151
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Morphine Enhances HIV Infection of Human Blood Mononuclear Phagocytes through Modulation of β-Chemokines and CCR5 Receptor. J Investig Med 2002. [DOI: 10.1097/00042871-200211010-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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152
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Guo CJ, Li Y, Tian S, Wang X, Douglas SD, Ho WZ. Morphine enhances HIV infection of human blood mononuclear phagocytes through modulation of beta-chemokines and CCR5 receptor. J Investig Med 2002; 50:435-42. [PMID: 12425430 PMCID: PMC4037869 DOI: 10.1136/jim-50-06-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injection drug use remains a significant risk for acquiring HIV infection. The mechanisms by which morphine enhances HIV infection of human immune cells are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE In this study, we sought to determine the possible mechanisms by which morphine upregulates HIV infection of human blood monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). METHODS In this study, MDM were infected with the R5, X4, and R5X4 HIV strains. HIV replication was determined by performing reverse transcriptase activity assays. HIV receptors were determined by performing reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions and flow cytometry assays. beta-chemokines were analyzed by performing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In addition, HIV R5 strain and murine leukemia virus envelope-pseudotyped HIV infection was performed to determine whether morphine affects HIV infection of macrophages at entry level. RESULTS Morphine significantly enhanced HIV R5 strain infection of MDM but had little effect on X4 strain infection. The macrophage-tropic R5 strain envelope-pseudotyped HIV infection was markedly increased by morphine, whereas murine leukemia virus envelope-pseudotyped HIV infection was not significantly affected. Furthermore, morphine significantly upregulated CCR5 receptor expression and inhibited the endogenous production of beta-chemokines in MDM. The opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone blocked the effects of morphine on the production of beta-chemokines. CONCLUSION Opiates enhance HIV R5 strain infection of macrophages through the downregulation of beta-chemokine production and upregulation of CCR5 receptor expression and may have an important role in HIV immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jiang Guo
- Division of Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute of The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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153
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Abstract
Overall, it is apparent that opioids do affect host defense mechanisms. Heroin users present with an altered and functionally impaired immune system and have a higher prevalence of infectious diseases than do nonaddicts. Individuals exposed to opioid treatment for pain management during surgical procedures or maintained on oral methadone for treatment of drug addiction show either no effect or a suppressed immune system, depending on dosage and, in the case of methadone-maintained patients, duration of drug treatment. Confounding factors in these studies undermine definitive conclusions about the mechanisms by which opioids induce their immunomodulatory effects. Animal models have provided the means by which investigators can study the effects of opioids in a complex, biologic system that is easily manipulated and controlled. Findings from these studies have confirmed human data associating a pathogenic susceptibility with opioid use. Animal models have shown the complexity of this association. Interaction of the CNS, the autonomic nervous system, and the HPA axis is required for the varied effects of opioids on the immune system. By implication, exogenous opioids may be mimicking pathways by which endogenous opioids are involved in regulating immune defenses. To minimize the increased incidence of infectious diseases in heroin users and individuals clinically exposed to opioids, it will be important to determine the individual and collective effects of the opioid-induced activation of these pathways and the consequences of that activation to the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma C Alonzo
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical School, SE #402 Med-Dent, Box 571443, Washington, DC 20057-1443, USA
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154
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Gaspani L, Bianchi M, Limiroli E, Panerai AE, Sacerdote P. The analgesic drug tramadol prevents the effect of surgery on natural killer cell activity and metastatic colonization in rats. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 129:18-24. [PMID: 12161016 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Surgery stress has been shown to be associated in rat with decreased natural killer (NK) cell activity and enhancement of tumor metastasis. We have previously shown that the analgesic drug tramadol stimulates NK activity both in the rodent and in the human. In the present study, we analyze, in the rat, tramadol ability to prevent the effect of experimental surgery on NK activity and on the enhancement of metastatic diffusion to the lung of the NK sensitive tumor model MADB106. The administration of tramadol (20 and 40 mg/kg) before and after laparatomy significantly blocked the enhancement of lung metastasis induced by surgery. In contrast, the administration of 10 mg/kg of morphine was not able to modify this enhancement. The modulation of NK activity seemed to play a central role in the effect of tramadol on MADB106 cells. In fact, both doses of tramadol were able to prevent surgery-induced NK activity suppression, while the drug significantly increased NK activity in normal non-operated animals. Morphine, that in normal rats significantly decreased NK cytotoxicity, did not prevent surgery-induced immunosuppression. The good analgesic efficacy of tramadol combined with its intrinsic immunostimulatory properties suggests that this analgesic drug can be particularly indicated in the control of peri-operative pain in cancer patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Anesthesia/pharmacology
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Laparotomy/adverse effects
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Male
- Morphine/pharmacology
- Neoplasm Metastasis/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Metastasis/immunology
- Neoplasm Metastasis/prevention & control
- Pentobarbital/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- Stress, Physiological/immunology
- Stress, Physiological/physiopathology
- Tramadol/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Leda Gaspani
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129, Milan, Italy
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155
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Beck M, Mirmohammadsadegh A, Franz B, Blanke J, Hengge UR. Opioid receptors on white blood cells: effect of HIV infection and methadone treatment. Pain 2002; 98:187-94. [PMID: 12098631 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Opioid receptors (OR) are involved in many physiological and pathological immune functions. During recent years, the treatment of opiate addiction with methadone in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients has become widely accepted. However, little is known on the occurrence and course of OR on lymphocytes of these individuals. The objective of the study was to detect and quantify OR on peripheral white blood cells (WBC) by fluorescence-activated cell sorting using polyclonal antibodies and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and to assess the influence of HIV infection and methadone treatment. We compared OR levels in 80 HIV-positive homosexuals, 18 HIV-positive intravenous drug users (IVDU) treated with methadone, 18 HIV-negative IVDU receiving methadone and 25 healthy controls. HIV infection was shown to decrease the amount of OR on WBC, especially of the delta-subtype on lymphocytes and granulocytes. The decrease correlated with the duration of HIV-infection (P<0.01), and inversely with the HIV viral load (P<0.01). In contrast, chronic methadone administration led to a significant increase of OR exclusively in HIV-negative IVDU. In particular the delta-OR was increased by 31-, 62- and 42-fold on lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes of HIV-negative patients (each P<0.005), respectively, which was not observed in HIV-positive IVDU. Therefore, HIV seems to reduce OR particularly on lymphocytes and granulocytes regardless of the mode of HIV transmission. The quantification of OR on immune cells may help to elucidate the effects of opioid analogues in health and drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Beck
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University of Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany
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156
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Limiroli E, Gaspani L, Panerai AE, Sacerdote P. Differential morphine tolerance development in the modulation of macrophage cytokine production in mice. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.72.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leda Gaspani
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Milano, Italy
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157
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Peterson PK, Gekker G, Hu S, Portoghese PS, Sheng WS, Lokensgard JR. Targeting the brain's immune system: a psychopharmacological approach to central nervous system infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 493:1-6. [PMID: 11727754 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47611-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P K Peterson
- Institute on Brain and Immune Disorders, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, University of Minnesota, 55455, USA
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158
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Mellon RD, Noori NE, Hernandez MC, Bayer BM. Altered T-cell responsiveness in morphine "tolerant" rats: evidence for a potential role of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 493:177-85. [PMID: 11727764 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47611-8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R D Mellon
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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159
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Pagán WE, Figueroa NY, Renaud FL. Self-enhancement of phagocytosis by murine resident peritoneal macrophages and its relationship to morphine effects on the process. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 493:111-6. [PMID: 11727756 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47611-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W E Pagán
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00931, USA
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160
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Eisenstein LK, MacFarland AS, Peng X, Hilburger ME, Rahim RT, Meissler LJ, Rogers TJ, Wan AC, Adler MW. Effect of opioids on oral Salmonella infection and immune function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 493:169-76. [PMID: 11727763 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47611-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
MESH Headings
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/administration & dosage
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/toxicity
- Animals
- Drug Implants
- Female
- Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage
- Immunosuppressive Agents/toxicity
- Infusion Pumps, Implantable
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Morphine/administration & dosage
- Morphine/toxicity
- Mouth Diseases/immunology
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Narcotics/administration & dosage
- Narcotics/toxicity
- Oligopeptides/administration & dosage
- Oligopeptides/toxicity
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/immunology
- Salmonella typhimurium
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Eisenstein
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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161
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Donahoe RM, Byrd LD, McClure HM, Brantley M, Wenzel D, Ansari AA, Marsteller F. Effects of morphine on T-cell recirculation in rhesus monkeys. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 493:89-101. [PMID: 11727786 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47611-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
A 2-yr study on effects of morphine on lymphocyte circulation in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) showed that, over time, a well-maintained morphine-dependency caused biphasic depressive effects on circulating lymphocyte levels. Depression of T cell circulation by opiates actually was a relative effect. Morphine exposure basically stabilized T cell circulation in the context of concurrent increases in controls. Biphasic effects of morphine were attributable to distinctions in circulation kinetics of CD4+/CD62L (+ & -) T cells. That is, levels of CD4+/CD62L+ T cells were selectively depressed by opiates through the first 32wk after initiation of drug, and levels of CD4+/CD62L- T cells were selectively depressed thereafter. Regression analyses also showed that morphine stabilized lymphocyte recirculation. Circulating levels of resting and activated-memory types of T cells were positively correlated in opiate-exposed monkeys during the first 32wk after opiate exposure--an effect not seen with control monkeys. Considerations of changes in the types of experimental stressors extant during the study suggested that temporally differential effects of opiates on T cell recirculation were connected with changes in the stress environment and the ability of morphine to modulate these changes. Thus, morphine, and by inference the endogenous opioid system, are involved in homeostasis of lymphocyte recirculation, probably through effects on central mediation of the stress axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Donahoe
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, and the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30322, USA
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162
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Fecho K, Lysl DT. Acute effects of heroin on the cellularity of the spleen and the apoptosis of splenic leukocytes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 493:153-62. [PMID: 11727761 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47611-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Fecho
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-3270, USA
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163
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Nguyen K, Miller BC. CD28 costimulation induces delta opioid receptor expression during anti-CD3 activation of T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:4440-5. [PMID: 11970987 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.9.4440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that naive splenic mouse T cells express no or only very low levels of the delta-type opioid receptor (delta OR), but stimulation of mouse splenocytes with Con A results in induction of delta OR mRNA and protein. In this report we have shown that stimulation of highly purified populations of naive mouse T cells with anti-CD3 mAb alone results in T cell activation, as evidenced by sustained IL-2 secretion and cell proliferation, but fails to elicit delta OR expression. However, delta OR expression is induced by costimulation of these very pure T cells with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAbs. The delta OR induction by anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 costimulation was completely blocked by inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase with wortmannin. Because phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation in T cells is linked to costimulation, these results suggest that induction of delta OR expression during T cell activation is strictly dependent on costimulation. It also appears that costimulatory receptors other than CD28 can provide the signaling required for delta OR expression because delta OR mRNA was induced by Con A stimulation of splenocytes from CD28-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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164
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Abstract
The endogenous opioid system consists of three opioid peptide precursor genes encoding enkephalins (preproenkephalin, Penk), dynorphins (preprodynorphin, Pdyn) and beta-endorphin (betaend), proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and three receptor genes encoding mu-opiod receptor (MOR), delta-opiod receptor (DOR) and kappa-opiod receptor (KOR). In the past years, all six genes have been inactivated in mice by homologous recombination. The analysis of spontaneous behavior in mutant mice has demonstrated significant and distinct roles of each gene in modulating locomotion, pain perception and emotional behaviors. The observation of opposing phenotypes of MOR- and DOR-deficient mice in several behaviors highlights unexpected roles for DOR to be further explored genetically and using more specific delta compounds. The analysis of responses of mutant mice to exogenous opiates has definitely clarified the essential role of MOR in both morphine analgesia and addiction, and demonstrated that DOR and KOR remain promising targets for pain treatment. These studies also show that prototypic DOR agonists partially require MOR for their biological activity and provide some support for the postulated mu-delta interactions in vivo. Finally, data confirm and define a role for several genes of the opioid system in responses to other drugs of abuse, and the triple opioid receptor knockout mutant allows exploring non-classical opioid pharmacology. In summary, the study of null mutant mice has extended our previous knowledge of the opioid system by identifying the molecular players in opioid pharmacology and physiology. Future studies should involve parallel behavioral analysis of mice lacking receptors and peptides and will benefit from more sophisticated gene targeting approaches, including site-directed and anatomically-restricted mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte L Kieffer
- IGBMC UMR 7104, Parc d'innovation 1, rue Laurent Fries, B.P.163, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France.
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165
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Zhu W, Baggerman G, Secor WE, Casares F, Pryor SC, Fricchione GL, Ruiz-Tiben E, Eberhard ML, Bimi L, Stefano GB. Dracunculus medinensis and Schistosoma mansoni contain opiate alkaloids. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2002; 96:309-16. [PMID: 12061977 DOI: 10.1179/000349802125000808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The results of analysis, by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection and by nano-electrospray-ionization, double quadrupole/orthogonal-acceleration, time-of-flight mass spectrometry, indicate that adult Dracunculus medinensis and Schistosoma mansoni both contain the opiate alkaloid morphine and that D. medinesis also contains the active metabolite of morphine, morphine 6-glucuronide. From these and previous observations, it would appear that many helminths are probably using opiate alkaloids as potent immunosuppressive and antinociceptive signal molecules, to down-regulate immunosurveillance responsiveness and pain signalling in their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhu
- Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York, College at Old Westbury, 11568, USA
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166
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Mehrotra S, Prajapati RK, Haq W, Singh VK. Immunomodulation by biphalin, dimeric synthetic opioid peptide, and its analog. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2002; 24:83-96. [PMID: 12022447 DOI: 10.1081/iph-120003405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The opioid pentapeptides called enkephalins were originally described as the endogenous ligands for the opioid receptors. Although their precise physiological significance still remains elusive, the enkephalins have been reported to exhibit analgesic, antidepressant, antianxiety and anticonvulsant activities. In addition, enkephalins have also been shown to act as immunomodulator. The first generation of dimeric peptides was derived from enkephalins. Biphalin [(Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-NH)2] is a bivalent opioid analog containing two tyrosine residues. We have evaluated the immunomodulatory properties of biphalin and its analogs in various in vitro tests. We report that biphalin and one of its analogs [Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-NH.NH-Phe(p-Cl)-H] stimulate human T cell proliferation, natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity in vitro and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. Biphalin and its analog also released chemokine like factor in the culture supernatant that was responsible for increased chemotaxis of monocytes. Furthermore, these peptides inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse macrophage cells, RAW 264.7. Our observations suggest immunomodulatory property of biphalin and its analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mehrotra
- Department of Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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167
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Chapter 16. Therapeutic applications of non-peptidic δ-opioid agonists graham. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(02)37017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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168
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Gekker G, Lokensgard JR, Peterson PK. Naltrexone potentiates anti-HIV-1 activity of antiretroviral drugs in CD4+ lymphocyte cultures. Drug Alcohol Depend 2001; 64:257-63. [PMID: 11672940 DOI: 10.1016/s0376-8716(01)00140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T lymphocytes are the primary cell target for human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), and these cells are known to express opioid receptors. Due to the need for new treatment approaches to HIV-1 infection, we sought to determine whether the non-selective opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone would affect HIV-1 expression in CD4(+) lymphocyte cultures and whether naltrexone would alter the antiviral properties of zidovudine (AZT) or indinavir. Activated CD4(+) lymphocytes were infected with a monocytotropic or T-cell tropic HIV-1 isolate, and p24 antigen levels were measured in supernatants of drug-treated or untreated (control) cultures. While naltrexone alone did not affect HIV-1 expression, at a concentration of 10(-12)-10(-10) M naltrexone increased the antiviral activity of AZT and indinavir 2-3-fold. Similar findings with a kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) selective antagonist supported the possible involvement of KOR in naltrexone's potentiation of the antiretroviral drugs. The results of this in vitro study suggest that treatment of alcohol or opiate dependent HIV-1-infected patients with naltrexone is unlikely to interfere with the activity of antiretroviral drugs. Also, based upon naltrexone's safety profile and its synergistic activity in vitro, these findings suggest clinical trials should be considered of naltrexone as an adjunctive therapy of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gekker
- Institute for Brain and Immune Disorders, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Hennepin County Medical Center and the University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA
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169
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Roy S, Balasubramanian S, Sumandeep S, Charboneau R, Wang J, Melnyk D, Beilman GJ, Vatassery R, Barke RA. Morphine directs T cells toward T(H2) differentiation. Surgery 2001; 130:304-9. [PMID: 11490364 DOI: 10.1067/msy.2001.116033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Failure of cell-mediated immunity is thought to increase the morbidity and mortality rates after trauma and major surgical procedures and to be the result, in part, of a redirection of CD4(+) T cells toward T(H2) differentiation. We tested the hypothesis that morphine treatment after injury promotes T(H2) differentiation of precursor T cells through the mu-opioid receptor. METHODS Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or splenocytes from either wild type or mu-opioid receptor knock-out mice were treated in vitro with either vehicle or morphine and then stimulated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28. The supernatant was assayed for T(H1) (interleukin-2 [IL-2], interferon gamma [IFN gamma]) and T(H2) (IL-4, IL-5) cytokines (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Morphine regulation of IL-4 transcription was investigated in PBMCs (IL-4 messenger RNA, nuclear factor of activated T-cells) and Jurkat T cells transfected with a murine IL-4 promoter-luciferase construct. Morphine-induced nuclear factor of activated T-cell (NFAT) binding was assayed with the electromobility shift assay in Jurkat T cells. RESULTS Morphine treatment of PBMCs decreases IL-2 and IFN gamma and increases IL-4 and IL-5 as a function of morphine concentration. Morphine treatment in wild type splenocytes inhibited IFN gamma and stimulated IL-4 protein synthesis. Changes in cytokine synthesis were abolished in mu-opioid receptor knockout mice. Morphine treatment increases IL-4 messenger RNA accumulation in PBMCs and increases IL-4 promoter activity in Jurkat T cells. Morphine increases NFAT nuclear protein binding to an NFAT DNA response element. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that morphine treatment promotes T(H2) differentiation through a mu-opioid receptor mechanism and that morphine treatment increases IL-4 transcription, in part, through an NFAT mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Roy
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, the Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
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170
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Coussons-Read ME, Giese S. Acute morphine treatment alters cellular immune function in the lungs of healthy rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2001; 1:1571-81. [PMID: 11515820 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(01)00072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that morphine suppresses the pulmonary immune response to infection and reduces pulmonary inflammation. No published studies have addressed the impact of morphine on lymphocyte function in the lungs without infection. This study addressed this question by assessing the impact of acute morphine treatment on proliferation, cytokine production, and natural killer (NK) cell activity in resident pulmonary lymphocytes from healthy rats. Male Lewis rats received either a single 15 mg/kg morphine sulfate or vehicle injection 1 h prior to sacrifice. Lungs were minced and passed through wire mesh following collagenase digestion. The resulting cell preparations were pooled (2 rats/pool) to yield sufficient cell numbers for the functional assays, and a portion of these suspensions were separated using a density gradient. Crude and purified cell suspensions were used in assays of NK cell activity and mitogen-induced proliferation and cytokine production. Morphine significantly suppressed lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production in whole cell suspensions, but not in purified cultures. NK activity was enhanced by morphine treatment in purified treated cultures. Studies of nitrate/nitrite levels in crude and purified cultures suggest that macrophage-derived nitric oxide may be a mechanism of the suppression observed in whole cell suspensions following morphine treatment. These data are consistent with previous work showing that morphine suppresses mitogenic responsiveness and NK activity in the spleen and peripheral blood, and may do so through a macrophage-derived nitric oxide mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Coussons-Read
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Denver, 80217-3364, USA.
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171
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Collett
- Pain Management Service, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
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172
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Roy S, Wang JH, Balasubramanian S, Charboneau R, Barke R, Loh HH. Role of hypothalamic-pituitary axis in morphine-induced alteration in thymic cell distribution using mu-opioid receptor knockout mice. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 116:147-55. [PMID: 11438169 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00299-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mu-opioid receptor knockout mice (MORKO), were used to address two questions: (1) if morphine induced decrease in thymic weight and cell distribution is mediated by the mu-opioid receptor and (2) the role of corticosteroids in morphine mediated alteration in thymic cell distribution. Our result show that morphine mediated increase in plasma corticosterone is mediated by the mu-opioid receptor since morphine at doses as high as 25 mg/kg-body weight does not increase plasma corticosterone levels in the MORKO. In addition, we have also shown that morphine treatment results in the differentiation of CD4+CD8+ (double positive cells) to single positive CD4+ cells while dexamethasone treatment results in the deletion of CD4+CD8+ (double positive) cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Corticosterone/blood
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Glucocorticoids/pharmacology
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Morphine/pharmacology
- Organ Size
- Pituitary Gland/drug effects
- Pituitary Gland/immunology
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- S Roy
- Department of Pharmacology and Surgery, University of Minnesota and Veterans Administration Medical Center, 1 Veterans Drive, 55417, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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173
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Peterson PK, Gekker G, Lokensgard JR, Bidlack JM, Chang AC, Fang X, Portoghese PS. Kappa-opioid receptor agonist suppression of HIV-1 expression in CD4+ lymphocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 61:1145-51. [PMID: 11301048 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00574-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) agonists have been shown to suppress HIV-1 expression in acutely infected macrophages. In the present study, we examined the effects of the KOR ligand trans-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N[2-(1-pyrolidinyl)cyclohexyl]benzeneaceamide methanesulfonate (U50,488) on HIV-1 expression in CD4+ lymphocytes, the main target cell of this virus. When U50,488 was added to activated CD4+ lymphocytes, HIV-1 expression was inhibited in a concentration- and time-dependent manner with maximal suppression (approximately 60%) at 10(-7) M U50,488. The KOR selective antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) had no effect by itself on viral expression but blocked the antiviral property of U50,488, suggesting that U50,488 was acting via a KOR-related mechanism. Support for the involvement of KOR was provided by the findings that 34% of activated CD4+ lymphocytes were positive for KOR, using an immunofluorescence technique, and that seven additional synthetic KOR ligands also inhibited HIV-1 expression. The results of this study broaden understanding of the antiviral properties of KOR ligands to include cells outside of the nervous system and suggest a potential role for these agents in the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Peterson
- Institute for Brain and Immune Disorders, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, 914 South 8th Street, Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA.
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174
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Hu S, Chao CC, Hegg CC, Thayer S, Peterson PK. Morphine inhibits human microglial cell production of, and migration towards, RANTES. J Psychopharmacol 2001; 14:238-43. [PMID: 11106302 DOI: 10.1177/026988110001400307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The beta-chemokine RANTES has recently been implicated in the neuropathogenesis of the human immunodeficiency virus. Based upon previous studies of the effects of morphine on microglial cell production of cytokines and chemotaxis towards the activated complement component C5a, we tested the hypothesis that this opiate would alter the production of and migration towards RANTES by human microglia. Treatment of highly purified microglial cell cultures with morphine (10(-8)-10(-6) M) potently inhibited RANTES production by lipopolysaccharide- and interleukin-1beta-stimulated cells. Using a chemotaxis chamber to assess directed migration towards RANTES, treatment of microglial cells with morphine (10(-10)-10(-6) M) was found to suppress chemotaxis. The inhibitory effects of morphine on RANTES production and on chemotaxis were blocked by naloxone and beta-funaltrexamine, indicating that morphine mediated its suppressive effects via activation of microglial p-opioid receptors. Morphine's inhibitory effect on chemotaxis did not appear to be associated with an alteration in RANTES-induced [Ca2+]i mobilization. While the clinical significance of these in-vitro findings is unknown, they suggest that mu-opioid receptor agonists could alter certain neurodegenerative and inflammatory processes within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hu
- Institute for Brain and Immune Disorders, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Centre, Minnesota 55404, USA
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175
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Sacerdote P, Gaspani L, Rossoni G, Panerai AE, Bianchi M. Effect of the opioid remifentanil on cellular immune response in the rat. Int Immunopharmacol 2001; 1:713-9. [PMID: 11357883 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(01)00005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Sacerdote
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Milano, Italy.
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176
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Abstract
It is now clear that opioid receptors participate in the function of the cells of the immune system, and evidence suggests that opioids modulate both innate and acquired immune responses. We review literature here which establishes that mu-, kappa-, and delta-opioid compounds alter resistance to a variety of infectious agents, including the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The nature of the immunomodulatory activity of the opioids has been the subject of a great deal of research over the last ten years. There is increasing evidence that effects of opioids on the immune response are mediated at several levels. Modulation of the inflammatory response appears to be a target of these compounds, including effects on phagocytic activity, as well as the response of cells to various chemoattractant molecules. Moreover, findings from several laboratories have demonstrated the impact of opioid treatment on antibody responses, and the molecular basis for this effect is likely due, at least in part, to the modulation of both cytokine and cytokine receptor expression. Future research should provide a clearer understanding of the cellular and molecular targets of opioid action within the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- L McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3400 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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177
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Kulkarni-Narla A, Walcheck B, Brown DR. Opioid receptors on bone marrow neutrophils modulate chemotaxis and CD11b/CD18 expression. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 414:289-94. [PMID: 11239930 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)00727-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Opiates impair neutrophil-mediated host defense, but the involvement of kappa-opioid receptors in this action has not been defined. The selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist [trans-(+)3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl]benzeneacetamide methanesulfonate inhibited macrophage inflammatory protein-2-induced chemotaxis of bone marrow neutrophils from C57BL/6 mice. Its effects were concentration-dependent (pIC(50)=10.40+/-0.61) and inhibited by naloxone (K(e)=0.27 nM). The kappa-opioid receptor agonists bremazocine and ICI-204, 488 also inhibited chemotaxis, as did the respective mu- and delta-opioid receptor agonists [D-Ala(2), N-methyl-Phe(4), Gly(5)-ol]enkephalin and [D-Pen(2,5)]enkephalin albeit with lower potencies. U-50,488H also decreased neutrophil expression of the beta(2) integrin CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1) and adhesion to plastic in a naloxone-reversible manner. The results indicate that kappa-opioid receptors expressed by neutrophils rapidly modulate chemotaxis and adhesion in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kulkarni-Narla
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108-6010, USA
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178
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Brix-Christensen V, Goumon Y, Tønnesen E, Chew M, Bilfinger T, Stefano GB. Endogenous morphine is produced in response to cardiopulmonary bypass in neonatal pigs. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2000; 44:1204-8. [PMID: 11065199 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-6576.2000.441004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with a systemic inflammatory response. Endogenous morphine production has previously been demonstrated in humans after cardiac surgery with CPB. It has been hypothesized that morphine plays a role as an anti-inflammatory mediator in the systemic inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to investigate if the CPB procedure in itself elicits an endogenous morphine production in neonatal pigs. METHODS Endogenous morphine production was measured in arterial blood in piglets exposed to sternotomy alone (sham group, n=10) or sternotomy and CPB (n=10). Blood samples were obtained immediately after the induction of anaesthesia, at the end of CPB and 4 h later. Morphine in arterial blood was detected by radioimmunoassay and confirmed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. RESULTS Animals undergoing CPB showed detectable endogenous morphine concentrations immediately after CPB, with increased concentrations postoperatively. There was no measurable morphine production in the sham operated pigs. CONCLUSION The CPB procedures elicits an endogenous morphine production in neonatal pigs. This morphine response is analogous to the previously demonstrated response in patients subjected to cardiac surgery and CPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Brix-Christensen
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
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179
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Ni X, Gritman KR, Eisenstein TK, Adler MW, Arfors KE, Tuma RF. Morphine attenuates leukocyte/endothelial interactions. Microvasc Res 2000; 60:121-30. [PMID: 10964586 DOI: 10.1006/mvre.2000.2253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gram-negative sepsis and subsequent endotoxic shock after surgery remain problematic in the United States and throughout the world. While morphine is widely prescribed for postoperative trauma pain management, there are reports that morphine may compromise the immune system and contribute to postoperative sepsis. The current study tested the hypothesis that morphine attenuates leukocyte rolling and sticking in both arterioles and venules via nitric oxide production. Nude mice implanted with slow-release morphine pellets were used in this study. The dorsal skinfold chamber model for intravital fluorescence microscopy on awake mice was used. Leukocyte/endothelial interactions were evaluated after bolus injection of oxidized low density lipoprotein. Morphine was found to significantly attenuate leukocyte rolling and sticking in both the arterial and venular side of the microcirculation. This attenuation was reversed by simultaneous implantation of naloxone pellets. The mechanisms of this attenuation were further investigated by administration of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitors NG-nitro-l-arginine (NOLA) and aminoguanidine (AG) in drinking water. NOLA was found to significantly reverse this morphine-induced attenuation of leukocyte rolling and sticking in both arterioles and venules. However, AG did not have the same effect. The results indicate that morphine interferes with leukocyte/endothelial cell interactions via stimulation of nitric oxide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Ni
- Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140, USA
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180
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Goumon Y, Casares F, Pryor S, Ferguson L, Brownawell B, Cadet P, Rialas CM, Welters ID, Sonetti D, Stefano GB. Ascaris suum, an intestinal parasite, produces morphine. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:339-43. [PMID: 10861070 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.1.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic worm Ascaris suum contains the opiate alkaloid morphine as determined by HPLC coupled to electrochemical detection and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The level of this material is 1168 +/- 278 ng/g worm wet weight. Furthermore, Ascaris maintained for 5 days contained a significant amount of morphine, as did their medium, demonstrating their ability to synthesize the opiate alkaloid. To determine whether the morphine was active, we exposed human monocytes to the material, and they immediately released nitric oxide in a naloxone-reversible manner. The anatomic distribution of morphine immunoreactivity reveals that the material is in the subcuticle layers and in the animals' nerve chords. Furthermore, as determined by RT-PCR, Ascaris does not express the transcript of the neuronal mu receptor. Failure to demonstrate the expression of this opioid receptor, as well as the morphine-like tissue localization in Ascaris, suggests that the endogenous morphine is intended for secretion into the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Goumon
- Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
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181
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Fecho K, Lysle DT. Heroin-induced alterations in leukocyte numbers and apoptosis in the rat spleen. Cell Immunol 2000; 202:113-23. [PMID: 10896771 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.2000.1653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study assessed the effects of acute heroin treatment on the cellularity of the rat spleen and the rate of splenocyte death by necrosis or apoptosis. The results showed that 1 h after a single injection of heroin, the total number of leukocytes in the spleen was decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Prior injection of naltrexone completely blocked heroin's effect, and the heroin-induced decrease in splenic leukocytes was not associated with a heroin-induced increase in circulating leukocytes. A 1-h exposure to heroin did not increase levels of lactate dehydrogenase, a cytosolic enzyme, in supernatants of splenic mononuclear cells cultured for 45 min or 24 h, suggesting that heroin does not increase necrotic death in the spleen. In contrast, a 1-h heroin treatment did increase the percentage of Annexin V(+) cells in 0- and 24-h cultures of splenic mononuclear cells, indicating that heroin increases apoptotic death in the spleen. A 3-h exposure to heroin also produced a significant increase in apoptosis in the spleen. DNA fragmentation, a marker of cells in late stages of apoptosis, could not be detected in fresh splenocytes, but was evident in 24-h cultures of splenic mononuclear cells from saline- and heroin-treated rats. These results demonstrate that a single administration of heroin produces a decrease in the number of splenic leukocytes and an increase in the apoptotic death of splenic mononuclear cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fecho
- Department of Psychology and Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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182
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Sacerdote P, Bianchi M, Gaspani L, Manfredi B, Maucione A, Terno G, Ammatuna M, Panerai AE. The effects of tramadol and morphine on immune responses and pain after surgery in cancer patients. Anesth Analg 2000; 90:1411-4. [PMID: 10825330 DOI: 10.1097/00000539-200006000-00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There has been growing interest in determining the possible immune consequences of opioid administration for the management of postoperative pain. We studied the effects of morphine and tramadol on pain and immune function during the postoperative period in 30 patients undergoing abdominal surgery for uterine carcinoma. Phytohemoagglutinin-induced T lymphocyte proliferation and natural killer cell activity were evaluated immediately before and after surgery, and 2 h after the acute administration of either 10 mg of morphine IM or 100 mg tramadol IM for pain. In all patients, phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphoproliferation was significantly depressed by surgical stress. However, in the morphine-treated group, proliferative values remained lower than basal levels for 2 h after treatment, whereas in tramadol-administered patients proliferative values returned to basal levels. Natural killer cell activity was not significantly affected by surgery nor by morphine administration, whereas tramadol significantly enhanced the activity of natural killer cells. Both drugs produced a comparable reduction in postoperative pain. We conclude that, as previously observed in the experimental animal, tramadol and morphine, when administered in analgesic doses, induce different immune effects. IMPLICATIONS Recent studies suggest that opioids can have an adverse impact on the immune system. Because surgical stress also induces immune dysfunction, the search for analgesic drugs devoid of immunosuppressive effects is of import. This study compared the effects on immune responses of morphine and of the atypical opioid analgesic, tramadol, given for postoperative pain to gynecological cancer patients. Tramadol and morphine showed comparable analgesic activity; however, tramadol, in contrast to morphine, induced an improvement of postoperative immunosuppression and, therefore, may be preferred to morphine for the treatment of postoperative pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sacerdote
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Milano, Milan, Italy.
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183
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Moynihan JA, Karp JD, Cohen N, Ader R. Immune deviation following stress odor exposure: role of endogenous opioids. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 102:145-53. [PMID: 10636483 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory cues can alter immune function. BALB/c mice exposed to odors produced by footshock stressed donor mice have increased antibody responses and increased splenic interleukin (IL)-4 production following immunization relative to recipients of odors from unstressed animals. Here we document that exposure to stress odors results in analgesia that is blocked by the non-selective opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone. The stress odor-induced increase in antigen-driven IL-4 and antibody is also blocked by oral administration of naltrexone. Thus, we provide evidence that immune deviation can occur following a psychosocial stressor, and that the deviation appears to be mediated by endogenous opioid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Moynihan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY 14642, USA.
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184
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Abstract
This paper is the twenty-first installment of our annual review of research concerning the opiate system. It summarizes papers published during 1998 that studied the behavioral effects of the opiate peptides and antagonists, excluding the purely analgesic effects, although stress-induced analgesia is included. The specific topics covered this year include stress; tolerance and dependence; eating and drinking; alcohol; gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic function; mental illness and mood; learning, memory, and reward; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; seizures and other neurologic disorders; electrical-related activity; general activity and locomotion; sex, pregnancy, and development; immunologic responses; and other behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Vaccarino
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, LA 70148, USA.
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185
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