151
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Winnicki K, Żabka A, Bernasińska J, Matczak K, Maszewski J. Immunolocalization of dually phosphorylated MAPKs in dividing root meristem cells of Vicia faba, Pisum sativum, Lupinus luteus and Lycopersicon esculentum. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:905-17. [PMID: 25652240 PMCID: PMC4427623 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1752-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE In plants, phosphorylated MAPKs display constitutive nuclear localization; however, not all studied plant species show co-localization of activated MAPKs to mitotic microtubules. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is involved not only in the cellular response to biotic and abiotic stress but also in the regulation of cell cycle and plant development. The role of MAPKs in the formation of a mitotic spindle has been widely studied and the MAPK signaling pathway was found to be indispensable for the unperturbed course of cell division. Here we show cellular localization of activated MAPKs (dually phosphorylated at their TXY motifs) in both interphase and mitotic root meristem cells of Lupinus luteus, Pisum sativum, Vicia faba (Fabaceae) and Lycopersicon esculentum (Solanaceae). Nuclear localization of activated MAPKs has been found in all species. Co-localization of these kinases to mitotic microtubules was most evident in L. esculentum, while only about 50% of mitotic cells in the root meristems of P. sativum and V. faba displayed activated MAPKs localized to microtubules during mitosis. Unexpectedly, no evident immunofluorescence signals at spindle microtubules and phragmoplast were noted in L. luteus. Considering immunocytochemical analyses and studies on the impact of FR180204 (an inhibitor of animal ERK1/2) on mitotic cells, we hypothesize that MAPKs may not play prominent role in the regulation of microtubule dynamics in all plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Winnicki
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland,
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152
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Matsuoka D, Yasufuku T, Furuya T, Nanmori T. An abscisic acid inducible Arabidopsis MAPKKK, MAPKKK18 regulates leaf senescence via its kinase activity. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 87:565-75. [PMID: 25680457 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone that regulates many physiological functions, such as plant growth, development and stress responses. The MAPK cascade plays an important role in ABA signal transduction. Several MAPK and MAPKK molecules are reported to function in ABA signaling; however, there have been few studies related to the identification of MAPKKK upstream of MAPKK in ABA signaling. In this study, we show that an Arabidopsis MAPKKK, MAPKKK18 functions in ABA signaling. The expression of MAPKKK18 was induced by ABA treatment. Yeast two-hybrid analysis revealed that MAPKKKK18 interacted with MKK3, which interacted with C-group MAPK, MPK1/2/7. Immunoprecipitated kinase assay showed that the 3xFlag-tagged MAPKKK18, expressed in Arabidopsis plants, was activated when treated with ABA. These results indicate the possibility that the MAPK cascade is composed of MAPKKK18, MKK3 and MPK1/2/7 in ABA signaling. The transgenic plants overexpressing MAPKKK18 (35S:MAPKKK18) and its kinase negative mutant (35S:MAPKKK18 KN) were generated, and their growth was monitored. Compared with the WT plant, 35S:MAPKKK18 and 35S:MAPKKK18 KN showed smaller and bigger phenotypes, respectively. Senescence of the rosette leaves was promoted in 35S:MAPKKK18, but suppressed in 35S:MAPKKK18 KN. Furthermore, ABA-induced leaf senescence was accelerated in 35S:MAPKKK18. These results suggest that MAPKKK18 controls the plant growth by adjusting the timing of senescence via its protein kinase activity in ABA dependent manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan,
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153
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Kohan-Baghkheirati E, Geisler-Lee J. Gene Expression, Protein Function and Pathways of Arabidopsis thaliana Responding to Silver Nanoparticles in Comparison to Silver Ions, Cold, Salt, Drought, and Heat. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 5:436-467. [PMID: 28347022 PMCID: PMC5312895 DOI: 10.3390/nano5020436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely used in industry due to their unique physical and chemical properties. However, AgNPs have caused environmental concerns. To understand the risks of AgNPs, Arabidopsis microarray data for AgNP, Ag⁺, cold, salt, heat and drought stresses were analyzed. Up- and down-regulated genes of more than two-fold expression change were compared, while the encoded proteins of shared and unique genes between stresses were subjected to differential enrichment analyses. AgNPs affected the fewest genes (575) in the Arabidopsis genome, followed by Ag⁺ (1010), heat (1374), drought (1435), salt (4133) and cold (6536). More genes were up-regulated than down-regulated in AgNPs and Ag⁺ (438 and 780, respectively) while cold down-regulated the most genes (4022). Responses to AgNPs were more similar to those of Ag⁺ (464 shared genes), cold (202), and salt (163) than to drought (50) or heat (30); the genes in the first four stresses were enriched with 32 PFAM domains and 44 InterPro protein classes. Moreover, 111 genes were unique in AgNPs and they were enriched in three biological functions: response to fungal infection, anion transport, and cell wall/plasma membrane related. Despite shared similarity to Ag⁺, cold and salt stresses, AgNPs are a new stressor to Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisa Kohan-Baghkheirati
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
- Department of Biology, Golestan University, Gorgan 49138-15739, Iran.
| | - Jane Geisler-Lee
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
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154
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Role of miR-155 in drug resistance of breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:1395-401. [PMID: 25744731 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expressions at posttranscriptional level. Growing evidence points to their significant role in the acquisition of drug resistance in cancers. Studies show that miRNAs are often aberrantly expressed in human cancer cells which are associated with tumorigenesis, metastasis, invasiveness, and drug resistance. Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-induced death in women. Over the last decades, increasing attention has been paid to the effects of miRNAs on the development of breast cancer drug resistance. Among them, miR-155 takes part in a sequence of bioprocesses that contribute to the development of such drug resistance, including repression of FOXO3a, enhancement of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, reduction of RhoA, and affecting the length of telomeres. In this review, we discuss the role of miR-155 in the acquisition of breast cancer drug resistance. This will provide a new way in antiresistance treatment of drug-resistant breast cancer.
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155
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Clauw P, Coppens F, De Beuf K, Dhondt S, Van Daele T, Maleux K, Storme V, Clement L, Gonzalez N, Inzé D. Leaf responses to mild drought stress in natural variants of Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:800-16. [PMID: 25604532 PMCID: PMC4348775 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.254284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although the response of plants exposed to severe drought stress has been studied extensively, little is known about how plants adapt their growth under mild drought stress conditions. Here, we analyzed the leaf and rosette growth response of six Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) accessions originating from different geographic regions when exposed to mild drought stress. The automated phenotyping platform WIWAM was used to impose stress early during leaf development, when the third leaf emerges from the shoot apical meristem. Analysis of growth-related phenotypes showed differences in leaf development between the accessions. In all six accessions, mild drought stress reduced both leaf pavement cell area and number without affecting the stomatal index. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis (using RNA sequencing) of early developing leaf tissue identified 354 genes differentially expressed under mild drought stress in the six accessions. Our results indicate the existence of a robust response over different genetic backgrounds to mild drought stress in developing leaves. The processes involved in the overall mild drought stress response comprised abscisic acid signaling, proline metabolism, and cell wall adjustments. In addition to these known severe drought-related responses, 87 genes were found to be specific for the response of young developing leaves to mild drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Clauw
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (P.C., F.C., S.D., T.V.D., K.M., V.S., N.G., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (P.C., F.C., S.D., T.V.D., K.M., V.S., N.G., D.I.); andDepartment of Applied Mathematics Computer Science and Statistics (K.D.B., L.C.) and Stat-Gent CRESCENDO, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science (K.D.B.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederik Coppens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (P.C., F.C., S.D., T.V.D., K.M., V.S., N.G., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (P.C., F.C., S.D., T.V.D., K.M., V.S., N.G., D.I.); andDepartment of Applied Mathematics Computer Science and Statistics (K.D.B., L.C.) and Stat-Gent CRESCENDO, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science (K.D.B.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof De Beuf
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (P.C., F.C., S.D., T.V.D., K.M., V.S., N.G., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (P.C., F.C., S.D., T.V.D., K.M., V.S., N.G., D.I.); andDepartment of Applied Mathematics Computer Science and Statistics (K.D.B., L.C.) and Stat-Gent CRESCENDO, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science (K.D.B.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn Dhondt
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (P.C., F.C., S.D., T.V.D., K.M., V.S., N.G., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (P.C., F.C., S.D., T.V.D., K.M., V.S., N.G., D.I.); andDepartment of Applied Mathematics Computer Science and Statistics (K.D.B., L.C.) and Stat-Gent CRESCENDO, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science (K.D.B.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Twiggy Van Daele
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (P.C., F.C., S.D., T.V.D., K.M., V.S., N.G., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (P.C., F.C., S.D., T.V.D., K.M., V.S., N.G., D.I.); andDepartment of Applied Mathematics Computer Science and Statistics (K.D.B., L.C.) and Stat-Gent CRESCENDO, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science (K.D.B.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Maleux
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (P.C., F.C., S.D., T.V.D., K.M., V.S., N.G., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (P.C., F.C., S.D., T.V.D., K.M., V.S., N.G., D.I.); andDepartment of Applied Mathematics Computer Science and Statistics (K.D.B., L.C.) and Stat-Gent CRESCENDO, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science (K.D.B.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronique Storme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (P.C., F.C., S.D., T.V.D., K.M., V.S., N.G., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (P.C., F.C., S.D., T.V.D., K.M., V.S., N.G., D.I.); andDepartment of Applied Mathematics Computer Science and Statistics (K.D.B., L.C.) and Stat-Gent CRESCENDO, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science (K.D.B.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieven Clement
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (P.C., F.C., S.D., T.V.D., K.M., V.S., N.G., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (P.C., F.C., S.D., T.V.D., K.M., V.S., N.G., D.I.); andDepartment of Applied Mathematics Computer Science and Statistics (K.D.B., L.C.) and Stat-Gent CRESCENDO, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science (K.D.B.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (P.C., F.C., S.D., T.V.D., K.M., V.S., N.G., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (P.C., F.C., S.D., T.V.D., K.M., V.S., N.G., D.I.); andDepartment of Applied Mathematics Computer Science and Statistics (K.D.B., L.C.) and Stat-Gent CRESCENDO, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science (K.D.B.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (P.C., F.C., S.D., T.V.D., K.M., V.S., N.G., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (P.C., F.C., S.D., T.V.D., K.M., V.S., N.G., D.I.); andDepartment of Applied Mathematics Computer Science and Statistics (K.D.B., L.C.) and Stat-Gent CRESCENDO, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science (K.D.B.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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156
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Transcriptome analysis of canola (Brassica napus) under salt stress at the germination stage. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116217. [PMID: 25679513 PMCID: PMC4332669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Canola (Brassica napus) is one of the most important oil crops in the world. However, its yield has been constrained by salt stress. In this study, transcriptome profiles were explored using Digital Gene Expression (DGE) at 0, 3, 12 and 24 hours after H2O (control) and NaCl treatments on B. napus roots at the germination stage. Comparisons of gene-expression between the control and the treatment were conducted after tag-mapping to the sequenced Brassica rapa genome. The differentially expressed genes during the time course of salt stress were focused on, and 163 genes were identified to be differentially expressed at all the time points. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses revealed that some of the genes were involved in proline metabolism, inositol metabolism, carbohydrate metabolic processes and oxidation-reduction processes and may play vital roles in the salt-stress response at the germination stage. Thus, this study provides new candidate salt stress responding genes, which may function in novel putative nodes in the molecular pathways of salt stress resistance.
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157
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Melvin P, Prabhu SA, Veena M, Shailasree S, Petersen M, Mundy J, Shetty SH, Kini KR. The pearl millet mitogen-activated protein kinase PgMPK4 is involved in responses to downy mildew infection and in jasmonic- and salicylic acid-mediated defense. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 87:287-302. [PMID: 25527312 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0276-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant mitogen-activated protein kinases (MPKs) transduce signals required for the induction of immunity triggered by host recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. We isolated a full-length cDNA of a group B MPK (PgMPK4) from pearl millet. Autophosphorylation assay of recombinant PgMPK4 produced in Escherichia coli confirmed it as a kinase. Differential accumulation of PgMPK4 mRNA and kinase activity was observed between pearl millet cultivars 852B and IP18292 in response to inoculation with the downy mildew oomycete pathogen Sclerospora graminicola. This increased accumulation of PgMPK4 mRNA, kinase activity as well as nuclear-localization of PgMPK protein(s) was only detected in the S. graminicola resistant cultivar IP18292 with a ~tenfold peak at 9 h post inoculation. In the susceptible cultivar 852B, PgMPK4 mRNA and immuno-detectable nuclear PgMPK could be induced by application of the chemical elicitor β-amino butyric acid, the non-pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens, or by the phytohormones jasmonic acid (JA) or salicylic acid (SA). Furthermore, kinase inhibitor treatments indicated that PgMPK4 is involved in the JA- and SA-mediated expression of three defense genes, lipoxygenase, catalase 3 and polygalacturonase-inhibitor protein. These findings indicate that PgMPK/s contribute to pearl millet defense against the downy mildew pathogen by activating the expression of defense proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Melvin
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysore, 570 006, Karnataka, India
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158
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Křenek P, Smékalová V. Quantification of stress-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase expressional dynamic using reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1171:13-25. [PMID: 24908116 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0922-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although it is generally accepted that signal transduction in plant mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades is regulated via rapid posttranslational modifications, there are also several compelling examples of swift stress induced transcriptional activation of plant MAP kinase genes. A possible function of these fast and transient events is to compensate for protein losses caused by degradation of phosphorylated MAP kinases within stimulated pathways. Nevertheless, there is still need for additional evidence to precisely describe the regulatory role of plant MAP kinase transcriptional dynamics, especially in the context of whole stress stimulated pathways including also other signaling molecules and transcription factors. During the last two decades a reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR became a golden choice for the accurate and fast quantification of the gene expression and gene expression dynamic. In here, we provide a robust, cost-effective SYBR Green-based RT-qPCR protocol that is suitable for the quantification of stress induced plant MAP kinase transcriptional dynamics in various plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Křenek
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic,
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159
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Conrath U, Beckers GJM, Langenbach CJG, Jaskiewicz MR. Priming for enhanced defense. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 53:97-119. [PMID: 26070330 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
When plants recognize potential opponents, invading pathogens, wound signals, or abiotic stress, they often switch to a primed state of enhanced defense. However, defense priming can also be induced by some natural or synthetic chemicals. In the primed state, plants respond to biotic and abiotic stress with faster and stronger activation of defense, and this is often linked to immunity and abiotic stress tolerance. This review covers recent advances in disclosing molecular mechanisms of priming. These include elevated levels of pattern-recognition receptors and dormant signaling enzymes, transcription factor HsfB1 activity, and alterations in chromatin state. They also comprise the identification of aspartyl-tRNA synthetase as a receptor of the priming activator β-aminobutyric acid. The article also illustrates the inheritance of priming, exemplifies the role of recently identified priming activators azelaic and pipecolic acid, elaborates on the similarity to defense priming in mammals, and discusses the potential of defense priming in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Conrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52056, Germany; , , ,
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160
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Liu A, Yu Y, Duan X, Sun X, Duanmu H, Zhu Y. GsSKP21, a Glycine soja S-phase kinase-associated protein, mediates the regulation of plant alkaline tolerance and ABA sensitivity. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 87:111-24. [PMID: 25477077 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant SKP1-like family proteins, components of the SCF complex E3 ligases, are involved in the regulation of plant development and stress responses. Little is known about the precise function of SKP genes in plant responses to environmental stresses. GsSKP21 was initially identified as a potential stress-responsive gene based on the transcriptome sequencing of Glycine soja. In this study, we found that GsSKP21 protein contains highly conserved SKP domains in its N terminus and an extra unidentified domain in its C terminus. The transcript abundance of GsSKP21, detected by quantitative real-time PCR, was induced under the treatment of alkali and salt stresses. Overexpression of GsSKP21 in Arabidopsis dramatically increased plant tolerance to alkali stress. Furthermore, we found that overexpression of GsSKP21 resulted in decreased ABA sensitivity during both the seed germination and early seedling growth stages. GsSKP21 mediated ABA signaling by altering the expression levels of the ABA signaling-related and ABA-induced genes. We also investigated the tissue expression specificity and subcellular localization of GsSKP21. These results suggest that GsSKP21 is important for plant tolerance to alkali stress and plays a critical regulatory role in the ABA-mediated stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Genes, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China,
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161
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Pitzschke A. Modes of MAPK substrate recognition and control. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:49-55. [PMID: 25301445 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are universal, evolutionary conserved signalling modules, which translate environmental information into appropriate responses via phosphorylation of their substrate proteins. In Arabidopsis, the MAPK MPK3 regulates numerous cellular processes, including the adaptation to abiotic and biotic stresses. The molecular steps immediately downstream of MPK3 induction have, therefore, received abundant attention, and a respectable number of MPK3 targets are known by now. These proteins illustrate the substrate promiscuity of MPK3. They also are evidence for how manifold phosphorylation-regulated functions can be. This review presents the current knowledge about the function and regulation of MPK3-targeted proteins, takes a close look at their primary protein sequences, and proposes a model of how MPK3 recognises, binds, and phosphorylates its targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pitzschke
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, Vienna A-1190, Austria.
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162
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Xu J, Zhang S. Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades in signaling plant growth and development. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:56-64. [PMID: 25457109 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are ubiquitous signaling modules in eukaryotes. Early research of plant MAPKs has been focused on their functions in immunity and stress responses. Recent studies reveal that they also play essential roles in plant growth and development downstream of receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs). With only a limited number of MAPK components, multiple functional pathways initiated from different receptors often share the same MAPK components or even a complete MAPK cascade. In this review, we discuss how MAPK cascades function as molecular switches in response to spatiotemporal-specific ligand-receptor interactions and the availability of downstream substrates. In addition, we discuss other possible mechanisms governing the functional specificity of plant MAPK cascades, a question central to our understanding of MAPK functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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163
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Identification of a novel mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase gene (MKK2) in the oilseed rape Brassica campestris. Biologia (Bratisl) 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-014-0455-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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164
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Zhang X, Wang L, Xu X, Cai C, Guo W. Genome-wide identification of mitogen-activated protein kinase gene family in Gossypium raimondii and the function of their corresponding orthologs in tetraploid cultivated cotton. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:345. [PMID: 25492847 PMCID: PMC4270029 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play a crucial role in plant growth and development as well as biotic and abiotic stress responses. Knowledge about the MAPK gene family in cotton is limited, and systematic investigation of MAPK family proteins has not been reported. RESULTS By performing a bioinformatics homology search, we identified 28 putative MAPK genes in the Gossypium raimondii genome. These MAPK members were anchored onto 11 chromosomes in G. raimondii, with uneven distribution. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the MAPK candidates could be classified into the four known A, B, C and D groups, with more MAPKs containing the TEY phosphorylation site (18 members) than the TDY motif (10 members). Furthermore, 21 cDNA sequences of MAPKs with complete open reading frames (ORFs) were identified in G. hirsutum via PCR-based approaches, including 13 novel MAPKs and eight with homologs reported previously in tetraploid cotton. The expression patterns of 23 MAPK genes reveal their important roles in diverse functions in cotton, in both various developmental stages of vegetative and reproductive growth and in the stress response. Using a reverse genetics approach based on tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing (TRV-VIGS), we further verified that MPK9, MPK13 and MPK25 confer resistance to defoliating isolates of Verticillium dahliae in cotton. Silencing of MPK9, MPK13 and MPK25 can significantly enhance cotton susceptibility to this pathogen. CONCLUSIONS This study presents a comprehensive identification of 28 mitogen-activated protein kinase genes in G. raimondii. Their phylogenetic relationships, transcript expression patterns and responses to various stressors were verified. This study provides the first systematic analysis of MAPKs in cotton, improving our understanding of defense responses in general and laying the foundation for future crop improvement using MAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, MOE, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
| | - Liman Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, MOE, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, MOE, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
| | - Caiping Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, MOE, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
| | - Wangzhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, MOE, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
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165
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Melloul M, Iraqi D, El Alaoui M, Erba G, Alaoui S, Ibriz M, Elfahime E. Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes by
cDNA-AFLP Technique in Response to Drought Stress
in Triticum durum. Food Technol Biotechnol 2014; 52:479-488. [PMID: 27904321 PMCID: PMC5079143 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.52.04.14.3701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought is the single largest abiotic stress factor leading to reduced crop yields. The identification of differentially expressed genes and the understanding of their functions in environmentally stressful conditions are essential to improve drought tolerance. Transcriptomics is a powerful approach for the global analysis of molecular mechanisms under abiotic stress. To identify genes that are important for drought tolerance, we analyzed mRNA populations from untreated and drought-stressed leaves of Triticum durum by cDNA- -amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) technique. Overall, 76 transcript- -derived fragments corresponding to differentially induced transcripts were successfully sequenced. Most of the transcripts identified here, using basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) database, were genes belonging to different functional categories related to metabolism, energy, cellular biosynthesis, cell defense, signal transduction, transcription regulation, protein degradation and transport. The expression patterns of these genes were confirmed by quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT- -PCR) based on ten selected genes representing different patterns. These results could facilitate the understanding of cellular mechanisms involving groups of genes that act in coordination in response to stimuli of water deficit. The identification of novel stress-responsive genes will provide useful data that could help develop breeding strategies aimed at improving durum wheat tolerance to field stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marouane Melloul
- Genetic and Biometry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Tofail, BP 133,
14000 Kenitra, Morocco
- Functional Genomic Platform, Technical Unit (UATRS), National Center for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST), Angle Allal Fassi, Avenue des FAR, Hay Riad, BP 8027, 10102 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Driss Iraqi
- National Institute of Agronomical Research, Avenue de la Victoire, BP 415, Rabat, Morocco
| | - MyAbdelaziz El Alaoui
- Genetic and Biometry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Tofail, BP 133,
14000 Kenitra, Morocco
- Functional Genomic Platform, Technical Unit (UATRS), National Center for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST), Angle Allal Fassi, Avenue des FAR, Hay Riad, BP 8027, 10102 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Gilles Erba
- Labgene Scientific Instruments, Athens Building, Business Park, 74160 Archamps, France
| | - Sanaa Alaoui
- Functional Genomic Platform, Technical Unit (UATRS), National Center for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST), Angle Allal Fassi, Avenue des FAR, Hay Riad, BP 8027, 10102 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Ibriz
- Genetic and Biometry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Tofail, BP 133,
14000 Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Elmostafa Elfahime
- Functional Genomic Platform, Technical Unit (UATRS), National Center for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST), Angle Allal Fassi, Avenue des FAR, Hay Riad, BP 8027, 10102 Rabat, Morocco
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166
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Wang F, Jing W, Zhang W. The mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade MKK1-MPK4 mediates salt signaling in rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 227:181-9. [PMID: 25219319 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways have been implicated in signal transduction of both biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. In this study, we found that the transcript of a rice (Oryza sativa) MAPKK (OsMKK1) was markedly increased by salt stress. By examining the survival rate and Na(+) content in shoot, we found that OsMKK1-knockout (osmkk1) mutant was more sensitive to salt stress than the wild type. OsMKK1 activity in the wild-type seedlings and protoplasts was increased by salt stress. Yeast two-hybrid and in vitro and in vivo kinase assays revealed that OsMKK1 targeted OsMPK4. OsMPK4 activity was increased by salt, which was impaired in osmkk1 plants. In contrast, overexpression of OsMKK1 increased OsMPK4 activity in protoplasts. By comparing the transcription factors levels between WT and osmkk1 mutant, OsMKK1 was necessary for salt-induced increase in OsDREB2B and OsMYBS3. Taken together, the data suggest that OsMKK1 and OsMPK4 constitute a signaling pathway that regulates salt stress tolerance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzheng Wang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Wen Jing
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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167
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Bjornson M, Benn G, Song X, Comai L, Franz AK, Dandekar AM, Drakakaki G, Dehesh K. Distinct roles for mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and CALMODULIN-BINDING TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATOR3 in regulating the peak time and amplitude of the plant general stress response. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:988-96. [PMID: 25157030 PMCID: PMC4213123 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.245944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To survive environmental challenges, plants have evolved tightly regulated response networks, including a rapid and transient general stress response (GSR), followed by well-studied stress-specific responses. The mechanisms underpinning the GSR have remained elusive, but a functional cis-element, the rapid stress response element (RSRE), is known to confer transcription of GSR genes rapidly (5 min) and transiently (peaking 90-120 min after stress) in vivo. To investigate signal transduction events in the GSR, we used a 4xRSRE:LUCIFERASE reporter in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), employing complementary approaches of forward and chemical genetic screens, and identified components regulating peak time versus amplitude of RSRE activity. Specifically, we identified a mutant in CALMODULIN-BINDING TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATOR3 (CAMTA3) with reduced RSRE activation, verifying this transcription factor's role in activation of the RSRE-mediated GSR. Furthermore, we isolated a mutant in MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (MAPK) KINASE KINASE1 (mekk1-5), which displays increased basal and an approximately 60-min earlier peak of wound-induced RSRE activation. The double mekk1/camta3 mutant positioned CAMTA3 downstream of MEKK1 and verified their distinct roles in GSR regulation. mekk1-5 displays programmed cell death and overaccumulates reactive oxygen species and salicylic acid, hallmarks of the hypersensitive response, suggesting that the hypersensitive response may play a role in the RSRE phenotype in this mutant. In addition, chemical inhibition studies suggest that the MAPK network is required for the rapid peak of the RSRE response, distinguishing the impact of chronic (mekk1-5) from transient (chemical inhibition) loss of MAPK signaling. Collectively, these results reveal underlying regulatory components of the plant GSR and further define their distinct roles in the regulation of this key biological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bjornson
- Department of Plant Biology (M.B., G.B., L.C., K.D.), Department of Plant Sciences (M.B., A.M.D., G.D.), and Department of Chemistry (A.K.F.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andCollege of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China (X.S.)
| | - Geoffrey Benn
- Department of Plant Biology (M.B., G.B., L.C., K.D.), Department of Plant Sciences (M.B., A.M.D., G.D.), and Department of Chemistry (A.K.F.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andCollege of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China (X.S.)
| | - Xingshun Song
- Department of Plant Biology (M.B., G.B., L.C., K.D.), Department of Plant Sciences (M.B., A.M.D., G.D.), and Department of Chemistry (A.K.F.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andCollege of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China (X.S.)
| | - Luca Comai
- Department of Plant Biology (M.B., G.B., L.C., K.D.), Department of Plant Sciences (M.B., A.M.D., G.D.), and Department of Chemistry (A.K.F.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andCollege of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China (X.S.)
| | - Annaliese K Franz
- Department of Plant Biology (M.B., G.B., L.C., K.D.), Department of Plant Sciences (M.B., A.M.D., G.D.), and Department of Chemistry (A.K.F.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andCollege of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China (X.S.)
| | - Abhaya M Dandekar
- Department of Plant Biology (M.B., G.B., L.C., K.D.), Department of Plant Sciences (M.B., A.M.D., G.D.), and Department of Chemistry (A.K.F.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andCollege of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China (X.S.)
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Biology (M.B., G.B., L.C., K.D.), Department of Plant Sciences (M.B., A.M.D., G.D.), and Department of Chemistry (A.K.F.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andCollege of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China (X.S.)
| | - Katayoon Dehesh
- Department of Plant Biology (M.B., G.B., L.C., K.D.), Department of Plant Sciences (M.B., A.M.D., G.D.), and Department of Chemistry (A.K.F.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andCollege of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China (X.S.)
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168
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Singh R, Lee JE, Dangol S, Choi J, Yoo RH, Moon JS, Shim JK, Rakwal R, Agrawal GK, Jwa NS. Protein interactome analysis of 12 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase in rice using a yeast two-hybrid system. Proteomics 2014; 14:105-15. [PMID: 24243689 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is composed at least of MAP3K (for MAPK kinase kinase), MAP2K, and MAPK family modules. These components together play a central role in mediating extracellular signals to the cell and vice versa by interacting with their partner proteins. However, the MAP3K-interacting proteins remain poorly investigated in plants. Here, we utilized a yeast two-hybrid system and bimolecular fluorescence complementation in the model crop rice (Oryza sativa) to map MAP3K-interacting proteins. We identified 12 novel nonredundant interacting protein pairs (IPPs) representing 11 nonredundant interactors using 12 rice MAP3Ks (available as full-length cDNA in the rice KOME (http://cdna01.dna.affrc.go.jp/cDNA/) at the time of experimental design and execution) as bait and a rice seedling cDNA library as prey. Of the 12 MAP3Ks, only six had interacting protein partners. The established MAP3K interactome consisted of two kinases, three proteases, two forkhead-associated domain-containing proteins, two expressed proteins, one E3 ligase, one regulatory protein, and one retrotransposon protein. Notably, no MAP3K showed physical interaction with either MAP2K or MAPK. Seven IPPs (58.3%) were confirmed in vivo by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Subcellular localization of 14 interactors, together involved in nine IPPs (75%) further provide prerequisite for biological significance of the IPPs. Furthermore, GO of identified interactors predicted their involvement in diverse physiological responses, which were supported by a literature survey. These findings increase our knowledge of the MAP3K-interacting proteins, help in proposing a model of MAPK modules, provide a valuable resource for developing a complete map of the rice MAPK interactome, and allow discussion for translating the interactome knowledge to rice crop improvement against environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raksha Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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169
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Kennedy DO. Polyphenols and the human brain: plant “secondary metabolite” ecologic roles and endogenous signaling functions drive benefits. Adv Nutr 2014; 5:515-33. [PMID: 25469384 PMCID: PMC4188223 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.006320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids and other polyphenols are ubiquitous plant chemicals that fulfill a range of ecologic roles for their home plant, including protection from a range of biotic and abiotic stressors and a pivotal role in the management of pathogenic and symbiotic soil bacteria and fungi. They form a natural part of the human diet, and evidence suggests that their consumption is associated with the beneficial modulation of a number of health-related variables, including those related to cardiovascular and brain function. Over recent years, the consensus as to the mechanisms responsible for these effects in humans has shifted away from polyphenols having direct antioxidant effects and toward their modulation of cellular signal transduction pathways. To date, little consideration has been given to the question of why, rather than how, these plant-derived chemicals might exert these effects. Therefore, this review summarizes the evidence suggesting that polyphenols beneficially affect human brain function and describes the current mechanistic hypotheses explaining these effects. It then goes on to describe the ecologic roles and potential endogenous signaling functions that these ubiquitous phytochemicals play within their home plant and discusses whether these functions drive their beneficial effects in humans via a process of “cross-kingdom” signaling predicated on the many conserved similarities in plant, microbial, and human cellular signal transduction pathways.
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170
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Zhao Y, Zhou J, Xing D. Phytochrome B-mediated activation of lipoxygenase modulates an excess red light-induced defence response in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4907-18. [PMID: 24916071 PMCID: PMC4144769 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenase (LOX), a non-haem-iron-containing dioxygenase, is activated under various biotic or abiotic stresses to trigger a series resistance response, but the molecular mechanism of LOX activation remains unclear. This work investigated the activation of LOX during the plant defence response induced by excess red light (RL). In conditions of RL-induced defence, Arabidopsis LOX activity and transcription levels of LOX2, LOX3, and LOX4 were both upregulated. Under RL, phytochrome B promoted the degradation of phytochrome-interacting factor 3 (PIF3), a factor that inhibited the expression levels of LOXs, and thus the transcription levels of LOX2, LOX3, and LOX4 were increased. Upon pathogen infection, the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MPK3) and MPK6 was increased in plants pre-treated with RL. Moreover, experiments with the inhibitor PD98059 and mutants mpk3 and mpk6-2 demonstrated that MPK3 and MPK6 were both responsible for LOX activation. Further results showed that, in response to RL, an increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentration and upregulation of calmodulin 3 (CaM3) transcript level occurred upstream of MPK3 and MPK6 activation. Collectively, these results suggested that activation of LOX both at the transcript level and in terms of activity modulates the defence response induced by RL, providing a new insight into the mechanistic study of LOX during plant defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Jun Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Da Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
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171
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Meng Y, Ma N, Zhang Q, You Q, Li N, Ali Khan M, Liu X, Wu L, Su Z, Gao J. Precise spatio-temporal modulation of ACC synthase by MPK6 cascade mediates the response of rose flowers to rehydration. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:941-50. [PMID: 24942184 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a major abiotic stress that affects the development and growth of most plants, and limits crop yield worldwide. Although the response of plants to drought has been well documented, much less is known about how plants respond to the water recovery process, namely rehydration. Here, we describe the spatio-temporal response of plant reproductive organs to rehydration using rose flowers as an experimental system. We found that rehydration triggered rapid and transient ethylene production in the gynoecia. This ethylene burst serves as a signal to ensure water recovery in flowers, and promotes flower opening by influencing the expression of a set of rehydration-responsive genes. An in-gel kinase assay suggested that the rehydration-induced ethylene burst resulted from transient accumulation of RhACS1/2 proteins in gynoecia. Meanwhile, RhMPK6, a rose homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana MPK6, is rapidly activated by rehydration within 0.5 h. Furthermore, RhMPK6 was able to phosphorylate RhACS1 but not RhACS2 in vitro. Application of the kinase inhibitor K252a suppressed RhACS1 accumulation and rehydration-induced ethylene production in gynoecia, and the protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid had the opposite effect, confirming that accumulation of RhACS1 was phosphorylation-dependent. Finally, silencing of RhMPK6 significantly reduced ethylene production in gynoecia when flowers were subjected to rehydration. Taken together, our results suggest that temporal- and spatial-specific activation of an RhMPK6-RhACS1 cascade is responsible for rehydration-induced ethylene production in gynoecia, and that the resulting ethylene-mediated signaling pathway is a key factor in flower rehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglu Meng
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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172
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Huang TL, Huang LY, Fu SF, Trinh NN, Huang HJ. Genomic profiling of rice roots with short- and long-term chromium stress. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 86:157-70. [PMID: 25056418 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cr(VI) is the most toxic valency form of Cr, but its toxicity targets and the cellular systems contributing to acquisition of tolerance remain to be resolved at the molecular level in plants. We used microarray assay to analyze the transcriptomic profiles of rice roots in response to Cr(VI) stress. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the 2,688 Cr-responsive genes were involved in binding activity, metabolic process, biological regulation, cellular process and catalytic activity. More transcripts were responsive to Cr(VI) during long-term exposure (24 h, 2,097 genes), than short-term exposure (1- and 3-h results pooled, 1,181 genes). Long-term Cr(VI)-regulated genes are involved in cytokinin signaling, the ubiquitin-proteasome system pathway, DNA repair and Cu transportation. The expression of AS2 transcription factors was specifically modulated by long-term Cr(VI) stress. The protein kinases receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase and receptor-like kinase in flowers 3 were significantly upregulated with only short-term Cr(VI) exposure. In addition, 4 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases, 1 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and 1 calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) were upregulated with short-term Cr(VI) treatment. Expression of reactive oxygen species and calcium and activity of MAPKs and CDPK-like kinases were induced with increasing Cr(VI) concentration. These results may provide new insights into understanding the mechanisms of Cr toxicity and tolerance during different stages in rice roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Lien Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan
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173
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Kamimura M, Han Y, Kito N, Che FS. Identification of interacting proteins for calcium-dependent protein kinase 8 by a novel screening system based on bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:438-47. [PMID: 25036830 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.882757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases are key regulators of cell function that constitute one of the largest and most functionally diverse gene families. We developed a novel assay system, based on the bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) technique in Escherichia coli, for detecting transient interactions such as those between kinases and their substrates. This system detected the interaction between OsMEK1 and its direct target OsMAP1. By contrast, BiFC fluorescence was not observed when OsMAP2 or OsMAP3, which are not substrates of OsMEK1, were used as prey proteins. We also screened for interacting proteins of calcium-dependent protein kinase 8 (OsCPK8), a regulator of plant immune responses, and identified three proteins as interacting molecules of OsCPK8. The interaction between OsCPK8 and two of these proteins (ARF-GEF and peptidyl prolyl isomerase) was confirmed in rice cells by means of BiFC technology. These results indicate that our new assay system has the potential to screen for protein kinase target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Kamimura
- a Graduate School of Bio-Science , Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology , 1266 Tamura , Nagahama, Shiga , Japan
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174
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Identification and expression analysis of salt-responsive genes using a comparative microarray approach in Salix matsudana. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:6555-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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175
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Panda BB, Achary VMM. Mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction and DNA repair network are involved in aluminum-induced DNA damage and adaptive response in root cells of Allium cepa L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:256. [PMID: 24926302 PMCID: PMC4046574 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we studied the role of signal transduction in aluminum (Al(3+))-induced DNA damage and adaptive response in root cells of Allium cepa L. The root cells in planta were treated with Al(3+) (800 μM) for 3 h without or with 2 h pre-treatment of inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and protein phosphatase. Also, root cells in planta were conditioned with Al(3+) (10 μM) for 2 h and then subjected to genotoxic challenge of ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS; 5 mM) for 3 h without or with the pre-treatment of the aforementioned inhibitors as well as the inhibitors of translation, transcription, DNA replication and repair. At the end of treatments, roots cells were assayed for cell death and/or DNA damage. The results revealed that Al(3+) (800 μM)-induced significant DNA damage and cell death. On the other hand, conditioning with low dose of Al(3+) induced adaptive response conferring protection of root cells from genotoxic stress caused by EMS-challenge. Pre-treatment of roots cells with the chosen inhibitors prior to Al(3+)-conditioning prevented or reduced the adaptive response to EMS genotoxicity. The results of this study suggested the involvement of MAPK and DNA repair network underlying Al-induced DNA damage and adaptive response to genotoxic stress in root cells of A. cepa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahma B. Panda
- Molecular Biology and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, Berhampur UniversityBerhampur, India
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176
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Furuya T, Matsuoka D, Nanmori T. Membrane rigidification functions upstream of the MEKK1-MKK2-MPK4 cascade during cold acclimation in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2025-30. [PMID: 24801600 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The MEKK1-MKK2-MPK4 cascade is activated during cold acclimation. However, little is known regarding the perception of low temperature. In this study, we demonstrate that treatment of Arabidopsis with a membrane rigidifier, DMSO, caused MPK4 activation concomitantly with MEKK1 and MKK2 phosphorylation, as well as the cold-inducible gene COR15a expression. These processes are similar to the effects of cold treatment, whereas benzyl alcohol (BA), a membrane fluidizer, prevented such cold-induced events. Moreover, the DMSO-treated seedlings acquired freezing tolerance without cold acclimation. In contrast, the BA-pretreated seedlings did not show freezing tolerance. These results suggest that membrane rigidification activates this MAPK cascade and contributes to the acquisition of freezing tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Furuya
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Nanmori
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan; Research Center for Environmental Genomics, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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177
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Zhang J, Zou D, Li Y, Sun X, Wang NN, Gong SY, Zheng Y, Li XB. GhMPK17, a cotton mitogen-activated protein kinase, is involved in plant response to high salinity and osmotic stresses and ABA signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95642. [PMID: 24743296 PMCID: PMC3990703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play pivotal roles in mediating biotic and abiotic stress responses. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is the most important textile crop in the world, and often encounters abiotic stress during its growth seasons. In this study, a gene encoding a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was isolated from cotton, and designated as GhMPK17. The open reading frame (ORF) of GhMPK17 gene is 1494 bp in length and encodes a protein with 497 amino acids. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated that GhMPK17 expression was up-regulated in cotton under NaCl, mannitol and ABA treatments. The transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing GhMPK17 gene showed higher seed germination, root elongation and cotyledon greening/expansion rates than those of the wild type on MS medium containing NaCl, mannitol and exogenous ABA, suggesting that overexpression of GhMPK17 in Arabidopsis increased plant ABA-insensitivity, and enhanced plant tolerance to salt and osmotic stresses. Furthermore, overexpression of GhMPK17 in Arabidopsis reduced H2O2 level and altered expression of ABA- and abiotic stress-related genes in the transgenic plants. Collectively, these data suggested that GhMPK17 gene may be involved in plant response to high salinity and osmotic stresses and ABA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Zou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Na-Na Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Si-Ying Gong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Bao Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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178
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Han S, Wang CW, Wang WL, Jiang J. Mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 controls root growth in Arabidopsis by modulating Ca2+ -based Na+ flux in root cell under salt stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:26-34. [PMID: 24484955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (MPK6) in Na(+) toxicity and inhibition of root growth in Arabidopsis under NaCl stress. In this study, we found that root elongation in seedlings of the loss-of-function mutants mpk6-2 and mpk6-3 was less sensitive to NaCl or Na-glutamate, but not to KCl or mannitol, as compared with that of wild-type (WT) seedlings. The less sensitive characteristic was eliminated by adding the Ca(2+) chelator EGTA or the Ca(2+) channel inhibitor LaCl3, but not the Ca(2+) ionophore A23187. This suggested that the tolerance of mpk6 to Na(+) toxicity was Ca(2+)-dependent. We measured plasma membrane (PM) Na(+)-conducted currents (NCCs) in root cells. Increased concentrations of NaCl increased the inward NCCs while decreased the outward NCCs in WT root cells, attended by a positive shift in membrane potential. In mpk6 root cells, NaCl significantly increased outward but not inward NCCs, accompanied by a negative shift in membrane potential. That is, mpk6 decreased NaCl-induced the Na(+) accumulation by modifying PM Na(+) flux in root cells. Observations of aequorin luminescence revealed a NaCl-induced increase of cytosolic Ca(2+) in mpk6 root cells, resulting from PM Ca(2+) influx. An increase of cytosolic Ca(2+) was required to alleviate the NaCl-increased Na(+) content and Na(+)/K(+) ratio in mpk6 roots. Together, these results show that mpk6 accumulated less Na(+) in response to NaCl because of the increased cytosolic Ca(2+) level in root cells; thus, its root elongation was less inhibited than that of WT by NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, College of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi-wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, College of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-le Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, College of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, College of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China.
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179
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Vogel MO, Moore M, König K, Pecher P, Alsharafa K, Lee J, Dietz KJ. Fast retrograde signaling in response to high light involves metabolite export, MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE6, and AP2/ERF transcription factors in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:1151-65. [PMID: 24668746 PMCID: PMC4001375 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.121061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the expression of nuclear genes encoding chloroplast proteins allows for metabolic adjustment in response to changing environmental conditions. This regulation is linked to retrograde signals that transmit information on the metabolic state of the chloroplast to the nucleus. Transcripts of several APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR transcription factors (AP2/ERF-TFs) were found to respond within 10 min after transfer of low-light-acclimated Arabidopsis thaliana plants to high light. Initiation of this transcriptional response was completed within 1 min after transfer to high light. The fast responses of four AP2/ERF genes, ERF6, RRTF1, ERF104, and ERF105, were entirely deregulated in triose phosphate/phosphate translocator (tpt) mutants. Similarly, activation of MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE6 (MPK6) was upregulated after 1 min in the wild type but not in the tpt mutant. Based on this, together with altered transcript regulation in mpk6 and erf6 mutants, a retrograde signal transmission model is proposed starting with metabolite export through the triose phosphate/phosphate translocator with subsequent MPK6 activation leading to initiation of AP2/ERF-TF gene expression and other downstream gene targets. The results show that operational retrograde signaling in response to high light involves a metabolite-linked pathway in addition to previously described redox and hormonal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Oliver Vogel
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Marten Moore
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Katharina König
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Pascal Pecher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Khalid Alsharafa
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Justin Lee
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
- Address correspondence to
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180
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Wang L, Liu Y, Cai G, Jiang S, Pan J, Li D. Ectopic expression of ZmSIMK1 leads to improved drought tolerance and activation of systematic acquired resistance in transgenic tobacco. J Biotechnol 2014; 172:18-29. [PMID: 24291188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play pivotal roles in diverse signaling pathways related to plant biotic and abiotic stress responses. In this study, a group B MAPK gene in Zea mays, ZmSIMK1, was functionally analyzed. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that ZmSIMK1 transcript could be induced by drought, salt, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) and certain exogenous signaling molecules. Analysis of the ZmSIMK1 promoter revealed a group of putative cis-acting elements related to drought and defense responses. β-Glucuronidase (GUS) staining produced similar results as qRT-PCR. ZmSIMK1 was mainly localized in the nucleus, and further study indicated that the C-terminal domain (CD) was essential for targeting to the nucleus. Transgenic tobacco accumulated less reactive oxygen species (ROS), had higher levels of antioxidant enzyme activity and osmoregulatory substances and exhibited an increased germination rate compared with wild-type (WT) tobacco under drought stress. ROS-related and drought stress-responsive genes in transgenic tobacco were significantly upregulated compared with the same genes in WT lines under drought stress. Moreover, overexpression of ZmSIMK1 promoted the hypersensitive response (HR) and pathogen-related gene (PR) transcription in addition to triggering systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Guohua Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Jiaowen Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Dequan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
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181
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Parages ML, Capasso JM, Niell FX, Jiménez C. Responses of cyclic phosphorylation of MAPK-like proteins in intertidal macroalgae after environmental stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:276-284. [PMID: 24120533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The presence and activation of MAPK-like proteins in intertidal macroalgae is described in the current study. Two MAPK-like proteins of 40 and 42 kDa in size similar to p38 and JNK, of mammalian cells have been identified in six representative species of intertidal macroalgae from the Strait of Gibraltar (Southern Spain), namely in the chlorophytes Ulva rigida and Chaetomorpha aerea, the rhodophytes Corallina elongata and Jania rubens, and the phaeophytes Dictyota dichotoma and Dilophus spiralis. Phosphorylation of MAPK-like proteins was studied during semi-tidal cycles. Analysis of p38-like and JNK-like MAPKs in macroalgae protein extracts was carried out by using specific antibodies against the phosphorylated forms of both MAPKs. Protein blot analysis of samples collected from 2009 to 2011 in natural growing sites on days when either low or high tide occurred at midday, indicated that MAPK-like proteins in all species were highly phosphorylated in response to desiccation imposed by low tide or high irradiance. Phosphorylation of p38-like MAPK always preceded that of JNK-like MAPK. In addition, phosphorylation of MAPKs was fastest in rhodophytes, followed by chlorophytes and then finally phaeophytes. In the first group, phosphorylation was mostly dependent on desiccation, whereas both high irradiance and desiccation were responsible for p38-like and JNK-like phosphorylation in chlorophytes. In phaeophytes, high irradiance was mostly responsible for MAPK-like activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L Parages
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Juan M Capasso
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - F Xavier Niell
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Carlos Jiménez
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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182
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Persak H, Pitzschke A. Dominant repression by Arabidopsis transcription factor MYB44 causes oxidative damage and hypersensitivity to abiotic stress. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:2517-37. [PMID: 24531138 PMCID: PMC3958865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15022517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In any living species, stress adaptation is closely linked with major changes of the gene expression profile. As a substrate protein of the rapidly stress-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase MPK3, Arabidopsis transcription factor MYB44 likely acts at the front line of stress-induced re-programming. We recently characterized MYB44 as phosphorylation-dependent positive regulator of salt stress signaling. Molecular events downstream of MYB44 are largely unknown. Although MYB44 binds to the MBSII element in vitro, it has no discernible effect on MBSII-driven reporter gene expression in plant co-transfection assays. This may suggest limited abundance of a synergistic co-regulator. MYB44 carries a putative transcriptional repression (Ethylene responsive element binding factor-associated Amphiphilic Repression, EAR) motif. We employed a dominant repressor strategy to gain insights into MYB44-conferred stress resistance. Overexpression of a MYB44-REP fusion markedly compromised salt and drought stress tolerance—the opposite was seen in MYB44 overexpression lines. MYB44-mediated resistance likely results from induction of tolerance-enhancing, rather than from repression of tolerance-diminishing factors. Salt stress-induced accumulation of destructive reactive oxygen species is efficiently prevented in transgenic MYB44, but accelerated in MYB44-REP lines. Furthermore, heterologous overexpression of MYB44-REP caused tissue collapse in Nicotiana. A mechanistic model of MAPK-MYB-mediated enhancement in the antioxidative capacity and stress tolerance is proposed. Genetic engineering of MYB44 variants with higher trans-activating capacity may be a means to further raise stress resistance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Persak
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, Vienna A-1190, Austria.
| | - Andrea Pitzschke
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, Vienna A-1190, Austria.
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183
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Wang N, Yue Z, Liang D, Ma F. Genome-wide identification of members in the YTH domain-containing RNA-binding protein family in apple and expression analysis of their responsiveness to senescence and abiotic stresses. Gene 2014; 538:292-305. [PMID: 24462754 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
YT521-homology (YTH) domain-containing RNA-binding proteins (YTPs) are a small gene family involved in post-transcriptional regulation. We identified 26 putative YTP gene models in the apple genome. Although plant YTPs have been classified into three groups, those in multi-cellular organisms belong only to Groups A and B. The apple genome contains 22 YTP gene models in Group A and four in Group B. Duplication analysis showed that tandem and segmental duplications contributed only partially to an expansion in apple YTP numbers. YTH was the only recognizable domain in apple YTPs; its three-dimensional structure implied possible motifs for RNA-binding. After the assembly of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and gene-cloning, we were able to identify 14 apple YTPs that were expressed in various tissues, especially senescing leaves. Expression analysis showed that these YTPs also responded to several abiotic stresses. Taken together, our genome-wide evaluation provides new insight for further research on the effects of those stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Dong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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184
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Savatin DV, Gramegna G, Modesti V, Cervone F. Wounding in the plant tissue: the defense of a dangerous passage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:470. [PMID: 25278948 PMCID: PMC4165286 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants are continuously exposed to agents such as herbivores and environmental mechanical stresses that cause wounding and open the way to the invasion by microbial pathogens. Wounding provides nutrients to pathogens and facilitates their entry into the tissue and subsequent infection. Plants have evolved constitutive and induced defense mechanisms to properly respond to wounding and prevent infection. The constitutive defenses are represented by physical barriers, i.e., the presence of cuticle or lignin, or by metabolites that act as toxins or deterrents for herbivores. Plants are also able to sense the injured tissue as an altered self and induce responses similar to those activated by pathogen infection. Endogenous molecules released from wounded tissue may act as Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) that activate the plant innate immunity. Wound-induced responses are both rapid, such as the oxidative burst and the expression of defense-related genes, and late, such as the callose deposition, the accumulation of proteinase inhibitors and of hydrolytic enzymes (i.e., chitinases and gluganases). Typical examples of DAMPs involved in the response to wounding are the peptide systemin, and the oligogalacturonides, which are oligosaccharides released from the pectic component of the cell wall. Responses to wounding take place both at the site of damage (local response) and systemically (systemic response) and are mediated by hormones such as jasmonic acid, ethylene, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Felice Cervone
- *Correspondence: Felice Cervone, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza–University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy e-mail:
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185
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Ishihama N, Adachi H, Yoshioka M, Yoshioka H. In vivo phosphorylation of WRKY transcription factor by MAPK. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1171:171-81. [PMID: 24908128 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0922-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants activate signaling networks in response to diverse pathogen-derived signals, facilitating transcriptional reprogramming through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. Identification of phosphorylation targets of MAPK and in vivo detection of the phosphorylated substrates are important processes to elucidate the signaling pathway in plant immune responses. We have identified a WRKY transcription factor, which is phosphorylated by defense-related MAPKs, SIPK and WIPK. Recent evidence demonstrated that some group I WRKY transcription factors, which contain a conserved motif in the N-terminal region, are activated by MAPK-dependent phosphorylation. In this chapter, we describe protocols for preparation of anti-phosphopeptide antibodies, detection of activated MAPKs using anti-phospho-MAPK antibody, and activated WRKY using anti-phospho-WRKY antibody, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Ishihama
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Tsurumi, Yokohama, Japan
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186
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Pitzschke A. Agrobacterium infection and plant defense-transformation success hangs by a thread. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:519. [PMID: 24391655 PMCID: PMC3866890 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The value of Agrobacterium tumefaciens for plant molecular biologists cannot be appreciated enough. This soil-borne pathogen has the unique capability to transfer DNA (T-DNA) into plant systems. Gene transfer involves both bacterial and host factors, and it is the orchestration of these factors that determines the success of transformation. Some plant species readily accept integration of foreign DNA, while others are recalcitrant. The timing and intensity of the microbially activated host defense repertoire sets the switch to "yes" or "no." This repertoire is comprised of the specific induction of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), defense gene expression, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hormonal adjustments. Agrobacterium tumefaciens abuses components of the host immunity system it mimics plant protein functions and manipulates hormone levels to bypass or override plant defenses. A better understanding of the ongoing molecular battle between agrobacteria and attacked hosts paves the way toward developing transformation protocols for recalcitrant plant species. This review highlights recent findings in agrobacterial transformation research conducted in diverse plant species. Efficiency-limiting factors, both of plant and bacterial origin, are summarized and discussed in a thought-provoking manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pitzschke
- *Correspondence: Andrea Pitzschke, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna A-1190, Austria e-mail:
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187
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Zhu YN, Shi DQ, Ruan MB, Zhang LL, Meng ZH, Liu J, Yang WC. Transcriptome analysis reveals crosstalk of responsive genes to multiple abiotic stresses in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). PLoS One 2013; 8:e80218. [PMID: 24224045 PMCID: PMC3818253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stress is a major environmental factor that limits cotton growth and yield, moreover, this problem has become more and more serious recently, as multiple stresses often occur simultaneously due to the global climate change and environmental pollution. In this study, we sought to identify genes involved in diverse stresses including abscisic acid (ABA), cold, drought, salinity and alkalinity by comparative microarray analysis. Our result showed that 5790, 3067, 5608, 778 and 6148 transcripts, were differentially expressed in cotton seedlings under treatment of ABA (1 μM ABA), cold (4°C), drought (200 mM mannitol), salinity (200 mM NaCl) and alkalinity (pH=11) respectively. Among the induced or suppressed genes, 126 transcripts were shared by all of the five kinds of abiotic stresses, with 64 up-regulated and 62 down-regulated. These common members are grouped as stress signal transduction, transcription factors (TFs), stress response/defense proteins, metabolism, transport facilitation, as well as cell wall/structure, according to the function annotation. We also noticed that large proportion of significant differentially expressed genes specifically regulated in response to different stress. Nine of the common transcripts of multiple stresses were selected for further validation with quantitative real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Furthermore, several well characterized TF families, for example, WRKY, MYB, NAC, AP2/ERF and zinc finger were shown to be involved in different stresses. As an original report using comparative microarray to analyze transcriptome of cotton under five abiotic stresses, valuable information about functional genes and related pathways of anti-stress, and/or stress tolerance in cotton seedlings was unveiled in our result. Besides this, some important common factors were focused for detailed identification and characterization. According to our analysis, it suggested that there was crosstalk of responsive genes or pathways to multiple abiotic or even biotic stresses, in cotton. These candidate genes will be worthy of functional study under diverse stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Na Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-Qiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WCY); (DQS)
| | - Meng-Bin Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Hong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Cai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WCY); (DQS)
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188
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Ferro E, Trabalzini L. The yeast two-hybrid and related methods as powerful tools to study plant cell signalling. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 83:287-301. [PMID: 23794143 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
One basic property of proteins is their ability to specifically target and form non-covalent complexes with other proteins. Such protein-protein interactions play key roles in all biological processes, extending from the formation of cellular macromolecular structures and enzymatic complexes to the regulation of signal transduction pathways. Identifying and characterizing protein interactions and entire interaction networks (interactomes) is therefore prerequisite to understand these processes on a molecular and biophysical level. Since its original description in 1989, the yeast two-hybrid system has been extensively used to identify protein-protein interactions from many different organisms, thus providing a convenient mean to both screen for proteins that interact with a protein of interest and to characterize the known interaction between two proteins. In these years the technique has improved to overcome the limitations of the original assay, and many efforts have been made to scale up the technique and to adapt it to large scale studies. In addition, variations have been introduced to enlarge the range of proteins and interactors that can be assayed by hybrid-based approaches. Several groups studying molecular mechanisms that underlie plant cell signal transduction pathways have successfully used the yeast two-hybrid system or related methods. In this review we provide a brief description of the technology, attempt to point out some of the pitfalls and benefits of the different systems that can be employed, and mention some of the areas, within the plant cell signalling field, where hybrid-based interaction assays have been particularly informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ferro
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Fiorentina, 1, 53100, Siena, Italy,
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189
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Furuya T, Matsuoka D, Nanmori T. Phosphorylation of Arabidopsis thaliana MEKK1 via Ca(2+) signaling as a part of the cold stress response. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2013; 126:833-40. [PMID: 23857079 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-013-0576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MEKK1) plays an important role in stress signaling. However, little is known about the upstream pathways of MEKK1. This report describes the regulation of MEKK1 activity during cold signaling. Immunoprecipitated MEKK1 from cold-treated Arabidopsis seedlings showed elevated kinase activity towards mitogen activated protein kinase kinase2 (MKK2), one of the candidate MEKK1 substrates. To clarify how MEKK1 becomes active in response to cold stress signaling, MEKK1 phosphorylation was monitored by an enzyme extracted from the seedlings grown under cold stress with or without EGTA. MEKK1 was phosphorylated after cold stress, but EGTA inhibited the phosphorylation. MKK2 was also phosphorylated by the same extract, but only when EGTA was absent. These results suggested that Ca(2+) signaling occurred upstream of the MEKK1-MKK2 pathway. Full-length MEKK1 showed almost no activity but MEKK1 without the N-terminal region (MEKK1 KD) that retained the kinase domain had a strong ability to phosphorylate MKK2, demonstrating the inhibitory role of the N-terminal region of MEKK1. In addition, MEKK1 was phosphorylated by calcium/calmodulin-regulated receptor-like kinase (CRLK1), which suggested that CRLK1 is one of candidates located upstream of MEKK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Furuya
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
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190
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Neupane A, Nepal MP, Piya S, Subramanian S, Rohila JS, Reese RN, Benson BV. Identification, nomenclature, and evolutionary relationships of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) genes in soybean. Evol Bioinform Online 2013; 9:363-86. [PMID: 24137047 PMCID: PMC3785387 DOI: 10.4137/ebo.s12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) genes in eukaryotes regulate various developmental and physiological processes including those associated with biotic and abiotic stresses. Although MAPKs in some plant species including Arabidopsis have been identified, they are yet to be identified in soybean. Major objectives of this study were to identify GmMAPKs, assess their evolutionary relationships, and analyze their functional divergence. We identified a total of 38 MAPKs, eleven MAPKKs, and 150 MAPKKKs in soybean. Within the GmMAPK family, we also identified a new clade of six genes: four genes with TEY and two genes with TQY motifs requiring further investigation into possible legume-specific functions. The results indicated the expansion of the GmMAPK families attributable to the ancestral polyploidy events followed by chromosomal rearrangements. The GmMAPK and GmMAPKKK families were substantially larger than those in other plant species. The duplicated GmMAPK members presented complex evolutionary relationships and functional divergence when compared to their counterparts in Arabidopsis. We also highlighted existing nomenclatural issues, stressing the need for nomenclatural consistency. GmMAPK identification is vital to soybean crop improvement, and novel insights into the evolutionary relationships will enhance our understanding about plant genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achal Neupane
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings SD, USA
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191
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Pogorelko G, Lionetti V, Bellincampi D, Zabotina O. Cell wall integrity: targeted post-synthetic modifications to reveal its role in plant growth and defense against pathogens. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e25435. [PMID: 23857352 PMCID: PMC4002593 DOI: 10.4161/psb.25435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall, a dynamic network of polysaccharides and glycoproteins of significant compositional and structural complexity, functions in plant growth, development and stress responses. In recent years, the existence of plant cell wall integrity (CWI) maintenance mechanisms has been demonstrated, but little is known about the signaling pathways involved, or their components. Examination of key mutants has shed light on the relationships between cell wall remodeling and plant cell responses, indicating a central role for the regulatory network that monitors and controls cell wall performance and integrity. In this review, we present a short overview of cell wall composition and discuss post-synthetic cell wall modification as a valuable approach for studying CWI perception and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Pogorelko
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry; Biophysics and Molecular Biology; Iowa State University; Ames, IA USA
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartmento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin,” Sapienza Università di Roma; Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Bellincampi
- Dipartmento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin,” Sapienza Università di Roma; Rome, Italy
| | - Olga Zabotina
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry; Biophysics and Molecular Biology; Iowa State University; Ames, IA USA
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192
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Zhu Y, Zuo M, Liang Y, Jiang M, Zhang J, Scheller HV, Tan M, Zhang A. MAP65-1a positively regulates H2O2 amplification and enhances brassinosteroid-induced antioxidant defence in maize. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:3787-802. [PMID: 23956414 PMCID: PMC3745737 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid (BR)-induced antioxidant defence has been shown to enhance stress tolerance. In this study, the role of the maize 65 kDa microtubule-associated protein (MAP65), ZmMAP65-1a, in BR-induced antioxidant defence was investigated. Treatment with BR increased the expression of ZmMAP65-1a in maize (Zea mays) leaves and mesophyll protoplasts. Transient expression and RNA interference silencing of ZmMAP65-1a in mesophyll protoplasts further revealed that ZmMAP65-1a is required for the BR-induced increase in expression and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Both exogenous and BR-induced endogenous H2O2 increased the expression of ZmMAP65-1a. Conversely, transient expression of ZmMAP65-1a in maize mesophyll protoplasts enhanced BR-induced H2O2 accumulation, while transient silencing of ZmMAP65-1a blocked the BR-induced expression of NADPH oxidase genes and inhibited BR-induced H2O2 accumulation. Inhibiting the activity and gene expression of ZmMPK5 significantly prevented the BR-induced expression of ZmMAP65-1a. Likewise, transient expression of ZmMPK5 enhanced BR-induced activities of the antioxidant defence enzymes SOD and APX in a ZmMAP65- 1a-dependent manner. ZmMPK5 directly interacted with ZmMAP65-1a in vivo and phosphorylated ZmMAP65-1a in vitro. These results suggest that BR-induced antioxidant defence in maize operates through the interaction of ZmMPK5 with ZmMAP65-1a. Furthermore, ZmMAP65-1a functions in H2O2 self-propagation via regulation of the expression of NADPH oxidase genes in BR signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Mingxing Zuo
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yali Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Mingyi Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Henrik Vibe Scheller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mingpu Tan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Aying Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed.
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193
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Zhao FY, Hu F, Zhang SY, Wang K, Zhang CR, Liu T. MAPKs regulate root growth by influencing auxin signaling and cell cycle-related gene expression in cadmium-stressed rice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:5449-60. [PMID: 23430734 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to analyze the relationship between root growth, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), auxin signaling, and cell cycle-related gene expression in cadmium (Cd)-stressed rice. The role of MAPKs in auxin signal modification and cell cycle-related gene expression during root growth was investigated by disrupting MAPK signaling using the MAPKK inhibitor PD98059 (PD). Treatment with Cd caused a significant accumulation of Cd in the roots. A Cd-specific probe showed that Cd is mainly localized in the meristematic zone and vascular tissues. Perturbation of MAPK signaling using PD significantly suppressed root system growth under Cd stress. The transcription of six MAPK genes was inhibited by Cd compared to the control. Detection using DR5-GUS transgenic rice showed that the intensity and distribution pattern of GUS staining was similar in roots treated with PD or Cd, whereas in Cd plus PD-treated roots, the GUS staining pattern was similar to that of the control, which indicates a close association of MAPK signaling with auxin homeostasis under control and Cd stress conditions. The expression of most key genes of auxin signaling, including OsYUCCA, OsPIN, OsARF, and OsIAA, and of most cell cycle-related genes, was negatively regulated by MAPKs under Cd stress. These results suggest that the MAPK pathway plays specific roles in auxin signal transduction and in the control of the cell cycle in response to Cd stress. Altogether, MAPKs take part in the regulation of root growth via auxin signal variation and the modified expression of cell cycle-related genes in Cd-stressed rice. A working model for the function of MAPKs in rice root systems grown under Cd stress is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yun Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
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194
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Shankar A, Singh A, Kanwar P, Srivastava AK, Pandey A, Suprasanna P, Kapoor S, Pandey GK. Gene expression analysis of rice seedling under potassium deprivation reveals major changes in metabolism and signaling components. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70321. [PMID: 23922980 PMCID: PMC3726378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant nutrition is one of the important areas for improving the yield and quality in crops as well as non-crop plants. Potassium is an essential plant nutrient and is required in abundance for their proper growth and development. Potassium deficiency directly affects the plant growth and hence crop yield and production. Recently, potassium-dependent transcriptomic analysis has been performed in the model plant Arabidopsis, however in cereals and crop plants; such a transcriptome analysis has not been undertaken till date. In rice, the molecular mechanism for the regulation of potassium starvation responses has not been investigated in detail. Here, we present a combined physiological and whole genome transcriptomic study of rice seedlings exposed to a brief period of potassium deficiency then replenished with potassium. Our results reveal that the expressions of a diverse set of genes annotated with many distinct functions were altered under potassium deprivation. Our findings highlight altered expression patterns of potassium-responsive genes majorly involved in metabolic processes, stress responses, signaling pathways, transcriptional regulation, and transport of multiple molecules including K+. Interestingly, several genes responsive to low-potassium conditions show a reversal in expression upon resupply of potassium. The results of this study indicate that potassium deprivation leads to activation of multiple genes and gene networks, which may be acting in concert to sense the external potassium and mediate uptake, distribution and ultimately adaptation to low potassium conditions. The interplay of both upregulated and downregulated genes globally in response to potassium deprivation determines how plants cope with the stress of nutrient deficiency at different physiological as well as developmental stages of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Shankar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Amarjeet Singh
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Kanwar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Srivastava
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Amita Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Penna Suprasanna
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Sanjay Kapoor
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Girdhar K. Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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195
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Niinemets Ü, Kännaste A, Copolovici L. Quantitative patterns between plant volatile emissions induced by biotic stresses and the degree of damage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:262. [PMID: 23888161 PMCID: PMC3719043 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have to cope with a plethora of biotic stresses such as herbivory and pathogen attacks throughout their life cycle. The biotic stresses typically trigger rapid emissions of volatile products of lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway (LOX products: various C6 aldehydes, alcohols, and derivatives, also called green leaf volatiles) associated with oxidative burst. Further a variety of defense pathways is activated, leading to induction of synthesis and emission of a complex blend of volatiles, often including methyl salicylate, indole, mono-, homo-, and sesquiterpenes. The airborne volatiles are involved in systemic responses leading to elicitation of emissions from non-damaged plant parts. For several abiotic stresses, it has been demonstrated that volatile emissions are quantitatively related to the stress dose. The biotic impacts under natural conditions vary in severity from mild to severe, but it is unclear whether volatile emissions also scale with the severity of biotic stresses in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, biotic impacts are typically recurrent, but it is poorly understood how direct stress-triggered and systemic emission responses are silenced during periods intervening sequential stress events. Here we review the information on induced emissions elicited in response to biotic attacks, and argue that biotic stress severity vs. emission rate relationships should follow principally the same dose-response relationships as previously demonstrated for different abiotic stresses. Analysis of several case studies investigating the elicitation of emissions in response to chewing herbivores, aphids, rust fungi, powdery mildew, and Botrytis, suggests that induced emissions do respond to stress severity in dose-dependent manner. Bi-phasic emission kinetics of several induced volatiles have been demonstrated in these experiments, suggesting that next to immediate stress-triggered emissions, biotic stress elicited emissions typically have a secondary induction response, possibly reflecting a systemic response. The dose-response relationships can also vary in dependence on plant genotype, herbivore feeding behavior, and plant pre-stress physiological status. Overall, the evidence suggests that there are quantitative relationships between the biotic stress severity and induced volatile emissions. These relationships constitute an encouraging platform to develop quantitative plant stress response models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucian Copolovici
- Estonian University of Life SciencesTartu, Estonia
- Institute of Technical and Natural Sciences Research-Development, Aurel Vlaicu UniversityArad, Romania
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196
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Lu W, Chu X, Li Y, Wang C, Guo X. Cotton GhMKK1 induces the tolerance of salt and drought stress, and mediates defence responses to pathogen infection in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68503. [PMID: 23844212 PMCID: PMC3700956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MAPKK) mediate a variety of stress responses in plants. So far little is known on the functional role of MAPKKs in cotton. In the present study, Gossypium hirsutum MKK1 (GhMKK1) function was investigated. GhMKK1 protein may activate its specific targets in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Treatments with salt, drought, and H2O2 induced the expression of GhMKK1 and increased the activity of GhMKK1, while overexpression of GhMKK1 in Nicotiana benthamiana enhanced its tolerance to salt and drought stresses as determined by many physiological data. Additionally, GhMKK1 activity was found to up-regulate pathogen-associated biotic stress, and overexpression of GhMKK1 increased the susceptibility of the transgenic plants to the pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum by reducing the expression of PR genes. Moreover, GhMKK1-overexpressing plants also exhibited an enhanced reactive oxygen species scavenging capability and markedly elevated activities of several antioxidant enzymes. These results indicate that GhMKK1 is involved in plants defence responses and provide new data to further analyze the function of plant MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaoqian Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yuzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China
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197
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Kim SH, Kim SH, Yoo SJ, Min KH, Nam SH, Cho BH, Yang KY. Putrescine regulating by stress-responsive MAPK cascade contributes to bacterial pathogen defense in Arabidopsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 437:502-8. [PMID: 23831467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines in plants are involved in various physiological and developmental processes including abiotic and biotic stress responses. We investigated the expression of ADCs, which are key enzymes in putrescine (Put) biosynthesis, and roles of Put involving defense response in Arabidopsis. The increased expression of ADC1 and ADC2, and the induction of Put were detected in GVG-NtMEK2(DD) transgenic Arabidopsis, whereas, their performance was partially compromised in GVG-NtMEK2(DD)/mpk3 and GVG-NtMEK2(DD)/mpk6 mutant following DEX treatment. The expression of ADC2 was highly induced by Pst DC3000 inoculation, while the transcript levels of ADC1 were slightly up-regulated. Compared to the WT plant, Put content in the adc2 knock-out mutant was reduced after Pst DC3000 inoculation, and showed enhanced susceptibility to pathogen infection. The adc2 mutant exhibited reduced expression of PR-1 after bacterial infection and the growth of the pathogen was about 4-fold more than that in the WT plant. Furthermore, the disease susceptibility of the adc2 mutant was recovered by the addition of exogenous Put. Taken together, these results suggest that Arabidopsis MPK3 and MPK6 play a positive role in the regulation of Put biosynthesis, and that Put contributes to bacterial pathogen defense in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hyun Kim
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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198
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Wang Q, Li J, Hu L, Zhang T, Zhang G, Lou Y. OsMPK3 positively regulates the JA signaling pathway and plant resistance to a chewing herbivore in rice. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:1075-84. [PMID: 23344857 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE : Silencing OsMPK3 decreased elicited JA levels, which subsequently reduced levels of herbivore-induced trypsin protease inhibitors (TrypPIs) and improved the performance of SSB larvae, but did not influence BPH. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MPKs) are known to play an important role in plant defense by transferring biotic and abiotic signals into programmed cellular responses. However, their functions in the herbivore-induced defense response in rice remain largely unknown. Here, we identified a MPK3 gene from rice, OsMPK3, and found that its expression levels were up-regulated in response to infestation by the larvae of the striped stem borer (SSB) (Chilo suppressalis), to mechanical wounding and to treatment with jasmonic acid (JA), but not to infestation by the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens or to treatment with salicylic acid. Moreover, mechanical wounding and SSB infestation induced the expression of OsMPK3 strongly and quickly, whereas JA treatment induced the gene more weakly and slowly. Silencing OsMPK3 (ir-mpk3) reduced the expression of the gene by 50-70 %, decreased elicited levels of JA and diminished the expression of a lipoxygenase gene OsHI-LOX and an allene oxide synthase gene OsAOS1. The reduced JA signaling in ir-mpk3 plants decreased the levels of herbivore-induced trypsin protease inhibitors (TrypPIs) and improved the performance of SSB larvae, but did not influence BPH. Our findings suggest that the gene OsMPK3 responds early in herbivore-induced defense and can be regulated by rice plants to activate a specific and appropriate defense response to different herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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199
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Oka K, Amano Y, Katou S, Seo S, Kawazu K, Mochizuki A, Kuchitsu K, Mitsuhara I. Tobacco MAP kinase phosphatase (NtMKP1) negatively regulates wound response and induced resistance against necrotrophic pathogens and lepidopteran herbivores. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:668-75. [PMID: 23425101 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-12-0272-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are universal signal transduction pathways in eukaryotic cells. In tobacco, two MAPK, wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK) and salicylic acid (SA)-induced protein kinase (SIPK), are activated by biotic and abiotic stresses. Both WIPK and SIPK positively regulate the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) or ethylene (ET) while negatively regulating SA accumulation. We showed previously that recombinant tobacco MAPK phosphatase (NtMKP1) protein dephosphorylates and inactivates SIPK in vitro, and overexpression of NtMKP1 repressed wound-induced activation of both SIPK and WIPK. To elucidate the role of NtMKP1 in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, we generated transgenic tobacco plants in which NtMKP1 expression was suppressed. Suppression of NtMKP1 expression resulted in enhanced activation of WIPK and SIPK and production of both JA and ET upon wounding. Wound-induced expression of JA- or ET-inducible genes, basic PR-1 and PI-II, was also significantly enhanced in these plants. Furthermore, NtMKP1-suppressed plants exhibited enhanced resistance against a necrotrophic pathogen, Botrytis cinerea, and lepidopteran herbivores, Mamestra brassicae and Spodoptera litura. These results suggest that NtMKP1 negatively regulates wound response and resistance against both necrotrophic pathogens and herbivorous insects through suppression of JA or ET pathways via inactivation of MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Oka
- National Institute of Agrobiological Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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200
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Smeets K, Opdenakker K, Remans T, Forzani C, Hirt H, Vangronsveld J, Cuypers A. The role of the kinase OXI1 in cadmium- and copper-induced molecular responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:1228-1238. [PMID: 23278806 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling is important in plant defences against metal stress has become accepted in recent years. To test the role of oxidative signal-inducible kinase (OXI1) in metal-induced oxidative signalling, the responses of oxi1 knockout lines to environmentally realistic cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) concentrations were compared with those of wild-type plants. A relationship between OXI1 and the activation of lipoxygenases and other initiators of oxylipin production was observed under these stress conditions, suggesting that lipoxygenase-1 may be a downstream component of OXI1 signalling. Metal-specific differences in OXI1 action were observed. For example, OXI1 was required for the up-regulation of antioxidative defences such as catalase in leaves and Fe-superoxide dismutase in roots, following exposure to Cu, processes that may involve the MEKK1-MKK2-WRKY25 cascade. Moreover, the induction of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutases in Cu-exposed leaves was regulated by OXI1 in a manner that involves fluctuations in the expression of miRNA398. These observations contrast markedly with the responses to Cd exposure, which also involves OXI1-independent pathways but rather involves changes in components mediating intracellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Smeets
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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