Hanley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK,
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
Steinwender B, Thrimawithana AH, Crowhurst R, Newcomb RD. Odorant Receptors of the New Zealand Endemic Leafroller Moth Species Planotortrix octo and P. excessana. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152147. [PMID: 27003722 PMCID: PMC4803216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Moths use their sense of smell to find food sources, mating partners and oviposition sites. For this they possess a family of odorant receptors (ORs). Some ORs are used by both sexes whereas others have sex-specific roles. For example, male moths possess ORs specifically tuned to sex pheromones produced by conspecific females. Here we identify sets of ORs from the antennae of New Zealand endemic leafroller moths Planotortrix octo (48 ORs) and P. excessana (47 ORs) using an RNA-Seq approach. Two orthologous ORs show male-biased expression in the adult antennae of both species (OR7 and OR30) and one other OR in each species was female-biased in its expression (PoctOR25, PexcOR14) by qPCR. PAML analysis conducted on male-biased ORs indicated positive selection acting on the male-biased OR7. The fact that OR7 is likely under positive selection, that it is male-biased in its expression and that its orthologue in C. obliquana, CoblOR7, responds to sex pheromone components also utilised by Planotortrix species, suggests that this receptor may also be important in sex pheromone reception in Planotortrix species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Steinwender
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Ross Crowhurst
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard D. Newcomb
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Contrasting responses within a single neuron class enable sex-specific attraction in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E1392-401. [PMID: 26903633 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600786113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals find mates and food, and avoid predators, by navigating to regions within a favorable range of available sensory cues. How are these ranges set and recognized? Here we show that male Caenorhabditis elegans exhibit strong concentration preferences for sex-specific small molecule cues secreted by hermaphrodites, and that these preferences emerge from the collective dynamics of a single male-specific class of neurons, the cephalic sensory neurons (CEMs). Within a single worm, CEM responses are dissimilar, not determined by anatomical classification and can be excitatory or inhibitory. Response kinetics vary by concentration, suggesting a mechanism for establishing preferences. CEM responses are enhanced in the absence of synaptic transmission, and worms with only one intact CEM show nonpreferential attraction to all concentrations of ascaroside for which CEM is the primary sensor, suggesting that synaptic modulation of CEM responses is necessary for establishing preferences. A heterogeneous concentration-dependent sensory representation thus appears to allow a single neural class to set behavioral preferences and recognize ranges of sensory cues.
Collapse
|
199
|
Frantz L, Meijaard E, Gongora J, Haile J, Groenen MA, Larson G. The Evolution of Suidae. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2016; 4:61-85. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021815-111155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Frantz
- Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom;
| | - Erik Meijaard
- IUCN/SSC Wild Pig Specialist Group, Jakarta 15412, Indonesia
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Jaime Gongora
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - James Haile
- Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom;
| | - Martien A.M. Groenen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Greger Larson
- Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
Distinct signaling of Drosophila chemoreceptors in olfactory sensory neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E902-11. [PMID: 26831094 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1518329113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) rely primarily on two types of chemoreceptors, odorant receptors (Ors) and ionotropic receptors (Irs), to convert odor stimuli into neural activity. The cellular signaling of these receptors in their native OSNs remains unclear because of the difficulty of obtaining intracellular recordings from Drosophila OSNs. Here, we developed an antennal preparation that enabled the first recordings (to our knowledge) from targeted Drosophila OSNs through a patch-clamp technique. We found that brief odor pulses triggered graded inward receptor currents with distinct response kinetics and current-voltage relationships between Or- and Ir-driven responses. When stimulated with long-step odors, the receptor current of Ir-expressing OSNs did not adapt. In contrast, Or-expressing OSNs showed a strong Ca(2+)-dependent adaptation. The adaptation-induced changes in odor sensitivity obeyed the Weber-Fechner relation; however, surprisingly, the incremental sensitivity was reduced at low odor backgrounds but increased at high odor backgrounds. Our model for odor adaptation revealed two opposing effects of adaptation, desensitization and prevention of saturation, in dynamically adjusting odor sensitivity and extending the sensory operating range.
Collapse
|