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Minter MR, Main BS, Brody KM, Zhang M, Taylor JM, Crack PJ. Soluble amyloid triggers a myeloid differentiation factor 88 and interferon regulatory factor 7 dependent neuronal type-1 interferon response in vitro. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:71. [PMID: 25879763 PMCID: PMC4407532 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuro-inflammation has long been implicated as a contributor to the progression of Alzheimer's disease in both humans and animal models. Type-1 interferons (IFNs) are pleiotropic cytokines critical in mediating the innate immune pro-inflammatory response. The production of type-1 IFNs following pathogen detection is, in part, through the activation of the toll-like receptors (TLRs) and subsequent signalling through myeloid differentiation factor-88 (Myd88) and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs). We have previously identified that neuronal type-1 IFN signalling, through the type-1 interferon alpha receptor-1 (IFNAR1), is detrimental in models of AD. Using an in vitro approach, this study investigated the TLR network as a potential production pathway for neuronal type-1 IFNs in response to Aβ. METHODS Wildtype and Myd88(-/-) primary cultured cortical and hippocampal neurons were treated with 2.5 μM Aβ1-42 for 24 to 72 h or 1 to 10 μM Aβ1-42 for 72 h. Human BE(2)M17 neuroblastoma cells stably expressing an IRF7 small hairpin RNA (shRNA) or negative control shRNA construct were subjected to 7.5 μM Aβ1-42/Aβ42-1 for 24 to 96 h, 2.5 to 15 μM Aβ1-42 for 96 h or 100 ng/ml LPS for 0.5 to 24 h. Q-PCR was used to analyse IFNα, IFNβ, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα mRNA transcript levels. Phosphorylation of STAT-3 was detected by Western blot analysis, and cell viability was assessed by MTS assay. RESULTS Reduced IFNα, IFNβ, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα expression was detected in Aβ1-42-treated Myd88(-/-) neurons compared to wildtype cells. This correlated with reduced phosphorylation of STAT-3, a downstream type-1 IFN signalling mediator. Significantly, Myd88(-/-) neuronal cultures were protected against Aβ1-42-induced neurotoxicity compared to wildtype as determined by MTS assay. Knockdown of IRF7 in M17 cells was sufficient in blocking IFNα, IFNβ and p-STAT-3 induction to both Aβ1-42 and the TLR4 agonist LPS. M17 IRF7 KD cells were also protected against Aβ1-42-induced cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that the neuronal type-1 IFN response to soluble amyloid is mediated primarily through TLRs. This production is dependent upon Myd88 and IRF7 signalling. This study suggests that targeting this pathway to modulate neuronal type-1 IFN levels may be beneficial in controlling Aβ-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles Robert Minter
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, 8th floor, Medical building, Grattan St, Parkville, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Bevan Scott Main
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, 8th floor, Medical building, Grattan St, Parkville, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Kate Maree Brody
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, 8th floor, Medical building, Grattan St, Parkville, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Moses Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, 8th floor, Medical building, Grattan St, Parkville, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Juliet Marie Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, 8th floor, Medical building, Grattan St, Parkville, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Peter John Crack
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, 8th floor, Medical building, Grattan St, Parkville, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
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152
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Ciancanelli MJ, Huang SXL, Luthra P, Garner H, Itan Y, Volpi S, Lafaille FG, Trouillet C, Schmolke M, Albrecht RA, Israelsson E, Lim HK, Casadio M, Hermesh T, Lorenzo L, Leung LW, Pedergnana V, Boisson B, Okada S, Picard C, Ringuier B, Troussier F, Chaussabel D, Abel L, Pellier I, Notarangelo LD, García-Sastre A, Basler CF, Geissmann F, Zhang SY, Snoeck HW, Casanova JL. Infectious disease. Life-threatening influenza and impaired interferon amplification in human IRF7 deficiency. Science 2015; 348:448-53. [PMID: 25814066 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Severe influenza disease strikes otherwise healthy children and remains unexplained. We report compound heterozygous null mutations in IRF7, which encodes the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 7, in an otherwise healthy child who suffered life-threatening influenza during primary infection. In response to influenza virus, the patient's leukocytes and plasmacytoid dendritic cells produced very little type I and III interferons (IFNs). Moreover, the patient's dermal fibroblasts and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived pulmonary epithelial cells produced reduced amounts of type I IFN and displayed increased influenza virus replication. These findings suggest that IRF7-dependent amplification of type I and III IFNs is required for protection against primary infection by influenza virus in humans. They also show that severe influenza may result from single-gene inborn errors of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ciancanelli
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah X L Huang
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Priya Luthra
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hannah Garner
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation (CMCBI), King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Yuval Itan
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefano Volpi
- Division of Immunology and Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabien G Lafaille
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Céline Trouillet
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation (CMCBI), King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Mirco Schmolke
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Randy A Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisabeth Israelsson
- Department of Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hye Kyung Lim
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melina Casadio
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tamar Hermesh
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lazaro Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France. University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Lawrence W Leung
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vincent Pedergnana
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France. University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Satoshi Okada
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Capucine Picard
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France. University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France. Study Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies, AP-HP, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Damien Chaussabel
- Department of Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA. Department of Systems Biology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France. University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Pellier
- Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Oncology Unit, University Hospital Centre of Angers, Angers, France. INSERM U892, CNRS U6299, Angers, France
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Division of Immunology and Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frédéric Geissmann
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation (CMCBI), King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France. University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Hans-Willem Snoeck
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France. University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France. Pediatric Immuno-Hematology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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153
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Hu S, Hosey KL, Derbigny WA. Analyses of the pathways involved in early- and late-phase induction of IFN-beta during C. muridarum infection of oviduct epithelial cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119235. [PMID: 25798928 PMCID: PMC4370658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that the IFN-β secreted by Chlamydia muridarum-infected murine oviduct epithelial cells (OE cells) was mostly dependent on the TLR3 signaling pathway. To further characterize the mechanisms of IFN-β synthesis during Chlamydia infection of OE cells in vitro, we utilized specific inhibitory drugs to clarify the roles of IRF3 and NF-κB on both early- and late-phase C. muridarum infections. Our results showed that the pathways involved in the early-phase of IFN-β production were distinct from that in the late-phase of IFN-β production. Disruption of IRF3 activation using an inhibitor of TBK-1 at early-phase Chlamydia infection had a significant impact on the overall synthesis of IFN-β; however, disruption of IRF3 activation at late times during infection had no effect. Interestingly, inhibition of NF-κB early during Chlamydia infection also had a negative effect on IFN-β production; however, its impact was not significant. Our data show that the transcription factor IRF7 was induced late during Chlamydia infection, which is indicative of a positive feedback mechanism of IFN-β synthesis late during infection. In contrast, IRF7 appears to play little or no role in the early synthesis of IFN-β during Chlamydia infection. Finally, we demonstrate that antibiotics that target chlamydial DNA replication are much more effective at reducing IFN-β synthesis during infection versus antibiotics that target chlamydial transcription. These results provide evidence that early- and late-phase IFN-β production have distinct signaling pathways in Chlamydia-infected OE cells, and suggest that Chlamydia DNA replication might provide a link to the currently unknown chlamydial PAMP for TLR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sishun Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kristen L. Hosey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Wilbert A. Derbigny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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154
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Interferon regulatory factors: critical mediators of human lupus. Transl Res 2015; 165:283-95. [PMID: 25445206 PMCID: PMC4306637 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is multifactorial, and the interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) play an important role. Autoantibodies formed in SLE target nuclear antigens, and immune complexes formed by these antibodies contain nucleic acid. These immune complexes can activate antiviral pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), resulting in the downstream activation of IRFs, which can induce type I interferon (IFN-I) and other inflammatory mediators. Genetic variations in IRFs have been associated with susceptibility to SLE, and current evidence supports the idea that these polymorphisms are gain of function in humans. Recent studies suggest that these genetic variations contribute to the break in humoral tolerance that allows for nucleic acid binding autoantibodies, and that the same polymorphisms also augment IFN-I production in the presence of these autoantibody immune complexes, forming a feed-forward loop. In this review, we will outline major features of the PRR/IRF systems and describe the role of the IRFs in human SLE pathogenesis.
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155
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Jiang M, Österlund P, Fagerlund R, Rios DN, Hoffmann A, Poranen MM, Bamford DH, Julkunen I. MAP kinase p38α regulates type III interferon (IFN-λ1) gene expression in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells in response to RNA stimulation. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:307-20. [PMID: 25473098 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0114-059rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of viral nucleic acids leads to type I and type III IFN gene expression and activation of host antiviral responses. At present, type III IFN genes are the least well-characterized IFN types. Here, we demonstrate that the p38 MAPK signaling pathway is involved in regulating IFN-λ1 gene expression in response to various types of RNA molecules in human moDCs. Inhibition of p38 MAPK strongly reduced IFN gene expression, and overexpression of p38α MAPK enhanced IFN-λ1 gene expression in RNA-stimulated moDCs. The regulation of IFN gene expression by p38 MAPK signaling was independent of protein synthesis and thus, a direct result of RNA stimulation. Moreover, the RIG-I/MDA5-MAVS-IRF3 pathway was required for p38α MAPK to up-regulate IFN-λ1 promoter activation, whereas the MyD88-IRF7 pathway was not needed, and the regulation was not involved directly in IRF7-dependent IFN-α1 gene expression. The stimulatory effect of p38α MAPK on IFN-λ1 mRNA expression in human moDCs did not take place directly via the activating TBK1/IKKε complex, but rather, it occurred through some other parallel pathways. Furthermore, mutations in ISRE and NF-κB binding sites in the promoter region of the IFN-λ1 gene led to a significant reduction in p38α MAPK-mediated IFN responses after RNA stimulation. Altogether, our data suggest that the p38α MAPK pathway is linked with RLR signaling pathways and regulates the expression of early IFN genes after RNA stimulation cooperatively with IRF3 and NF-κB to induce antiviral responses further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Jiang
- *Virology Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Virology, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Pamela Österlund
- *Virology Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Virology, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Riku Fagerlund
- *Virology Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Virology, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Diana N Rios
- *Virology Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Virology, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- *Virology Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Virology, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Minna M Poranen
- *Virology Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Virology, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Dennis H Bamford
- *Virology Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Virology, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- *Virology Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Virology, University of Turku, Finland
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156
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Ma F, Li B, Liu SY, Iyer SS, Yu Y, Wu A, Cheng G. Positive feedback regulation of type I IFN production by the IFN-inducible DNA sensor cGAS. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1545-54. [PMID: 25609843 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and robust induction of type I IFN (IFN-I) is a critical event in host antiviral innate immune response. It has been well demonstrated that cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) plays an important role in sensing cytosolic DNA and triggering STING dependent signaling to induce IFN-I. However, it is largely unknown how cGAS itself is regulated during pathogen infection and IFN-I production. In this study, we show that pattern recognition receptor (PRR) ligands, including lipid A, LPS, poly(I:C), poly(dA:dT), and cGAMP, induce cGAS expression in an IFN-I-dependent manner in both mouse and human macrophages. Further experiments indicated that cGAS is an IFN-stimulated gene (ISG), and two adjacent IFN-sensitive response elements (ISREs) in the promoter region of cGAS mediate the induction of cGAS by IFN-I. Additionally, we show that optimal production of IFN-β triggered by poly (dA:dT) or HSV-1 requires IFNAR signaling. Knockdown of the constitutively expressed DNA sensor DDX41 attenuates poly(dA:dT)-triggered IFN-β production and cGAS induction. By analyzing the dynamic expression of poly(dA:dT)-induced IFN-β and cGAS transcripts, we have found that induction of IFN-β is earlier than cGAS. Furthermore, we have provided evidence that induction of cGAS by IFN-I meditates the subsequent positive feedback regulation of DNA-triggered IFN-I production. Thus, our study not only provides a novel mechanism of modulating cGAS expression, but also adds another layer of regulation in DNA-triggered IFN-I production by induction of cGAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
| | - Su-yang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Yongxin Yu
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Aiping Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
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157
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Ma F, Li B, Yu Y, Iyer SS, Sun M, Cheng G. Positive feedback regulation of type I interferon by the interferon-stimulated gene STING. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:202-12. [PMID: 25572843 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201439366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an important regulator of the innate immune response to cytoplasmic DNA. However, regulation of STING itself is largely unknown. Here, we show that STING transcription is induced by innate immune activators, such as cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), through an IFNAR1- and STAT1-dependent pathway. We also identify a STAT1 binding site in the STING promoter that contributes to the activation of STING transcription. Furthermore, we show that induction of STING mediates the positive feedback regulation of CDN-triggered IFN-I. Thus, our study demonstrates that STING is an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) and its induction is crucial for the IFN-I positive feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yongxin Yu
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mingyu Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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158
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Galani IE, Koltsida O, Andreakos E. Type III interferons (IFNs): Emerging Master Regulators of Immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 850:1-15. [PMID: 26324342 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15774-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lambda interferons (IFN-λs), type III interferons or interleukins 28 and 29 are the latest addition to the class II cytokine family. They share low homology with the interferon (IFN) and IL-10 cytokine families, yet they exhibit common and unique activities, the full spectrum of which still remains incompletely understood. Although initially described for their antiviral functions, it is now appreciated that IFN-λs also mediate diverse antitumor and immune-modulatory effects, and are key determinants of innate immunity at mucosal sites such as the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracks. Here, we are reviewing the biological functions of IFN-λs, the mechanisms controlling their expression, their downstream effects and their role in the maintenance of homeostasis and disease. We are also exploring the potential application of IFN-λs as novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna E Galani
- Department of Immunology, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
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159
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Wang X, Zhao YR, Liu HL, Ma XH, Zhang Y. In vitro immunomodulatory activity of interferon alpha on toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway in chronic hepatitis B. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 35:385-91. [PMID: 25535670 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon alpha (IFN-α) is registered for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) treatment. However, the antiviral mechanism of IFN-α and the biological function of many IFN-α responsive genes have not been fully elucidated. We investigated to determine the regulative effect of IFN-α on toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 signaling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from CHB patients in vitro. We examined the changes of expression and function of TLR9 signaling pathway in the PBMCs with different treatment methods and investigated the synergism of IFN-α and TLR9 ligand on antiviral cytokine secretions in vitro. The data showed that, for the TLR9 signaling pathway, IFN-α not only augmented the expressions of TLR9 signal transduction molecules but also activated the TLR9 signal function. This study has clearly demonstrated that the TLR9 ligand could stimulate PBMCs that have been pretreated with IFN-α. Furthermore, the quantity of antiviral cytokines secreted by the pretreated PBMCs was greater than those without pretreatment. The interaction between IFN-α and TLR9 ligand appears to be synergistic. Data revealed IFN-α could influence TLR9 signaling transduction and synergistically improve the immune efficacy of TLR9 ligand against CHB. The present study suggests a potential novel mechanism for the antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus and a new individualized antiviral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, P.R. China
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160
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Wang Z, Ning Z, Sun M, Gao S, Kang Y, Xie P, Ren T. Interferon regulatory factor 7- (IRF7-) mediated immune response affects Newcastle disease virus replication in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Acta Vet Hung 2014; 62:500-11. [PMID: 25410392 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2014.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) is essential for the induction of an antiviral response. Previous studies have shown that virus replication causes the activation or expression of Type I interferon (IFN) in cells, which further activates IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) to retard virus growth. In this study, after infection of chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) with the lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain LaSota or the velogenic NDV strain GM, the mRNA and protein levels of IRF7 showed a significant increase, and part of the IRF7 protein was translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. In order to further explore the effect of IRF7-mediated innate immune response on the replication of NDV in CEFs, the mRNA levels of IFN-α, IFN-β and STAT1 were measured and the replication kinetics of NDV determined. The results showed that specific siRNA could inhibit the expression of IRF7 and limit the mRNA level of IFN-α, IFN-β and STAT1 and, accordingly, the replication kinetics of both NDVs were enhanced after the inhibition of IRF7. In conclusion, IRF7 is an important nuclear transcription factor for the induction of Type I IFNs during the antiviral response, which can affect the replication of NDV and spread to CEFs in the early phase of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhangyong Ning
- 1 South China Agricultural University Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine 483 Wu Shan Road Tian He District, Guangzhou 510642 P. R. China
| | - Minhua Sun
- 1 South China Agricultural University Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine 483 Wu Shan Road Tian He District, Guangzhou 510642 P. R. China
| | - Shimin Gao
- 1 South China Agricultural University Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine 483 Wu Shan Road Tian He District, Guangzhou 510642 P. R. China
| | - Yinfeng Kang
- 1 South China Agricultural University Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine 483 Wu Shan Road Tian He District, Guangzhou 510642 P. R. China
| | - Peng Xie
- 1 South China Agricultural University Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine 483 Wu Shan Road Tian He District, Guangzhou 510642 P. R. China
| | - Tao Ren
- 1 South China Agricultural University Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine 483 Wu Shan Road Tian He District, Guangzhou 510642 P. R. China
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161
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Tanaka T, Murakami K, Bando Y, Yoshida S. Interferon regulatory factor 7 participates in the M1-like microglial polarization switch. Glia 2014; 63:595-610. [PMID: 25422089 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are generally considered the immune cells of the central nervous system. Recent studies have demonstrated that under specific polarization conditions, microglia develop into two different phenotypes, termed M1-like and M2-like microglia. However, the phenotypic characteristics of M1-like- and M2-like-polarized microglia and the mechanisms that regulate polarization are largely unknown. In this study, we characterized lipopolysaccharide-treated M1-like and IL-4-treated M2-like microglia and investigated the mechanisms that regulate phenotypic switching. The addition of M2-like microglial conditioned medium (CM) to primary neurons resulted in an increase in neurite length when compared with neurons treated with M1-like microglial CM, possibly because of the enhanced secretion of neurotrophic factors by M2-like microglia. M1-like microglia were morphologically characterized by larger soma, whereas M2-like microglia were characterized by long processes. M2-like microglia exhibited greater phagocytic capacity than M1-like microglia. These features switched in response to polarization cues. We found that expression of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) increased during the M2-like to M1-like switch in microglia in vitro and in vivo. Knockdown of IRF7 using siRNA suppressed the expression of M1 marker mRNA and reduced phosphorylation of STAT1. Our findings suggest that IRF7 signaling may play an important role in microglial polarization switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhide Tanaka
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
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162
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Cohen M, Matcovitch O, David E, Barnett-Itzhaki Z, Keren-Shaul H, Blecher-Gonen R, Jaitin DA, Sica A, Amit I, Schwartz M. Chronic exposure to TGFβ1 regulates myeloid cell inflammatory response in an IRF7-dependent manner. EMBO J 2014; 33:2906-21. [PMID: 25385836 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201489293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue microenvironment influences the function of resident and infiltrating myeloid-derived cells. In the central nervous system (CNS), resident microglia and freshly recruited infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages (mo-MΦ) display distinct activities under pathological conditions, yet little is known about the microenvironment-derived molecular mechanism that regulates these differences. Here, we demonstrate that long exposure to transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) impaired the ability of myeloid cells to acquire a resolving anti-inflammatory phenotype. Using genome-wide expression analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by next-generation sequencing, we show that the capacity to undergo pro- to anti-inflammatory (M1-to-M2) phenotype switch is controlled by the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) that is down-regulated by the TGFβ1 pathway. RNAi-mediated perturbation of Irf7 inhibited the M1-to-M2 switch, while IFNβ1 (an IRF7 pathway activator) restored it. In vivo induction of Irf7 expression in microglia, following spinal cord injury, reduced their pro-inflammatory activity. These results highlight the key role of tissue-specific environmental factors in determining the fate of resident myeloid-derived cells under both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merav Cohen
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orit Matcovitch
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal David
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Hadas Keren-Shaul
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | - Antonio Sica
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano Milan, Italy DiSCAFF, University of Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro, Novara, Italy
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Schwartz
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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163
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Heiman A, Pallottie A, Heary RF, Elkabes S. Toll-like receptors in central nervous system injury and disease: a focus on the spinal cord. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 42:232-45. [PMID: 25063708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.06.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are best known for recognizing pathogens and initiating an innate immune response to protect the host. However, they also detect tissue damage and induce sterile inflammation upon the binding of endogenous ligands released by stressed or injured cells. In addition to immune system-related cells, TLRs have been identified in central nervous system (CNS) neurons and glial subtypes including microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Direct and indirect effects of TLR ligands on neurons and glial subtypes have been documented in vitro. Likewise, the effects of TLR ligands have been demonstrated in vivo using animal models of CNS trauma and disease including spinal cord injury (SCI), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and neuropathic pain. The indirect effects are most likely mediated via microglia or immune system cells that infiltrate the diseased or injured CNS. Despite considerable progress over the past decade, the role of TLRs in the physiological and pathological function of the spinal cord remains inadequately defined. Published reports collectively highlight TLRs as promising targets for therapeutic interventions in spinal cord pathology. The findings also underscore the complexity of TLR-mediated mechanisms and the necessity for further research in this field. The goals of the current review are to recapitulate the studies that investigated the role of TLRs in the spinal cord, to discuss potential future research directions, and to examine some of the challenges associated with pre-clinical studies pertinent to TLRs in the injured or diseased spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adee Heiman
- Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Alexandra Pallottie
- Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Robert F Heary
- Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Stella Elkabes
- Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States.
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164
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Tomasello E, Pollet E, Vu Manh TP, Uzé G, Dalod M. Harnessing Mechanistic Knowledge on Beneficial Versus Deleterious IFN-I Effects to Design Innovative Immunotherapies Targeting Cytokine Activity to Specific Cell Types. Front Immunol 2014; 5:526. [PMID: 25400632 PMCID: PMC4214202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) were identified over 50 years ago as cytokines critical for host defense against viral infections. IFN-I promote anti-viral defense through two main mechanisms. First, IFN-I directly reinforce or induce de novo in potentially all cells the expression of effector molecules of intrinsic anti-viral immunity. Second, IFN-I orchestrate innate and adaptive anti-viral immunity. However, IFN-I responses can be deleterious for the host in a number of circumstances, including secondary bacterial or fungal infections, several autoimmune diseases, and, paradoxically, certain chronic viral infections. We will review the proposed nature of protective versus deleterious IFN-I responses in selected diseases. Emphasis will be put on the potentially deleterious functions of IFN-I in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, and on the respective roles of IFN-I and IFN-III in promoting resolution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We will then discuss how the balance between beneficial versus deleterious IFN-I responses is modulated by several key parameters including (i) the subtypes and dose of IFN-I produced, (ii) the cell types affected by IFN-I, and (iii) the source and timing of IFN-I production. Finally, we will speculate how integration of this knowledge combined with advanced biochemical manipulation of the activity of the cytokines should allow designing innovative immunotherapeutic treatments in patients. Specifically, we will discuss how induction or blockade of specific IFN-I responses in targeted cell types could promote the beneficial functions of IFN-I and/or dampen their deleterious effects, in a manner adapted to each disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tomasello
- UM2, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University , Marseille , France ; U1104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) , Marseille , France ; UMR7280, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Marseille , France
| | - Emeline Pollet
- UM2, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University , Marseille , France ; U1104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) , Marseille , France ; UMR7280, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Marseille , France
| | - Thien-Phong Vu Manh
- UM2, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University , Marseille , France ; U1104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) , Marseille , France ; UMR7280, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Marseille , France
| | - Gilles Uzé
- UMR 5235, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University Montpellier II , Montpellier , France
| | - Marc Dalod
- UM2, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University , Marseille , France ; U1104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) , Marseille , France ; UMR7280, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Marseille , France
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165
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Dhariwala MO, Anderson DM. Bacterial programming of host responses: coordination between type I interferon and cell death. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:545. [PMID: 25389418 PMCID: PMC4211556 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
During mammalian infection, bacteria induce cell death from an extracellular or intracellular niche that can protect or hurt the host. Data is accumulating that associate type I interferon (IFN) signaling activated by intracellular bacteria with programmed death of immune effector cells and enhanced virulence. Multiple pathways leading to IFN-dependent host cell death have been described, and in some cases it is becoming clear how these mechanisms contribute to virulence. Yet common mechanisms of IFN-enhanced bacterial pathogenesis are not obvious and no specific interferon stimulated genes have yet been identified that cause sensitivity to pathogen-induced cell death. In this review, we will summarize some bacterial infections caused by facultative intracellular pathogens and what is known about how type I IFN signaling may promote the replication of extracellular bacteria rather than stimulate protection. Each of these pathogens can survive phagocytosis but their intracellular life cycles are very different, they express distinct virulence factors and trigger different pathways of immune activation and crosstalk. These differences likely lead to widely varying amounts of type I IFN expression and a different inflammatory environment, but these may not be important to the pathologic effects on the host. Instead, each pathogen induces programmed cell death of key immune cells that have been sensitized by the activation of the type I IFN response. We will discuss how IFN-dependent host cell death may increase host susceptibility and try to understand common pathways of pathogenesis that lead to IFN-enhanced bacterial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miqdad O Dhariwala
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Deborah M Anderson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
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166
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Suppressors of cytokine signaling 1 and 3 are upregulated in brain resident cells in response to virus-induced inflammation of the central nervous system via at least two distinctive pathways. J Virol 2014; 88:14090-104. [PMID: 25253351 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01346-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are intracellular proteins that inhibit cytokine signaling in a variety of cell types. A number of viral infections have been associated with SOCS upregulation; however, not much is known about the mechanisms regulating SOCS expression during viral infection. In this study, we used two pathologically distinct intracerebral (i.c.) infection models to characterize temporal and spatial aspects of SOCS expression in the virus-infected central nervous system (CNS), and by employing various knockout mouse models, we sought to identify regulatory mechanisms that may underlie a virus induced upregulation of SOCS in the CNS. We found that i.c. infection with either lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) or yellow fever virus (YF) results in gradual upregulation of SOCS1/3 mRNA expression peaking at day 7 postinfection (p.i.). In the LCMV model, SOCS mRNA was expressed in brain resident cells, including astrocytes and some neurons, and for SOCS1 in particular this upregulation was almost entirely mediated by gamma interferon (IFN-γ) produced by infiltrating T cells. After infection with YF, we also found SOCS expression to be upregulated in brain resident cells with a peak on day 7 p.i., but in this model, the upregulation was only partially dependent on IFN-γ and T cells, indicating that at least one other mediator was involved in the upregulation of SOCS following YF infection. We conclude that virus-induced inflammation of the CNS is associated with upregulation of SOCS1/3 mRNA expression in brain resident cells and that at least two distinctive pathways can lead to this upregulation. IMPORTANCE In the present report, we have studied the induction of SOCS1 and SOCS3 expression in the context of virus-induced CNS infection. We found that both a noncytolytic and a cytolytic virus induce marked upregulation of SOCS1 and -3 expression. Notably, the kinetics of the observed upregulation follows that of activity within proinflammatory signaling pathways and, interestingly, type II interferon (IFN), which is also a key inducer of inflammatory mediators, seems to be essential in initiating this counterinflammatory response. Another key observation is that not only cells of the immune system but also CNS resident cells are actively involved in both the pro- and the counterinflammatory immune circuits; thus, for example, astrocytes upregulate both C-X-C-motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10) and SOCS when exposed to type II IFN in vivo.
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167
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Lee KJ, Ye JS, Choe H, Nam YR, Kim N, Lee U, Joo CH. Serine cluster phosphorylation liberates the C-terminal helix of IFN regulatory factor 7 to bind histone acetyltransferase p300. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4137-48. [PMID: 25225665 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) is a major regulator of type I (αβ) IFN secretion. A growing body of evidence shows that IRF7 is involved in a wide variety of pathologic conditions in addition to infections; however, the detailed mechanism of IRF7 transactivation remains elusive. Our current knowledge of IRF7 transactivation is based on studies of IRF3, another major regulator of IFN-β secretion. IRF3 and IRF7 are closely related homologs with high sequence similarity in their C-terminal regions, and both proteins are activated by phosphorylation of a specific serine cluster (SC). Nevertheless, the functional domains of the two proteins are arranged in an inverted manner. We generated a model structure of the IRF7 C-terminal region using homology modeling and used it to guide subsequent functional domain studies. The model structure led to the identification of a tripod-helix structure containing the SC. Based on the model and experimental data, we hypothesized that phosphorylation-mediated IRF7 transactivation is controlled by a tripod-helix structure. Inducible IκB kinase binds a tripod-helix structure. Serial phosphorylation of the SC by the kinase liberates C-terminal helix from an inhibitory hydrophobic pocket. A histone acetyltransferase P300 binds the liberated helix. The difference in the P300 binding sites explains why the domain arrangement of IRF7 is inverted relative to that of IRF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Jin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Jung Sook Ye
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Han Choe
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea; Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea; and
| | - Young Ran Nam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Nari Kim
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Uk Lee
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Chul Hyun Joo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea; Cell Dysfunction Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
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168
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Moll HP, Lee A, Minussi DC, da Silva CG, Csizmadia E, Bhasin M, Ferran C. A20 regulates atherogenic interferon (IFN)-γ signaling in vascular cells by modulating basal IFNβ levels. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:30912-24. [PMID: 25217635 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.591966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IFNγ signaling in endothelial (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC) is a key culprit of pathologic vascular remodeling. The impact of NF-κB inhibitory protein A20 on IFNγ signaling in vascular cells remains unknown. In gain- and loss-of-function studies, A20 inversely regulated expression of IFNγ-induced atherogenic genes in human EC and SMC by modulating STAT1 transcription. In vivo, inadequate A20 expression in A20 heterozygote mice aggravated intimal hyperplasia following partial carotid artery ligation. This outcome uniquely associated with increased levels of Stat1 and super-induction of Ifnγ-dependent genes. Transcriptome analysis of the aortic media from A20 heterozygote versus wild-type mice revealed increased basal Ifnβ signaling as the likely cause for higher Stat1 transcription. We confirmed higher basal IFNβ levels in A20-silenced human SMC and showed that neutralization or knockdown of IFNβ abrogates heightened STAT1 levels in these cells. Upstream of IFNβ, A20-silenced EC and SMC demonstrated higher levels of phosphorylated/activated TANK-binding kinase-1 (TBK1), a regulator of IFNβ transcription. This suggested that A20 knockdown increased STAT1 transcription by enhancing TBK1 activation and subsequently basal IFNβ levels. Altogether, these results uncover A20 as a key physiologic regulator of atherogenic IFNγ/STAT1 signaling. This novel function of A20 added to its ability to inhibit nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation solidifies its promise as an ideal therapeutic candidate for treatment and prevention of vascular diseases. In light of recently discovered A20/TNFAIP3 (TNFα-induced protein 3) single nucleotide polymorphisms that impart lower A20 expression or function, these results also qualify A20 as a reliable clinical biomarker for vascular risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herwig P Moll
- From the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery
| | - Andy Lee
- From the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery
| | - Darlan C Minussi
- From the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery
| | - Cleide G da Silva
- From the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- From the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery
| | - Manoj Bhasin
- the Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Bioinformatics Core, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02135
| | - Christiane Ferran
- From the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and
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169
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Zhou P, Cowled C, Mansell A, Monaghan P, Green D, Wu L, Shi Z, Wang LF, Baker ML. IRF7 in the Australian black flying fox, Pteropus alecto: evidence for a unique expression pattern and functional conservation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103875. [PMID: 25100081 PMCID: PMC4123912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As the only flying mammal, bats harbor a number of emerging and re-emerging viruses, many of which cause severe diseases in humans and other mammals yet result in no clinical symptoms in bats. As the master regulator of the interferon (IFN)-dependent immune response, IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) plays a central role in innate antiviral immunity. To explore the role of bat IRF7 in the regulation of the IFN response, we performed sequence and functional analysis of IRF7 from the pteropid bat, Pteropus alecto. Our results demonstrate that bat IRF7 retains the ability to bind to MyD88 and activate the IFN response despite unique changes in the MyD88 binding domain. We also demonstrate that bat IRF7 has a unique expression pattern across both immune and non-immune related tissues and is inducible by double-strand RNA. The broad tissue distribution of IRF7 may provide bats with an enhanced ability to rapidly activate the IFN response in a wider range of tissues compared to other mammals. The importance of IRF7 in antiviral activity against the bat reovirus, Pulau virus was confirmed by siRNA knockdown of IRF7 in bat cells resulting in enhanced viral replication. Our results highlight the importance of IRF7 in innate antiviral immunity in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chris Cowled
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley Mansell
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research-Prince Henry Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Monaghan
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Diane Green
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lijun Wu
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengli Shi
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Michelle L. Baker
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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170
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Expression of porcine fusion protein IRF7/3(5D) efficiently controls foot-and-mouth disease virus replication. J Virol 2014; 88:11140-53. [PMID: 25031341 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00372-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Several studies have demonstrated that the delivery of type I, II, or III interferons (IFNs) by inoculation of a replication-defective human adenovirus 5 (Ad5) vector expressing IFNs can effectively control foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in cattle and swine during experimental infections. However, relatively high doses are required to achieve protection. In this study, we identified the functional properties of a porcine fusion protein, poIRF7/3(5D), as a biotherapeutic and enhancer of IFN activity against FMD virus (FMDV). We showed that poIRF7/3(5D) is a potent inducer of type I IFNs, including alpha IFN (IFN-α), IFN-β, and IFN-ω but not type III IFN (interleukin-28B), without inducing cytotoxicity. Expression of poIRF7/3(5D) significantly and steadily reduced FMDV titers by up to 6 log10 units in swine and bovine cell lines. Treatment with an IFN receptor inhibitor (B18R) combined with an anti-IFN-α antibody neutralized the antiviral activity in the supernatants of cells transduced with an Ad5 vector expressing poIRF7/3(5D) [Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D)]. However, several transcripts with known antiviral function, including type I IFNs, were still highly upregulated (range of increase, 8-fold to over 500-fold) by poIRF7/3(5D) in the presence of B18R. Furthermore, the sera of mice treated with Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D) showed antiviral activity that was associated with the induction of high levels of IFN-α and resulted in complete protection against FMDV challenge at 6, 24, or 48 h posttreatment. This study highlights for the first time the antiviral potential of Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D) in vitro and in vivo against FMDV. IMPORTANCE FMD remains one of the most devastating diseases that affect livestock worldwide. Effective vaccine formulations are available but are serotype specific and require approximately 7 days before they are able to elicit protective immunity. We have shown that vector-delivered IFN is an option to protect animals against many FMDV serotypes as soon as 24 h and for about 4 days postadministration. Here we demonstrate that delivery of a constitutively active transcription factor that induces the production of endogenous IFNs and potentially other antiviral genes is a viable strategy to protect against FMD.
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171
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Gun SY, Claser C, Tan KSW, Rénia L. Interferons and interferon regulatory factors in malaria. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:243713. [PMID: 25157202 PMCID: PMC4124246 DOI: 10.1155/2014/243713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most serious infectious diseases in humans and responsible for approximately 500 million clinical cases and 500 thousand deaths annually. Acquired adaptive immune responses control parasite replication and infection-induced pathologies. Most infections are clinically silent which reflects on the ability of adaptive immune mechanisms to prevent the disease. However, a minority of these can become severe and life-threatening, manifesting a range of overlapping syndromes of complex origins which could be induced by uncontrolled immune responses. Major players of the innate and adaptive responses are interferons. Here, we review their roles and the signaling pathways involved in their production and protection against infection and induced immunopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Yee Gun
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore 138648
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228
| | - Carla Claser
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore 138648
| | - Kevin Shyong Wei Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore 138648
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228
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172
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Collins SE, Mossman KL. Danger, diversity and priming in innate antiviral immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:525-31. [PMID: 25081316 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The prototypic response to viral infection involves the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading to the activation of transcription factors such as IRF3 and NFkB and production of type 1 IFN. While this response can lead to the induction of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and recruitment and activation of immune cells, such a comprehensive response is likely inappropriate for routine low level virus exposure. Moreover, viruses have evolved a plethora of immune evasion strategies to subvert antiviral signalling. There is emerging evidence that cells have developed very sensitive methods of detecting not only specific viral PAMPS, but also more general danger or stress signals associated with viral entry and replication. Such stress-induced cellular responses likely serve to prime cells to respond to further PAMP stimulation or allow for a rapid and localized intracellular response independent of IFN production and its potential immune sequelae. This review discusses diversity in innate antiviral players and pathways, the role of "danger" sensing, and how alternative pathways, such as the IFN-independent pathway, may serve to prime cells for further pathogen attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Collins
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Karen L Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada L8S 4K1.
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173
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Forero A, Giacobbi NS, McCormick KD, Gjoerup OV, Bakkenist CJ, Pipas JM, Sarkar SN. Simian virus 40 large T antigen induces IFN-stimulated genes through ATR kinase. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5933-42. [PMID: 24799566 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses encode a large T Ag (LT), a multifunctional protein essential for the regulation of both viral and host cell gene expression and productive viral infection. Previously, we have shown that stable expression of LT protein results in upregulation of genes involved in the IFN induction and signaling pathway. In this study, we focus on the cellular signaling mechanism that leads to the induction of IFN responses by LT. Our results show that ectopic expression of SV40 LT results in the induction of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in human fibroblasts and confers an antiviral state. We describe a LT-initiated DNA damage response (DDR) that activates IFN regulatory factor 1, causing IFN-β production and consequent ISG expression in human cells. This IFN-β and ISG induction is dependent on ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase, but independent of ATM. ATR kinase inhibition using a selective kinase inhibitor (ETP-46464) caused a decrease in IFN regulatory factor 1 stabilization and ISG expression. Furthermore, expression of a mutant LT that does not induce DDR also does not induce IFN-β and ISGs. These results show that, in the absence of viral infection, LT-initiated activation of ATR-dependent DDR is sufficient for the induction of an IFN-β-mediated innate immune response in human cells. Thus, we have uncovered a novel and critical role for ATR as a mediator of antiviral responses utilizing LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Forero
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Nicholas S Giacobbi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and
| | - Kevin D McCormick
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Ole V Gjoerup
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Christopher J Bakkenist
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - James M Pipas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and
| | - Saumendra N Sarkar
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213;
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174
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IRF7-dependent type I interferon production induces lethal immune-mediated disease in STAT1 knockout mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Virol 2014; 88:7578-88. [PMID: 24760883 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03117-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Following systemic infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), STAT1 knockout (KO) mice but not wild-type, STAT2 KO, IRF9 KO, or IFNAR KO mice develop lethal disease perpetrated by CD4(+) T cells. IRF7 is a key transcriptional activator of type I IFN (IFN-I) during LCMV infection. Here, the role of IRF7 in the lethal host response to LCMV infection in STAT1 KO mice was examined. In contrast to STAT1 KO mice, STAT1/IRF7 double KO (DKO) mice survived LCMV infection with a reduced immune pathology in key organs, such as the liver and spleen. However, similar to STAT1 KO mice, STAT1/IRF7 DKO mice failed to control LCMV replication and spread. LCMV infection in STAT1 KO mice was associated with a significant elevation in the levels of a number of cytokines in serum, including IFN-Is, but this was largely absent in STAT1/IRF7 DKO mice, which had a modest increase in the levels of gamma interferon and CCL2 only. Since IRF7 is known to be a key transcriptional regulator of IFN-I gene expression, the possible role of IFN-I in lethal disease was examined further. STAT1/IFNAR DKO mice, in contrast to STAT1 KO mice, all survived infection with LCMV and exhibited little tissue immune pathology. Additionally, STAT1 KO mice that were deficient for either of the two IFN-I signaling molecules, STAT2 or IRF9, also survived LCMV infection. We conclude that the lethal immune-mediated disease resulting from LCMV infection in STAT1 KO mice is (i) dependent on IRF7-induced IFN-I production and (ii) driven by noncanonical IFN-I signaling via STAT2 and IRF9. IMPORTANCE Here we report on the basis for the novel, fatal immune-mediated disease of STAT1 KO mice infected with LCMV. Our findings show that, surprisingly, the pathogenesis of this disease is dependent on IRF7-mediated type I interferon production. Moreover, our study identifies noncanonical type I interferon signaling via STAT2 and IRF9 to be essential for the type I IFN-driven fatal disease in LCMV-infected STAT1 KO mice. These results further highlight the significance of noncanonical type I IFN signaling in the pathogenesis of host-mediated injury following viral infection.
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175
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Pimenta EM, Barnes BJ. Role of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures (TLS) in Anti-Tumor Immunity: Potential Tumor-Induced Cytokines/Chemokines that Regulate TLS Formation in Epithelial-Derived Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:969-97. [PMID: 24762633 PMCID: PMC4074812 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6020969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the successes of monoclonal antibody immunotherapies (trastuzumab (Herceptin®) and rituximab (Rituxan®)) and the first approved cancer vaccine, Provenge® (sipuleucel-T), investigations into the immune system and how it can be modified by a tumor has become an exciting and promising new field of cancer research. Dozens of clinical trials for new antibodies, cancer and adjuvant vaccines, and autologous T and dendritic cell transfers are ongoing in hopes of identifying ways to re-awaken the immune system and force an anti-tumor response. To date, however, few consistent, reproducible, or clinically-relevant effects have been shown using vaccine or autologous cell transfers due in part to the fact that the immunosuppressive mechanisms of the tumor have not been overcome. Much of the research focus has been on re-activating or priming cytotoxic T cells to recognize tumor, in some cases completely disregarding the potential roles that B cells play in immune surveillance or how a solid tumor should be treated to maximize immunogenicity. Here, we will summarize what is currently known about the induction or evasion of humoral immunity via tumor-induced cytokine/chemokine expression and how formation of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) within the tumor microenvironment may be used to enhance immunotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Pimenta
- Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School-Cancer Center, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Betsy J Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School-Cancer Center, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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176
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Gulraiz F, Bellinghausen C, Dentener MA, Reynaert NL, Gaajetaan GR, Beuken EV, Rohde GG, Bruggeman CA, Stassen FR. Efficacy of IFN-λ1 to protect human airway epithelial cells against human rhinovirus 1B infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95134. [PMID: 24751942 PMCID: PMC3994020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired interferon (IFN) production has been observed in various obstructive respiratory diseases. This contributes to enhanced sensitivity towards viral infections triggering acute exacerbations. To compensate for this impaired host IFN response, there is need to explore new therapeutic strategies, like exogenous administration of IFNs as prophylactic treatment. In the present study, we examined the protective potential of IFN-λ1 and compared it with the previously established protecting effect of IFN-β. A549 cells and human primary bronchial epithelial cells were first treated with either IFN-β (500 IU/ml) or IFN-λ1 (500 ng/ml) for 18 h. For infection, two approaches were adopted: i) Continuous scenario: after pre-treatment, cells were infected immediately for 24 h with human rhinovirus 1B (HRV1B) in IFN-containing medium, or were cultured for another 72 h in IFN-containing medium, and then infected for 24 h with HRV1B, ii) Pre-treatment scenario: IFN-containing medium was replaced after 18 h and cells were infected for 4 h either immediately after pre-treatment or after additional culturing for 72 h in IFN-free medium. The protective effect was evaluated in terms of reduction in the number of viral copies/infectious progeny, and enhanced expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). In both cell types and in both approaches, IFN-λ1 and IFN-β treatment resulted in pronounced and long-lasting antiviral effects exemplified by significantly reduced viral copy numbers and diminished infectious progeny. This was associated with strong up-regulation of multiple ISGs. However, in contrast to the IFN-β induced expression of ISGs, which decreased over time, expression of ISGs induced by IFN-λ1 was sustained or even increased over time. Here we demonstrate that the protective potential of IFN-λ1 is comparable to IFN-β. Yet, the long-lasting induction of ISGs by IFN-λ1 and most likely less incitement of side effects due to more localized expression of its receptors could make it an even more promising candidate for prophylactic treatment than IFN-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Gulraiz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Carla Bellinghausen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mieke A. Dentener
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Niki L. Reynaert
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Giel R. Gaajetaan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Erik V. Beuken
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gernot G. Rohde
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Cathrien A. Bruggeman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank R. Stassen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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177
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Gürtler C, Carty M, Kearney J, Schattgen SA, Ding A, Fitzgerald KA, Bowie AG. SARM regulates CCL5 production in macrophages by promoting the recruitment of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II to the Ccl5 promoter. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4821-32. [PMID: 24711619 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The four Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor proteins MyD88, MAL, TRIF, and TRAM are well established as essential mediators of TLR signaling and gene induction following microbial detection. In contrast, the function of the fifth, most evolutionarily conserved Toll/IL-1R adaptor, sterile α and HEAT/Armadillo motif-containing protein (SARM), has remained more elusive. Recent studies of Sarm(-/-) mice have highlighted a role for SARM in stress-induced neuronal cell death and immune responses in the CNS. However, whether SARM has a role in immune responses in peripheral myeloid immune cells is less clear. Thus, we characterized TLR-induced cytokine responses in SARM-deficient murine macrophages and discovered a requirement for SARM in CCL5 production, whereas gene induction of TNF, IL-1β, CCL2, and CXCL10 were SARM-independent. SARM was not required for TLR-induced activation of MAPKs or of transcription factors implicated in CCL5 induction, namely NF-κB and IFN regulatory factors, nor for Ccl5 mRNA stability or splicing. However, SARM was critical for the recruitment of transcription factors and of RNA polymerase II to the Ccl5 promoter. Strikingly, the requirement of SARM for CCL5 induction was not restricted to TLR pathways, as it was also apparent in cytosolic RNA and DNA responses. Thus, this study identifies a new role for SARM in CCL5 expression in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gürtler
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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178
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Hsieh MY, Chang MY, Chen YJ, Li YK, Chuang TH, Yu GY, Cheung CHA, Chen HC, Maa MC, Leu TH. The inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS)/Src axis mediates Toll-like receptor 3 tyrosine 759 phosphorylation and enhances its signal transduction, leading to interferon-β synthesis in macrophages. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:9208-20. [PMID: 24526685 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.508663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) induces phosphorylation of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) at tyrosine 759 and subsequently triggers signaling pathways to promote interferon-β (IFN-β) production. In this study, we found that dsRNA stimulation induces biphasic TLR3 Tyr-759 phosphorylation in macrophages. In addition to the immediate TLR3 Tyr-759 phosphorylation, we identified a second wave of Tyr-759 phosphorylation accompanied by an increase of both Src and ifn-β transcription in the later phase of dsRNA stimulation. Interestingly, Src phosphorylated TLR3 Tyr-759 in vitro and in vivo. However, knockdown of Src abolished the late phase of TLR3 Tyr-759 phosphorylation and decreased the nuclear accumulation of interferon regulatory factors 3 and 7 (IRF3 and -7) and IFN-β production. Reintroduction of Src restored all of these molecular changes. Notably, via down-regulation of Src, dsRNA-elicited TLR3 Tyr-759 phosphorylation, the nuclear accumulation of IRF3/IRF7, and IFN-β generation were inhibited in inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS)-null macrophages. TLR3 knockdown destabilized Src and reduced the nuclear level of IRF3/IRF7 and IFN-β production in macrophages exposed to LPS (a TLR4 ligand known to induce Src and IFN-β expression). Ectopic expression of wild type TLR3, but not its 759-phenylalanine mutant, restored Src activity and ifn-β transcription. Taken together, these results suggested an essential role of the iNOS/Src/TLR3 axis in IFN-β production in macrophages.
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179
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Swider A, Siegel R, Eskdale J, Gallagher G. Regulation of interferon lambda-1 (IFNL1/IFN-λ1/IL-29) expression in human colon epithelial cells. Cytokine 2014; 65:17-23. [PMID: 24140069 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The efficient regulation of intestinal immune responses is critical to colon health. Viruses, for example noraviruses, are key pathogens of the intestine. The lambda interferons (comprising three ligands: IFNL1, L2 and L3 - the so-called "Type III" interferons) constitute the most recently discovered IFN family and are known to be important in intestinal anti-viral defense. A fourth family member, IFNL4, was recently described. Expression of the IFN-lambda receptor is restricted to epithelial and immune cells; together, these ligands and their receptor represent an important anti-viral and immunoregulatory component of the immune/epithelial inteface. We investigated control of IFNL1 expression in human colon epithelial cells. We used the TLR3 agonist poly I:C to drive expression of IFNL1 in SW480 cells, and small interfering RNA (siRNA) to knockdown target transcription factors. We identified ZEB1 and BLIMP-1 as transcription factors that strongly inhibited IFNL1 expression in SW480 cells. Interestingly, while BLIMP-1 inhibited both type-III and type-I interferons (IFN-β), the inhibitory action of ZEB1 was specific for IFNL1. We also defined the NF-κB family member, p65 as a key activator of IFNL1 and NF-κB p50 as a key inhibitor. Finally, we demonstrated that siRNA targeting of ZEB1 or NF-κB p50 resulted in a significant elevation of secreted IFN-λ1 protein and expression of the anti-viral gene OAS1, while knockdown of p65 inhibited these events. Our data provide insight to the regulation of IFNL1 expression in the human colon and suggest novel therapeutic approaches to elevate IFNλ-1 protein where required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Swider
- Genetic Immunology Laboratory, HUMIGEN LLC, 2439 Kuser Road, Hamilton, NJ 08690, United States(1)
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180
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Kim HJ, Kim CH, Ryu JH, Kim MJ, Park CY, Lee JM, Holtzman MJ, Yoon JH. Reactive oxygen species induce antiviral innate immune response through IFN-λ regulation in human nasal epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:855-65. [PMID: 23786562 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0003oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to explore the role of the IFN-related innate immune responses (IFN-β and IFN-λ) and of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after influenza A virus (IAV) infection for antiviral innate immune activity in normal human nasal epithelial (NHNE) cells that are highly exposed to IAV. Passage-2 NHNE cells were inoculated with the IAV WSN/33 for 1, 2, and 3 days to assess the capacity of IFN and the relationship between ROS generation and IFN-λ secretion for controlling IAV infection. Viral titers and IAV mRNA levels increased after infection. In concert with viral titers, we found that the generation of IFNs, such as IFN-β, IFN-λ1, and IFN-λ2/3, was induced after IAV infection until 3 days after infection. The induction of IFN-λ gene expression and protein secretion may be predominant after IAV infection. Similarly, we observed that intracellular ROS generation increased 60 minutes after IAV infection. Viral titers and mRNA levels of IAV were significantly higher in cases with scavenging ROS, in cases with an induced IFN-λ mRNA level, or where the secreted protein concentration of IFN-λ was attenuated after the suppression of ROS generation. Both mitochondrial and dual oxidase (Doux)2-generated ROS were correlated with IAV mRNA and viral titers. The inhibition of mitochondrial ROS generation and the knockdown of Duox2 gene expression highly increased IAV viral titers and decreased IFN-λ secretion. Our findings suggest that the production of ROS may be responsible for IFN-λ secretion to control IAV infection. Both mitochondria and Duox2 are possible sources of ROS generation, which is required to initiate an innate immune response in NHNE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jik Kim
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
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181
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Rubio D, Xu RH, Remakus S, Krouse TE, Truckenmiller ME, Thapa RJ, Balachandran S, Alcamí A, Norbury CC, Sigal LJ. Crosstalk between the type 1 interferon and nuclear factor kappa B pathways confers resistance to a lethal virus infection. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 13:701-10. [PMID: 23768494 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and type 1 interferon (T1-IFN) signaling are innate immune mechanisms activated upon viral infection. However, the role of NF-κB and its interplay with T1-IFN in antiviral immunity is poorly understood. We show that NF-κB is essential for resistance to ectromelia virus (ECTV), a mouse orthopoxvirus related to the virus causing human smallpox. Additionally, an ECTV mutant lacking an NF-κB inhibitor activates NF-κB more effectively in vivo, resulting in increased proinflammatory molecule transcription in uninfected cells and organs and decreased viral replication. Unexpectedly, NF-κB activation compensates for genetic defects in the T1-IFN pathway, such as a deficiency in the IRF7 transcription factor, resulting in virus control. Thus, overlap between the T1-IFN and NF-κB pathways allows the host to overcome genetic or pathogen-induced deficiencies in T1-IFN and survive an otherwise lethal poxvirus infection. These findings may also explain why some pathogens target both pathways to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rubio
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Research Institute of Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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182
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Morbillivirus control of the interferon response: relevance of STAT2 and mda5 but not STAT1 for canine distemper virus virulence in ferrets. J Virol 2013; 88:2941-50. [PMID: 24371065 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03076-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The V proteins of paramyxoviruses control the innate immune response. In particular, the V protein of the genus Morbillivirus interferes with the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), STAT2, and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (mda5) signaling pathways. To characterize the contributions of these pathways to canine distemper virus (CDV) pathogenesis, we took advantage of the knowledge about the mechanisms of interaction between the measles virus V protein with these key regulators of innate immunity. We generated recombinant CDVs with V proteins unable to properly interact with STAT1, STAT2, or mda5. A virus with combined STAT2 and mda5 deficiencies was also generated, and available wild-type and V-protein-knockout viruses were used as controls. Ferrets infected with wild-type and STAT1-blind viruses developed severe leukopenia and loss of lymphocyte proliferation activity and succumbed to the disease within 14 days. In contrast, animals infected with viruses with STAT2 or mda5 defect or both STAT2 and mda5 defects developed a mild self-limiting disease similar to that associated with the V-knockout virus. This study demonstrates the importance of interference with STAT2 and mda5 signaling for CDV immune evasion and provides a starting point for the development of morbillivirus vectors with reduced immunosuppressive properties. IMPORTANCE The V proteins of paramyxoviruses interfere with the recognition of the virus by the immune system of the host. For morbilliviruses, the V protein is known to interact with the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and STAT2 and the melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (mda5), which are involved in interferon signaling. Here, we examined the contribution of each of these signaling pathways to the pathogenesis of the carnivore morbillivirus canine distemper virus. Using viruses selectively unable to interfere with the respective signaling pathway to infect ferrets, we found that inhibition of STAT2 and mda5 signaling was critical for lethal disease. Our findings provide new insights in the mechanisms of morbillivirus immune evasion and may lead to the development of new vaccines and oncolytic vectors.
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183
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Interferon-regulatory factors determine macrophage phenotype polarization. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:731023. [PMID: 24379524 PMCID: PMC3863528 DOI: 10.1155/2013/731023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system regulates tissue homeostasis as well as all phases of tissue injury and repair. To do so changing tissue environments alter the phenotype of tissue macrophages to assure their support for sustaining and amplifying their respective surrounding environment. Interferon-regulatory factors are intracellular signaling elements that determine the maturation and gene transcription of leukocytes. Here we discuss how several among the 9 interferon-regulatory factors contribute to macrophage polarization.
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184
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Kimura T, Okumura M, Kim E, Sasaki M, Orba Y, Sawa H. Characterization of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in an immortalized mesencephalic cell line, CSM14.1. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 57:723-31. [PMID: 23905906 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kimura
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology; Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control; West 10 North 20; Kita-ku; Sapporo; 001-0020; Japan
| | - Megumi Okumura
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology; Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control; West 10 North 20; Kita-ku; Sapporo; 001-0020; Japan
| | - Eunmi Kim
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology; Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control; West 10 North 20; Kita-ku; Sapporo; 001-0020; Japan
| | - Michihito Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology; Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control; West 10 North 20; Kita-ku; Sapporo; 001-0020; Japan
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology; Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control; West 10 North 20; Kita-ku; Sapporo; 001-0020; Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology; Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control; West 10 North 20; Kita-ku; Sapporo; 001-0020; Japan
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185
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Trilling M, Bellora N, Rutkowski AJ, de Graaf M, Dickinson P, Robertson K, Prazeres da Costa O, Ghazal P, Friedel CC, Albà MM, Dölken L. Deciphering the modulation of gene expression by type I and II interferons combining 4sU-tagging, translational arrest and in silico promoter analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:8107-25. [PMID: 23832230 PMCID: PMC3783172 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFN) play a pivotal role in innate immunity, orchestrating a cell-intrinsic anti-pathogenic state and stimulating adaptive immune responses. The complex interplay between the primary response to IFNs and its modulation by positive and negative feedback loops is incompletely understood. Here, we implement the combination of high-resolution gene-expression profiling of nascent RNA with translational inhibition of secondary feedback by cycloheximide. Unexpectedly, this approach revealed a prominent role of negative feedback mechanisms during the immediate (≤60 min) IFNα response. In contrast, a more complex picture involving both negative and positive feedback loops was observed on IFNγ treatment. IFNγ-induced repression of genes associated with regulation of gene expression, cellular development, apoptosis and cell growth resulted from cycloheximide-resistant primary IFNγ signalling. In silico promoter analysis revealed significant overrepresentation of SP1/SP3-binding sites and/or GC-rich stretches. Although signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1)-binding sites were not overrepresented, repression was lost in absence of STAT1. Interestingly, basal expression of the majority of these IFNγ-repressed genes was dependent on STAT1 in IFN-naïve fibroblasts. Finally, IFNγ-mediated repression was also found to be evident in primary murine macrophages. IFN-repressed genes include negative regulators of innate and stress response, and their decrease may thus aid the establishment of a signalling perceptive milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Trilling
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital in Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, D-45147, Germany, Computational Genomics Group, IMIM-UPF Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona 08003, Spain, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK, Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK, SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JU Scotland, UK, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Technical University Munich, Munich 81675, Germany, Institute for Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich 80333, Germany and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Nicolás Bellora
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital in Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, D-45147, Germany, Computational Genomics Group, IMIM-UPF Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona 08003, Spain, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK, Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK, SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JU Scotland, UK, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Technical University Munich, Munich 81675, Germany, Institute for Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich 80333, Germany and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Andrzej J. Rutkowski
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital in Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, D-45147, Germany, Computational Genomics Group, IMIM-UPF Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona 08003, Spain, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK, Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK, SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JU Scotland, UK, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Technical University Munich, Munich 81675, Germany, Institute for Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich 80333, Germany and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Miranda de Graaf
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital in Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, D-45147, Germany, Computational Genomics Group, IMIM-UPF Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona 08003, Spain, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK, Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK, SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JU Scotland, UK, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Technical University Munich, Munich 81675, Germany, Institute for Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich 80333, Germany and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Paul Dickinson
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital in Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, D-45147, Germany, Computational Genomics Group, IMIM-UPF Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona 08003, Spain, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK, Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK, SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JU Scotland, UK, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Technical University Munich, Munich 81675, Germany, Institute for Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich 80333, Germany and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Kevin Robertson
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital in Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, D-45147, Germany, Computational Genomics Group, IMIM-UPF Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona 08003, Spain, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK, Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK, SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JU Scotland, UK, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Technical University Munich, Munich 81675, Germany, Institute for Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich 80333, Germany and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Olivia Prazeres da Costa
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital in Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, D-45147, Germany, Computational Genomics Group, IMIM-UPF Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona 08003, Spain, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK, Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK, SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JU Scotland, UK, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Technical University Munich, Munich 81675, Germany, Institute for Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich 80333, Germany and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital in Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, D-45147, Germany, Computational Genomics Group, IMIM-UPF Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona 08003, Spain, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK, Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK, SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JU Scotland, UK, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Technical University Munich, Munich 81675, Germany, Institute for Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich 80333, Germany and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Caroline C. Friedel
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital in Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, D-45147, Germany, Computational Genomics Group, IMIM-UPF Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona 08003, Spain, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK, Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK, SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JU Scotland, UK, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Technical University Munich, Munich 81675, Germany, Institute for Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich 80333, Germany and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - M. Mar Albà
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital in Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, D-45147, Germany, Computational Genomics Group, IMIM-UPF Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona 08003, Spain, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK, Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK, SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JU Scotland, UK, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Technical University Munich, Munich 81675, Germany, Institute for Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich 80333, Germany and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Lars Dölken
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital in Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, D-45147, Germany, Computational Genomics Group, IMIM-UPF Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona 08003, Spain, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK, Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK, SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JU Scotland, UK, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Technical University Munich, Munich 81675, Germany, Institute for Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich 80333, Germany and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
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186
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Novel paradigms of innate immune sensing of viral infections. Cytokine 2013; 63:219-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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187
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Wang XA, Zhang R, Zhang S, Deng S, Jiang D, Zhong J, Yang L, Wang T, Hong S, Guo S, She ZG, Zhang XD, Li H. Interferon regulatory factor 7 deficiency prevents diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E485-95. [PMID: 23695216 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00505.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-related inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we addressed the potential role of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), a master regulator of type I interferon-dependent immune responses, in the regulation of energy metabolism. The expression levels of IRF7 were increased in white adipose tissue, liver tissue, and gastrocnemius muscle of both diet-induced obese mice and ob/ob mice compared with their lean counterparts. After feeding a high-fat diet (HFD) for 24 wk, IRF7 knockout (KO) mice showed less weight gain and adiposity than wild-type controls. KO of IRF7 improved glucose and lipid homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Additionally, KO of IRF7 ameliorated diet-induced hepatic steatosis. Next, we assessed the inflammatory state of the IRF7 KO mice on the HFD. These mice showed less macrophage infiltration into multiple organs and were protected from local and systemic inflammation. This study demonstrates a role for IRF7 in diet-induced alterations in energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Our results also suggest that IRF7 is involved in the etiology of metabolic abnormalities, which suggests a new strategy for treating obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Adiposity
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
- Energy Metabolism
- Fatty Liver/etiology
- Fatty Liver/immunology
- Fatty Liver/metabolism
- Fatty Liver/pathology
- Insulin Resistance
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-7/biosynthesis
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-7/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-7/metabolism
- Intra-Abdominal Fat/immunology
- Intra-Abdominal Fat/metabolism
- Intra-Abdominal Fat/pathology
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Obese
- Muscle, Skeletal/immunology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
- Obesity/etiology
- Obesity/immunology
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- Random Allocation
- Up-Regulation
- Weight Gain
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-An Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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188
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Interferon-beta therapy in multiple sclerosis: the short-term and long-term effects on the patients' individual gene expression in peripheral blood. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 48:737-56. [PMID: 23636981 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8463-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Therapy with interferon-beta (IFN-beta) is a mainstay in the management of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), with proven long-term effectiveness and safety. Much has been learned about the molecular mechanisms of action of IFN-beta in the past years. Previous studies described more than a hundred genes to be modulated in expression in blood cells in response to the therapy. However, for many of these genes, the precise temporal expression pattern and the therapeutic relevance are unclear. We used Affymetrix microarrays to investigate in more detail the gene expression changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from MS patients receiving subcutaneous IFN-beta-1a. The blood samples were obtained longitudinally at five different time points up to 2 years after the start of therapy, and the patients were clinically followed up for 5 years. We examined the functions of the genes that were upregulated or downregulated at the transcript level after short-term or long-term treatment. Moreover, we analyzed their mutual interactions and their regulation by transcription factors. Compared to pretreatment levels, 96 genes were identified as highly differentially expressed, many of them already after the first IFN-beta injection. The interactions between these genes form a large network with multiple feedback loops, indicating the complex crosstalk between innate and adaptive immune responses during therapy. We discuss the genes and biological processes that might be important to reduce disease activity by attenuating the proliferation of autoreactive immune cells and their migration into the central nervous system. In summary, we present novel insights that extend the current knowledge on the early and late pharmacodynamic effects of IFN-beta therapy and describe gene expression differences between the individual patients that reflect clinical heterogeneity.
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189
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Zhang W, Zou X. Systematic analysis of the mechanisms of virus-triggered type I IFN signaling pathways through mathematical modeling. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2013; 10:771-779. [PMID: 24091409 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2013.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Based on biological experimental data, we developed a mathematical model of the virus-triggered signaling pathways that lead to induction of type I IFNs and systematically analyzed the mechanisms of the cellular antiviral innate immune responses, including the negative feedback regulation of ISG56 and the positive feedback regulation of IFNs. We found that the time between 5 and 48 hours after viral infection is vital for the control and/or elimination of the virus from the host cells and demonstrated that the ISG56-induced inhibition of MITA activation is stronger than the ISG56-induced inhibition of TBK1 activation. The global parameter sensitivity analysis suggests that the positive feedback regulation of IFNs is very important in the innate antiviral system. Furthermore, the robustness of the innate immune signaling network was demonstrated using a new robustness index. These results can help us understand the mechanisms of the virus-induced innate immune response at a system level and provide instruction for further biological experiments.
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190
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Lannes N, Summerfield A. Regulation of porcine plasmacytoid dendritic cells by cytokines. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60893. [PMID: 23577175 PMCID: PMC3620061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are the most potent producers of type-I interferon (IFN) and represent the main interferon (IFN)-α source in response to many viruses. Considering the important roles played by type I IFN's, not only as antiviral effectors but also as potent alarming cytokine of the immune system, we investigated how such responses are regulated by various cytokines. To this end, we stimulated enriched pDC in the presence or absence of particular cytokines with a strong activator, CpG DNA, or a weak activator of pDC, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Alternatively, we pre-incubated pDC for 16 h before stimulation. The pro-inflammatory cytokines tested Interleukin (IL)-6, IL17A, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α did not influence IFN-α responses except TNF-α, which promoted responses induced by FMDV. The haematopoietic cytokines Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3-L) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) had enhancing effects on pDC activation at least in one of the protocols tested. IFN-β and IFN-γ were the most potent at enhancing FMDV-induced IFN-α, up to 10-fold. Interestingly, also the Th2 cytokine IL-4 was an efficient promoter of pDC activity, while IL-10 was the only negative regulator of IFN-α in pDC identified. The cytokines enhancing IFN-α responses also promoted pDC survival in cell culture with the exception of GM-CSF. Taken together this work illustrates how the cytokine network can influence pDC activation, a knowledge of relevance for improving vaccines and therapeutic interventions during virus infections, cancers and autoimmune diseases in which pDC play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Lannes
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
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191
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Exacerbated type II interferon response drives hypervirulence and toxic shock by an emergent epidemic strain of Streptococcus suis. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1928-39. [PMID: 23509145 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01317-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis, a major porcine pathogen, can be transmitted to humans and cause severe symptoms. A large human outbreak associated with an unusual streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS) was described in China. Albeit an early burst of proinflammatory cytokines following Chinese S. suis infection was suggested to be responsible for STSLS case severity, the mechanisms involved are still poorly understood. Using a mouse model, the host response to S. suis infection with a North American intermediately pathogenic strain, a European highly pathogenic strain, and the Chinese epidemic strain was investigated by a whole-genome microarray approach. Proinflammatory genes were expressed at higher levels in mice infected with the Chinese strain than those infected with the European strain. The Chinese strain induced a fast and strong gamma interferon (IFN-γ) response by natural killer (NK) cells. In fact, IFN-γ-knockout mice infected with the Chinese strain showed significantly better survival than wild-type mice. Conversely, infection with the less virulent North American strain resulted in an IFN-β-subjugated, low inflammatory response that might be beneficial for the host to clear the infection. Overall, our data suggest that a highly virulent epidemic strain has evolved to massively activate IFN-γ production, mainly by NK cells, leading to a rapid and lethal STSLS.
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192
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Li W, Hofer MJ, Noçon AL, Manders P, Campbell IL. Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) is required for the optimal initial control but not subsequent clearance of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in mice. Virology 2013; 439:152-62. [PMID: 23490048 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The role of IRF7 in the host response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) Armstrong 53b infection of mice was investigated. Intracranial infection of IRF7 KO mice was associated with delayed onset of LCM, increased survival and significantly reduced expression of the Ifng gene in the brain but not in the periphery. IRF7 KO mice showed impaired control of LCMV replication and delayed clearance of LCMV. Similar numbers of activated anti-LCMV-GP(33-41) CD8+ T cells were present in the brain and spleens of infected WT and IRF7 KO mice. While plasma IFN-β was increased to similar levels, IFN-α was markedly reduced in IRF7 KO compared with WT mice. Compared with IFN-β, IFN-α was a less potent inhibitor of LCMV infection in vitro. In conclusion, IRF7 (1) is required for the early innate control of LCMV infection, likely through the regulation of the appropriate type I IFN response, and (2) is not required for the antiviral CD8+ T cell-dependent clearance of LCMV from infected tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- School of Molecular Bioscience and the Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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193
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Rahim MMA, Tai LH, Troke AD, Mahmoud AB, Abou-Samra E, Roy JG, Mottashed A, Ault N, Corbeil C, Goulet ML, Zein HS, Hamilton-Valensky M, Krystal G, Kerr WG, Toyama-Sorimachi N, Makrigiannis AP. Ly49Q positively regulates type I IFN production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells in an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif-dependent manner. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3994-4004. [PMID: 23479228 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are the major producers of type I IFN during the initial immune response to viral infection. Ly49Q, a C-type lectin-like receptor specific for MHC-I, possesses a cytoplasmic ITIM and is highly expressed on murine pDC. Using Ly49Q-deficient mice, we show that, regardless of strain background, this receptor is required for maximum IFN-α production by pDC. Furthermore, Ly49Q expression on pDC, but not myeloid dendritic cells, is necessary for optimal IL-12 secretion, MHC-II expression, activation of CD4(+) T cell proliferation, and nuclear translocation of the master IFN-α regulator IFN regulatory factor 7 in response to TLR9 agonists. In contrast, the absence of Ly49Q did not affect plasmacytoid dendritic cell-triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells expression or pDC viability. Genetic complementation revealed that IFN-α production by pDC is dependent on an intact tyrosine residue in the Ly49Q cytoplasmic ITIM. However, pharmacological inhibitors and phosphatase-deficient mice indicate that Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP)-1, SHP-2, and SHIP phosphatase activity is dispensable for this function. Finally, we observed that Ly49Q itself is downregulated on pDC in response to CpG exposure in an ITIM-independent manner. In conclusion, Ly49Q enhances TLR9-mediated signaling events, leading to IFN regulatory factor 7 nuclear translocation and expression of IFN-I genes in an ITIM-dependent manner that can proceed without the involvement of SHP-1, SHP-2, and SHIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Munir A Rahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
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194
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Gibbert K, Schlaak JF, Yang D, Dittmer U. IFN-α subtypes: distinct biological activities in anti-viral therapy. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:1048-58. [PMID: 23072338 PMCID: PMC3594665 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During most viral infections, the immediate host response is characterized by an induction of type I IFN. These cytokines have various biological activities, including anti-viral, anti-proliferative and immunomodulatory effects. After induction, they bind to their IFN-α/β receptor, which leads to downstream signalling resulting in the expression of numerous different IFN-stimulated genes. These genes encode anti-viral proteins that directly inhibit viral replication as well as modulate immune function. Thus, the induction of type I IFN is a very powerful tool for the host to fight virus infections. Many viruses evade this response by various strategies like the direct suppression of IFN induction or inhibition of the IFN signalling pathway. Therefore, the therapeutic application of exogenous type I IFN or molecules that induce strong IFN responses should be of great potential for future immunotherapies against viral infections. Type I IFN is currently used as a treatment in chronic hepatitis B and C virus infection, but as yet is not widely utilized for other viral infections. One reason for this restricted clinical use is that type I IFN belongs to a multigene family that includes 13 different IFN-α subtypes and IFN-β, whose individual anti-viral and immunomodulatory properties have so far not been investigated in detail to improve IFN therapy against viral infections in humans. In this review, we summarize the recent achievements in defining the distinct biological functions of type I IFN subtypes in cell culture and in animal models of viral infection as well as their clinical usage in chronic hepatitis virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gibbert
- Department of Virology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
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195
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OASL1 inhibits translation of the type I interferon-regulating transcription factor IRF7. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:346-55. [PMID: 23416614 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The production of type I interferon is essential for viral clearance but is kept under tight control to avoid unnecessary tissue damage from hyperinflammatory responses. Here we found that OASL1 inhibited translation of IRF7, the master transcription factor for type I interferon, and thus negatively regulated the robust production of type I interferon during viral infection. OASL1 inhibited the translation of IRF7 mRNA by binding to the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of IRF7 and possibly by inhibiting scanning of the 43S preinitiation complex along the message. Oasl1-/- mice were resistant to viral infection because of the greater abundance of type I interferon, which suggests that OASL1 could be a potential therapeutic target for boosting the production of type I interferon during viral infection.
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196
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Ambrosi A, Espinosa A, Wahren-Herlenius M. IL-17: a new actor in IFN-driven systemic autoimmune diseases. Eur J Immunol 2013; 42:2274-84. [PMID: 22949326 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus are type I IFN-driven diseases with exaggerated B-cell responses and autoantibody production. Th17 cells, a T-helper-cell subset with high inflammatory capacity, was initially discovered and characterized in the context of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis - an animal model of multiple sclerosis. There is now emerging evidence that Th17 cells, and more generally IL-17 and IL-17-producing cells, may play a role in the pathogenesis of type I IFN-driven systemic autoimmune diseases such as lupus. Here, we review the different studies suggesting a role for IL-17 and IL-17-producing cells in systemic autoimmune diseases, both in humans and in animal models, and we consider the possible mechanisms by which these cells may contribute to disease. We also discuss the hypothesis that type I IFN and IL-17 act in concert to sustain and amplify autoimmune and inflammatory responses, making them a dangerous combination involved in the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Ambrosi
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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197
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Baccala R, Gonzalez-Quintial R, Schreiber RD, Lawson BR, Kono DH, Theofilopoulos AN. Anti-IFN-α/β receptor antibody treatment ameliorates disease in lupus-predisposed mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5976-84. [PMID: 23175700 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The demonstration in humans and mice that nucleic acid-sensing TLRs and type I IFNs are essential disease mediators is a milestone in delineating the mechanisms of lupus pathogenesis. In this study, we show that Ifnb gene deletion does not modify disease progression in NZB mice, thereby strongly implicating IFN-α subtypes as the principal pathogenic effectors. We further document that long-term treatment of male BXSB mice with an anti-IFN-α/β receptor Ab of mouse origin reduced serologic, cellular, and histologic disease manifestations and extended survival, suggesting that disease acceleration by the Tlr7 gene duplication in this model is mediated by type I IFN signaling. The efficacy of this treatment in BXSB mice was clearly evident when applied early in the disease process, but only partial reductions in some disease characteristics were observed when treatment was initiated at later stages. A transient therapeutic effect was also noted in the MRL-Fas(lpr) model, although overall mortality was unaffected. The combined findings suggest that IFN-α/β receptor blockade, particularly when started at early disease stages, may be a useful treatment approach for human systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Baccala
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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198
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Svingerud T, Solstad T, Sun B, Nyrud MLJ, Kileng Ø, Greiner-Tollersrud L, Robertsen B. Atlantic Salmon Type I IFN Subtypes Show Differences in Antiviral Activity and Cell-Dependent Expression: Evidence for High IFNb/IFNc–Producing Cells in Fish Lymphoid Tissues. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5912-23. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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199
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Critical role of MDA5 in the interferon response induced by human metapneumovirus infection in dendritic cells and in vivo. J Virol 2012; 87:1242-51. [PMID: 23152520 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01213-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a respiratory paramyxovirus of global clinical relevance. Despite the substantial knowledge generated during the last 10 years about hMPV infection, information regarding the activation of the immune response against this virus remains largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that the helicase melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) is essential to induce the interferon response after hMPV infection in human and mouse dendritic cells as well as in an experimental mouse model of infection. Our findings in vitro and in vivo showed that MDA5 is required for the expression and activation of interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRFs). hMPV infection induces activation of IRF-3, and it regulates the expression of IRF-7. However, both IRF-3 and IRF-7 are critical for the production of type I and type III IFNs. In addition, our in vivo studies in hMPV-infected mice indicated that MDA5 alters viral clearance, enhances disease severity and pulmonary inflammation, and regulates the production of cytokines and chemokines in response to hMPV. These findings are relevant for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of hMPV infection.
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200
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Bao M, Liu YJ. Regulation of TLR7/9 signaling in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Protein Cell 2012; 4:40-52. [PMID: 23132256 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), also known as type I interferon (IFN)-producing cells, are specialized immune cells characterized by their extraordinary capabilities of mounting rapid and massive type I IFN response to nucleic acids derived from virus, bacteria or dead cells. PDCs selectively express endosomal Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and TLR9, which sense viral RNA and DNA respectively. Following type I IFN and cytokine responses, pDCs differentiate into antigen presenting cells and acquire the ability to regulate T cell-mediated adaptive immunity. The functions of pDCs have been implicated not only in antiviral innate immunity but also in immune tolerance, inflammation and tumor microenvironments. In this review, we will focus on TLR7/9 signaling and their regulation by pDC-specific receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musheng Bao
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA.
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