151
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Nanomaterial Effects on Viral Infection. INTERACTION OF NANOMATERIALS WITH THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 2020. [PMCID: PMC7122331 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-33962-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The potential for environmental and occupational exposures of populations to nanomaterials (NMs) has fostered concerns of associated adverse health effects, with a particular emphasis on pulmonary injury and disease. Many studies have revealed that several types of NMs can evoke a variety of biological responses, such as pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress, which contribute to allergy, fibrosis, and granuloma formation. Less attention has been paid to health effects that may result from exposure to NMs and additional stressors such as pathogens, with a particular focus on susceptibility to viral infection. This chapter will summarize the current body of literature related to NMs and viral exposures with a primary focus on immune modulation. A summary of the studies performed and major findings to date will be discussed, highlighting proposed molecular mechanisms behind NM-driven host susceptibility, challenges, limitations, and future research needs. Specific mechanisms discussed include direct interaction between NMs and biological molecules, activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and related signaling pathways, production of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammasome activation, and modulation of lipid signaling networks.
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152
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Tabish TA, Narayan RJ, Edirisinghe M. Rapid and label-free detection of COVID-19 using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. MRS COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 10:566-572. [PMID: 33398237 PMCID: PMC7773019 DOI: 10.1557/mrc.2020.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
From the 1918 influenza pandemic (H1N1) until the recent 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, no efficient diagnostic tools have been developed for sensitive identification of viral pathogens. Rigorous, early, and accurate detection of viral pathogens is not only linked to preventing transmission but also to timely treatment and monitoring of drug resistance. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the gold standard method for microbiology and virology testing, suffers from both false-negative and false-positive results arising from the detection limit, contamination of samples/templates, exponential DNA amplification, and variation of viral ribonucleic acid sequences within a single individual during the course of the infection. Rapid, sensitive, and label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 can provide a first line of defense against the current pandemic. A promising technique is non-linear coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy, which has the ability to capture rich spatiotemporal structural and functional information at a high acquisition speed in a label-free manner from a biological system. Raman scattering is a process in which the distinctive spectral signatures associated with light-sample interaction provide information on the chemical composition of the sample. In this prospective, we briefly discuss the development and future prospects of CARS for real-time multiplexed label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer A. Tabish
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, Bloomsbury, WC1E 6DD UK
| | - Roger J. Narayan
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27599-7115 USA
| | - Mohan Edirisinghe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE UK
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153
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Fatty Acids Regulate Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection via the AMPK-ACC1 Signaling Pathway. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121145. [PMID: 31835577 PMCID: PMC6950460 DOI: 10.3390/v11121145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids play a crucial role in the replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a porcine virus that is endemic throughout the world. However, little is known about the effect of fatty acids (FAs), a type of vital lipid, on PRRSV infection. In this study, we found that treatment with a FA biosynthetic inhibitor significantly inhibited PRRSV propagation, indicating the necessity of FAs for optimal replication of PRRSV. Further study revealed that 5′-adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a key kinase antagonizing FA biosynthesis, was strongly activated by PRRSV and the pharmacological activator of AMPK exhibited anti-PRRSV activity. Additionally, we found that acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), the first rate-limiting enzyme in the FA biosynthesis pathway, was phosphorylated (inactive form) by PRRSV-activated AMPK, and active ACC1 was required for PRRSV proliferation, suggesting that the PRRSV infection induced the activation of the AMPK–ACC1 pathway, which was not conducive to PRRSV replication. This work provides new evidence about the mechanisms involved in host lipid metabolism during PRRSV infection and identifies novel potential antiviral targets for PRRSV.
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154
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Ma S, Mao Q, Chen W, Zhao M, Wu K, Song D, Li X, Zhu E, Fan S, Yi L, Ding H, Zhao M, Chen J. Serum Lipidomics Analysis of Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection in Piglets and Emerging Role of Free Fatty Acids in Virus Replication in vitro. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:410. [PMID: 31850242 PMCID: PMC6901794 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids metabolism plays a significant role in cellular responses to virus pathogens. However, the impact of lipids metabolism in CSFV infection is not yet confirmed. In the present study, for the fist time, we performed serum lipidomics analysis of piglets infected with CSFV based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS), and identified 167 differentially expressed lipid metabolites. Interestingly, free fatty acids (FFAs) accumulated significantly in these metabolites, accompanied by an increase in sphingolipids and a decrease in glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids, suggesting that CSFV infection markedly changed the serum lipid metabolism of piglets. FFAs are the principal constituents of many complex lipids and are essential substrates for energy metabolism. Based on this, we focused on whether FFAs play a prominent role in CSFV infection. We found that CSFV infection induced FFAs accumulation in vivo and in vitro, which is due to increased fatty acid biosynthesis. Meanwhile, we discovered that alteration of cellular FFAs accumulation by a mixture of FFAs or inhibitors of fatty acid biosynthesis affects progeny virus production in vitro. Furthermore, in the absence of glucose or glutamine, CSFV still has replication capacity, which is significantly reduced with the addition of fatty acid beta oxidation inhibitors, suggesting that the process of FFAs enter the mitochondria for beta oxidation to produce ATP is necessary for virus replication. Finally, we demonstrated CSFV induced FFAs accumulation results in impaired type I IFN signaling-mediated antiviral responses by down-regulating RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) signaling molecules, which may represent a mechanism of CSFV replication. Taken together, these findings provide the first data on lipid metabolites during CSFV infection and reveal a new view that CSFV infection requires FFAs to enhance viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengming Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Mao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengpo Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Erpeng Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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155
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Du X, Zuo X, Meng F, Wu F, Zhao X, Li C, Cheng G, Qin FXF. Combinatorial screening of a panel of FDA-approved drugs identifies several candidates with anti-Ebola activities. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 522:862-868. [PMID: 31806372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV), pathogen of Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is an enveloped filamental RNA virus. Recently, the EHF crisis occurred in the Democratic Republic of the Congo again highlights the urgency for its clinical treatments. However, no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapeutics are currently available. Drug repurposing screening is a time- and cost-effective approach for identifying anti-EBOV therapeutics. Here, by combinatorial screening using pseudovirion and minigenome replicon systems we have identified several FDA-approved drugs with significant anti-EBOV activities. These potential candidates include azithromycin, clomiphene, chloroquine, digitoxin, epigallocatechin-gallate, fluvastatin, tetrandrine and tamoxifen. Mechanistic studies revealed that fluvastatin inhibited EBOV pseudovirion entry by blocking the pathway of mevalonate biosynthesis, while the inhibitory effect of azithromycin on EBOV maybe due to its intrinsic cationic amphiphilic structure altering the homeostasis of later endosomal vesicle similar as tamoxifen. Moreover, based on structure and pathway analyses, the anti-EBOV activity has been extended to other family members of statins, such as simvastatin, and multiple other cardiac glycoside drugs, some of which exhibited even stronger activities. More importantly, in searching for drug interaction, we found various synergy between several anti-EBOV drug combinations, showing substantial and powerful synergistic against EBOV infection. In conclusion, our work illustrates a successful and productive approach to identify new mechanisms and targets for treating EBOV infection by combinatorial screening of FDA-approved drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Du
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xiangyang Zuo
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Fang Meng
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Chunfeng Li
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - F Xiao-Feng Qin
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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156
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Wang X, Nijman R, Camuzeaux S, Sands C, Jackson H, Kaforou M, Emonts M, Herberg JA, Maconochie I, Carrol ED, Paulus SC, Zenz W, Van der Flier M, de Groot R, Martinon-Torres F, Schlapbach LJ, Pollard AJ, Fink C, Kuijpers TT, Anderson S, Lewis MR, Levin M, McClure M. Plasma lipid profiles discriminate bacterial from viral infection in febrile children. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17714. [PMID: 31776453 PMCID: PMC6881435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53721-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fever is the most common reason that children present to Emergency Departments. Clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of bacterial infection are often non-specific, and there is no definitive test for the accurate diagnosis of infection. The 'omics' approaches to identifying biomarkers from the host-response to bacterial infection are promising. In this study, lipidomic analysis was carried out with plasma samples obtained from febrile children with confirmed bacterial infection (n = 20) and confirmed viral infection (n = 20). We show for the first time that bacterial and viral infection produces distinct profile in the host lipidome. Some species of glycerophosphoinositol, sphingomyelin, lysophosphatidylcholine and cholesterol sulfate were higher in the confirmed virus infected group, while some species of fatty acids, glycerophosphocholine, glycerophosphoserine, lactosylceramide and bilirubin were lower in the confirmed virus infected group when compared with confirmed bacterial infected group. A combination of three lipids achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.911 (95% CI 0.81 to 0.98). This pilot study demonstrates the potential of metabolic biomarkers to assist clinicians in distinguishing bacterial from viral infection in febrile children, to facilitate effective clinical management and to the limit inappropriate use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhu Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Ruud Nijman
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephane Camuzeaux
- National Phenome Centre and Imperial Clinical Phenotyping Centre, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, IRDB Building, Du Cane Road, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Sands
- National Phenome Centre and Imperial Clinical Phenotyping Centre, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, IRDB Building, Du Cane Road, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Jackson
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Myrsini Kaforou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Marieke Emonts
- Great North Children's Hospital, Paediatric Immunology, Infectious Diseases & Allergy, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre based at Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, United Kingdom
| | - Jethro A Herberg
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Maconochie
- Department of Paediatric Emergency Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Enitan D Carrol
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, L12 2AP, United Kingdom
- Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, L3 5TF, United Kingdom
| | - Stephane C Paulus
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, L12 2AP, United Kingdom
- Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, L3 5TF, United Kingdom
| | - Werner Zenz
- Department of General Paediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 34/2, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Michiel Van der Flier
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3508 AB, The Netherlands
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amalia Children's Hospital, and Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Groot
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amalia Children's Hospital, and Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Martinon-Torres
- Genetic, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain
- Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, 15706, Spain
| | - Luregn J Schlapbach
- Paediatirc Criticial Care Research Group, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland and Paediatric Intensive Care Research Group, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Fink
- Micropathology Ltd, University of Warwick, Warwick, CV4 7EZ, United Kingdom
| | - Taco T Kuijpers
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious diseases, Emma Children's Hospital Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Anderson
- Medical Research Council Unit at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Matthew R Lewis
- National Phenome Centre and Imperial Clinical Phenotyping Centre, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, IRDB Building, Du Cane Road, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Levin
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Myra McClure
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom.
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157
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Pezzotti G, Zhu W, Adachi T, Horiguchi S, Marin E, Boschetto F, Ogitani E, Mazda O. Metabolic machinery encrypted in the Raman spectrum of influenza A virus-inoculated mammalian cells. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:5146-5170. [PMID: 31710091 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy was applied with a high spectral resolution to a structural study of Influenza (type A) virus before and after its inoculation into Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. This study exploits the fact that the major virus and cell constituents, namely DNA/RNA, lipid, and protein molecules, exhibit peculiar fingerprints in the Raman spectrum, which clearly differed between cells and viruses, as well as before and after virus inoculation into cells. These vibrational features, which allowed us to discuss viral assembly, membrane lipid evolution, and nucleoprotein interactions of the virus with the host cells, reflected the ability of the virus to alter host cells' pathways to enhance its replication efficiency. Upon comparing Raman signals from the host cells before and after virus inoculation, we were also able to discuss in detail cell metabolic reactions against the presence of the virus in terms of compositional variations of lipid species, the formation of fatty acids, dephosphorylation of high-energy adenosine triphosphate molecules, and enzymatic hydrolysis of the hemagglutinin glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pezzotti
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wenliang Zhu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Adachi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Horiguchi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Elia Marin
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Francesco Boschetto
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eriko Ogitani
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osam Mazda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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158
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Zeng J, Liu S, Cai W, Jiang H, Lu X, Li G, Li J, Liu J. Emerging lipidome patterns associated with marine Emiliania huxleyi-virus model system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:521-528. [PMID: 31254817 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Emiliania huxleyi (Coccolithophore) plays a prominent role in the global carbon cycle and in climate processes. The annual collapse of massive E. huxleyi blooms in the marine environment has been shown to be frequently linked to viral control. These host-virus interactions shape the evolution and dynamics of oceanic microscale ecosystems, yet we still understand little of the molecular mechanism of these virus-mediated processes. Here, we present a detailed characterization of the lipidome of E. huxleyi BOF92 strain, both of uninfected cells and those infected with its specific lytic virus EhV-99B1. Non-targeted lipidomics analysis was performed in order to evaluate the dynamic alterations underlying virus-induced metabolic remodeling. The host lipidome (both lipid content and composition) significantly changed in response to the viral infection. The most statistically significant differential lipids were screened as potential biomarkers for assessing E. huxleyi population sensitivity to EhV infection. Our results reveal that the remodeling of lipid metabolism that underlies the pathogenesis of this infection primarily involved sphingolipid, glycerolipid and fatty acid metabolic pathways. Our study provides insights into how viruses shape their hosts metabolism to support their unique life cycle and a lipid-based chemical arms race during host-virus dynamic interactions in a marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zeng
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Sishangyu Liu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Weicong Cai
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hanrui Jiang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xue Lu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Guiling Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jian Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jingwen Liu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China.
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159
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Zhou M, Li P, Wu S, Zhao P, Gao H. Bacillus subtilis CF-3 Volatile Organic Compounds Inhibit Monilinia fructicola Growth in Peach Fruit. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1804. [PMID: 31440224 PMCID: PMC6692483 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by Bacillus subtilis CF-3 in inhibiting Monilinia fructicola in vitro and in vivo. In the in vitro experiments, the effect of VOCs on the growth of the pathogenic fungi was explored by using plate enthalpy test; mycelial morphology was studied by scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy; and fatty acid contents in the cell membrane were assessed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results indicated that treatment with benzothiazole and CF-3 for 24 h, in the form of a fermentation broth (24hFB), significantly inhibited the germination of fungal spores, modified hyphal and cell morphology, and decreased the cell membrane fluidity and integrity. In the in vivo experiments, the effect of VOCs on the defense mechanism of peach fruit toward M. fructicola was studied, and we found that benzothiazole and CF-3 24hFB inhibited the activity of the pathogenic enzymes (pectinase, cellulase) secreted by M. fructicola to reduce the decomposition of plant tissues, activate the antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) in the fruit to eliminate excessive reactive oxygen species in order to reduce plant cell damage, and trigger the disease-resistant enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chitinases, and β-1,3-glucanase) to enhance the resistance of peach fruit to M. fructicola and inhibit its growth. This study suggests that CF-3 VOCs could activate disease-resistant enzymes to prevent the invasion of pathogenic fungi and induce resistance in peach, thereby providing a theoretical basis for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minshun Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Shanghai, China
| | - Peizhong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyuan Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengyu Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Shanghai, China
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160
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Zhao P, Li P, Wu S, Zhou M, Zhi R, Gao H. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from Bacillus subtilis CF-3 reduce anthracnose and elicit active defense responses in harvested litchi fruits. AMB Express 2019; 9:119. [PMID: 31352537 PMCID: PMC6661035 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0841-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by Bacillus subtilis CF-3 on the growth and development of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and evaluated the elicitation of active defense responses in harvested litchi fruits. In vitro experiments were conducted to explore the bacteriostatic effect of VOCs in inhibiting pathogenic fungi by means of plate enthalpy test, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and CF-3 24-h fermentation broth (24hFB) can significantly inhibit the germination of fungal spores, disrupt hyphal and cell morphology, and decrease cell membrane fluidity and integrity, resulting in the changes of indexes. In addition, the bacteriostasis of VOCs in the defensive ability of litchi fruits to C. gloeosporioides was studied, and it was shown that 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and CF-3 24hFB can inhibit the activity of the pathogenic enzymes (pectinase and cellulase) secreted by C. gloeosporioides to reduce the decomposition of plant tissues, activate antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) in the fruit to eliminate excessive reactive oxygen species in fruits in order to reduce plant cell damage and activate disease resistance enzymes (phenylalanineammonialyase, chitinases, β-1,3-glucanase) to enhance the resistance of litchi fruits to C. gloeosporioides and inhibit its growth. This study investigated the bacteriostasis of VOCs in inhibiting C. gloeosporioides and inducing the resistance of litchi fruits, providing a theoretical basis for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Peizhong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyuan Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Minshun Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruicong Zhi
- School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haiyan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
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161
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Infection of Aedes albopictus Mosquito C6/36 Cells with the wMelpop Strain of Wolbachia Modulates Dengue Virus-Induced Host Cellular Transcripts and Induces Critical Sequence Alterations in the Dengue Viral Genome. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00581-19. [PMID: 31092581 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00581-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) causes frequent epidemics infecting ∼390 million people annually in over 100 countries. There are no approved vaccines or antiviral drugs for treatment of infected patients. However, there is a novel approach to control DENV transmission by the mosquito vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, using the Wolbachia symbiont. The wMelPop strain of Wolbachia suppresses DENV transmission and shortens the mosquito life span. However, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. To clarify this mechanism, either naive A. albopictus (C6/36) or wMelPop-C6/36 cells were infected with DENV serotype 2 (DENV2). Analysis of host transcript profiles by transcriptome sequencing (RNAseq) revealed that the presence of wMelPop dramatically altered the mosquito host cell transcription in response to DENV2 infection. The viral RNA evolved from wMelPop-C6/36 cells contained low-frequency mutations (∼25%) within the coding region of transmembrane domain 1 (TMD1) of E protein. Mutations with >97% frequencies were distributed within other regions of E, the NS5 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5POL) domain, and the TMDs of NS2A, NS2B, and NS4B. Moreover, while DENV2-infected naive C6/36 cells showed syncytium formation, DENV2-infected wMelPop-C6/36 cells did not. The Wolbachia-induced mutant DENV2 can readily infect and replicate in naive C6/36 cells, whereas in mutant DENV2-infected BHK-21 or Vero cells, virus replication was delayed. In LLC-MK2 cells, the mutant failed to produce plaques. Additionally, in BHK-21 cells, many mutations in the viral genome reverted to the wild type (WT) and compensatory mutations in NS3 gene appeared. Our results indicate that wMelPop impacts significantly the interactions of DENV2 with mosquito and mammalian host cells.IMPORTANCE Mosquito-borne diseases are of global significance causing considerable morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Dengue virus (DENV; serotypes 1 to 4), a member of the Flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family, causes millions of infections annually. Development of a safe vaccine is hampered due to absence of cross-protection and increased risk in secondary infections due to antibody-mediated immune enhancement. Infection of vector mosquitoes with Wolbachia bacteria offers a novel countermeasure to suppress DENV transmission, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, the host transcription profiles and viral RNA sequences were analyzed in naive A. albopictus (C6/36) and wMelPop-C6/36 cells by RNAseq. Our results showed that the wMelPop symbiont caused profound changes in host transcription profiles and morphology of DENV2-infected C6/36 cells. Accumulation of several mutations throughout DENV2 RNA resulted in loss of infectivity of progeny virions. Our findings offer new insights into the mechanism of Wolbachia-mediated suppression of DENV transmission.
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162
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Using genetic variation in Aedes aegypti to identify candidate anti-dengue virus genes. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:580. [PMID: 31272403 PMCID: PMC6611004 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcriptomic profiling has generated extensive lists of genes that respond to viral infection in mosquitoes. These gene lists contain two types of genes; (1) those that are responsible for the insect's natural antiviral defense mechanisms, including some known innate immunity genes, and (2) genes whose change in expression may occur simply as a result of infection. As genetic modification tools for mosquitoes continue to improve, the opportunities to make refractory insects via allelic replacement or delivery of small RNAs that alter gene expression are expanding. Therefore, the ability to identify which genes in transcriptional profiles may have immune function has increasing value. Arboviruses encounter a range of mosquito tissues and physiologies as they traverse from the midgut to the salivary glands. While the midgut is well-studied as the primary tissue barrier, antiviral genes expressed in the subsequent tissues of the carcass offer additional candidates for second stage intervention in the mosquito body. METHODS Mosquito lines collected recently from field populations exhibit natural genetic variation for dengue virus susceptibility. We sought to use a modified full-sib breeding design to identify mosquito families that varied in their dengue viral load in their bodies post infection. RESULTS By delivering virus intrathoracically, we bypassed the midgut and focused on whole body responses in order to evaluate carcass-associated refractoriness. We tested 25 candidate genes selected for their appearance in multiple published transcriptional profiles and were able to identify 12 whose expression varied with susceptibility in the genetic families. CONCLUSIONS This method, using natural genetic variation, offers a simple means to screen and reduce candidate gene lists prior to carrying out more labor-intensive functional studies. The extracted RNA from the females across the families represents a storable resource that can be used to screen subsequent candidate genes in the future. The aspect of vector competence being assessed could be varied by focusing on different tissues or time points post infection.
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163
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Mayer KA, Stöckl J, Zlabinger GJ, Gualdoni GA. Hijacking the Supplies: Metabolism as a Novel Facet of Virus-Host Interaction. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1533. [PMID: 31333664 PMCID: PMC6617997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral replication is a process that involves an extremely high turnover of cellular molecules. Since viruses depend on the host cell to obtain the macromolecules needed for their proper replication, they have evolved numerous strategies to shape cellular metabolism and the biosynthesis machinery of the host according to their specific needs. Technologies for the rigorous analysis of metabolic alterations in cells have recently become widely available and have greatly expanded our knowledge of these crucial host–pathogen interactions. We have learned that most viruses enhance specific anabolic pathways and are highly dependent on these alterations. Since uninfected cells are far more plastic in their metabolism, targeting of the virus-induced metabolic alterations is a promising strategy for specific antiviral therapy and has gained great interest recently. In this review, we summarize the current advances in our understanding of metabolic adaptations during viral infections, with a particular focus on the utilization of this information for therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina A Mayer
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Stöckl
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard J Zlabinger
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guido A Gualdoni
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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164
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ZIKV Strains Differentially Affect Survival of Human Fetal Astrocytes versus Neurons and Traffic of ZIKV-Laden Endocytotic Compartments. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8069. [PMID: 31147629 PMCID: PMC6542792 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44559-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Malformations of the fetal CNS, known as microcephaly, have been linked to Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. Here, the responses of mammalian and mosquito cell lines, in addition to primary human fetal astrocytes and neurons were studied following infection by ZIKV strains Brazil 2016 (ZIKV-BR), French Polynesia 2013 (ZIKV-FP), and Uganda #976 1947 (ZIKV-UG). Viral production, cell viability, infectivity rate, and mobility of endocytotic ZIKV-laden vesicles were compared. All cell types (SK-N-SH, Vero E6, C6/36, human fetal astrocytes and human fetal neurons) released productive virus. Among primary cells, astrocytes were more susceptible to ZIKV infection than neurons, released more progeny virus and tolerated higher virus loads than neurons. In general, the infection rate of ZIKV-UG strain was the highest. All ZIKV strains elicited differences in trafficking of ZIKV-laden endocytotic vesicles in the majority of cell types, including astrocytes and neurons, except in mosquito cells, where ZIKV infection failed to induce cell death. These results represent a thorough screening of cell viability, infection and production of three ZIKV strains in five different cell types and demonstrate that ZIKV affects vesicle mobility in all but mosquito cells.
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165
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Mesquita I, Estaquier J. Viral Manipulation of the Host Metabolic Network. EXPERIENTIA. SUPPLEMENTUM 2019; 109:377-401. [PMID: 30535606 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74932-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are intracellular parasites that rely on host machinery to replicate and achieve a successful infection. Viruses have evolved to retain a broad range of strategies to manipulate host cell metabolism and metabolic resources, channeling them toward the production of virion components leading to viral production. Although several viruses share similar strategies for manipulating host cell metabolism, these processes depend on several factors, namely, the viral life cycle and the metabolic and energetic status of the infected cell. Based on this knowledge, the development of new therapeutic approaches that circumvent viral spread through the target of altered metabolic pathways is an opportunity to tackle the infection. However, finding effective broad-spectrum strategies that aim at restoring to homeostasis the metabolic alterations induced upon virus infection is still a Holy Grail quest for antiviral therapies. Here, we review the strategies by which viruses manipulate host metabolism for their own benefit, with a particular emphasis on carbohydrate, glutamine, and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Mesquita
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada. .,CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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166
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Meal for Two: Human Cytomegalovirus-Induced Activation of Cellular Metabolism. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030273. [PMID: 30893762 PMCID: PMC6466105 DOI: 10.3390/v11030273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are parasites that depend on the host cell’s metabolic resources to provide the energy and molecular building blocks necessary for the production of viral progeny. It has become increasingly clear that viruses extensively modulate the cellular metabolic network to support productive infection. Here, we review the numerous ways through which human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) modulates cellular metabolism, highlighting known mechanisms of HCMV-mediated metabolic manipulation and identifying key outstanding questions that remain to be addressed.
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167
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Eisenreich W, Rudel T, Heesemann J, Goebel W. How Viral and Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens Reprogram the Metabolism of Host Cells to Allow Their Intracellular Replication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:42. [PMID: 30886834 PMCID: PMC6409310 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses and intracellular bacterial pathogens (IBPs) have in common the need of suitable host cells for efficient replication and proliferation during infection. In human infections, the cell types which both groups of pathogens are using as hosts are indeed quite similar and include phagocytic immune cells, especially monocytes/macrophages (MOs/MPs) and dendritic cells (DCs), as well as nonprofessional phagocytes, like epithelial cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. These terminally differentiated cells are normally in a metabolically quiescent state when they are encountered by these pathogens during infection. This metabolic state of the host cells does not meet the extensive need for nutrients required for efficient intracellular replication of viruses and especially IBPs which, in contrast to the viral pathogens, have to perform their own specific intracellular metabolism to survive and efficiently replicate in their host cell niches. For this goal, viruses and IBPs have to reprogram the host cell metabolism in a pathogen-specific manner to increase the supply of nutrients, energy, and metabolites which have to be provided to the pathogen to allow its replication. In viral infections, this appears to be often achieved by the interaction of specific viral factors with central metabolic regulators, including oncogenes and tumor suppressors, or by the introduction of virus-specific oncogenes. Less is so far known on the mechanisms leading to metabolic reprogramming of the host cell by IBPs. However, the still scant data suggest that similar mechanisms may also determine the reprogramming of the host cell metabolism in IBP infections. In this review, we summarize and compare the present knowledge on this important, yet still poorly understood aspect of pathogenesis of human viral and especially IBP infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Chair of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Chair of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Heesemann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Werner Goebel
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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168
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Zhang Z, He G, Filipowicz NA, Randall G, Belov GA, Kopek BG, Wang X. Host Lipids in Positive-Strand RNA Virus Genome Replication. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:286. [PMID: 30863375 PMCID: PMC6399474 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane association is a hallmark of the genome replication of positive-strand RNA viruses [(+)RNA viruses]. All well-studied (+)RNA viruses remodel host membranes and lipid metabolism through orchestrated virus-host interactions to create a suitable microenvironment to survive and thrive in host cells. Recent research has shown that host lipids, as major components of cellular membranes, play key roles in the replication of multiple (+)RNA viruses. This review focuses on how (+)RNA viruses manipulate host lipid synthesis and metabolism to facilitate their genomic RNA replication, and how interference with the cellular lipid metabolism affects viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Guijuan He
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Glenn Randall
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - George A. Belov
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | | | - Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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169
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Prusinkiewicz MA, Mymryk JS. Metabolic Reprogramming of the Host Cell by Human Adenovirus Infection. Viruses 2019; 11:E141. [PMID: 30744016 PMCID: PMC6409786 DOI: 10.3390/v11020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that alter many cellular processes to create an environment optimal for viral replication. Reprogramming of cellular metabolism is an important, yet underappreciated feature of many viral infections, as this ensures that the energy and substrates required for viral replication are available in abundance. Human adenovirus (HAdV), which is the focus of this review, is a small DNA tumor virus that reprograms cellular metabolism in a variety of ways. It is well known that HAdV infection increases glucose uptake and fermentation to lactate in a manner resembling the Warburg effect observed in many cancer cells. However, HAdV infection induces many other metabolic changes. In this review, we integrate the findings from a variety of proteomic and transcriptomic studies to understand the subtleties of metabolite and metabolic pathway control during HAdV infection. We review how the E4ORF1 protein of HAdV enacts some of these changes and summarize evidence for reprogramming of cellular metabolism by the viral E1A protein. Therapies targeting altered metabolism are emerging as cancer treatments, and similar targeting of aberrant components of virally reprogrammed metabolism could have clinical antiviral applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Prusinkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada.
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170
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Curbing Lipids: Impacts ON Cancer and Viral Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030644. [PMID: 30717356 PMCID: PMC6387424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids play a fundamental role in maintaining normal function in healthy cells. Their functions include signaling, storing energy, and acting as the central structural component of cell membranes. Alteration of lipid metabolism is a prominent feature of cancer, as cancer cells must modify their metabolism to fulfill the demands of their accelerated proliferation rate. This aberrant lipid metabolism can affect cellular processes such as cell growth, survival, and migration. Besides the gene mutations, environmental factors, and inheritance, several infectious pathogens are also linked with human cancers worldwide. Tumor viruses are top on the list of infectious pathogens to cause human cancers. These viruses insert their own DNA (or RNA) into that of the host cell and affect host cellular processes such as cell growth, survival, and migration. Several of these cancer-causing viruses are reported to be reprogramming host cell lipid metabolism. The reliance of cancer cells and viruses on lipid metabolism suggests enzymes that can be used as therapeutic targets to exploit the addiction of infected diseased cells on lipids and abrogate tumor growth. This review focuses on normal lipid metabolism, lipid metabolic pathways and their reprogramming in human cancers and viral infection linked cancers and the potential anticancer drugs that target specific lipid metabolic enzymes. Here, we discuss statins and fibrates as drugs to intervene in disordered lipid pathways in cancer cells. Further insight into the dysregulated pathways in lipid metabolism can help create more effective anticancer therapies.
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171
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Zhang J, Lan Y, Li MY, Lamers MM, Fusade-Boyer M, Klemm E, Thiele C, Ashour J, Sanyal S. Flaviviruses Exploit the Lipid Droplet Protein AUP1 to Trigger Lipophagy and Drive Virus Production. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 23:819-831.e5. [PMID: 29902443 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitylation is one of the most versatile protein post-translational modifications and is frequently altered during virus infections. Here we employed a functional proteomics screen to identify host proteins that are differentially ubiquitylated upon dengue virus (DENV) infection. Among the several differentially modified proteins identified in infected cells was AUP1, a lipid droplet-localized type-III membrane protein, which exists predominantly in the mono-ubiquitylated form. AUP1 associated with DENV NS4A and relocalized from lipid droplets to autophagosomes upon infection. Virus production was abolished in cells deleted for AUP1 or expressing an AUP1 acyltransferase domain mutant. Ubiquitylation disrupted the AUP1-NS4A interaction, resulting in inhibited acyltransferase activity, defective lipophagy, and attenuated virus production. Our results show that DENV-NS4A exploits the acyltransferase activity of AUP1 to trigger lipophagy, a process regulated by ubiquitylation. This mechanism appears to be a general phenomenon in biogenesis of flaviviruses and underscores the critical role of post-translational modifications in virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Zhang
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yun Lan
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ming Yuan Li
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Mart Matthias Lamers
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Maxime Fusade-Boyer
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Elizabeth Klemm
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christoph Thiele
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joseph Ashour
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sumana Sanyal
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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172
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Balasubramanian A, Pilankatta R, Teramoto T, Sajith AM, Nwulia E, Kulkarni A, Padmanabhan R. Inhibition of dengue virus by curcuminoids. Antiviral Res 2018; 162:71-78. [PMID: 30529358 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The dengue virus is considered to be a globally important human pathogen prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. According to a recent estimate, the disease burden due to DENV infections is ∼390 million infections per year globally in ∼100 countries including the southern US, Puerto Rico and Hawaii, resulting in nearly ∼25,000 deaths mostly among children. Despite the significant morbidity and mortality that results from DENV infections, there is currently no effective chemotherapeutic treatment for DENV infections. We identified curcumin as an inhibitor of DENV2 NS2B/NS3protease in a previous high-throughput screening (HTS) campaign. We synthesized four analogues of curcumin (curcuminoids) and tested the in vitro protease inhibition activity and inhibition of replication by cell-based assays. The results revealed that curcumin is a weak inhibitor of the viral protease. However, the analogues exhibited more potent inhibition of DENV infectivity in plaque assays suggesting that the cellular pathway(s) required for viral replication and/or assembly are targeted by these compounds. Further analysis shows that inhibition of genes involved in lipid biosynthesis, and of actin polymerization by curcuminoids, are likely to be involved as their mode of action in DENV2-infected cells. Three of the curcumin derivatives possess good selectivity indices (SI) (>10) when compared to the parent curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajendra Pilankatta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Tadahisa Teramoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Ayyiliath M Sajith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Evaristus Nwulia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Amol Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, D.C, USA.
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173
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Halle M, Yudhistira T, Lee KJ, Choi JH, Kim Y, Park HS, Churchill DG. Overriding Phthalate Decomposition When Exploring Mycophenolic Acid Intermediates as Selenium-Based ROS Biological Probes. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:13474-13483. [PMID: 30411040 PMCID: PMC6217640 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hypochlorous (OCl-) acid is the most well-known bacterial oxidant to be produced by neutrophils. Excess amounts of OCl- can cause various disorders in living systems. Herein, we have designed, synthesized, and characterized two novel organoselenium-based target molecules (Probe-1 and Probe-OCl) based on a synthetic intermediate of mycophenolic acid for the aqueous detection of OCl-. Probe 1 has been recently reported (Org. Lett. 2018, 20, 3557-3561); both probes show immediate "turn-on" fluorescence (<1 s) upon the addition of OCl-, display an increase in the fluorescence quantum yield (3.7-fold in Probe-1 and 11.6-fold in Probe-OCl), and are completely soluble in aqueous media without the help of any cosolvent. However, a decrease in the "turn-on" intensity with the oxidized version of Probe-1 in cell assays due to the anhydride/phthalate functionality suggests that probe degradation occurs based on hydrolytic action (a probe degradation half-life of ∼1500 s at 15 μM Probe-1 and 150 μM OCl). Thus, the change of "anhydride" to "methylamide" begets Probe-OCl, which possesses more stability without sacrificing its water solubility properties and responses at short times. Further studies suggest that Probe-OCl is highly stable within physiological pH (pH = 7.4). Surprisingly, in live cell experiments involving U-2 OS cells and HeLa cells, Probe-OCl accumulated and aggregated in lipid droplets and gives a "turn-on" fluorescence response. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays confirmed that Probe-OCl is not toxic. Cuvette aggregation studies were also performed (tetrahydrofuran/H2O) to demonstrate aggregation-induced fluorescence at longer times. Our current hypothesis is that the "turn-on" fluorescence effect is caused by the aggregation-induced emission mechanism available for Probe-OCl. In this case, in tandem, we reanalyzed the Mes-BOD-SePh derivative to compare and contrast cell localization as imaged by confocal microscopy; fluorescence emission occurs in the absence of, or prior to, Se oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh
B. Halle
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, and Department of
Chemistry, Molecular Synthetic Biology Laboratory, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Tesla Yudhistira
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, and Department of
Chemistry, Molecular Synthetic Biology Laboratory, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Jin Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, and Department of
Chemistry, Molecular Synthetic Biology Laboratory, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyuck Choi
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, and Department of
Chemistry, Molecular Synthetic Biology Laboratory, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Center
for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Republic
of Korea
| | - Youngsam Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, and Department of
Chemistry, Molecular Synthetic Biology Laboratory, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sung Park
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, and Department of
Chemistry, Molecular Synthetic Biology Laboratory, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - David G. Churchill
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, and Department of
Chemistry, Molecular Synthetic Biology Laboratory, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Center
for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Republic
of Korea
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174
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Casalino-Matsuda SM, Wang N, Ruhoff PT, Matsuda H, Nlend MC, Nair A, Szleifer I, Beitel GJ, Sznajder JI, Sporn PHS. Hypercapnia Alters Expression of Immune Response, Nucleosome Assembly and Lipid Metabolism Genes in Differentiated Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13508. [PMID: 30202079 PMCID: PMC6131151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercapnia, the elevation of CO2 in blood and tissues, commonly occurs in severe acute and chronic respiratory diseases, and is associated with increased risk of mortality. Recent studies have shown that hypercapnia adversely affects innate immunity, host defense, lung edema clearance and cell proliferation. Airway epithelial dysfunction is a feature of advanced lung disease, but the effect of hypercapnia on airway epithelium is unknown. Thus, in the current study we examined the effect of normoxic hypercapnia (20% CO2 for 24 h) vs normocapnia (5% CO2), on global gene expression in differentiated normal human airway epithelial cells. Gene expression was assessed on Affymetrix microarrays, and subjected to gene ontology analysis for biological process and cluster-network representation. We found that hypercapnia downregulated the expression of 183 genes and upregulated 126. Among these, major gene clusters linked to immune responses and nucleosome assembly were largely downregulated, while lipid metabolism genes were largely upregulated. The overwhelming majority of these genes were not previously known to be regulated by CO2. These changes in gene expression indicate the potential for hypercapnia to impact bronchial epithelial cell function in ways that may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with severe acute or advanced chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marina Casalino-Matsuda
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
| | - Naizhen Wang
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Peder T Ruhoff
- Department of Technology and Innovation, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hiroaki Matsuda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Physical Sciences & Engineering, Wilbur Wright College, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Marie C Nlend
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Division of Protein and Cellular Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Aisha Nair
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Igal Szleifer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Greg J Beitel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jacob I Sznajder
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Peter H S Sporn
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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175
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Pombo JP, Sanyal S. Perturbation of Intracellular Cholesterol and Fatty Acid Homeostasis During Flavivirus Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1276. [PMID: 29915602 PMCID: PMC5994796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular lipid homeostasis is maintained through an intricately linked array of anabolic and catabolic pathways. Upon flavivirus infections, these are significantly altered: on the one hand, these viruses can co-opt lipid metabolic pathways to generate ATP to facilitate replication, or to synthesize membrane components to generate replication sites; on the other hand, more recent evidence suggests counter strategies employed by host cells, which actively modulate several of these networks in response to infection, enhancing interferon signaling by doing so, and thus creating an antiviral environment. In this review, we discuss recent data on mechanisms of alteration of lipid metabolic pathways during infection by flaviviruses, with a focus on cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis, which can be manipulated by the invading viruses to support replication, but can also be modulated by the host immune system itself, as a means to fight infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Palma Pombo
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sumana Sanyal
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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176
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Shrivastava-Ranjan P, Flint M, Bergeron É, McElroy AK, Chatterjee P, Albariño CG, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF. Statins Suppress Ebola Virus Infectivity by Interfering with Glycoprotein Processing. mBio 2018; 9:e00660-18. [PMID: 29717011 PMCID: PMC5930306 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00660-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) infection is a major public health concern due to high fatality rates and limited effective treatments. Statins, widely used cholesterol-lowering drugs, have pleiotropic mechanisms of action and were suggested as potential adjunct therapy for Ebola virus disease (EVD) during the 2013-2016 outbreak in West Africa. Here, we evaluated the antiviral effects of statin (lovastatin) on EBOV infection in vitro Statin treatment decreased infectious EBOV production in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages and in the hepatic cell line Huh7. Statin treatment did not interfere with viral entry, but the viral particles released from treated cells showed reduced infectivity due to inhibition of viral glycoprotein processing, as evidenced by decreased ratios of the mature glycoprotein form to precursor form. Statin-induced inhibition of infectious virus production and glycoprotein processing was reversed by exogenous mevalonate, the rate-limiting product of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, but not by low-density lipoprotein. Finally, statin-treated cells produced EBOV particles devoid of the surface glycoproteins required for virus infectivity. Our findings demonstrate that statin treatment inhibits EBOV infection and suggest that the efficacy of statin treatment should be evaluated in appropriate animal models of EVD.IMPORTANCE Treatments targeting Ebola virus disease (EVD) are experimental, expensive, and scarce. Statins are inexpensive generic drugs that have been used for many years for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and have a favorable safety profile. Here, we show the antiviral effects of statins on infectious Ebola virus (EBOV) production. Our study reveals a novel molecular mechanism in which statin regulates EBOV particle infectivity by preventing glycoprotein processing and incorporation into virus particles. Additionally, statins have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Since inflammation and dysregulation of the immune system are characteristic features of EVD, statins could be explored as part of EVD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punya Shrivastava-Ranjan
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mike Flint
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anita K McElroy
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Payel Chatterjee
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - César G Albariño
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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177
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Li P, Feng F, Pan E, Fan X, Yang Q, Guan M, Chen L, Sun C. Scavenger receptor-mediated Ad5 entry and acLDL accumulation in monocytes/macrophages synergistically trigger innate responses against viral infection. Virology 2018; 519:86-98. [PMID: 29680370 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) is a common cause of respiratory tract infection, and populations worldwide have high prevalence of anti-Ad5 antibodies, implying extensively prior infection. Ad5 infection potently activates the host innate defense and inflammation, but the molecular mechanisms are not completely clarified. We report here that monocytes from Ad5-seropositive subjects upregulates the expression of scavenger receptor A (SR-A), and the increased SR-A promote the susceptibility of Ad5 entry and subsequent innate signaling activation. SR-A is also known as major receptor for lipid uptake, we therefore observed that monocytes from Ad5-seropositive subjects accumulated the acetylated low-density lipoprotein (acLDL) and had the elevated cellular stress to induce the activation of monocyte/macrophages. These findings demonstrate that SR-A-mediated Ad5 entry, innate signaling activation and acLDL accumulation synergistically trigger the robust antiviral innate and inflammatory responses, which are helpful to our understanding of the pathogenesis of adenovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengling Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Enxiang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaozhen Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Guan
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Caijun Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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178
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Inhibition of the mevalonate pathway enhances cancer cell oncolysis mediated by M1 virus. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1524. [PMID: 29670091 PMCID: PMC5906622 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus is an attractive anticancer agent that selectively lyses cancer through targeting cancer cells rather than normal cells. Although M1 virus is effective against several cancer types, certain cancer cells present low sensitivity to it. Here we identified that most of the components in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway are downregulated after M1 virus infection. Further functional studies illustrate that mevalonate/protein farnesylation/ras homolog family member Q (RHOQ) axis inhibits M1 virus replication. Further transcriptome analysis shows that RHOQ knockdown obviously suppresses Rab GTPase and ATP-mediated membrane transporter system, which may mediate the antiviral effect of RHOQ. Based on this, inhibition of the above pathway significantly enhances the anticancer potency of M1 virus in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo. Our research provides an intriguing strategy for the rational combination of M1 virus with farnesyl transferase inhibitors to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Oncolytic viruses selectively kill tumour cells and induce anti-tumour immunity. Here, the AUs demonstrate the anti-viral effect of the mevalonate pathway on oncolytic virus M1 in refractory cancer cells and provide evidence for a combination strategy of targeting the mevalonate pathway for potentiating oncolytic virus therapy.
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179
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Schönrich G, Raftery MJ. CD1-Restricted T Cells During Persistent Virus Infections: "Sympathy for the Devil". Front Immunol 2018; 9:545. [PMID: 29616036 PMCID: PMC5868415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Some of the clinically most important viruses persist in the human host after acute infection. In this situation, the host immune system and the viral pathogen attempt to establish an equilibrium. At best, overt disease is avoided. This attempt may fail, however, resulting in eventual loss of viral control or inadequate immune regulation. Consequently, direct virus-induced tissue damage or immunopathology may occur. The cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1) family of non-classical major histocompatibility complex class I molecules are known to present hydrophobic, primarily lipid antigens. There is ample evidence that both CD1-dependent and CD1-independent mechanisms activate CD1-restricted T cells during persistent virus infections. Sophisticated viral mechanisms subvert these immune responses and help the pathogens to avoid clearance from the host organism. CD1-restricted T cells are not only crucial for the antiviral host defense but may also contribute to tissue damage. This review highlights the two edged role of CD1-restricted T cells in persistent virus infections and summarizes the viral immune evasion mechanisms that target these fascinating immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Schönrich
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin J Raftery
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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180
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Raniga K, Liang C. Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic Network against Viral Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:E36. [PMID: 29342871 PMCID: PMC5795449 DOI: 10.3390/v10010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses exploit the host and induce drastic metabolic changes to ensure an optimal environment for replication and the production of viral progenies. In response, the host has developed diverse countermeasures to sense and limit these alterations to combat viral infection. One such host mechanism is through interferon signaling. Interferons are cytokines that enhances the transcription of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) whose products are key players in the innate immune response to viral infection. In addition to their direct targeting of viral components, interferons and ISGs exert profound effects on cellular metabolism. Recent studies have started to illuminate on the specific role of interferon in rewiring cellular metabolism to activate immune cells and limit viral infection. This review reflects on our current understanding of the complex networking that occurs between the virus and host at the interface of cellular metabolism, with a focus on the ISGs in particular, cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H), spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase 1 (SAT1), indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) and sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1), which were recently discovered to modulate specific metabolic events and consequently deter viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Raniga
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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181
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The Myxobacterial Metabolite Soraphen A Inhibits HIV-1 by Reducing Virus Production and Altering Virion Composition. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00739-17. [PMID: 28533249 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00739-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Soraphen A is a myxobacterial metabolite that blocks the acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase of the host and was previously identified as a novel HIV inhibitor. Here, we report that soraphen A acts by reducing virus production and altering the gp120 virion content, impacting entry capacity and infectivity. These effects are partially reversed by addition of palmitic acid, suggesting that inhibition of HIV envelope palmitoylation is one of the mechanisms of antiviral action.
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182
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Li Y, Shao X, Xu J, Wei Y, Xu F, Wang H. Effects and possible mechanism of tea tree oil against Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum in vitro and in vivo test. Can J Microbiol 2017; 63:219-227. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2016-0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the antifungal activities and possible mechanisms of tea tree oil (TTO) against Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum in vitro and in vivo. The results show that TTO exhibits dose-dependent antifungal activity against both pathogens, but P. expansum is less sensitive than B. cinerea to TTO not only in the in vitro test but also in artificially inoculated cherry fruits. TTO vapor treatment reduced the decay caused by these pathogens in inoculated cherry fruits, but the effect on P. expansum was less than that on B. cinerea. While the total lipid and ergosterol contents of the cell membrane are greater in P. expansum than in B. cinerea, TTO treatment lowers the total lipid content in the membranes of both species by well over 50%, and ergosterol content is reduced to a greater extent in B. cinerea than in P. expansum. In both pathogens, TTO alters mycelial morphology and cellular ultrastructure. Oxygen consumption measurements show that TTO inhibits respiratory metabolism via the tricarboxylic acid cycle pathway in both pathogens, though more severely in B. cinerea than in P. expansum. The relatively decreased sensitivity of P. expansum to TTO may be due to the fact that TTO causes less disruption of the cell membrane in this organism, and higher inhibition the respiratory metabolism to the extent observed in B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Li
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingfeng Shao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiayu Xu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingying Wei
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongfei Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
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183
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Bouazizi-Ben Messaoud H, Guichard M, Lawton P, Delton I, Azzouz-Maache S. Changes in Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition During Intramacrophagic Transformation of Leishmania donovani Complex Promastigotes into Amastigotes. Lipids 2017; 52:433-441. [PMID: 28161835 PMCID: PMC5427136 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-017-4233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania sp., are trypanosomatid parasites that are phagocytized by human and animal macrophages. Transformation from the vector promastigote stage to the intracellular amastigote host cell stage is mandatory, since development in the host depends on the internalization of the parasite. We identified and analyzed the lipids involved in the promastigote to amastigote transformation process in the Leishmania donovani complex. Four lipid classes, phospholipids, free fatty acids, triglycerides and sterols were studied. The derivatization method of Bligh and Dyer was used to establish the fatty acid composition in each stage of the parasite. To stay within the context of Leishmania infection, we used amastigotes extracted from macrophages after experimental in vitro infection. The purification process was checked by electronic microscopy, the absence of major contamination by host-cell debris and a correct purification yield validated our experimental model. Our results show that free fatty acids and cholesterol increased, whereas triglycerides and ergosterol decreased during the transition between promastigotes to amastigotes. With respect to phospholipid classes, we found increased proportion of sphingomyelin and phosphatidylserine and lowered proportion of phosphatidylinositol and lysophosphatidylethanolamine. Regarding fatty acid composition, a significant increase of n-7 fatty acids was observed in amastigotes. Overall, the total n-6 fatty acids were decreased in PL. Several of the changes were also observed in TG and free fatty acids. Particularly, n-7 fatty acids and 20:4n-6 were highly increased, whereas n-9 fatty acid and n-6 precursors decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Bouazizi-Ben Messaoud
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), UMR InterTryp IRD/CIRAD, campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France.,Department of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Lyon University, Lyon, France.,Inserm U1060 CarMeN Laboratory, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marion Guichard
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), UMR InterTryp IRD/CIRAD, campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France.,Department of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Lyon University, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Lawton
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), UMR InterTryp IRD/CIRAD, campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France.,Department of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Lyon University, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Delton
- Inserm U1060 CarMeN Laboratory, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Samira Azzouz-Maache
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), UMR InterTryp IRD/CIRAD, campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France. .,Department of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Lyon University, Lyon, France.
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184
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Rachitha P, Krupashree K, Jayashree GV, Gopalan N, Khanum F. Growth Inhibition and Morphological Alteration of Fusarium sporotrichioides by Mentha piperita Essential Oil. Pharmacognosy Res 2017; 9:74-79. [PMID: 28250658 PMCID: PMC5330108 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.199771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to determine the phytochemical composition, antifungal activity of Mentha piperita essential oil (MPE) against Fusarium sporotrichioides. METHODS The phytochemical composition was conducted by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC MS) analysis and mycelia growth inhibition was determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), the morphological characterization was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Finally, the membrane permeability was determined by the release of extracellular constituents, pH, and total lipid content. RESULT In GC MS analysis, 22 metabolites were identified such as menthol, l menthone, pulegone, piperitone, caryophyllene, menthol acetate, etc. The antifungal activity against targeted pathogen, with MIC and MFC 500 μg/mL and 1000 μg/mL, respectively. The MPE altered the morphology of F. sporotrichoides hyphae with the loss of cytoplasm content and contorted the mycelia. The increasing concentration of MPE showed increase in membrane permeability of F. sporotrichoides as evidenced by the release of extracellular constituents and pH with the disruption of cell membrane indicating decrease in lipid content of F. sporotrichoides. CONCLUSION The observed results showed that MPE exhibited promising new antifungal agent against Fusarium sporotrichioides. SUMMARY F. sporotrichioides, filamentous fungi contaminate to corn and corn--based productsF. sporotrichioides mainly responsible for the production of T-2 toxinPhytochemical composition was conducted by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry analysisMentha piperita essential oil (MPE) is commonly known as peppermintThe F. sporotrichioides growth was inhibited by MPE (minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum fungicidal concentration)Morphological observation by scanning electron microscope. Abbreviations Used: Cfu: Colony forming unit; DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide, °C: Degree celsius; F. Sporotrichoides: Fusarium sporotrichioides; EOs: Essential oils; M: Molar, g: Gram/gravity, mg: Milligram; μg: Microgram, ml: Milliliter; mm: Millimeter, min: Minutes; M. piperita: Mentha piperita, MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration; MFC: Minimum fungicidal concentration; MAE: Mentha arvensis essential oil; Na2SO4: Sodium sulfate; pH: Potential Hydrogen; PDB: Potato Dextrose Broth; SEM: Scanning electron microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Rachitha
- Department of Biochemistry and Nanosciences Discipline, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - K. Krupashree
- Department of Biochemistry and Nanosciences Discipline, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - G. V. Jayashree
- Department of Biochemistry and Nanosciences Discipline, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Natarajan Gopalan
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Farhath Khanum
- Department of Biochemistry and Nanosciences Discipline, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, Karnataka, India
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185
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Fritsch SD, Weichhart T. Effects of Interferons and Viruses on Metabolism. Front Immunol 2016; 7:630. [PMID: 28066439 PMCID: PMC5174094 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are potent pleiotropic cytokines that broadly alter cellular functions in response to viral and other infections. These alterations include changes in protein synthesis, proliferation, membrane composition, and the nutritional microenvironment. Recent evidence suggests that antiviral responses are supported by an IFN-induced rewiring of the cellular metabolism. In this review, we discuss the roles of type I and type II IFNs in regulating the cellular metabolism and biosynthetic reactions. Furthermore, we give an overview of how viruses themselves affect these metabolic activities to promote their replication. In addition, we focus on the lipid as well as amino acid metabolisms, through which IFNs exert potent antiviral and immunomodulatory activities. Conversely, the expression of IFNs is controlled by the nutrient sensor mammalian target of rapamycin or by direct reprograming of lipid metabolic pathways. These findings establish a mutual relationship between IFN production and metabolic core processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Weichhart
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
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186
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Martín-Acebes MA, Vázquez-Calvo Á, Saiz JC. Lipids and flaviviruses, present and future perspectives for the control of dengue, Zika, and West Nile viruses. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 64:123-137. [PMID: 27702593 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are emerging arthropod-borne pathogens that cause life-threatening diseases such as yellow fever, dengue, West Nile encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, Kyasanur Forest disease, tick-borne encephalitis, or Zika disease. This viral genus groups >50 viral species of small enveloped plus strand RNA virus that are phylogenetically closely related to hepatitis C virus. Importantly, the flavivirus life cycle is intimately associated to host cell lipids. Along this line, flaviviruses rearrange intracellular membranes from the endoplasmic-reticulum of the infected cells to develop adequate platforms for viral replication and particle biogenesis. Moreover, flaviviruses dramatically orchestrate a profound reorganization of the host cell lipid metabolism to create a favorable environment for viral multiplication. Consistently, recent work has shown the importance of specific lipid classes in flavivirus infections. For instances, fatty acid synthesis is linked to viral replication, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine are involved on the entry of flaviviruses, sphingolipids (ceramide and sphingomyelin) play a key role on virus assembly and pathogenesis, and cholesterol is essential for innate immunity evasion in flavivirus-infected cells. Here, we revise the current knowledge on the interactions of the flaviviruses with the cellular lipid metabolism to identify potential targets for future antiviral development aimed to combat these relevant health-threatening pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de A Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ángela Vázquez-Calvo
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de A Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de A Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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187
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Wei F, Zhu Q, Ding L, Liang Q, Cai Q. Manipulation of the host cell membrane by human γ-herpesviruses EBV and KSHV for pathogenesis. Virol Sin 2016; 31:395-405. [PMID: 27624182 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-016-3817-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane regulates many physiological processes including cellular communication, homing and metabolism. It is therefore not surprising that the composition of the host cell membrane is manipulated by intracellular pathogens. Among these, the human oncogenic herpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) exploit the host cell membrane to avoid immune surveillance and promote viral replication. Accumulating evidence has shown that both EBV and KSHV directly encode several similar membrane-associated proteins, including receptors and receptor-specific ligands (cytokines and chemokines), to increase virus fitness in spite of host antiviral immune responses. These proteins are expressed individually at different phases of the EBV/KSHV life cycle and employ various mechanisms to manipulate the host cell membrane. In recent decades, much effort has been made to address how these membrane-based signals contribute to viral tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize and highlight the recent understanding of how EBV and KSHV similarly manipulate host cell membrane signals, particularly how remodeling of the cell membrane allows EBV and KSHV to avoid host antiviral immune responses and favors their latent and lytic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wei
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministries of Education and Health), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ling Ding
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministries of Education and Health), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministries of Education and Health), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiliang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministries of Education and Health), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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188
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Dynamic cross-talk between host primary metabolism and viruses during infections in plants. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 19:50-5. [PMID: 27442236 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Upon infection plant viruses modulate cellular functions and resources to survive and reproduce. Plant cells in which the virus is replicating are transformed into strong metabolic sinks. This conversion gives rise to a massive reprogramming of plant primary metabolism. Such a metabolic shift involves perturbations in carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids that eventually lead to increase respiration rates, and/or decrease in photosynthetic activity. By doing so, plants provide metabolic acclimation against cellular stress and meet the increased demand for energy needed to sustain virus multiplication and defense responses against viruses. This review will highlight our current knowledge pertaining to the contribution of primary metabolism to the outcome of viral infections in plants.
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189
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Chen W, Li XM, Li AL, Yang G, Hu HN. Hepatitis C Virus Increases Free Fatty Acids Absorption and Promotes its Replication Via Down-Regulating GADD45α Expression. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:2347-56. [PMID: 27381636 PMCID: PMC4946386 DOI: 10.12659/msm.899591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, as a major cause of chronic hepatic diseases, is always accompanied with an abnormality of lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathogenic role of free fatty acids (FFA) in human HCV infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS Peripheral blood lipid indexes among HCV patients with different viral loads (199 samples) and healthy donors (80 samples) were detected by clinical biochemistry tests. HCV replication and the expression of growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible gene 45-α (GADD45α) in Huh7 cells and clinical samples were quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting. Lipid accumulation in Huh7 cells was detected by immunofluorescence. RESULTS In this study, we found that FFA showed a significant positive correlation with viral load in peripheral blood of HCV patients, but not total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). GADD45α expression in HCV patients dramatically decreased with the increase of viral load. In Huh7 cells, FFA treatment significantly enhanced HCV replication. HCV infection inhibited GADD45α expression, and this effect was further enhanced with the presence of FFA treatment. Ectopic expression of GADD45α in HCV-infected Huh7 cells markedly inhibited the absorption of FFA and HCV replication. However, FFA significantly elevated GADD45α expression without HCV infection. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that HCV down-regulates GADD45α expression to enhance FFA absorption and thus facilitate its replication. GADD45α is an essential mediator for the pathogenesis of HCV infection. Thus, our study provides potential clues in the search for novel therapeutics and fatty lipid control options for HCV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - An-Ling Li
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Gui Yang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University,, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Han-Ning Hu
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
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190
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Crawford SE, Desselberger U. Lipid droplets form complexes with viroplasms and are crucial for rotavirus replication. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 19:11-5. [PMID: 27341619 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has demonstrated that a variety of pathogens target cellular lipid metabolism for their replication. Lipid droplets are a major contributor to lipid homeostasis and contain neutral fats but are also recognized as dynamic organelles involved in signal transduction, membrane trafficking and modulation of immune and inflammatory responses. Rotaviruses co-opt lipid droplets for their replication. Rotavirus viroplasms, sites of viral RNA replication and immature particle assembly, form complexes with cellular lipid droplets early in infection. Chemical compounds blocking fatty acid synthesis or interfering with lipid droplet homeostasis decrease viroplasm formation and the yield of infectious viral progeny. Lipid droplets are vital for the replication of rotaviruses as well as various members of the Flaviviridae family and several intracellular bacteria. Chemical compounds decreasing intracellular triglyceride content reduced rotavirus replication in an animal model and should be considered as potential therapeutic agents against disease caused by rotaviruses, flaviviruses and intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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191
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Flavivirus modulation of cellular metabolism. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 19:7-10. [PMID: 27280383 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, we have begun to appreciate how flaviviruses manipulate cellular metabolism to establish an optimal environment for their replication. These metabolic changes include the stimulation of glycolysis, in addition to lipid anabolic and catabolic pathways. These processes are thought to promote an energetically favorable state, in addition to modifying membrane lipid composition for viral replication and virion envelopment. Importantly, many of these processes can be pharmacologically inhibited as successful antiviral strategies, at least in cell culture. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which flaviviruses alter cellular metabolism, remaining questions, and opportunities for therapeutic development.
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192
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Wolbachia Modulates Lipid Metabolism in Aedes albopictus Mosquito Cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:3109-3120. [PMID: 26994075 PMCID: PMC4959074 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00275-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain strains of the intracellular endosymbiont Wolbachia can strongly inhibit or block the transmission of viruses such as dengue virus (DENV) by Aedes mosquitoes, and the mechanisms responsible are still not well understood. Direct infusion and liquid chromatography-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry-based lipidomics analyses were conducted using Aedes albopictus Aa23 cells that were infected with the wMel and wMelPop strains of Wolbachia in comparison to uninfected Aa23-T cells. Substantial shifts in the cellular lipid profile were apparent in the presence of Wolbachia. Most significantly, almost all sphingolipid classes were depleted, and some reductions in diacylglycerols and phosphatidylcholines were also observed. These lipid classes have previously been shown to be selectively enriched in DENV-infected mosquito cells, suggesting that Wolbachia may produce a cellular lipid environment that is antagonistic to viral replication. The data improve our understanding of the intracellular interactions between Wolbachia and mosquitoes. IMPORTANCE Mosquitoes transmit a variety of important viruses to humans, such as dengue virus and Zika virus. Certain strains of the intracellular bacterial genus called Wolbachia found in or introduced into mosquitoes can block the transmission of viruses, including dengue virus, but the mechanisms responsible are not well understood. We found substantial shifts in the cellular lipid profiles in the presence of these bacteria. Some lipid classes previously shown to be enriched in dengue virus-infected mosquito cells were depleted in the presence of Wolbachia, suggesting that Wolbachia may produce a cellular lipid environment that inhibits mosquito-borne viruses.
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193
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Hyodo K, Okuno T. Pathogenesis mediated by proviral host factors involved in translation and replication of plant positive-strand RNA viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 17:11-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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194
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Rotavirus replication and the role of cellular lipid droplets: New therapeutic targets? J Formos Med Assoc 2016; 115:389-94. [PMID: 27017233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. These viruses infect the villous epithelium of the small intestine. Part of their replication occurs in cytoplasmic inclusion bodies termed viroplasms. Viroplasms and the lipid droplets (LDs) of cellular organelles are known to interact both physically and functionally. Compounds interfering with the homoeostasis of LDs significantly decrease the production of infectious RV progeny. There is considerable scope for more detailed exploration of such compounds as potential antiviral agents for a disease for which at present no specific therapy exists.
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195
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Reddy T, Sansom MSP. The Role of the Membrane in the Structure and Biophysical Robustness of the Dengue Virion Envelope. Structure 2016; 24:375-82. [PMID: 26833387 PMCID: PMC4780862 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The dengue virion is surrounded by an envelope of membrane proteins surrounding a lipid bilayer. We have combined the cryoelectron microscopy structures of the membrane proteins (PDB: 3J27) with a lipid bilayer whose composition is based on lipidomics data for insect cell membranes, to obtain a near-atomic resolution computational model of the envelope of the dengue virion. A coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation on the microsecond timescale enables analysis of key biophysical properties of the dengue outer envelope. Properties analyzed include area per lipid values (for a spherical virion with a mixed lipid composition), bilayer thickness, and lipid diffusion coefficients. Despite the absence of cholesterol from the lipid bilayer, the virion exhibits biophysical robustness (slow lipid diffusion alongside stable bilayer thickness, virion diameter, and shape) that matches the cholesterol-rich membrane of influenza A, with similarly anomalous diffusion of lipids. Biophysical robustness of the envelope may confer resilience to environmental perturbations. The dengue virus envelope is a lipid bilayer plus an outer layer of membrane proteins The structures of the proteins plus lipidomics data were used to model the envelope Microsecond MD simulations revealed the dynamic behavior of the lipid bilayer Protein interactions confer “raft-like” robustness on a cholesterol-free membrane
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Mark S P Sansom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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196
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Reid CR, Airo AM, Hobman TC. The Virus-Host Interplay: Biogenesis of +RNA Replication Complexes. Viruses 2015; 7:4385-413. [PMID: 26287230 PMCID: PMC4576186 DOI: 10.3390/v7082825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA (+RNA) viruses are an important group of human and animal pathogens that have significant global health and economic impacts. Notable members include West Nile virus, Dengue virus, Chikungunya, Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus and enteroviruses of the Picornaviridae family.Unfortunately, prophylactic and therapeutic treatments against these pathogens are limited. +RNA viruses have limited coding capacity and thus rely extensively on host factors for successful infection and propagation. A common feature among these viruses is their ability to dramatically modify cellular membranes to serve as platforms for genome replication and assembly of new virions. These viral replication complexes (VRCs) serve two main functions: To increase replication efficiency by concentrating critical factors and to protect the viral genome from host anti-viral systems. This review summarizes current knowledge of critical host factors recruited to or demonstrated to be involved in the biogenesis and stabilization of +RNA virus VRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen R Reid
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Adriana M Airo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Tom C Hobman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
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197
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Identification of Host Cell Factors Associated with Astrovirus Replication in Caco-2 Cells. J Virol 2015; 89:10359-70. [PMID: 26246569 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01225-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Astroviruses are small, nonenveloped viruses with a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome causing acute gastroenteritis in children and immunocompromised patients. Since positive-sense RNA viruses have frequently been found to replicate in association with membranous structures, in this work we characterized the replication of the human astrovirus serotype 8 strain Yuc8 in Caco-2 cells, using density gradient centrifugation and free-flow zonal electrophoresis (FFZE) to fractionate cellular membranes. Structural and nonstructural viral proteins, positive- and negative-sense viral RNA, and infectious virus particles were found to be associated with a distinct population of membranes separated by FFZE. The cellular proteins associated with this membrane population in infected and mock-infected cells were identified by tandem mass spectrometry. The results indicated that membranes derived from multiple cell organelles were present in the population. Gene ontology and protein-protein interaction network analysis showed that groups of proteins with roles in fatty acid synthesis and ATP biosynthesis were highly enriched in the fractions of this population in infected cells. Based on this information, we investigated by RNA interference the role that some of the identified proteins might have in the replication cycle of the virus. Silencing of the expression of genes involved in cholesterol (DHCR7, CYP51A1) and fatty acid (FASN) synthesis, phosphatidylinositol (PI4KIIIβ) and inositol phosphate (ITPR3) metabolism, and RNA helicase activity (DDX23) significantly decreased the amounts of Yuc8 genomic and antigenomic RNA, synthesis of the structural protein VP90, and virus yield. These results strongly suggest that astrovirus RNA replication and particle assembly take place in association with modified membranes potentially derived from multiple cell organelles. IMPORTANCE Astroviruses are common etiological agents of acute gastroenteritis in children and immunocompromised patients. More recently, they have been associated with neurological diseases in mammals, including humans, and are also responsible for different pathologies in birds. In this work, we provide evidence that astrovirus RNA replication and virus assembly occur in contact with cell membranes potentially derived from multiple cell organelles and show that membrane-associated cellular proteins involved in lipid metabolism are required for efficient viral replication. Our findings provide information to enhance our knowledge of astrovirus biology and provide information that might be useful for the development of therapeutic interventions to prevent virus replication.
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198
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Opasawatchai A, Matangkasombut P. iNKT Cells and Their Potential Lipid Ligands during Viral Infection. Front Immunol 2015; 6:378. [PMID: 26257744 PMCID: PMC4513233 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a unique population of lipid-reactive CD1d-restricted innate-like T lymphocytes. Despite being a minor population, they serve as an early source of cytokines and promote immunological crosstalk thus bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Diseases ranging from allergy, autoimmunity, and cancer, as well as infectious diseases, including viral infection, have been reported to be influenced by iNKT cells. However, it remains unclear how iNKT cells are activated during viral infection, as virus-derived lipid antigens have not been reported. Cytokines may activate iNKT cells during infections from influenza and murine cytomegalovirus, although CD1d-dependent activation is evident in other viral infections. Several viruses, such as dengue virus, induce CD1d upregulation, which correlates with iNKT cell activation. In contrast, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Epstein–Barr virus, and human papilloma virus promote CD1d downregulation as a strategy to evade iNKT cell recognition. These observations suggest the participation of a CD1d-dependent process in the activation of iNKT cells in response to viral infection. Endogenous lipid ligands, including phospholipids as well as glycosphingolipids, such as glucosylceramide, have been proposed to mediate iNKT cell activation. Pro-inflammatory signals produced during viral infection may stimulate iNKT cells through enhanced CD1d-dependent endogenous lipid presentation. Furthermore, viral infection may alter lipid composition and inhibit endogenous lipid degradation. Recent advances in this field are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anunya Opasawatchai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand ; Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Ponpan Matangkasombut
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand ; Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
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199
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Immunology of bats and their viruses: challenges and opportunities. Viruses 2015; 6:4880-901. [PMID: 25494448 PMCID: PMC4276934 DOI: 10.3390/v6124880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are reservoir hosts of several high-impact viruses that cause significant human diseases, including Nipah virus, Marburg virus and rabies virus. They also harbor many other viruses that are thought to have caused disease in humans after spillover into intermediate hosts, including SARS and MERS coronaviruses. As is usual with reservoir hosts, these viruses apparently cause little or no pathology in bats. Despite the importance of bats as reservoir hosts of zoonotic and potentially zoonotic agents, virtually nothing is known about the host/virus relationships; principally because few colonies of bats are available for experimental infections, a lack of reagents, methods and expertise for studying bat antiviral responses and immunology, and the difficulty of conducting meaningful field work. These challenges can be addressed, in part, with new technologies that are species-independent that can provide insight into the interactions of bats and viruses, which should clarify how the viruses persist in nature, and what risk factors might facilitate transmission to humans and livestock.
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200
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Orchestration of membrane receptor signaling by membrane lipids. Biochimie 2015; 113:111-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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