151
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Alfaidi MA, Chamberlain J, Rothman A, Crossman D, Villa-Uriol MC, Hadoke P, Wu J, Schenkel T, Evans PC, Francis SE. Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid Reduces Oscillatory Wall Shear Stress, Atherosclerosis, and Hypertension, Most Likely Mediated via an IL-1-Mediated Mechanism. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e008757. [PMID: 29960988 PMCID: PMC6064924 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.008757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a complex condition and a common cardiovascular risk factor. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) modulates atherosclerosis and hypertension, possibly via an inflammatory mechanism. IL-1 (interleukin 1) has an established role in atherosclerosis and inflammation, although whether IL-1 inhibition modulates blood pressure is unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS Male apoE-/- (apolipoprotein E-null) mice were fed either a high fat diet or a high fat diet plus DHA (300 mg/kg per day) for 12 weeks. Blood pressure and cardiac function were assessed, and effects of DHA on wall shear stress and atherosclerosis were determined. DHA supplementation improved left ventricular function, reduced wall shear stress and oscillatory shear at ostia in the descending aorta, and significantly lowered blood pressure compared with controls (119.5±7 versus 159.7±3 mm Hg, P<0.001, n=4 per group). Analysis of atheroma following DHA feeding in mice demonstrated a 4-fold reduction in lesion burden in distal aortas and in brachiocephalic arteries (P<0.001, n=12 per group). In addition, DHA treatment selectively decreased plaque endothelial IL-1β (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed that raised blood pressure can be reduced by inhibiting IL-1 indirectly by administration of DHA in the diet through a mechanism that involves a reduction in wall shear stress and local expression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabruka A Alfaidi
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Chamberlain
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Rothman
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maria-Cruz Villa-Uriol
- INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine & Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Hadoke
- BHF Centre of Excellence, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Junxi Wu
- BHF Centre of Excellence, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Torsten Schenkel
- Department of Engineering and Mathematics, Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C Evans
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila E Francis
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
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152
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Mann NJ. A brief history of meat in the human diet and current health implications. Meat Sci 2018; 144:169-179. [PMID: 29945745 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Anthropological investigations have confirmed many times over, through multiple fields of research the critical role of consumption of animal source foods (ASF) including meat in the evolution of our species. As early as four million years ago, our early bipedal hominin ancestors were scavenging ASFs as evidenced by cut marks on animal bone remains, stable isotope composition of these hominin remains and numerous other lines of evidence from physiological and paleo-anthropological domains. This ASF intake marked a transition from a largely forest dwelling frugivorous lifestyle to a more open rangeland existence and resulted in numerous adaptations, including a rapidly increasing brain size and altered gut structure. Details of the various fields of anthropological evidence are discussed, followed by a summary of the health implications of meat consumption in the modern world, including issues around saturated fat and omega-3 fatty acid intake and discussion of the critical nutrients ASFs supply, with particular emphasis on brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Mann
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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153
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Hodson L, Crowe FL, McLachlan KJ, Skeaff CM. Effect of supplementation with flaxseed oil and different doses of fish oil for 2 weeks on plasma phosphatidylcholine fatty acids in young women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 72:832-840. [PMID: 29849178 PMCID: PMC5988645 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background/objectives Although assumed, it remains unclear that fatty acid (FA) biomarkers of n-3 long-chain PUFA reflect wide ranges of intake. However, to be utilised as biomarkers, to predict dietary intake, dose–response curves that cover a spectrum of intakes are required. The aim of the study was to investigate whether the FA composition of plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) is a sensitive biomarker of n-3 FAs from fish oil, across a range of supplementation doses, and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) supplementation, in young, healthy women. Subjects/methods A total of 303 young women were randomised to intakes ranging between 0.33 and 4.50 g EPA+DHA/day from fish oil (not all doses used in each year) or flaxseed oil (5.90–6.60 g/d) daily for 14 days in a series of trials, over 5 years. Fasting blood was collected at baseline (day 0) and day 14 and plasma PC FA composition, total and HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations measured. Results Fourteen days supplementation with fish oil significantly (P < 0.01) increased, in a dose-dependent fashion, plasma PC EPA, DPA and DHA at all doses except 1 and 3 mL/day. For the combined group of women who consumed any fish oil there was a 16% (P < 0.01) decrease in plasma triacylglycerol concentrations after 14 days supplementation. Flaxseed oil supplementation for 14 day resulted in significant (P < 0.01) increases in ALA, EPA and DPA, whilst DHA remained unchanged. Conclusion Our data demonstrate plasma PC is a sensitive biomarker of n-3 FA intake and reflects changes within 14 days across a range of intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Hodson
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. .,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK.
| | - Francesca L Crowe
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - C Murray Skeaff
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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154
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Lin YH, Hibbeln JR, Domenichiello AF, Ramsden CE, Salem NM, Chen CT, Jin H, Courville AB, Majchrzak-Hong SF, Rapoport SI, Bazinet RP, Miller BV. Quantitation of Human Whole-Body Synthesis-Secretion Rates of Docosahexaenoic Acid and Eicosapentaenoate Acid from Circulating Unesterified α-Linolenic Acid at Steady State. Lipids 2018; 53:547-558. [PMID: 30074625 PMCID: PMC6105524 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The rate at which dietary α-linolenic acid (ALA) is desaturated and elongated to its longer-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in humans is not agreed upon. In this study, we applied a methodology developed using rodents to investigate the whole-body, presumably hepatic, synthesis-secretion rates of esterified n-3 PUFA from circulating unesterified ALA in 2 healthy overweight women after 10 weeks of low-linoleate diet exposure. During continuous iv infusion of d5-ALA, 17 arterial blood samples were collected from each subject at -10, 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 150, 180, and 210 min, and at 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 h after beginning infusion. Plasma esterified d5-n-3 PUFA concentrations were plotted against the infusion time and fit to a sigmoidal curve using nonlinear regression. These curves were used to estimate kinetic parameters using a kinetic analysis developed using rodents. Calculated synthesis-secretion rates of esterified eicosapentaenoate, n-3 docosapentaenoate, docosahexaenoic acid, tetracosapentaenate, and tetracosahexaenoate from circulating unesterified ALA were 2.1 and 2.7; 1.7 and 5.3; 0.47 and 0.27; 0.30 and 0.30; and 0.32 and 0.27 mg/day for subjects S01 and S02, respectively. This study provides new estimates of whole-body synthesis-secretion rates of esterified longer-chain n-3 PUFA from circulating unesterified ALA in human subjects. This method now can be extended to study factors that regulate human whole-body PUFA synthesis-secretion in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hong Lin
- Section of Nutritional Neuroscience, LMBB, DICBR, NIAAA, NIH, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Christopher E. Ramsden
- Lipid Mediator, Inflammation and Pain Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, NIA, NIH
- DICBR, NIAAA, NIH
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Chuck T Chen
- Section of Nutritional Neuroscience, LMBB, DICBR, NIAAA, NIH, U.S.A
| | - Haksong Jin
- Pharmacy Department, NIH Clinical Center, NIH
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155
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Saini RK, Keum YS. Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Dietary sources, metabolism, and significance - A review. Life Sci 2018; 203:255-267. [PMID: 29715470 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Linoleic acid (LA) (n-6) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) (n-3) are essential fatty acids (EFAs) as they cannot be synthesized by humans or other higher animals. In the human body, these fatty acids (FAs) give rise to arachidonic acid (ARA, n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, n-3) that play key roles in regulating body homeostasis. Locally acting bioactive signaling lipids called eicosanoids derived from these FAs also regulate diverse homeostatic processes. In general, ARA gives rise to pro-inflammatory eicosanoids whereas EPA and DHA give rise to anti-inflammatory eicosanoids. Thus, a proportionally higher consumption of n-3 PUFAs can protect us against inflammatory diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and other chronic diseases. The present review summarizes major sources, intake, and global consumption of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs. Their metabolism to biosynthesize long-chain PUFAs and eicosanoids and their roles in brain metabolism, cardiovascular disease, obesity, cancer, and bone health are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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156
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Identification and Quantification of Fatty Acids in T. viridissima, C. biguttulus, and C. brunneus by GC-MS. J Lipids 2018; 2018:3679247. [PMID: 29682353 PMCID: PMC5850891 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3679247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA) profiles of the species Tettigonia viridissima, Chorthippus biguttulus, and Chorthippus brunneus were determined and quantitated. Extracted lipids were derivatized into FA methyl esters (FAMEs) prior to analysis by GC-MS. A total of 37 different FAs were identified in T. viridissima, yielding a total FA content of 10.4 g/100 g of dry matter. The contents of saturated FAs, monounsaturated FAs, and polyunsaturated FAs were 31.1, 35.9, and 33.0%, respectively. Lipids from T. viridissima were also fractioned into neutral lipids, free fatty acids, and polar lipids by offline solid phase extraction. For C. brunneus and C. biguttulus, 33 FAs were identified, yielding a total FA content of 6.14 g/100 g of dry matter. SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs, respectively, constituted 32.7, 25.1, and 42.1% of the total FA content. The contents of MUFAs, PUFAs, n-3 FAs, and n-6 FAs of each species, and the n-6/n-3 ratio, were subsequently discussed.
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157
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Herrera JL, Ordoñez-Gutierrez L, Fabrias G, Casas J, Morales A, Hernandez G, Acosta NG, Rodriguez C, Prieto-Valiente L, Garcia-Segura LM, Alonso R, Wandosell FG. Ovarian Function Modulates the Effects of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on the Mouse Cerebral Cortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:103. [PMID: 29740285 PMCID: PMC5928148 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Different dietary ratios of n−6/n−3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) may alter brain lipid profile, neural activity, and brain cognitive function. To determine whether ovarian hormones influence the effect of diet on the brain, ovariectomized and sham-operated mice continuously treated with placebo or estradiol were fed for 3 months with diets containing low or high n−6/n−3 LC-PUFA ratios. The fatty acid (FA) profile and expression of key neuronal proteins were analyzed in the cerebral cortex, with intact female mice on standard diet serving as internal controls of brain lipidome composition. Diets containing different concentrations of LC-PUFAs greatly modified total FAs, sphingolipids, and gangliosides in the cerebral cortex. Some of these changes were dependent on ovarian hormones, as they were not detected in ovariectomized animals, and in the case of complex lipids, the effect of ovariectomy was partially or totally reversed by continuous administration of estradiol. However, even though differential dietary LC-PUFA content modified the expression of neuronal proteins such as synapsin and its phosphorylation level, PSD-95, amyloid precursor protein (APP), or glial proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), an effect also dependent on the presence of the ovary, chronic estradiol treatment was unable to revert the dietary effects on brain cortex synaptic proteins. These results suggest that, in addition to stable estradiol levels, other ovarian hormones such as progesterone and/or cyclic ovarian secretory activity could play a physiological role in the modulation of dietary LC-PUFAs on the cerebral cortex, which may have clinical implications for post-menopausal women on diets enriched with different proportions of n−3 and n−6 LC-PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Herrera
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básica and Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Lara Ordoñez-Gutierrez
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Fabrias
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Casas
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Araceli Morales
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básica and Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Guadalberto Hernandez
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básica and Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Nieves G Acosta
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, and Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Covadonga Rodriguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básica and Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, and Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Luis M Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal (CSIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Alonso
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básica and Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Francisco G Wandosell
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
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158
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de Oliveira PA, Kovacs C, Moreira P, Magnoni D, Saleh MH, Faintuch J. Unsaturated Fatty Acids Improve Atherosclerosis Markers in Obese and Overweight Non-diabetic Elderly Patients. Obes Surg 2018; 27:2663-2671. [PMID: 28470492 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-017-2704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have demonstrated the benefits of replacing trans and saturated fats with unsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to demonstrate the effect of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat supplementation on the biochemical and endothelial markers of atherosclerotic disease in obese or overweight non-diabetic elderly patients. METHOD Seventy-nine patients were randomly divided into three groups: flaxseed oil, olive oil, and sunflower oil; patients in each group received 30 mL of oil for 90 days. Patients were subjected to anthropometric and bioimpedance assessments; biochemical and endothelial evaluations were performed through ultrasonography of the brachial artery and carotid artery for endothelium-dependent dilation and intima-media thickness assessment, respectively, before and after the intervention. The participants' usual diet remained unchanged. RESULTS The flaxseed oil group had improved ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein levels (p = 0.074) and reduced carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) (p = 0.028); the olive oil group exhibited an improved apolipoprotein (Apo)B/ApoA ratio (p = 0.021), reduced CIMT (p = 0.028), and improved flow-mediated vasodilation (FMV) (p = 0.054); and similarly, the sunflower oil group showed an improved ApoB/ApoA ratio (p = 0.024), reduced CIMT (p = 0.048), and improved FMV (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION Unsaturated fatty acid supplementation using the three vegetable oils attenuated pro-inflammatory properties and improved prothrombotic conditions. Therefore, introducing or replacing saturated and trans fat with unsaturated fatty acids is beneficial for cardiovascular risk reduction in obese or overweight non-diabetic elderly people. Further studies are needed to determine which unsaturated fat best prevents cardiovascular disease in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Amante de Oliveira
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, 05403-900, Brazil. .,, Rua Abílio Soares, 250 - 3° andar - Paraíso, São Paulo, CEP: 04005-909, Brazil. .,Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, São Paulo, 04012-909, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane Kovacs
- Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, São Paulo, 04012-909, Brazil
| | - Priscila Moreira
- Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, São Paulo, 04012-909, Brazil
| | - Daniel Magnoni
- Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, São Paulo, 04012-909, Brazil
| | | | - Joel Faintuch
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, 05403-900, Brazil
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159
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Abstract
The current paradigms of prevention and treatment are unable to curb obesity rates, which indicates the need to explore alternative therapeutic approaches. Obesity leads to several damages to the body and is an important risk factor for a number of other chronic diseases. Furthermore, despite the first alterations in obesity being observed and reported in peripheral tissues, studies indicate that obesity can also cause brain damage. Obesity leads to a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, and the therapeutic manipulation of inflammation can be explored. In this context, the use of n-3 PUFA (especially in the form of fish oil, rich in EPA and DHA) may be an interesting strategy, as this substance is known by its anti-inflammatory effect and numerous benefits to the body, such as reduction of TAG, cardiac arrhythmias, blood pressure and platelet aggregation, and has shown potential to help treat obesity. Thereby, the aim of this narrative review was to summarise the literature related to n-3 PUFA use in obesity treatment. First, the review provides a brief description of the obesity pathophysiology, including alterations that occur in peripheral tissues and at the central nervous system. In the sequence, we describe what are n-3 PUFA, their sources and their general effects. Finally, we explore the main topic linking obesity and n-3 PUFA. Animal and human studies were included and alterations on the whole organism were described (peripheral tissues and brain).
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160
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Marin R, Diaz M. Estrogen Interactions With Lipid Rafts Related to Neuroprotection. Impact of Brain Ageing and Menopause. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:128. [PMID: 29559883 PMCID: PMC5845729 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens (E2) exert a plethora of neuroprotective actions against aged-associated brain diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Part of these actions takes place through binding to estrogen receptors (ER) embedded in signalosomes, where numerous signaling proteins are clustered. Signalosomes are preferentially located in lipid rafts which are dynamic membrane microstructures characterized by a peculiar lipid composition enriched in gangliosides, saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, and sphingolipids. Rapid E2 interactions with ER-related signalosomes appear to trigger intracellular signaling ultimately leading to the activation of molecular mechanisms against AD. We have previously observed that the reduction of E2 blood levels occurring during menopause induced disruption of ER-signalosomes at frontal cortical brain areas. These molecular changes may reduce neuronal protection activities, as similar ER signalosome derangements were observed in AD brains. The molecular impairments may be associated with changes in the lipid composition of lipid rafts observed in neurons during menopause and AD. These evidences indicate that the changes in lipid raft structure during aging may be at the basis of alterations in the activity of ER and other neuroprotective proteins integrated in these membrane microstructures. Moreover, E2 is a homeostatic modulator of lipid rafts. Recent work has pointed to this relevant aspect of E2 activity to preserve brain integrity, through mechanisms affecting lipid uptake and local biosynthesis in the brain. Some evidences have demonstrated that estrogens and the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) exert synergistic effects to stabilize brain lipid matrix. DHA is essential to enhance molecular fluidity at the plasma membrane, promoting functional macromolecular interactions in signaling platforms. In support of this, DHA detriment in neuronal lipid rafts has been associated with the most common age-associated neuropathologies, namely AD and Parkinson disease. Altogether, these findings indicate that E2 may participate in brain preservation through a dual membrane-related mechanism. On the one hand, E2 interacting with ER related signalosomes may protect against neurotoxic insults. On the other hand, E2 may exert lipostatic actions to preserve lipid balance in neuronal membrane microdomains. The different aspects of the emerging multifunctional role of estrogens in membrane-related signalosomes will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Marin
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Fisiología y Biofísica de la Membrana Celular en Patologías Neurodegenerativas y Tumorales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Unidad Asociada de Investigación, Universidad de La Laguna Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Mario Diaz
- Fisiología y Biofísica de la Membrana Celular en Patologías Neurodegenerativas y Tumorales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Unidad Asociada de Investigación, Universidad de La Laguna Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain.,Laboratory of Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Animal Biology, Edaphology and Geology, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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161
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Gianni ML, Roggero P, Baudry C, Fressange-Mazda C, Galli C, Agostoni C, le Ruyet P, Mosca F. An infant formula containing dairy lipids increased red blood cell membrane Omega 3 fatty acids in 4 month-old healthy newborns: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatr 2018; 18:53. [PMID: 29433457 PMCID: PMC5810037 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background When breastfeeding is not possible, infants are fed formulas (IF) in which lipids are usually of plant origin. However, the use of dairy fat in combination with plant oils enables a lipid profile closer to breast milk in terms of fatty acid (FA) composition, triglyceride structure, polar lipids and cholesterol contents. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of an IF containing a mix of dairy fat and plant oils on Omega-3 FA content in red blood cells (RBC). Methods This study was a monocentric, double-blind, controlled, randomized trial. Healthy term infants were fed formulas containing a mix of dairy fat and plant oils (D), plant oils (P) or plant oils supplemented with ARA and DHA (PDHA). Breastfed infants were enrolled as a reference group (BF). FA in RBC phosphatidylethanolamine was evaluated after 4 months and FA in whole blood were evaluated at enrollment and after 4 months by gas chromatography. Differences between groups were assessed using an analysis of covariance with sex and gestational age as covariates. Results Seventy IF-fed and nineteen BF infants completed the protocol. At 4 months, RBC total Omega-3 FA levels in infants fed formula D were significantly higher than in group P and similar to those in groups PDHA and BF. RBC DHA levels in group D were also higher than in group P but lower than in groups PDHA and BF. RBC n-3 DPA levels in group D were higher than in groups P, PDHA and BF. A decrease in proportions of Omega-3 FA in whole blood was observed in all groups. Conclusions A formula containing a mix of dairy lipids and plant oils increased the endogenous conversion of Omega-3 long-chain FA from precursor, leading to higher total Omega-3, DPA and DHA status in RBC than a plant oil-based formula. Modifying lipid quality in IF by adding dairy lipids should be considered as an interesting method to improve Omega-3 FA status. Trial registration Identifier NCT01611649, retrospectively registered on May 25, 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lorella Gianni
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS "Ca' Granda" Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Roggero
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS "Ca' Granda" Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Carlo Agostoni
- Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS "Ca' Granda" Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Mosca
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS "Ca' Granda" Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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162
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Meng N, Ren ZY, Yang XF, Pan QH. Effects of simple rain-shelter cultivation on fatty acid and amino acid accumulation in 'Chardonnay' grape berries. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:1222-1231. [PMID: 28755408 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty acids and amino acids are the precursors of aliphatic and aromatic volatile compounds, higher alcohols and esters. They are also nutrition for yeast metabolism during fermentation. However, few reports have been concerned about the effect of viticulture practices on the accumulation of fatty acids and amino acids in wine grapes. This study aimed to explore the accumulation of these compounds in developing Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay grape berries under two vintages, and compare the influences of the rain-shelter cultivation and open-field cultivation. RESULTS Fifteen fatty acids and 21 amino acids were detected in total. The rain-shelter cultivation led to an increase in the total concentration of fatty acids, and a decrease in the total concentration of amino acids compared with the open-field cultivation in 2012, while no significant difference was observed between two cultivation modes in 2013 vintage. Concentrations of palmitoleic acid, isoleucine and cysteine were significantly promoted in the rain-shelter grape berries, whereas those of tyrosine and ornithine were markedly reduced in both vintages. CONCLUSION The rain-shelter cultivation of wine grapes in the rainy region is beneficial for improving grape quality and fermentation activity by influence on the concentration of fatty acids and amino acids. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Meng
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Ren
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Yang
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Pan
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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163
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Regiospecific Analysis of Fatty Acids and Calculation of Triglyceride Molecular Species in Marine Fish Oils. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9016840. [PMID: 29670910 PMCID: PMC5833240 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9016840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The regiospecific distribution of fatty acids (FAs) and composition of triglyceride (TAG) molecular species of fishes were analyzed and calculated by pancreatic lipase (PL) hydrolysis and Visual Basic (VB) program. DHA was preferentially located at sn-2 position in TAG molecule, whereas EPA was almost equally distributed in each position of glycerol backbone. DOP, DPP, EPP, PoPP, PPO, and PPP were the predominant TAG species. MPP in anchovy, DDP, DOP, DPP in tuna, and EOO and OOO in salmon were the characteristic TAG molecules, which were meaningful to differentiate marine fish oils. Furthermore, the data management, according to TCN and ECN, was firstly applied to classify the TAG molecular species. The ECN42, ECN46, and ECN48 groups were rich in TAGs. The lower ECN values, compared to the higher TCN values, indicated that the most abundant TAGs exhibited a higher unsaturated degree. Therefore, our study not only offered a simple and feasible approach for the analysis of TAG composition but also firstly summarized the information by data management within ECN and TCN.
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164
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Guo S, Guo L, Zhao W, Xu J, Li Y, Zhang X, Shen X, Wu M, Hou X. Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Paeonia ostii. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020246. [PMID: 29373520 PMCID: PMC6017096 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Paeonia ostii, a common oil-tree peony, is important ornamentally and medicinally. However, there are few studies on the chloroplast genome of Paeonia ostii. We sequenced and analyzed the complete chloroplast genome of P. ostii. The size of the P. ostii chloroplast genome is 152,153 bp, including a large single-copy region (85,373 bp), a small single-copy region (17,054 bp), and a pair of inverted repeats regions (24,863 bp). The P. ostii chloroplast genome encodes 111 genes, including 77 protein-coding genes, four ribosomal RNA genes, and 30 transfer RNA genes. The genome contains forward repeats (22), palindromic repeats (28), and tandem repeats (24). The presence of rich simple-sequence repeat loci in the genome provides opportunities for future population genetics work for breeding new varieties. A phylogenetic analysis showed that P. ostii is more closely related to Paeonia delavayi and Paeonialudlowii than to Paeoniaobovata and Paeoniaveitchii. The results of this study provide an assembly of the whole chloroplast genome of P. ostii, which may be useful for future breeding and further biological discoveries. It will provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of peony yield and the determination of phylogenetic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Guo
- College of Agricultural (College of Tree Peony), Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan, China; (S.G.); (L.G.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medical, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (J.X.); (X.Z); (X.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Lili Guo
- College of Agricultural (College of Tree Peony), Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan, China; (S.G.); (L.G.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wei Zhao
- College of Agricultural (College of Tree Peony), Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan, China; (S.G.); (L.G.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jiang Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medical, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (J.X.); (X.Z); (X.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Yuying Li
- College of Agricultural (College of Tree Peony), Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan, China; (S.G.); (L.G.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medical, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (J.X.); (X.Z); (X.S.); (M.W.)
- College of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaofeng Shen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medical, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (J.X.); (X.Z); (X.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Mingli Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medical, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (J.X.); (X.Z); (X.S.); (M.W.)
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, Hubei China
| | - Xiaogai Hou
- College of Agricultural (College of Tree Peony), Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan, China; (S.G.); (L.G.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel: +86-0379-6998-0776
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165
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The association and dose–response relationship between dietary intake of α-linolenic acid and risk of CHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Nutr 2018; 119:83-89. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517003294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPrevious studies show inconsistent associations between α-linolenic acid (ALA) and risk of CHD. We aimed to examine an aggregate association between ALA intake and risk of CHD, and assess for any dose–response relationship. We searched the PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science databases for prospective cohort studies examining associations between ALA intake and CHD, including composite CHD and fatal CHD. Data were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis models, comparing the highest category of ALA intake with the lowest across studies. Subgroup analysis was conducted based on study design, geographic region, age and sex. For dose–response analyses, we used two-stage random-effects dose–response models. In all, fourteen studies of thirteen cohorts were identified and included in the meta-analysis. The pooled results showed that higher ALA intake was associated with modest reduced risk of composite CHD (risk ratios (RR)=0·91; 95 % CI 0·85, 0·97) and fatal CHD (RR=0·85; 95 % CI 0·75, 0·96). The analysis showed a J-shaped relationship between ALA intake and relative risk of composite CHD (χ2=21·95, P<0·001). Compared with people without ALA intake, only people with ALA intake <1·4 g/d showed reduced risk of composite CHD. ALA intake was linearly associated with fatal CHD – every 1 g/d increase in ALA intake was associated with a 12 % decrease in fatal CHD risk (95 % CI −0·21, −0·04). Though a higher dietary ALA intake was associated with reduced risk of composite and fatal CHD, the excess composite CHD risk at higher ALA intakes warrants further investigation, especially through randomised controlled trials.
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166
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Valenzuela-Melendres M, Camou JP, Torrentera-Olivera NG, Viuda-Martos M, González-Rios H. Nutritional quality of beef patties with added flaxseed and tomato paste. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2017.1391333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martín Valenzuela-Melendres
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Animal, Hermosillo, México
| | - Juan Pedro Camou
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Animal, Hermosillo, México
| | | | - Manuel Viuda-Martos
- IPOA Research Group, AgroFood Technology Department, Miguel Hernandez University, Orihuela, Spain
| | - Humberto González-Rios
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Animal, Hermosillo, México
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167
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Singer SD, Weselake RJ, Acharya S. Molecular Enhancement of Alfalfa: Improving Quality Traits for Superior Livestock Performance and Reduced Environmental Impact. CROP SCIENCE 2018; 58:55-71. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2017.07.0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy D. Singer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Lethbridge Research and Development Centre; Lethbridge AB Canada T1J 4B1
| | - Randall J. Weselake
- Dep. of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science; Univ. of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Surya Acharya
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Lethbridge Research and Development Centre; Lethbridge AB Canada T1J 4B1
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168
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Sihag J, Jones PJH. Dietary fatty acid composition impacts plasma fatty acid ethanolamide levels and body composition in golden Syrian hamsters. Food Funct 2018; 9:3351-3362. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00621k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid ethanolamides (FAEs) are a class of lipid amides that regulate numerous pathophysiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Sihag
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences
- University of Manitoba
- Winnipeg
- Canada
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (RCFFN)
| | - Peter J. H. Jones
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences
- University of Manitoba
- Winnipeg
- Canada
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (RCFFN)
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169
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Marquardt S, Barsila SR, Amelchanka SL, Devkota NR, Kreuzer M, Leiber F. Fatty acid profile of ghee derived from two genotypes (cattle–yak vs yak) grazing different alpine Himalayan pasture sites. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acid (FA) profile of ghee produced from milk of cattle–yak hybrids grazing five mountain pasture sites along a high-alpine transhumance route in Nepal was analysed. Pastures differed in altitude above sea level (2600–4500 m), time period of being grazed and phytochemical composition of the swards. Additionally, a comparison of ghee from purebred yak and hybrid was performed, with samples produced at two of the sites. Pasture site had a strong effect on almost all FAs. Proportions of oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acid in ghee were smallest on the highest pasture at 4500 m where the largest condensed tannin concentrations in the forages were found. No systematic site effects were found for c9,t11 conjugated linoleic acid and total polyunsaturated FAs. Ghee produced from the hybrids’ milk was richer in major functional FAs such as α-linolenic and linoleic acid, while yak ghee contained more saturated FAs and eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids.
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170
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Greupner T, Kutzner L, Nolte F, Strangmann A, Kohrs H, Hahn A, Schebb NH, Schuchardt JP. Effects of a 12-week high-α-linolenic acid intervention on EPA and DHA concentrations in red blood cells and plasma oxylipin pattern in subjects with a low EPA and DHA status. Food Funct 2018; 9:1587-1600. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01809f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The essential omega-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n3) can be converted into EPA and DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Greupner
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition
- Leibniz University Hannover
- Germany
| | - Laura Kutzner
- Institute for Food Toxicology
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover
- Germany
| | - Fabian Nolte
- Institute for Food Toxicology
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover
- Germany
| | - Alena Strangmann
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition
- Leibniz University Hannover
- Germany
| | - Heike Kohrs
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition
- Leibniz University Hannover
- Germany
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition
- Leibniz University Hannover
- Germany
| | - Nils Helge Schebb
- Institute for Food Toxicology
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover
- Germany
- Chair of Food Chemistry
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
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171
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Valentini KJ, Pickens CA, Wiesinger JA, Fenton JI. The effect of fish oil supplementation on brain DHA and EPA content and fatty acid profile in mice. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 69:705-717. [DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1413640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J. Valentini
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - C. Austin Pickens
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jason A. Wiesinger
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jenifer I. Fenton
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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172
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Ciappolino V, Delvecchio G, Agostoni C, Mazzocchi A, Altamura AC, Brambilla P. The role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFAs) in affective disorders. J Affect Disord 2017; 224:32-47. [PMID: 28089169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among emerging treatments for depressive disorders several studies suggested that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFAs) supplementation can be used. However, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) differ in terms of biochemistry, metabolism and therapeutic effects. Therefore, a clear picture of their specific and different role on affective disorders has not yet emerged. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of n-3PUFAs on affective disorders including major depression, bipolar disorder and perinatal depression. METHODS a comprehensive search on PUBMED, Medline and PsychINFO of all RCTs using n-3PUFAs patients with depressive symptoms published up to April 2016 was performed. We included trials that examined unipolar or bipolar disorder and trials that investigated depressive symptoms in relation to pregnancy. Trials were excluded if the depressive symptomatology was related to other primary organic diseases. RESULTS 264 RCT studies were identified but only 36 met the inclusion criteria. First, it has been reported that n-3PUFAs supplementation might have clinical benefits on depressive symptoms. Second, EPA supplement, rather than DHA, seems to be more effective in treating major depression. Third, n-3PUFAs can have beneficial effects in bipolar depression but not in perinatal depression. CONCLUSIONS there are only some evidence on the efficacy of n-3PUFAs in affective disorders especially to unipolar and bipolar depression not powered enough to confirm a therapeutic effect for affective disorder. Therefore, further studies with larger and more homogeneous samples, are required to confirm these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ciappolino
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Agostoni
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20121 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mazzocchi
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20121 Milan, Italy
| | - Alfredo Carlo Altamura
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Texas at Houston, TX, USA.
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173
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Lee AY, Lee MH, Lee S, Cho EJ. Alpha-Linolenic Acid from Perilla frutescens var. japonica Oil Protects Aβ-Induced Cognitive Impairment through Regulation of APP Processing and Aβ Degradation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10719-10729. [PMID: 29092397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive and memory impairment. The major pathological hallmark of AD is the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ), which is produced from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) through cleavage of β- and γ-secretase. Recently, dietary plant oil containing ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid has become an attractive alternative source to fish oil containing eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We investigated whether ALA isolated from perilla oil has direct effects on improvement of cognitive ability and molecular mechanisms in APP processing in comparison with DHA. In the present study, ICR mice were treated orally with ALA or DHA (100 mg/kg/day) for 14 days after i.c.v. injection of Aβ25-35. Administration of ALA resulted in a prevention of learning and memory deficit in Aβ25-35-injected mice compared with the control group, as observed in T-maze, novel object recognition, and Morris water maze tests. ALA supplementation also markedly ameliorated the Aβ25-35-induced oxidative stress by inhibition of lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide overproduction in the mouse brain, liver, and kidney, almost down to the levels in DHA-administered group. These effects of ALA on protective mechanisms were related to the regulation of APP processing via promoting nonamyloidogenic pathway such as up-regulation of soluble APP alpha, C-terminal fragment alpha/beta ratio, and A disintegrin and metalloprotease10 protein expressions. Furthermore, ALA inhibited the amyloidogenic pathway through the down-regulation of β-site APP-cleaving enzyme and presenilin2. ALA also enhanced Aβ degradation enzyme, insulin-degrading enzyme. In conclusion, the present study indicated a beneficial effect of ALA in improving the cognitive ability against Aβ25-35, and these effects were comparable to those exerted by DHA. Its neuroprotective effects are mediated, in part, by regulation of APP processing and Aβ degradation, and thus, ALA might be a potential candidate for prevention or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah Young Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition and Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University , Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Hee Lee
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration , Gyeongnam 50424, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University , Gyeonggi 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Cho
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition and Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University , Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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174
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α -Lipoic acid ameliorated oxidative stress induced by perilla oil, but the combination of these dietary factors was ineffective to cause marked deceases in serum lipid levels in rats. Nutr Res 2017; 48:49-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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175
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Kim H, Choi N, Oh SW, Kim Y, Hee Kim B, Kim IH. Synthesis of α-linolenic acid-rich triacylglycerol using a newly prepared immobilized lipase. Food Chem 2017; 237:654-658. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.05.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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176
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Butler LM, Yuan JM, Huang JY, Su J, Wang R, Koh WP, Ong CN. Plasma fatty acids and risk of colon and rectal cancers in the Singapore Chinese Health Study. NPJ Precis Oncol 2017; 1:38. [PMID: 29872717 PMCID: PMC5871823 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-017-0040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid composition in plasma captures both dietary intake and endogenous synthesis. Prospective analyses of plasma fatty acid composition are needed to establish the role of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on risk of developing colorectal cancer. To evaluate associations between plasma fatty acid composition and colon or rectal cancer risk separately, a nested case-control study of 350 colorectal (211 colon and 139 rectal) cancer cases and an equal number of individually matched control subjects was conducted within the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a cohort of 63,257 men and women recruited between 1993 and 1998. Fatty acids in pre-diagnostic plasma were quantified using gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Conditional odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing highest to lowest quartiles are presented. For colon cancer, inverse associations were reported with higher essential PUFAs, α-linolenic acid (OR = 0.41; 95% CI: 0.23, 0.73; Ptrend = 0.005) and linoleic acid (OR = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.23, 0.82; Ptrend = 0.008). Higher desaturase activity in the n-6 PUFA synthesis pathway estimated by the arachidonic:linoleic acid ratio was associated with increased colon cancer risk (OR = 3.53; 95% CI: 1.82, 6.85; Ptrend = 0.006), whereas higher desaturase activity in the MUFA synthesis pathway estimated by the oleic:stearic acid ratio was associated with decreased colon cancer risk (OR = 0.42; 95% CI: 0.19, 0.92; Ptrend = 0.024). There was no significant association between the essential fatty acids or the desaturase indices and rectal cancer risk. Endogenous synthesis of arachidonic and oleic acids has an impact on colon cancer development. Higher consumption of “good fats,” or their natural creation by the body, may help protect people from colon cancer. Jian-Min Yuan from the University of Pittsburgh, USA, and colleagues used samples from the Singapore Chinese Health Study to examine fatty acids contained in blood plasma from 350 people who later developed colorectal cancer and an equal number of matched control individuals. They found that higher blood levels—which reflect dietary intake—of the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids linolenic acid and α-linolenic acid were associated with a lower risk of colon cancer. So was oleic acid, a monounsaturated fat created by the body, whereas conversion of linolenic acid to another fatty acid called arachidonic acid boosted colon cancer risk. No effect was seen on rectal cancer risk. Diets rich in linolenic acid may help prevent colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley M Butler
- 1Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA.,2Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- 1Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA.,2Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Joyce Yongxu Huang
- 1Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA.,2Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Jin Su
- 3NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Renwei Wang
- 1Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- 4Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,5Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Choon-Nam Ong
- 3NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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177
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Yu X, Tang Y, Liu P, Xiao L, Liu L, Shen R, Deng Q, Yao P. Flaxseed Oil Alleviates Chronic HFD-Induced Insulin Resistance through Remodeling Lipid Homeostasis in Obese Adipose Tissue. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:9635-9646. [PMID: 28988484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that higher circulating long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFA) levels were intimately associated with lower prevalence of obesity and insulin resistance. However, the understanding of bioactivity and potential mechanism of α-linolenic acid-rich flaxseed oil (ALA-FO) against insulin resistance was still limited. This study evaluated the effect of FO on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance in C57BL/6J mice focused on adipose tissue lipolysis. Mice after HFD feeding for 16 weeks (60% fat-derived calories) exhibited systemic insulin resistance, which was greatly attenuated by medium dose of FO (M-FO), paralleling with differential accumulation of ALA and its n-3 derivatives across serum lipid fractions. Moreover, M-FO was sufficient to effectively block the metabolic activation of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs), thereby improving adipose tissue insulin signaling. Importantly, suppression of hypoxia-inducible factors HIF-1α and HIF-2α were involved in FO-mediated modulation of adipose tissue lipolysis, accompanied by specific reconstitution of n-3PUFA within adipose tissue lipid fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety , Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuhan Tang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Peiyi Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Liegang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ruiling Shen
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety , Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qianchun Deng
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition , Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Ping Yao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030, China
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178
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Kerdiles O, Layé S, Calon F. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and brain health: Preclinical evidence for the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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179
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Gaitán AV, Drewery ML, Thaxton CA, Carabante KM, Seidemann E, Elkind-Hirsch K, Lammi-Keefe CJ. Dietary Intake and Omega-3 DHA Status in Pregnant Women Who Are Overweight. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2017; 47:438-450. [PMID: 29040821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate dietary intake of pregnant women who are overweight, assess their omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status, and compare results between Black and White women. DESIGN Cross-sectional study with a longitudinal component (dietary assessment). SETTING Outpatient clinics at Woman's Hospital, Baton Rouge, Louisiana and telephone calls. PARTICIPANTS Pregnant women (N = 21) who were overweight (body mass index = 25.0-29.9 kg/m2). METHODS Repeated 24-hour dietary recalls using the University of Minnesota Nutrition Data System for Research were conducted to determine nutrient intakes. Red blood cell fatty acids were analyzed with gas chromatography to determine omega-3 DHA status. Descriptive statistics, one- and two-sample t tests, Fisher's exact tests, chi-square test, and analysis of covariance were used to analyze data. RESULTS On average, participants consumed 72 ± 63 mg omega-3 DHA/day. Age, race, and socioeconomic status did not affect the probability of achieving recommended omega-3 DHA dietary intake (p > .05). Black women had lower omega-3 DHA status (7.98 ± 0.94 weight percentage) than White women (9.29 ± 1.68 weight percentage; p ≤ .05). CONCLUSION Analysis of our data suggests a need for nutrition education regarding the benefits of omega-3 DHA consumption during pregnancy for women of childbearing age. The current finding warrants further exploration.
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180
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Büyükuslu N, Ovalı S, Altuntaş ŞL, Batırel S, Yiğit P, Garipağaoğlu M. Supplementation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) / Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in a ratio of 1/1.3 during the last trimester of pregnancy results in EPA accumulation in cord blood. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 125:32-36. [PMID: 28987719 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA), specifically DHA, are associated with fetal growth and development. We aimed to determine the levels of DHA and EPA in cord serum after n-3 FA supplementation during the last trimester of pregnancy. Among 55 women, 23 were administered daily one capsule of n-3 FA supplement, involving DHA/EPA in a ratio of 1/1.3. Twenty nine women were enrolled as control group. Blood samples were collected at 22-24 weeks of gestation and at delivery. Fatty acids were analyzed with the method of GC-MS. Cord DHA level increased and EPA level decreased in both groups between the days of 22-24 and delivery. However, decrease in cord EPA level was significant in control group (p < 0.001) but not in supplement group (p > 0.05). Supplementation of DHA/EPA in a ratio of 1/1.3 during the last trimester of pregnancy caused higher cord EPA level compared to control group indicating an accumulation in umbilical cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Büyükuslu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Kavacık Mah. Ekinciler Cad. No.19 Kavacık Kavşağı-Beykoz, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Sema Ovalı
- Medipol Koşuyolu Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Saime Batırel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pakize Yiğit
- Department of Statistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muazzez Garipağaoğlu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Kavacık Mah. Ekinciler Cad. No.19 Kavacık Kavşağı-Beykoz, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey
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181
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Lopes PA, Bandarra NM, Martins SV, Martinho J, Alfaia CM, Madeira MS, Cardoso C, Afonso C, Paulo MC, Pinto RMA, Guil-Guerrero JL, Prates JAM. Markers of neuroprotection of combined EPA and DHA provided by fish oil are higher than those of EPA ( Nannochloropsis) and DHA ( Schizochytrium) from microalgae oils in Wistar rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:62. [PMID: 29026429 PMCID: PMC5622583 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To overcome the current overexploitation of fish rich in n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), microalgae have become a promising marine lipid source. The purpose of this study was to assess eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), isolated or combined from distinct marine origins, on the promotion of neuroprotective effects. Methods The experiment lasted for 10 weeks and involved 32 Wistar rats, divided into 4 diets (n = 8): a diet rich in milk fat was taken as control (Milk Fat) and compared to n-3 LCPUFA enriched diets, either in EPA + DHA form through fish oil (Fish Oil), or EPA through Nannochloropsis oil (Nanno), or DHA through Schizochytrium oil (Schyzo), while maintaining Milk Fat incorporation. Results Plasma lipid profile and dopamine levels were more beneficial in Fish Oil diet. In addition, n-3 LCPUFA incorporation was found increased in liver and erythrocytes from Fish Oil fed rats, suggesting that fish oil is a better dietary source for fatty acids deposition in the organism than microalgae. The Forced Swimming Test revealed a positive behavioural action of EPA + DHA, in opposition to Milk Fat and Nanno diets, which had higher immobile times. mRNA levels of serotonin receptors, HT1A and HT2A along with CREB, the transmission factor for learning and memory, were higher in the hippocampus of rats fed n-3 LCPUFA diets comparative to Milk Fat. Conclusion Taken together, the combination of EPA and DHA from fish oil can counteract the undesirable health effects of saturated fat based diets and benefit, in the long run, neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Lopes
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Narcisa M Bandarra
- DIVAV, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal.,CIIMAR, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana V Martins
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Martinho
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina M Alfaia
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta S Madeira
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos Cardoso
- DIVAV, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal.,CIIMAR, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Afonso
- DIVAV, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal.,CIIMAR, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria C Paulo
- Depsiextracta - Tecnologias Biológicas, Lda., Quinta do Monte Novo-Taipadas, 2985-064 Canha, Portugal
| | - Rui M A Pinto
- iMed.UL, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal.,Joaquim Chaves Saúde. Dr. Joaquim Chaves, Laboratório de Análises Clínicas, 1495-148 Miraflores, Algés, Portugal
| | - José L Guil-Guerrero
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - José A M Prates
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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182
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Abstract
The nutritional value of meat is an increasingly important factor influencing consumer preferences for poultry, red meat and processed meat products. Intramuscular fat content and composition, in addition to high quality protein, trace minerals and vitamins are important determinants of nutritional value. Fat content of meat at retail has decreased substantially over the past 40 years through advances in animal genetics, nutrition and management and changes in processing techniques. Evidence of the association between diet and the incidence of human non-communicable diseases has driven an interest in developing production systems for lowering total SFA and trans fatty acid (TFA) content and enrichment of n-3 PUFA concentrations in meat and meat products. Typically, poultry and pork has a lower fat content, containing higher PUFA and lower TFA concentrations than lamb or beef. Animal genetics, nutrition and maturity, coupled with their rumen microbiome, are the main factors influencing tissue lipid content and relative proportions of SFA, MUFA and PUFA. Altering the fatty acid (FA) profile of lamb and beef is determined to a large extent by extensive plant and microbial lipolysis and subsequent microbial biohydrogenation of dietary lipid in the rumen, and one of the major reasons explaining the differences in lipid composition of meat from monogastrics and ruminants. Nutritional strategies can be used to align the fat content and FA composition of poultry, pork, lamb and beef with Public Health Guidelines for lowering the social and economic burden of chronic disease.
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183
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Echeverría F, Valenzuela R, Catalina Hernandez-Rodas M, Valenzuela A. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a fundamental fatty acid for the brain: New dietary sources. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 124:1-10. [PMID: 28870371 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (C22: 6n-3, DHA) is a long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid of marine origin fundamental for the formation and function of the nervous system, particularly the brain and the retina of humans. It has been proposed a remarkable role of DHA during human evolution, mainly on the growth and development of the brain. Currently, DHA is considered a critical nutrient during pregnancy and breastfeeding due their active participation in the development of the nervous system in early life. DHA and specifically one of its derivatives known as neuroprotectin D-1 (NPD-1), has neuroprotective properties against brain aging, neurodegenerative diseases and injury caused after brain ischemia-reperfusion episodes. This paper discusses the importance of DHA in the human brain given its relevance in the development of the tissue and as neuroprotective agent. It is also included a critical view about the ways to supply this noble fatty acid to the population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | | | - Alfonso Valenzuela
- Lipid Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile and Faculty of Medicine,, University de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
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184
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Production of ω3 fatty acids in marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain NKBG 15041c via genetic engineering. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:6899-6905. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8407-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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185
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Şahin-Yeşilçubuk N, Akoh CC. Biotechnological and Novel Approaches for Designing Structured Lipids Intended for Infant Nutrition. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-017-3013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neşe Şahin-Yeşilçubuk
- ; Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering; Istanbul Technical University; Maslak Istanbul 34469 Turkey
| | - Casimir C. Akoh
- ; Department of Food Science and Technology; The University of Georgia; Athens 30602-2610 Georgia
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186
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Component analysis of nutritionally rich chloroplasts: recovery from conventional and unconventional green plant species. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2017; 54:2746-2757. [PMID: 28928514 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2711-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A study of the literature indicates that chloroplasts synthesise a range of molecules, many of which have nutritional value for humans, but the nutritional credentials of chloroplasts recovered from plant cells are not established. Chloroplast-rich-fractions (CRFs) were prepared from green plant species and the macro- and micro-nutrient composition compared with the whole leaf materials (WLMs). The results indicated that, on a dry weight basis, CRF material from a range of green biomass was enriched in lipids and proteins, and in a range of micronutrients compared with the WLM. Vitamins E, pro-vitamin A, and lutein were all greater in CRF preparations. Of the minerals, iron was most notably concentrated in CRF. Spinach CRFs possessed the highest α-tocopherol [62 mg 100 g-1, dry weight (DW)], β-carotene (336 mg 100 g-1 DW) and lutein (341 mg 100 g-1 DW) contents, whilst grass CRFs had the highest concentration of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (69.5 mg g-1). The higher concentrations of α-tocopherol, β-carotene, lutein, ALA and trace minerals (Fe and Mn) in CRFs suggested their potential use as concentrated ingredients in food formulations deficient in these nutrients.
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187
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Creus A, Benmelej A, Villafañe N, Lombardo YB. Dietary Salba (Salvia hispanica L) improves the altered metabolic fate of glucose and reduces increased collagen deposition in the heart of insulin-resistant rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 121:30-39. [PMID: 28651695 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the effects of dietary Salba (chia) seeds on the mechanisms underlying impaired glucose metabolism in the heart of dyslipemic insulin-resistant rats fed a sucrose-rich diet (SRD). Wistar rats were fed a SRD for 3 months. Afterwards, half the animals continued with the SRD; in the other half's diet chia seeds replaced corn oil (CO) for three months (SRD+chia). In the control group, corn starch replaced sucrose. The replacement of CO by chia seeds in the SRD restored the activities of key enzymes involved in heart glucose metabolism decreasing fatty acid oxidation. Chia seeds normalized insulin stimulated GLUT-4 transporter, the abundance of IRS-1 and pAMPK, changed the profile of fatty acid phospholipids, reduced left-ventricle collagen deposition and normalized hypertension and dyslipidemia. New evidence is provided concerning the effects of dietary chia seeds in improving the altered metabolic fate of glucose in the heart of dyslipemic insulin-resistant rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Creus
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria El Pozo cc 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Adriana Benmelej
- Department of Morphology, School of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria El Pozo cc 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Noelia Villafañe
- Department of Morphology, School of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria El Pozo cc 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Yolanda B Lombardo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria El Pozo cc 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
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188
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Rifkin SB, Shrubsole MJ, Cai Q, Smalley WE, Ness RM, Swift LL, Zheng W, Murff HJ. PUFA levels in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids are differentially associated with colorectal adenoma risk. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:1615-1622. [PMID: 28660850 PMCID: PMC5891121 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517001490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dietary intake of PUFA has been associated with colorectal neoplasm risk; however, results from observational studies have been inconsistent. Most prior studies have utilised self-reported dietary measures to assess fatty acid exposure which might be more susceptible to measurement error and biases compared with biomarkers. The purpose of this study was to determine whether erythrocyte phospholipid membrane PUFA percentages are associated with colorectal adenoma risk. We included data from 904 adenoma cases and 835 polyp-free controls who participated in the Tennessee Colorectal Polyp Study, a large colonoscopy-based case-control study. Erythrocyte membrane PUFA percentages were measured using GC. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted OR for risk of colorectal adenomas with erythrocyte membrane PUFA. Higher erythrocyte membrane percentages of arachidonic acid was associated with an increased risk of colorectal adenomas (adjusted OR 1·66; 95 % CI 1·05, 2·62, P trend=0·02) comparing the highest tertile to the lowest tertile. The effect size for arachidonic acid was more pronounced when restricting the analysis to advanced adenomas only. Higher erythrocyte membrane EPA percentages were associated with a trend towards a reduced risk of advanced colorectal adenomas (P trend=0·05). Erythrocyte membrane arachidonic acid percentages are associated with an increased risk of colorectal adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara B Rifkin
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,1800 Orleans Street,Baltimore, MD 21287,USA
| | - Martha J Shrubsole
- 2Division of Epidemiology,Vanderbilt University Medical Center,2525 West End Avenue,Suite 800,Nashville, TN 37203,USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- 2Division of Epidemiology,Vanderbilt University Medical Center,2525 West End Avenue,Suite 800,Nashville, TN 37203,USA
| | - Walter E Smalley
- 4Department of Health Policy,Vanderbilt University Medical Center,2525 West End Avenue,Suite 1200, Nashville, TN 37203,USA
| | - Reid M Ness
- 5Division of Gastroenterology,Vanderbilt University Medical Center,1211 Medical Center Drive,Nashville, TN 37232,USA
| | - Larry L Swift
- 6Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology,Vanderbilt University Medical Center,1211 Medical Center Drive,Nashville, TN 37232,USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- 2Division of Epidemiology,Vanderbilt University Medical Center,2525 West End Avenue,Suite 800,Nashville, TN 37203,USA
| | - Harvey J Murff
- 3Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC),Department of Veterans Affairs,Tennessee Valley Healthcare System,1310 24th Avenue S,Nashville, TN 37212,USA
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189
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Barreira L, Resek E, Rodrigues MJ, Rocha MI, Pereira H, Bandarra N, da Silva MM, Varela J, Custódio L. Halophytes: Gourmet food with nutritional health benefits? J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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190
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Rauf S, Jamil N, Tariq SA, Khan M, Kausar M, Kaya Y. Progress in modification of sunflower oil to expand its industrial value. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:1997-2006. [PMID: 28093767 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the sunflower seed oil content as well as improving its quality makes it compatible for industrial demands. This is an important breeding objective of sunflower which increases its market value and ensures high returns for the producers. The present review focuses on determining the progress of improving sunflower seed oil content and modifying its quality by empirical and advanced molecular breeding methods. It is known that the sunflower oil content and quality have been altered through empirical selection methods and mutation breeding programmes in various parts of the world. Further improvement in seed oil content and its components (such as phytosterols, tocopherols and modified fatty acid profile) has been slowed down due to low genetic variation in elite germplasm and complex of hereditary traits. Introgression from wild species can be carried out to modify the fatty acids profile and tocopherol contents with linkage drags. Different transgenes introduced through biotechnological methods may produce novel long-chain fatty acids within sunflower oil. Bio-engineering of sunflower oil could allow it to be used in diverse industrial products such as bio-diesel or bio-plastics. These results showed that past and current trends of modifying sunflower oil quality are essential for its further expansion as an oilseed crop. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Rauf
- Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Jamil
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sultan Ali Tariq
- National Agriculture Research Institute, Murre Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Maria Khan
- Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Maria Kausar
- Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Yalcin Kaya
- Department of Genetic and Bioengineering, Engineering Faculty, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
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191
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In ovo exposure to omega-3 fatty acids does not enhance omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in broiler chickens. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2017; 8:520-528. [PMID: 28399949 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174417000216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The content of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) in chicken meat can be boosted by feeding broilers a diet containing α-linolenic acid (ALA, from flaxseed oil), some of which is converted by hepatic enzymes to n-3 LCPUFA. However, most of the accumulated n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in meat tissues is still in the form of ALA. Despite this, the levels of chicken diets are being enhanced by the inclusion of vegetable and marine sources of omega-3 fats. This study investigated whether the capacity of chicken for n-3 LCPUFA accumulation could be enhanced or inhibited by exposure to an increased supply of ALA or n-3 LCPUFA in ovo. Breeder hens were fed either flaxseed oil (High-ALA), fish oil (high n-3 LCPUFA) or tallow- (low n-3 PUFA, Control) based diets. The newly hatched chicks in each group were fed either the High-ALA or the Control diets until harvest at 42 days' post-hatch. The n-3 PUFA content of egg yolk and day-old chick meat closely matched the n-3 PUFA composition of the maternal diet. In contrast, the n-3 PUFA composition of breast and leg meat tissues of the 42-day-old offspring closely matched the diet fed post-hatch, with no significant effect of maternal diet. Indeed, there was an inhibition of n-3 LCPUFA accumulation in meat of the broilers from the maternal Fish-Oil diet group when fed the post-hatch High-ALA diet. Therefore, this approach is not valid to elevate n-3 LCPUFA in chicken meat.
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Valenzuela R, Echeverria F, Ortiz M, Rincón-Cervera MÁ, Espinosa A, Hernandez-Rodas MC, Illesca P, Valenzuela A, Videla LA. Hydroxytyrosol prevents reduction in liver activity of Δ-5 and Δ-6 desaturases, oxidative stress, and depletion in long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid content in different tissues of high-fat diet fed mice. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:64. [PMID: 28395666 PMCID: PMC5387240 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) and arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4n-6) are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) with relevant roles in the organism. EPA and DHA are synthesized from the precursor alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3n-3), whereas AA is produced from linoleic acid (LA, C18:2n-6) through the action of Δ5 and Δ6-desaturases. High-fat diet (HFD) decreases the activity of both desaturases and LCPUFA accretion in liver and other tissues. Hydroxytyrosol (HT), a natural antioxidant, has an important cytoprotective effects in different cells and tissues. Methods Male mice C57BL/6 J were fed a control diet (CD) (10% fat, 20% protein, 70% carbohydrates) or a HFD (60% fat, 20% protein, 20% carbohydrates) for 12 weeks. Animals were daily supplemented with saline (CD) or 5 mg HT (HFD), and blood and the studied tissues were analyzed after the HT intervention. Parameters studied included liver histology (optical microscopy), activity of hepatic desaturases 5 and 6 (gas-liquid chromatography of methyl esters derivatives) and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase by spectrophotometry), oxidative stress indicators (glutathione, thiobarbituric acid reactants, and the antioxidant capacity of plasma), gene expression assays for sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) (qPCR and ELISA), and LCPUFA profiles in liver, erythrocyte, brain, heart, and testicle (gas-liquid chromatography). Results HFD led to insulin resistance and liver steatosis associated with SREBP-1c upregulation, with enhancement in plasma and liver oxidative stress status and diminution in the synthesis and storage of n-6 and n-3 LCPUFAs in the studied tissues, compared to animals given control diet. HT supplementation significantly reduced fat accumulation in liver and plasma as well as tissue metabolic alterations induced by HFD. Furthermore, a normalization of desaturase activities, oxidative stress-related parameters, and tissue n-3 LCPUFA content was observed in HT-treated rats over control animals. Conclusions HT supplementation prevents metabolic alterations in desaturase activities, oxidative stress status, and n-3 LCPUFA content in the liver and extrahepatic tissues of mice fed HFD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12944-017-0450-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla, 70000, Santiago 7, Chile. .,Lipid Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Francisca Echeverria
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla, 70000, Santiago 7, Chile
| | - Macarena Ortiz
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla, 70000, Santiago 7, Chile
| | | | - Alejandra Espinosa
- Medical Technology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Paola Illesca
- Biochemistry Department. Faculty of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alfonso Valenzuela
- Lipid Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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193
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MacKintosh SB, Richardson I, Kim EJ, Dannenberger D, Coulmier D, Scollan ND. Addition of an extract of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) to cattle diets - Effects on fatty acid profile, meat quality and eating quality of the M. longissimus muscle. Meat Sci 2017; 130:69-80. [PMID: 28433853 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in enhancing beneficial fatty acids, particularly 18:3n-3, conjugated linoleic acid and long chain n-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in beef to provide benefits to human health. Here, the potential to enhance these fatty acids by feeding a n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich plant extract (PX) from lucerne is presented. Cattle (n=8/diet) were assigned to the following finishing diets: straw and concentrate (S-CC); straw and concentrate containing 25% PX and 2000IUvitaminE/kg PX-concentrate (S-PXC); grass silage (GS); GS plus 75gPX/kg dry matter intake (DMI) (GS-LPX) or GS plus 150g PX/kg DMI (GS-HPX). Addition of PX to concentrates or GS increased the n-3 fatty acid content of loin muscle and had favourable effects on the n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio (P<0.05), without detrimental effects on loin muscle sensory characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siân B MacKintosh
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, UK
| | - Ian Richardson
- Division of Farm Animal Science, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Eun Joong Kim
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, UK
| | - Dirk Dannenberger
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, 18196 Dummerstorf, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, Germany
| | - Didier Coulmier
- Desialis, Complexe Agricole Mont Bernard, 51007 Chalons en Champagne, France
| | - Nigel D Scollan
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK.
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194
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Meignan T, Lechartier C, Chesneau G, Bareille N. Effects of feeding extruded linseed on production performance and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4394-4408. [PMID: 28390715 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to quantify the effects on production performance and milk fatty acid (FA) profile of feeding dairy cows extruded linseed (EL), a feed rich in α-linolenic acid, and to assess the variability of the responses related to the dose of EL and the basal diet composition. This meta-analysis was carried out using only data from trials including a control diet without fat supplementation. The dependent variables were defined by the mean differences between values from EL-supplemented groups and values from control groups. The data were processed by regression testing the dose effect, multivariable regression testing the effect of each potential interfering factor associated with the dose effect, and then stepwise regression with backward elimination procedure with all potential interfering factors retained in previous steps. This entire strategy was also applied to a restricted data set, including only trials conducted inside a practical range of fat feeding (only supplemented diets with <60 g of fat/kg of dry matter and supplemented with <600 g of fat from EL). The whole data set consisted of 17 publications, representing 21 control diets and 29 EL-supplemented diets. The daily intake of fat from EL supplementation ranged from 87 to 1,194 g/cow per day. The dry matter intake was numerically reduced in high-fat diets. Extruded linseed supplementation increased milk yield (0.72 kg/d in the restricted data set) and decreased milk protein content by a dilutive effect (-0.58 g/kg in the restricted data set). No effect of dose or diet was identified on dry matter intake, milk yield, or milk protein content. Milk fat content decreased when EL was supplemented to diets with high proportion of corn silage in the forage (-2.8 g/kg between low and high corn silage-based diets in the restricted data set) but did not decrease when the diet contained alfalfa hay. Milk trans-10 18:1 proportion increased when EL was supplemented to high corn silage-based diets. A shift in ruminal biohydrogenation pathways, from trans-11 18:1 to trans-10 18:1, probably occurred when supplementing EL with high corn silage-based diets related to a change in the activity or composition of the microbial equilibrium in the rumen. The sum of pairs 4:0 to 14:0 (FA synthesized de novo by the udder), palmitic acid, and the sum of saturated FA decreased linearly, whereas oleic acid, vaccenic acid, rumenic acid, α-linolenic acid, and the sums of mono- and polyunsaturated FA increased linearly when the daily intake of fat from EL was increased. In experimental conditions, EL supplementation increased linearly proportions of potentially human health-beneficial FA in milk (i.e., oleic acid, vaccenic acid, rumenic acid, α-linolenic acid, total polyunsaturated FA), but should be used cautiously in corn silage-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Meignan
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, La Chantrerie, F-44307 Nantes, France; Valorex, La Messayais, F-35210 Combourtillé, France.
| | - C Lechartier
- Unité de Recherche sur les Systèmes d'Elevage, Univ Bretagne Loire, Ecole Supérieure d'Agricultures, 55 rue Rabelais, F-49007 Angers, France
| | - G Chesneau
- Valorex, La Messayais, F-35210 Combourtillé, France
| | - N Bareille
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, La Chantrerie, F-44307 Nantes, France
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195
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Effects of the flavonol quercetin and α-linolenic acid on n-3 PUFA status in metabolically healthy men and women: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:698-711. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIncreased dietary intake and tissue status of the long-chain n-3 PUFA, EPA and DHA, is associated with cardiovascular benefits. Epidemiological and animal studies suggest that concomitant nutritive intake of flavonoids may increase the conversion of α-linolenic acid (ALA) to longer-chain n-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA. We investigated the effects of increased ALA intake on fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids and erythrocytes in metabolically healthy men and women and whether fatty acid profiles and ALA conversion were affected by regular quercetin intake or sex. Subjects (n 74) were randomised to receive at least 3·3 g/d ALA with either 190 mg/d quercetin (ALA+quercetin) or placebo (ALA+placebo) in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial with 8-week intervention periods separated by an 8-week washout period. A total of seven subjects dropped out for personal reasons. Data from the remaining sixty-seven subjects (thirty-four males and thirty-three females) were included in the analysis. Both interventions significantly increased serum phospholipid ALA (ALA+placebo: +69·3 %; ALA+quercetin: +55·8 %) and EPA (ALA+placebo: +37·3 %; ALA+quercetin: +25·5 %). ALA + quercetin slightly decreased DHA concentration by 9·3 %. Erythrocyte ALA and EPA significantly increased with both interventions, whereas DHA decreased. Fatty acid composition did not differ between sexes. We found no effect of quercetin. Intake of 3·6 g/d ALA over an 8-week period resulted in increased ALA and EPA, but not DHA, in serum phospholipids and erythrocytes. Neither quercetin supplementation nor sex affected the increment of ALA and relative proportions of n-3 PUFA in serum phospholipids and erythrocytes.
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196
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Neijat M, Eck P, House JD. Impact of dietary precursor ALA versus preformed DHA on fatty acid profiles of eggs, liver and adipose tissue and expression of genes associated with hepatic lipid metabolism in laying hens. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 119:1-17. [PMID: 28410665 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), including alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and preformed longer chain PUFA (LCPUFA, particularly docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) differ in their egg LCPUFA enrichment efficiency. However, mechanisms leading to these differences are unclear. To this end, omega-3 PUFA contents in different lipid classes, including triacylglycerol (TAG) and total phospholipid (PL) in yolk, liver and adipose, as well as the expression of key hepatic enzymes in lipid metabolism were evaluated in laying hens in response to changes in dietary supply. Seventy Lohmann hens (n=10/treatment) consumed either a control diet (0.03% total omega-3 PUFA), or the control with supplementation (0.20%, 0.40% and 0.60% total omega-3 PUFA) from either flaxseed oil or algal product, as sources of ALA (precursor) or DHA (preformed), respectively. The study was arranged in a completely randomized design, and data were analyzed using the Proc Mixed procedure of SAS. ALA accumulated as a function of intake (P<0.0001) in total and lipid classes of yolk, liver and adipose (TAG only) for ALA- and DHA-fed hens. Unlike flaxseed oil, preformed-DHA contributed to greater (P<0.0001) accumulation of LCPUFA in yolk total PL and TAG pool, as well as adipose TAG. This may relate to elevated (P<0.0001) expression of acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSL1). No difference in hepatic EPA level in total lipids was noted between both treatment groups; EPAliver=2.1493x-0.0064; R2=0.70, P<0.0001 (x=dietary omega-3 PUFA). The latter result may highlight the role of hepatic EPA in the regulation of LCPUFA metabolism in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Neijat
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - P Eck
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2; Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2E1
| | - J D House
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2; Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2; Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2E1; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R2H 2A6.
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197
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Picklo MJ, Idso J, Seeger DR, Aukema HM, Murphy EJ. Comparative effects of high oleic acid vs high mixed saturated fatty acid obesogenic diets upon PUFA metabolism in mice. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 119:25-37. [PMID: 28410667 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that the fatty acid composition of obesogenic diets influences physiologic outcomes. There are scant data regarding how the content of non-essential fatty acids like monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) impact the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In this work, we tested the hypothesis that obesogenic diets enriched in oleic acid (OA; 18:1n-9) reduce polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels vs an obesogenic diet enriched in SFAs. Adult male mice were fed for eight weeks either (1) a control 16% fat energy (en) diet with 5.7% en OA and 4.4% en SFA, (2) a 50% fat en diet with 33% en OA and 9.9% en SFA, or (3) a 50% en diet with a high SFA diet with 33% en SFA and 9.1% en OA. Dietary levels and intake of linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6) and α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3) were constant between the experimental groups. Several peripheral organs (liver, heart, kidney, and adipose) were analyzed for lipid composition and oxylipin analysis was performed for liver and adipose. Our data demonstrate that a high OA diet reduced tissue content of LA and ALA (≥30%) in phospholipid and neutral lipid fractions, reduced the content of some LA-derived and ALA-derived oxylipins in liver and adipose, and conversely, elevated hepatic content of PGF2α. In all tissues examined, except for adipose, levels of arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) were either elevated or unaffected by the obesogenic diets. Our data indicate that the non-essential fatty content of obesogenic diets impacts PUFA content in peripheral tissues and influences the levels of bioactive oxylipins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Picklo
- USDA-ARS Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 2420 2nd Avenue North, Grand Forks, ND 58203-9034, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58201, USA
| | - Joseph Idso
- USDA-ARS Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 2420 2nd Avenue North, Grand Forks, ND 58203-9034, USA
| | - Drew R Seeger
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine, USA
| | - Harold M Aukema
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Eric J Murphy
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine, USA
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198
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Xu J, Rong S, Gao H, Chen C, Yang W, Deng Q, Huang Q, Xiao L, Huang F. A Combination of Flaxseed Oil and Astaxanthin Improves Hepatic Lipid Accumulation and Reduces Oxidative Stress in High Fat-Diet Fed Rats. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030271. [PMID: 28335388 PMCID: PMC5372934 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress are crucial pathophysiological mechanisms for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Thus, we examined the effect of a combination of flaxseed oil (FO) and astaxanthin (ASX) on hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in rats fed a high-fat diet. ASX was dissolved in flaxseed oil (1 g/kg; FO + ASX). Animals were fed diets containing 20% fat, where the source was lard, or 75% lard and 25% FO + ASX, or 50% lard and 50% FO + ASX, or FO + ASX, for 10 weeks. Substitution of lard with FO + ASX reduced steatosis and reduced hepatic triacylglycerol and cholesterol. The combination of FO and ASX significantly decreased hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase but increased peroxisome proliferator activated receptor expression. FO + ASX significantly suppressed fatty acid synthase and acetyl CoA carboxylase but induced carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 and acyl CoA oxidase expression. FO + ASX also significantly elevated hepatic SOD, CAT and GPx activity and GSH, and markedly reduced hepatic lipid peroxidation. Thus, FO and ASX may reduce NAFLD by reversing hepatic steatosis and reducing lipid accumulation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqu Xu
- Department of Nutriology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Shuang Rong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, No. 2, Huangjiahu Road, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Yichang, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, 2 Jiefang Road, Yichang 443000, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, 2 Jiefang Road, Yichang 443000, China.
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Qianchun Deng
- Department of Nutriology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Qingde Huang
- Department of Nutriology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Lingyun Xiao
- Functional Oil Laboratory Associated by Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Infinite (China) Co., LTD., 66 Jianzhong Road, Guangzhou 510665, China.
| | - Fenghong Huang
- Department of Nutriology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, China.
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199
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Effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid on blood inflammatory markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:877-891. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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200
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Teng F, Wang P, Yang L, Ma Y, Day L. Quantification of Fatty Acids in Human, Cow, Buffalo, Goat, Yak, and Camel Milk Using an Improved One-Step GC-FID Method. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0852-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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