151
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Swee M, Wilson CL, Wang Y, McGuire JK, Parks WC. Matrix metalloproteinase-7 (matrilysin) controls neutrophil egress by generating chemokine gradients. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 83:1404-12. [PMID: 18334539 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0108016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrilysin [matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7)] is induced by mucosal injury of many tissues. To assess function of this proteinase, we subjected wild-type and Mmp7(-/-) mice to acute colon injury. When matrilysin expression was increasing, 73% of wild-type mice died, whereas only 32% of Mmp7(-/-) mice succumbed. Although re-epithelialization was delayed in Mmp7(-/-) mice, overall injury did not differ markedly between genotypes. We hypothesized that differences in acute inflammation caused increased mortality in wild-type mice. Indeed, whereas overall neutrophil influx into tissue was similar in wild-type and Mmp7(-/-) mice, their location and extent of migration differed between genotypes. Neutrophils were dispersed throughout the mucosa and within the lumen of wild-type mice, but these leukocytes were largely confined to the submucosa in Mmp7(-/-) mice. The levels of neutrophil chemokines, keratinocyte-derived chemokine and MIP-2, increased in the colon tissue of both genotypes, but these factors were detected only in lumenal lavages of wild-type mice. Our findings indicate that matrilysin mediates beneficial and deleterious effects in response to injury. On one hand, it promotes re-epithelialization, but it also controls the transepithelial influx of neutrophils, which if excessive, can lead to tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Swee
- Center for Lung Biology and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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152
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Lee JK, Shin JH, Suh J, Choi IS, Ryu KS, Gwag BJ. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3) expression is increased during serum deprivation-induced neuronal apoptosis in vitro and in the G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a potential modulator of Fas-mediated apoptosis. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 30:174-85. [PMID: 18316197 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2007] [Revised: 12/01/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical neurons deprived of serum undergo apoptosis that is sensitive to inhibitors of macromolecule synthesis. Proteomic analysis revealed differential expression of 49 proteins in cortical neurons 8 h after serum deprivation. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3), a pro-apoptotic protein in various cancer cells, was increased during serum deprivation-induced apoptosis (SDIA), but not during necrosis induced by excitotoxicity or oxidative stress. Levels of TIMP-3 were markedly increased in degenerating motor neurons in a transgenic model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The TIMP-3 expression was accompanied by increase in Fas-FADD interaction, activated caspase-8, and caspase-3 during SDIA and in vulnerable spinal cord of the ALS mouse. SDIA and activation of the Fas pathway were prevented by addition of an active MMP-3. Timp-3 deletion by RNA interference attenuated SDIA in N2a cells. These findings provide evidence that TIMP-3 is an upstream mediator of neuronal apoptosis and likely contributes to neuronal loss in neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Keun Lee
- Research Institute for Neural Science and Technology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
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153
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Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of extracellular proteinases have long been associated with cancer invasion and metastasis by virtue of their ability to collectively degrade all components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The general belief that overexpression of a specific MMP, either by tumor cells or the surrounding stroma, is pro-tumorigenic led to the development of synthetic MMP inhibitors for the treatment of cancer. However, there is an increasing amount of literature demonstrating that the expression of certain MMPs, either at the primary or the metastatic site, provides a beneficial and protective effect in multiple stages of cancer progression. Here, we review the evidence for protective effects of MMPs and contrast this with pro-tumorigenic effects of either the same enzyme, or a different MMP of the same family. These studies highlight the importance of targeting specific MMPs for cancer treatment, and point to a potential reason why clinical trials of pharmaceutical inhibitors for MMPs were disappointing. In order to effectively target MMPs in cancer progression, a better understanding of both their pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Martin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, 771 Preston Research Building, 23rd and Pierce Avenues, Nashville, TN 37232-6840, USA
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154
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Defamie V, Laurens M, Patrono D, Devel L, Brault A, Saint-Paul MC, Yiotakis A, Barbry P, Gugenheim J, Crenesse D, Dive V, Huet PM, Mari B. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition protects rat livers from prolonged cold ischemia-warm reperfusion injury. Hepatology 2008; 47:177-85. [PMID: 18008367 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in the hepatic injury induced after cold ischemia-warm reperfusion (CI-WR), by altering the extracellular matrix (ECM), but their precise role remains unknown. The hepatic MMP expression was evaluated after 2 conditions of CI (4 degrees C for 24 and 42 hours: viable and nonviable livers) followed by different periods of WR, using isolated perfused rat livers. CI-WR induced moderate changes in hepatic MMP transcript levels not influenced by CI duration, whereas gelatinase activities accumulated in liver effluents. Therefore, the protective effect of a new phosphinic MMP inhibitor, RXP409, was tested after prolonged CI. RXP409 (10 microM) was added to the University of Wisconsin solution, and livers were preserved for 42 hours (4 degrees C), then reperfused for 1 hour in Krebs solution (37 degrees C), containing 20% erythrocytes. Liver viability parameters were recorded, and the extent of cell necrosis was evaluated on liver biopsies, using trypan blue nuclear uptake. Treatment with RXP409 significantly improved liver function (transaminase release and bile secretion) and liver injury. In particular, the MMP inhibitor significantly modified the extent of cell death from large clusters of necrotic hepatocytes as found in control livers (2%-60% of liver biopsies; mean, 26% +/- 9%) to isolated necrotic hepatocytes as found in treated livers (0.2%-12%; mean, 3% +/- 2%) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that MMPs, by altering the ECM, play a major role in liver CI-WR injury leading to extensive hepatocyte necrosis and that their inhibition might prove to be a new strategy in improving preservation solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Defamie
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, UMR6097, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, France
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155
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Control of Ocular Tumor Growth and Metastatic Spread by Soluble and Membrane Fas Ligand. Cancer Res 2007; 67:11951-8. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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156
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Duffy MJ, McGowan PM, Gallagher WM. Cancer invasion and metastasis: changing views. J Pathol 2007; 214:283-93. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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157
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Kuhlmann KF, van Till JO, Boermeester MA, de Reuver PR, Tzvetanova ID, Offerhaus GJA, ten Kate FJ, Busch OR, van Gulik TM, Gouma DJ, Crawford HC. Evaluation of matrix metalloproteinase 7 in plasma and pancreatic juice as a biomarker for pancreatic cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:886-91. [PMID: 17507610 PMCID: PMC4516164 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiating between periampullary carcinoma and chronic pancreatitis with an inflammatory mass is difficult. Consequently, 6% to 9% of pancreatic resections for suspected carcinoma are done inappropriately for chronic pancreatitis. Here, we test if matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP-7), a secreted protease frequently expressed in pancreatic carcinoma, can be measured in plasma, pancreatic, and duodenal juice, and if it can distinguish between periampullary carcinoma and chronic pancreatitis. Ninety-four patients who underwent pancreatic surgery for a (peri)pancreatic neoplasm (n = 63) or chronic pancreatitis (n = 31) were analyzed. Median plasma MMP-7 levels were significantly higher in carcinoma (1.95 ng/mL; interquartile range, 0.81-3.22 ng/mL) compared with chronic pancreatitis and benign disease (0.83 ng/mL; interquartile range, 0.25-1.21 ng/mL; P < 0.01). MMP-7 levels in pancreatic juice were higher, although not significantly, in carcinoma (62 ng/mg protein; interquartile range, 18-241 ng/mg protein) compared with chronic pancreatitis and benign disease (23 ng/mg protein; interquartile range, 8.5-99 ng/mg protein; P = 0.17). MMP-7 levels in duodenal juice were universally low. At an arbitrary cutoff of 1.5 ng/mL in plasma, positive and negative predictive values were 83% and 57%, respectively, values comparable to those of today's most common pancreatic tumor marker, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9; 83% and 53%, respectively). Positive and negative likelihood ratios for plasma MMP-7 were 3.35 and 0.52, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for MMP-7 was 0.73 (95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.84) and for CA19-9, 0.75 (95% confidence interval, 0.64-0.85). Combined MMP-7 and CA19-9 assessment gave a positive predictive value of 100%. Thus, plasma MMP-7 levels discriminated between patients with carcinoma and those with chronic pancreatitis or benign disease. The diagnostic accuracy of plasma MMP-7 alone is not sufficient to determine treatment strategy in patients with a periampullary mass, but combined evaluation of plasma MMP-7 with CA19-9 and other markers may be clinically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koert F.D. Kuhlmann
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J.W. Olivier van Till
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marja A. Boermeester
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Philip R. de Reuver
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Iva D. Tzvetanova
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - G. Johan A. Offerhaus
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fiebo J.W. ten Kate
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Olivier R.C. Busch
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas M. van Gulik
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. Gouma
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Howard C. Crawford
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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158
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Chabottaux V, Noel A. Breast cancer progression: insights into multifaceted matrix metalloproteinases. Clin Exp Metastasis 2007; 24:647-56. [PMID: 17968664 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-007-9113-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The restricted view of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as simple destroyers of extracellular matrix components has largely ignored their substantial contribution in many aspects of cancer development and metastatic dissemination. Over the last few years, the relevance of MMPs in the processing of a large array of extracellular and cell surface-associated proteins has grown considerably. Our knowledge about the complex functions of MMPs and how their contribution may differ throughout cancer progression is rapidly expanding. These new findings provide several explanations for the lack of success of MMP inhibition in clinical trials. A complete understanding of MMP biology is needed before considering them, their substrates or their products as therapeutic targets. In this review, we explore the different faces of MMP implication in breast cancer progression by considering both clinical and fundamental aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Chabottaux
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, Center for Experimental Cancer Research (CRCE), Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA-Research), University of Liege, Tour de Pathologie (B23), Sart-Tilman, Liege, 4000, Belgium
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159
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Wetzel M, Li L, Harms KM, Roitbak T, Ventura PB, Rosenberg GA, Khokha R, Cunningham LA. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 facilitates Fas-mediated neuronal cell death following mild ischemia. Cell Death Differ 2007; 15:143-51. [PMID: 17962815 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3) is a natural inhibitor of metalloproteinases involved in matrix degradation and ectodomain shedding of many cell-surface proteins, including death receptors and/or their ligands. In the present study, we examined the role of TIMP-3 in Fas-mediated neuronal cell death following cerebral ischemia, using both gene deletion and pharmacological approaches. In culture, exposure of primary cortical neurons to 2 h of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) resulted in delayed neuronal cell death that was dependent on activation of the death receptor, Fas. Cortical cultures derived from timp-3(-/-) mice displayed partial resistance against OGD-induced neuronal cell death and also displayed increased shedding of Fas ligand (FasL) into the culture media, compared to wild-type control cultures. Both the increased neuroprotection and increased FasL shedding in timp-3(-/-) cultures were reversed by addition of exogenous metalloproteinase inhibitors, recombinant TIMP-3 or GM6001. In vivo, timp-3(-/-) mice showed marked resistance to a brief (30 min) middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), but were not protected against more severe lesions induced by 90 min of MCAO. These studies demonstrate that TIMP-3 facilitates Fas-mediated neuronal cell death following OGD and plays a pro-apoptotic role in mild cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wetzel
- Department of Biology and Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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160
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Individual matrix metalloproteinases control distinct transcriptional responses in airway epithelial cells infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun 2007; 75:5640-50. [PMID: 17923522 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00799-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelium is the initial point of host-pathogen interaction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, an important pathogen in cystic fibrosis and nosocomial pneumonia. We used global gene expression analysis to determine airway epithelial transcriptional responses dependent on matrilysin (matrix metalloproteinase 7 [MMP-7]) and stromelysin-2 (MMP-10), two MMPs induced by acute P. aeruginosa pulmonary infection. Extraction of differential gene expression (EDGE) analysis of gene expression changes in P. aeruginosa-infected organotypic tracheal epithelial cell cultures from wild-type, Mmp7-/-, and Mmp10-/- mice identified 2,091 matrilysin-dependent and 1,628 stromelysin-2-dependent genes that were differentially expressed. Key node network analysis showed that these MMPs controlled distinct gene expression programs involved in proliferation, cell death, immune responses, and signal transduction, among other host defense processes. Our results demonstrate discrete roles for these MMPs in regulating epithelial responses to Pseudomonas infection and show that a global genomics strategy can be used to assess MMP function.
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161
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Abd El-Aziz SH, Endo Y, Miyamaori H, Takino T, Sato H. Cleavage of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) by membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase abrogates GDF15-mediated suppression of tumor cell growth. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:1330-5. [PMID: 17640303 PMCID: PMC11158783 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), a transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily member, has been cloned from a placenta cDNA library as a gene product that has promoted activation of pro-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 mediated by membrane type (MT)1-MMP. Expression of MT1-MMP in HEK293T cells caused cleavage of the GDF15 mature form at N(252)-M(253) to produce a 6-kDa C-terminal fragment. Treatment of MCF7 cells with GDF15 induced activation of p53 and enhanced expression of p21, which was abrogated by MT1-MMP expression. GDF15 mRNA synthesis was also shown to be induced by treatment of cells with GDF15. Treatment of MCF7 cells with GDF15 caused suppression of cell proliferation. However, proliferation of MCF7 cells transfected with the MT1-MMP gene was not affected by GDF15 treatment, but was suppressed in the presence of the MMP inhibitor BB94. HT1080 cells transfected with the GDF15 gene, which endogenously express MT1-MMP, synthesize a high-level GDF15 precursor form and a low-level mature form, and treatment of cells with BB94 enhanced production of the GDF15 mature form. Consistent with GDF15 production, HT1080 cells transfected with the GDF15 gene proliferated almost equally with control cells, and addition of BB94 effectively suppressed growth of HT1080 cells transfected with the GDF15 gene concomitant with the accumulation of the GDF15 mature form, but not control cells. These results suggest that MT1-MMP contributes to tumor cell proliferation through the cleavage of GDF15, which down-regulates cell proliferation by inducing activation of p53 and p21 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaban H Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan
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162
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Liu D, Nakano J, Ishikawa S, Yokomise H, Ueno M, Kadota K, Urushihara M, Huang CL. Overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) correlates with tumor proliferation, and a poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2007; 58:384-91. [PMID: 17728005 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloporteinase-7 (MMP-7) is a member of the MMP family, and it has been reported to play an important role in tumorigenesis, invasion and metastasis. We performed a retrospective study on the MMP-7 expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) according to the clinical characteristics, biological markers and the Wnt1 expression. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred forty-seven postsurgical NSCLC patients were investigated. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the MMP-7 expression, the Ki-67 proliferation index, tumor angiogenesis and the Wnt1 expression. The TUNEL method was performed to investigate tumor apoptosis. RESULTS Seventy-six carcinomas (51.7%) were MMP-7-positive. The MMP-7 expression was significantly higher in squamous cell carcinomas than in adenocarcinomas (P<0.0001). The Ki-67 proliferation index was significantly higher in MMP-7-positvie tumors than in MMP-7-negative tumors (P=0.0003). However, there was no difference in the MMP-7 expression in relation to apoptosis or angiogenesis. Regarding its regulation, the MMP-7 expression significantly correlated with the Wnt1 expression (r=0.426, P<0.0001). The overall survival was significantly lower in patients with MMP-7-positive NSCLCs than in those with MMP-7-negative NSCLCs (P=0.0018). A Cox regression analyses also demonstrated MMP-7 status to be a significant prognostic factor (hazard ratio, 2.187; P=0.0023). CONCLUSIONS The overexpression of MMP-7 was associated with tumor proliferation, and a poor prognosis in NSCLCs. In addition, Wnt1 may play a critical role in regulating the intratumoral MMP-7 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dage Liu
- Second Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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163
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Lynch CC, Vargo-Gogola T, Martin MD, Fingleton B, Crawford HC, Matrisian LM. Matrix metalloproteinase 7 mediates mammary epithelial cell tumorigenesis through the ErbB4 receptor. Cancer Res 2007; 67:6760-7. [PMID: 17638887 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To delineate the role of matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7) in mammary tumorigenesis, MMP7 was expressed in the normal murine mammary gland cell line, c57MG. MMP7 markedly enhanced the growth rate of the c57MG cells in three-dimensional culture and promoted tumor formation in vivo. Subsequent investigation showed that MMP7 (a) up-regulated ErbB4 receptor levels, (b) solubilized the ErbB4 receptor cognate ligand heparin-bound epidermal growth factor, and (c) mediated the proteolytic processing of ErbB4 to yield a soluble intracellular domain (ICD) that localized to the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Furthermore, overexpression of the ErbB4 ICD in the c57MG cell line recapitulated the proliferative effects of MMP7 in vitro and in vivo. These data indicate a novel mechanism for mammary epithelial cell transformation by MMP7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor C Lynch
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, 23rd and Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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164
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Cauwe B, Van den Steen PE, Opdenakker G. The biochemical, biological, and pathological kaleidoscope of cell surface substrates processed by matrix metalloproteinases. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 42:113-85. [PMID: 17562450 DOI: 10.1080/10409230701340019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute a family of more than 20 endopeptidases. Identification of specific matrix and non-matrix components as MMP substrates showed that, aside from their initial role as extracellular matrix modifiers, MMPs play significant roles in highly complex processes such as the regulation of cell behavior, cell-cell communication, and tumor progression. Thanks to the comprehensive examination of the expanded MMP action radius, the initial view of proteases acting in the soluble phase has evolved into a kaleidoscope of proteolytic reactions connected to the cell surface. Important classes of cell surface molecules include adhesion molecules, mediators of apoptosis, receptors, chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, proteases, intercellular junction proteins, and structural molecules. Proteolysis of cell surface proteins by MMPs may have extremely diverse biological implications, ranging from maturation and activation, to inactivation or degradation of substrates. In this way, modification of membrane-associated proteins by MMPs is crucial for communication between cells and the extracellular milieu, and determines cell fate and the integrity of tissues. Hence, insights into the processing of cell surface proteins by MMPs and the concomitant effects on physiological processes as well as on disease onset and evolution, leads the way to innovative therapeutic approaches for cancer, as well as degenerative and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Cauwe
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Immunobiology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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165
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Hu J, Van den Steen PE, Sang QXA, Opdenakker G. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors as therapy for inflammatory and vascular diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007; 6:480-98. [PMID: 17541420 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 575] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have outgrown the field of extracellular-matrix biology and have progressed towards being important regulatory molecules in cancer and inflammation. This rise in status was accompanied by the development of various classes of inhibitors. Although clinical trials with synthetic inhibitors for the treatment of cancer were disappointing, recent data indicate that the use of selective inhibitors might lead to new therapies for acute and chronic inflammatory and vascular diseases. In this Review, we compare the major classes of MMP inhibitors and advocate that future drug discovery should be based on crucial insights into the differential roles of specific MMPs in pathophysiology obtained with animal models, including knockout studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Hu
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Catholic University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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166
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Kim S, Kim Y, Lee Y, Cho KH, Kim KH, Chung JH. Cholesterol inhibits MMP-9 expression in human epidermal keratinocytes and HaCaT cells. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:3869-74. [PMID: 17643435 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a major component of skin lipids and acts as a regulator of vesicular trafficking and signal transduction. However, the function of cholesterol on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression of human skin is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the effects of cholesterol on MMP-9 expression in normal human keratinocytes (NHK) and HaCaT cells. Basal level of MMP-9 expression was decreased by cholesterol in NHK. On the other hand, MMP-9 expression was increased by the cholesterol depletion agent, methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MbetaCD), while it was inhibited by cholesterol repletion in HaCaT cells. MbetaCD induced ERK and JNK phosphorylation were prevented by cholesterol repletion. The inhibition of ERK and JNK decreased MbetaCD-induced MMP-9 expression. Therefore, our results suggest that cholesterol regulates MMP-9 expression through ERK and JNK-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmin Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
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167
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Fingleton B, Carter KJ, Matrisian LM. Loss of functional Fas ligand enhances intestinal tumorigenesis in the Min mouse model. Cancer Res 2007; 67:4800-6. [PMID: 17510409 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fas ligand (FasL/CD95L), a member of the tumor necrosis factor family, interacts with a specific receptor Fas, ultimately leading to cell death. Tumor expression of FasL has been proposed to aid in immune evasion through a "Fas counterattack" mechanism but has also been described as a proinflammatory factor. Here, we tested the role of FasL in a mouse model of spontaneous tumor development. We used the Min mouse in which multiple benign polyps develop in the intestine due to a mutation in the Apc tumor suppressor gene. Mutant mice deficient in functional FasL, termed gld/gld, were crossed to Min mice to generate tumor-prone animals lacking functional FasL. Comparison of FasL-deficient versus proficient Min mice revealed a significant increase in polyp number in the gld/gld mice. We next assessed immune cell infiltration into adenomas. There was no difference in the number of either lymphocytes or macrophages; however, the number of tumor-infiltrating neutrophils was 3-fold lower in the gld/gld specimens compared with controls. Neutrophil migration in vitro was stimulated by wild-type but not mutant FasL. In a nontumor-bearing colitis model in vivo, neutrophil recruitment to the intestine was also reduced in gld/gld mice. Although the Fas counterattack hypothesis suggests that the absence of FasL would result in increased immune-mediated tumor elimination, the opposite is true in the Min model with lack of functional FasL associated with reduced neutrophil influx and increased tumor development. Thus, the proinflammatory rather than counterattack role of tumor FasL is more relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Fingleton
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
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168
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Milward EA, Fitzsimmons C, Szklarczyk A, Conant K. The matrix metalloproteinases and CNS plasticity: an overview. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 187:9-19. [PMID: 17555826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are expressed in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli and other triggers. The MMPs cleave numerous substrates including extracellular matrix components, cytokines and growth factors. In the CNS, while most studied in the context of disease, the many physiological functions of the MMPs are now becoming appreciated. This review provides an overview of the growing body of evidence for physiological roles of MMPs both in CNS development and in CNS plasticity in normal brain functioning, including learning and memory, as well as in CNS repair and reorganization as part of the neuroimmune response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Milward
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
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169
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Matute-Bello G, Wurfel MM, Lee JS, Park DR, Frevert CW, Madtes DK, Shapiro SD, Martin TR. Essential role of MMP-12 in Fas-induced lung fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 37:210-21. [PMID: 17446527 PMCID: PMC1976544 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0471oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by an early inflammatory response followed by a late fibroproliferative phase, and by an increase in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) concentrations of bioactive soluble FasL (sFasL). Activation of Fas (CD95) has been associated with the development of lung fibrosis in mice. The goal of this study was to determine the mechanisms that link Fas activation with the development of fibrosis in the lungs. We treated mice with three daily intratracheal instillations of a Fas-activating monoclonal antibody (Jo2) or a control IgG, and studied the animals at sequential times. Mice treated with Jo2 had increased caspase-3 activation in alveolar wall cells on Days 2, 4, and 7; an inflammatory response peaking on Day 7, and increased total lung collagen on Day 21. Gene expression profiling performed on Days 2, 4, and 7 showed sequential activation of co-regulated profibrotic genes, including marked up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP-12). Targeted deletion of MMP-12 protected mice from Fas-induced pulmonary fibrosis, even though the inflammatory responses in the lungs were similar to those of wild-type mice. Compared with wild-type mice, the mmp12(-/-) mice showed decreased expression of the profibrotic genes egr1 and cyr61. We conclude that Fas activation in the lungs induces a complex response that includes apoptosis, inflammation, and eventually fibrosis, and that MMP-12 is essential for the fibrotic phenotype. We speculate that MMP-12 activity is required for activation of the profibrotic genes egr1 and cyr61.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Matute-Bello
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, South Lake Union Campus, 815 Mercer Street, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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170
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Fingleton B, Powell WC, Crawford HC, Couchman JR, Matrisian LM. A rat monoclonal antibody that recognizes pro- and active MMP-7 indicates polarized expression in vivo. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2007; 26:22-7. [PMID: 17316082 PMCID: PMC3838102 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2006.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of enzymes named for their ability to degrade proteins of the extracellular matrix. Here we describe the characterization of a rat monoclonal antibody specifically recognizing one member of this enzyme family, MMP-7. This antibody has been tested for its use in multiple assay types and was shown to be useful for direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blotting, immunocytochemistry, and immunohistochemistry of frozen or paraffin-embedded tissues. The antibody has been evaluated for its usefulness with tissues from several different species and, by immunohistochemistry, can detect MMP-7 of human, murine, porcine, and gerbil origin. Immunostaining of MMP-7 in normal tissues or benign tumors of intestinal, breast, and prostatic origin indicates that this protein is normally localized luminally in glandular epithelium. The localization pattern would suggest that in normal or early stage tumors, MMP-7 is most likely not directly involved in extracellular matrix degradation. In contrast, advanced colon tumors show MMP-7 in invading cells at the advancing edge of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Fingleton
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6840, USA.
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171
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Schulte M, Reiss K, Lettau M, Maretzky T, Ludwig A, Hartmann D, de Strooper B, Janssen O, Saftig P. ADAM10 regulates FasL cell surface expression and modulates FasL-induced cytotoxicity and activation-induced cell death. Cell Death Differ 2007; 14:1040-9. [PMID: 17290285 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The apoptosis-inducing Fas ligand (FasL) is a type II transmembrane protein that is involved in the downregulation of immune reactions by activation-induced cell death (AICD) as well as in T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Proteolytic cleavage leads to the generation of membrane-bound N-terminal fragments and a soluble FasL (sFasL) ectodomain. sFasL can be detected in the serum of patients with dysregulated inflammatory diseases and is discussed to affect Fas-FasL-mediated apoptosis. Using pharmacological approaches in 293T cells, in vitro cleavage assays as well as loss and gain of function studies in murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), we demonstrate that the disintegrin and metalloprotease ADAM10 is critically involved in the shedding of FasL. In primary human T cells, FasL shedding is significantly reduced after inhibition of ADAM10. The resulting elevated FasL surface expression is associated with increased killing capacity and an increase of T cells undergoing AICD. Overall, our findings suggest that ADAM10 represents an important molecular modulator of FasL-mediated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schulte
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrecht-University, Kiel, Germany
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172
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Verma RP, Hansch C. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs): chemical-biological functions and (Q)SARs. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:2223-68. [PMID: 17275314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of calcium-dependent zinc-containing endopeptidases, which are responsible for the tissue remodeling and degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), including collagens, elastins, gelatin, matrix glycoproteins, and proteoglycan. They are regulated by hormones, growth factors, and cytokines, and are involved in ovarian functions. MMPs are excreted by a variety of connective tissue and pro-inflammatory cells including fibroblasts, osteoblasts, endothelial cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. These enzymes are expressed as zymogens, which are subsequently processed by other proteolytic enzymes (such as serine proteases, furin, plasmin, and others) to generate the active forms. Matrix metalloproteinases are considered as promising targets for the treatment of cancer due to their strong involvement in malignant pathologies. Clinical/preclinical studies on MMP inhibition in tumor models brought positive results raising the idea that the development of strategies to inhibit MMPs may be proved to be a powerful tool to fight against cancer. However, the presence of an inherent flexibility in the MMP active-site limits dramatically the accurate modeling of MMP-inhibitor complexes. The interest in the application of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) has steadily increased in recent decades and we hope it may be useful in elucidating the mechanisms of chemical-biological interactions for this enzyme. In the present review, an attempt has been made to explore the in-depth knowledge from the classification of this enzyme to the clinical trials of their inhibitors. A total number of 92 QSAR models (44 published and 48 new formulated QSAR models) have also been presented to understand the chemical-biological interactions. QSAR results on the inhibition of various compound series against MMP-1, -2, -3, -7, -8, -9, -12, -13, and -14 reveal a number of interesting points. The most important of these are hydrophobicity and molar refractivity, which are the most important determinants of the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwar P Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Pomona College, 645 North College Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711, USA.
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173
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Sifringer M, Stefovska V, Zentner I, Hansen B, Stepulak A, Knaute C, Marzahn J, Ikonomidou C. The role of matrix metalloproteinases in infant traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 25:526-35. [PMID: 17188498 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 10/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an essential role in tissue repair, cell death and morphogenesis and may constitute therapeutic targets for acute brain injuries. In this study, we investigated the expression of 72 kDa and 92 kDa collagenases MMP-2 and MMP-9 at transcriptional, functional and protein expression level following traumatic brain injury in infant rats. Seven-day-old Wistar rats were subjected to head trauma using a weight drop device. Pups were sacrificed at defined time points (2-72 h) after trauma and brains were processed for molecular studies (semiquantitative and real-time PCR, Western blot, gelatin zymography) and histology. Trauma triggered widespread cell death in the cortex, basal ganglia and white matter. mRNA levels for MMP-2 and -9 were increased in the brain at 12-72 h after trauma. Protein expression of the analyzed MMPs and activity of MMP-2 were increased at 12 h and peaked at 24 h after trauma. Intraperitoneal injection of GM6001 (Ilomastat), an MMP inhibitor, 2 h after trauma, substantially attenuated traumatic brain injury in a dose-dependent manner. These findings causally link the MMPs to trauma-induced neuronal cell death in the immature rodent brain. MMPs might serve as useful targets for therapeutic approaches aimed at preserving neuronal function in the immature brain in the context of mechanical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sifringer
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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174
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Fernando P, Megeney LA. Is caspase-dependent apoptosis only cell differentiation taken to the extreme? FASEB J 2006; 21:8-17. [PMID: 17093139 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-5912hyp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of apoptosis for a multicellular organism are obvious and fit the current dogma that the maintenance and viability of such organisms are dependent on the selective elimination of unneeded or deleterious cell types. However, self destruction at the level of the individual cell defies the most basic precepts of biology (sustaining life). If apoptosis is viewed through this construct then one question becomes paramount, i.e., why would an individual cell and its progeny develop, retain, or evolve a mechanism the sole purpose of which is to eliminate itself? In consideration of such a paradox, it is reasonable to postulate that prospective apoptotic pathways coevolved with and or were co-opted from another basic cell function(s) that did not involve the death of the cell per se. In the following article, we present the hypothesis that the conserved biochemical pathways of apoptosis are integral components of terminal cell differentiation and it is the time of engagement and activity level of these pathways that ultimately determines the choice between cell death or cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasan Fernando
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, Molecular Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital, General Campus, Ottawa ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
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175
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Lu Z, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Wang S, Xie H, Li Y, Jiao B, Zhang J. Association between the functional polymorphism in the matrix metalloproteinase-7 promoter and susceptibility to adult astrocytoma. Brain Res 2006; 1118:6-12. [PMID: 16956593 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To study the association between the A to G transition at the -181-bp position in the promoter of matrix metalloproteinase-7 gene (MMP-7-181A/G) and susceptibility to adult astrocytoma, the MMP-7-181A/G polymorphism was genotyped by PCR-RFLP analysis among 221 adult astrocytoma patients and 366 healthy controls in a population of northern China. The result showed that the overall distribution of the MMP-7 genotypes among astrocytoma patients and healthy controls was significantly different (P<0.001). Compared with the A/A genotype, the G/G genotype significantly increased the risk to the development of astrocytoma (age and gender adjusted OR=2.77, 95% CI=1.27-6.02), while the MMP-7 A/G genotype only marginally increased the risk of developing this cancer (age and gender adjusted OR=1.66, 95% CI=0.99-2.84). Stratification analysis showed that the G/G genotype significantly increased the risk of astrocytoma only among male subjects (age adjusted OR=3.24, 95% CI=1.12-9.41) and individuals younger than 45 years (age and gender adjusted OR=3.16, 95% CI=1.09-9.16). When stratified by histological grades, a significant higher risk for developing grade II astrocytoma was observed among individuals harboring the A/G genotype (age and gender adjusted OR=2.06, 95% CI=1.05-4.05), while an about 3-fold elevation of risk to develop grades II, III, and IV astrocytomas was observed among individuals with the G/G genotype. The present result, for the first time, suggested that the MMP-7-181A/G polymorphism might be associated with the susceptibility to adult astrocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqiang Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Hepinglu 205, Shijiazhuang, China.
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176
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Ito Y, Yoshida H, Kakudo K, Nakamura Y, Kuma K, Miyauchi A. Inverse relationships between the expression of MMP-7 and MMP-11 and predictors of poor prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Pathology 2006; 38:421-5. [PMID: 17008280 DOI: 10.1080/00313020600922496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have various functions that play roles in carcinoma development. In this study, we investigated the expression of two representative MMPs, MMP-7 and MMP-11, in papillary thyroid carcinomas. METHODS We immunohistochemically investigated the expression of these MMPs in 196 cases of papillary carcinoma. RESULTS A high level of MMP-7 expression was observed in 56 cases (28.3%). The expression level was significantly decreased in cases showing large tumour, N positivity, large pT and poor differentiation. MMP-11 expression was high in 119 cases (60.1%). The expression level was inversely related to tumour size, N factor, pT factor, pN factor, extrathyroid extension, and poor differentiation. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to other MMPs, MMP-7 and MMP-11 are inversely linked to aggressive characteristics of papillary thyroid carcinoma and their down-regulations may even be a marker of poor prognosis in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ito
- Department of Surgery, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan.
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177
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Van den Steen PE, Van Aelst I, Starckx S, Maskos K, Opdenakker G, Pagenstecher A. Matrix metalloproteinases, tissue inhibitors of MMPs and TACE in experimental cerebral malaria. J Transl Med 2006; 86:873-88. [PMID: 16865090 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a life-threatening disorder and a major medical problem in developing countries. It is caused by the sequestration of malaria-infected erythrocytes onto brain endothelia, followed by blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage and neurological deficit. In the present study, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were analysed in a mouse model of CM with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Increased numbers of gelatinase B (MMP-9)-positive cells, which were also CD11b(+), were detected in the brain. In addition, activation of gelatinase B occurred in CM brains, and not in brains of mice with non-CM. However, selective genetic knockout of gelatinase B did not alter the clinical evolution of experimental CM. To study other protease balances, the mRNA expression levels of nine matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), five membrane-type MMPs, TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) and the four tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) were analysed during CM in different organs. Significant alterations in expression were observed, including increases of the mRNAs of MMP-3, -8, -13 and -14 in the spleen, MMP-8, -12, -13 and -14 in the liver and MMP-8 and -13 in the brain. Net gelatinolytic activity, independent of gelatinase B and inhibitable with EDTA, was detected in situ in the endothelia of blood vessels in CM brains, but not in brains of mice with non-CM, suggesting that metalloproteases, different from gelatinase B, are active in the BBB environment in CM. The increase in MMP expression in the brain was significantly less pronounced after infection of C57Bl/6 mice with the noncerebral strain P. berghei NK65, but it was similar in CM-susceptible C57Bl/6 and CM-resistant Balb/C mice upon infection with P. berghei ANKA. Furthermore, in comparison with C57Bl/6 mice, a larger increase in TIMP-1 and a marked, >30-fold induction in MMP-3 were found in the brains of Balb/C mice, suggesting possible protective roles for TIMP-1 and MMP-3.
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178
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Li Y, Jin X, Kang S, Wang Y, Du H, Zhang J, Guo W, Wang N, Fang S. Polymorphisms in the promoter regions of the matrix metalloproteinases-1, -3, -7, and -9 and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in China. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 101:92-6. [PMID: 16278009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the promoter region of the matrix metalloproteinases-1 -1607bp1G/2G, matrix metalloproteinases-3 -1171bp5A/6A, matrix metalloproteinases-7 A-181G and matrix metalloproteinases-9 C-1562T with susceptibility to ovarian cancer in a population of North China. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed four different functional promoter polymorphisms in the respective genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in a sample of patients with epithelium ovarian cancer and control women, all from North China. RESULTS No significant difference was detected between the patient and control groups in genotype and allelotype distribution of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9 of the polymorphisms studied. However, the genotype and allelotype of the MMP-7 distribution in ovarian cancer patients were significantly different from that in healthy controls. The frequency of the -181G allele of MMP-7 in patients was significantly higher than that in healthy controls women (8.2% vs. 2.8%, P = 0.002). Compared to the A/A genotype, the genotypes with the -181G allele (A/G + G/G) significantly increased susceptibility to ovarian cancer, with adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 3.53 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.58 to 7.89]. CONCLUSIONS The study suggested that a possible association between the MMP-7 A/G polymorphism with susceptibility to epithelium ovarian cancer, but there is no support for an association of the selected MMP-1 1G/2G, MMP-3 5A/6A, and MMP-9 C/T polymorphisms with the risk for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Hebei Cancer Institute, Hebei Medical University, Jiankanglu 12, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China.
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179
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Demedts IK, Demoor T, Bracke KR, Joos GF, Brusselle GG. Role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of COPD and pulmonary emphysema. Respir Res 2006; 7:53. [PMID: 16571143 PMCID: PMC1501017 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by chronic inflammation of the airways and progressive destruction of lung parenchyma, a process that in most cases is initiated by cigarette smoking. Several mechanisms are involved in the development of the disease: influx of inflammatory cells into the lung (leading to chronic inflammation of the airways), imbalance between proteolytic and anti-proteolytic activity (resulting in the destruction of healthy lung tissue) and oxidative stress. Recently, an increasing number of data suggest a fourth important mechanism involved in the development of COPD: apoptosis of structural cells in the lung might possibly be an important upstream event in the pathogenesis of COPD. There is an increase in apoptotic alveolar epithelial and endothelial cells in the lungs of COPD patients. Since this is not counterbalanced by an increase in proliferation of these structural cells, the net result is destruction of lung tissue and the development of emphysema. Data from animal models suggest a role for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in the induction of apoptosis of structural cells in the lung. Other mediators of apoptosis, such as caspase-3 and ceramide, could be interesting targets to prevent apoptosis and the development of emphysema. In this review, recent data on the role of apoptosis in COPD from both animal models as well as from studies on human subjects will be discussed. The aim is to provide an up to date summary on the increasing knowledge on the role of apoptosis in COPD and pulmonary emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingel K Demedts
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
| | - Tine Demoor
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
| | - Ken R Bracke
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
| | - Guy F Joos
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
| | - Guy G Brusselle
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
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180
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Ahmad M, Takino T, Miyamori H, Yoshizaki T, Furukawa M, Sato H. Cleavage of Amyloid-β Precursor Protein (APP) by Membrane-Type Matrix Metalloproteinases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 139:517-26. [PMID: 16567416 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvj054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) was identified on expression cloning from a human placenta cDNA library as a gene product that modulates the activity of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MT1-MMP). Co-expression of MT1-MMP with APP in HEK293T cells induced cleavage and shedding of the APP ectodomain when co-expressed with APP adaptor protein Fe65. Among the MT-MMPs tested, MT3-MMP and MT5-MMP also caused efficient APP shedding. The recombinant APP protein was cleaved by MT3-MMP in vitro at the A463-M464, N579-M580, H622-S623, and H685-Q686 peptide bonds, which included a cleavage site within the amyloid beta peptide region known to produce a C-terminal fragment. The Swedish-type mutant of APP, which produces a high level of amyloid beta peptide, was more effectively cleaved by MT3-MMP than wild-type APP in both the presence and absence of Fe65; however, amyloid beta peptide production was not affected by MT3-MMP expression. Expression of MT3-MMP enhanced Fe65-dependent transactivation by APP fused to the Gal4 DNA-binding and transactivation domains. These results suggest that MT1-MMP, MT3-MMP and MT5-MMP should play an important role in the regulation of APP functions in tissues including the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munirah Ahmad
- Department of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi, Ishikawa
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181
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Ii M, Yamamoto H, Adachi Y, Maruyama Y, Shinomura Y. Role of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (matrilysin) in human cancer invasion, apoptosis, growth, and angiogenesis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2006; 231:20-7. [PMID: 16380641 DOI: 10.1177/153537020623100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-7, also known as matrilysin, is a "minimal domain MMP" that exhibits proteolytic activity against components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Matrilysin is frequently overexpressed in human cancer tissues and is associated with cancer progression. Tumorigenesis is a multistep process involving cell growth, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Matrilysin has been shown to play important roles not only in degradation of ECM proteins, but also in the regulation of several biochemical processes such as activation, degradation, and shedding of non-ECM proteins. This minire-view provides a summary of the current literature on the roles of matrilysin in tumorigenesis with a focus on the roles of modifications of non-ECM proteins by matrilysin and other related MMPs in tumorigenesis. Proteolysis of insulin-like growth factor binding protein by matrilysin results in increased bioavailability of insulin-like growth factors and enhanced cellular proliferation. Matrilysin has also been implicated in the ectodomain shedding of several cell surface molecules. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor precursor (proHB-EGF) is cleaved by matrilysin into mature HB-EGF, which promotes cellular proliferation. Membrane-bound Fas ligand (FasL) is cleaved into soluble FasL, which increases apoptosis of cells adjacent to tumor cells. E-cadherin is converted to soluble E-cadherin to promote invasion. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha precursor is cleaved to release soluble TNF-alpha to increase apoptosis. We propose that these matrilysin-mediated pathways provide the necessary and logical mechanisms to promote cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Ii
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan.
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182
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Yamamoto K, Higashi S, Kioi M, Tsunezumi J, Honke K, Miyazaki K. Binding of active matrilysin to cell surface cholesterol sulfate is essential for its membrane-associated proteolytic action and induction of homotypic cell adhesion. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:9170-80. [PMID: 16476739 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m510377200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of cell surface molecules by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), as well as MMPs-catalyzed degradation of extracellular matrix, is important for tumor invasion and metastasis. Our previous study (Kioi, M., Yamamoto, K., Higashi, S., Koshikawa, N., Fujita, K., and Miyazaki, K. (2003) Oncogene 22, 8662-8670) demonstrated that active matrilysin specifically binds to the surface of colon cancer cells and induces notable cell aggregation due to processing of the cell membrane protein(s). Furthermore, these aggregated cells showed a dramatically enhanced metastatic potential. To elucidate the mechanism of matrilysin-induced cell aggregation, we attempted to identify the matrilysin-binding substance on the cell surface. Here, we demonstrate that cholesterol sulfate on the cell surface is a major matrilysin-binding substance. We found that active matrilysin bound to the cell membrane and cholesterol sulfate incorporated into liposomes with similar affinities. Treatment of colon cancer cells with beta-cyclodextrin significantly reduced not only matrilysin binding to the cell surface but also matrilysin-dependent proteolysis and cell aggregation. Interestingly, replenishment of cholesterol sulfate, but not cholesterol, neutralized the effects of beta-cyclodextrin. Taken together, it is likely that binding of matrilysin to cholesterol sulfate facilitates the matrilysin-catalyzed modulation of cell surface proteins, thus inducing the cancer cell aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- Division of Cell Biology, Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12, Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 244-0813, Japan
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183
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Martin TR, Hagimoto N, Nakamura M, Matute-Bello G. Apoptosis and epithelial injury in the lungs. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2006; 2:214-20. [PMID: 16222040 PMCID: PMC2713319 DOI: 10.1513/pats.200504-031ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial injury is a critical event in the development of acute lung injury, but the mechanisms that cause death of the alveolar epithelium are not completely understood. Epithelial death occurs by necrosis and apoptosis; more information is needed about the balance between these two types of cell death in the lungs. Direct epithelial necrosis probably occurs in response to bacterial exotoxins and over-distension of alveolar units by mechanical ventilation. Apoptosis is a regulated form of cell death that is mediated by membrane death receptors and direct mitochondrial injury. Apoptosis pathways are activated in the lungs of patients with acute lung injury, in part by activation of the membrane Fas death receptor by soluble Fas ligand (sFasL), which accumulates in biologically active form at the onset of lung injury. Accumulating evidence in humans and experimental models links sFasL and Fas pathway with lung epithelial injury and fibrosis. New strategies to inhibit Fas-mediated epithelial apoptosis need to be developed in order to develop new ways to preserve epithelial function in patients who develop acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Martin
- Pulmonary Research Laboratories, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
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184
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Shan K, Lian-Fu Z, Hui D, Wei G, Na W, Xia J, Yan L. Polymorphisms in the promoter regions of the matrix metalloproteinases-7, -9 and the risk of endometriosis and adenomyosis in China. Mol Hum Reprod 2006; 12:35-9. [PMID: 16455621 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gal002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may contribute to the development of endometriosis. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the polymorphisms in the promoters of MMP-7 (181A/G) and MMP-9 (1562C/T) on the risk of occurrence of endometriosis and adenomyosis. We genotyped 219 patients (143 women with endometriosis, 76 women with adenomyosis) and 160 control women in North China. There was a significant difference in frequency of the MMP-7 genotype between endometriosis and controls (P = 0.01) and also between adenomyosis and controls (P = 0.01). The frequency of the G allele in two groups of patients (7.3 and 7.9%) was significantly higher than in the controls (2.8%) (P = 0.01 and 0.01, respectively). Compared to the A/A genotype, the genotype with the -181G allele showed a significantly increased susceptibility to both diseases, with adjusted odds ratio of 2.62 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.17-5.87] for endometriosis and 3.14 (95% CI = 1.26-7.81) for adenomyosis. However, the overall genotype and allelotype distribution of the MMP-9 in the two case groups were not different from that of controls. We conclude that MMP-7-181A/G polymorphism has a potential to be a susceptibility factor for endometriosis and adenomyosis while MMP-9-1562C/T polymorphism may not provide a useful marker to predict susceptibility to endometriosis and adenomyosis, at least in women from North China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Shan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hebei Medical University, Fourth Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
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185
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Kruidenier L, MacDonald TT, Collins JE, Pender SLF, Sanderson IR. Myofibroblast matrix metalloproteinases activate the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL7 from intestinal epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 2006; 130:127-36. [PMID: 16401476 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the inflamed gut has mainly been associated with mucosal degradation and ulceration. However, their in vitro capacity to specifically cleave inflammatory mediators indicates that MMPs may have a profound immunoregulatory impact. We hypothesized that MMPs proteolytically modify intestinal epithelial chemokine signaling. METHODS Interleukin-1beta-stimulated Caco-2 cells were exposed basolaterally to nanomolar concentrations of activated MMP-3 or cocultured with interleukin-1beta-stimulated, MMP-producing, colonic myofibroblasts (CCD-18co). The conditioned media were subjected to chemotaxis assays. In addition, epithelial cells from patients with colitis were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS MMP-3 dose-dependently induced the neutrophil (up to 5-fold) but not monocyte chemoattractant capacity of Caco-2 cells. A similar Caco-2 chemotactic response was obtained in the Caco-2/CCD-18co cocultures. The principal mediator of these protease-related effects was identified as the potent neutrophil chemokine CXCL7 (neutrophil activating peptide 2), a proteolytic cleavage product of chemotactically inert platelet basic protein (PBP), not previously identified in the intestine. Antibodies against CXCL7 inhibited the MMP-induced chemotactic response by 84%, and PBP mRNA and protein were detected in stimulated Caco-2 but not in CCD-18co cells. Furthermore, PBP transcript and protein levels were low in the mucosa and in isolated epithelial cells from patients with Crohn's disease and from normal intestine but increased up to 13-fold in patients with ulcerative colitis. CONCLUSIONS These findings identify a novel proinflammatory action of MMPs in inflammation and suggest that lamina propria myofibroblasts are required to achieve maximal intestinal epithelial immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Kruidenier
- Research Centre in Gastroenterology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London, London, England.
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186
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Rabu C, Quéméner A, Jacques Y, Echasserieau K, Vusio P, Lang F. Production of Recombinant Human Trimeric CD137L (4-1BBL). J Biol Chem 2005; 280:41472-81. [PMID: 16204238 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506881200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between 4-1BB ligand (CD137L), a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, and its receptor 4-1BB provides a co-stimulatory signal for T lymphocyte proliferation and survival. However, the structure of 4-1BBL has not been thoroughly investigated, and none of the human recombinant 4-1BBL molecules available have been described as capable of co-stimulating T cells. The present work provides a model of the three-dimensional structure of the tumor necrosis factor homology domain of 4-1BBL and describes the production of a recombinant human soluble 4-1BBL whose originality lies in that it contains the whole extracellular tail preceding the tumor necrosis factor homology domain and an AviTag peptide (AviTag-4-1BBL) allowing enzymatic biotinylation and multimerization via streptavidin. We provide evidence that this chimeric protein exists as a homotrimer, whereas commercial FLAG-tagged 4-1BBL does not. This resulted in a much higher affinity for 4-1BB (1.2 nM) as compared with FLAG-4-1BBL (55.2 nM). We demonstrate that the single extracellular cysteine residue in the tail (Cys-51) could form a disulfide bond, both in our recombinant protein and in physiologically expressed 4-1BBL. The mutation of this cysteine residue exerted no effect on trimerization but increased the dissociation rate of AviTag-4-1BBL from 4-1BB. In its soluble form, AviTag-4-1BBL did not stimulate purified T cells but dramatically inhibited proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with anti-CD3 mAb. In contrast, a very significant co-stimulatory effect was observed on purified T cells once AviTag-4-1BBL was immobilized onto streptavidin beads. In addition, we show that the cross-linking of two trimeric AviTag-4-1BBL molecules was the minimum step required to elicit significant costimulatory activity.
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MESH Headings
- 4-1BB Ligand
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Biotinylation
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Proliferation
- Chromatography, Gel
- Cross-Linking Reagents/pharmacology
- Cysteine/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Dimerization
- Disulfides/chemistry
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drosophila
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Humans
- Insecta
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Models, Molecular
- Models, Statistical
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptides/chemistry
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Signal Transduction
- Streptavidin/chemistry
- Surface Plasmon Resonance
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
- Tumor Necrosis Factors/chemistry
- Tumor Necrosis Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Rabu
- INSERM U601, 9 quai Moncousu, 44035 Nantes Cedex, France
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187
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Galamb O, Sipos F, Fischer K, Tulassay Z, Molnar B. The results of the expression array studies correlate and enhance the known genetic basis of gastric and colorectal cancer. CYTOMETRY. PART B, CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2005; 68:1-17. [PMID: 16208682 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Gastric and colorectal cancers belong to the most frequent cancer types in the world today. This fact emphasizes the importance of identification of useful diagnostic and prognostic markers, in the earliest stage of the disease. The examination of gene expression profile in gastric and colorectal cancer may develop the bases of early diagnosis and of individual therapeutic strategies. In the microarray examinations done so far for these types of cancers, the expression of hundreds and thousands of genes were studied, however, both the sample collection and the results showed wide variations. The diversity of expression array methods and data analysis makes the comparison of microarray results difficult. Beside the exposition of the practical aspects of the chip technology, our aims are the systematization of data that are currently available in the international scientific literature and the description of the results in a comprehensive way. Microarray results show that the gene expression pattern, detected in gastric and colon cancers, highly depends on the histological type and heterogeneity of the sample, array type, and softwares, used for data analysis. Recent experiments point out not just the changes of the alterations of tumor suppression, apoptosis, cell-cycle regulation, and signal transduction, but tumor cell metabolism and cell-microenvironment interactions also. Results show connection to and make more complete the already known molecular background of gastric and colorectal cancers. Based on the accumulation of recent and further data, such kind of multifunctional diagnostic microarrays that can be suited for completing the conventional histological diagnostics and subtypization will certainly become available in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Galamb
- II Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine Budapest, Hungary.
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188
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Yuan J, Dutton CM, Scully SP. RNAi mediated MMP-1 silencing inhibits human chondrosarcoma invasion. J Orthop Res 2005; 23:1467-74. [PMID: 15927440 DOI: 10.1016/j.orthres.2005.04.004.1100230633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2004] [Revised: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 04/06/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous work indicates that matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) gene expression is a prognostic factor for local recurrence and metastasis in human chondrosarcoma. The current study evaluates the effects of MMP-1 knock-down via RNA interference on chondrosarcoma metastasis in vitro. Of nine siRNA oligos tested, one showed a 90% inhibitory effect on MMP-1 gene expression. Stable attenuation of MMP-1 in chondrosarcoma cells was achieved by using a plasmid vector-based siRNA system. Pronounced MMP-1 activity suppression was accompanied by marked inhibition of tumor cell invasion. Cells in which MMP-1 has been stably silenced are useful tools to elucidate the mechanism of MMP-1 mediated tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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189
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Johnson JL, George SJ, Newby AC, Jackson CL. Divergent effects of matrix metalloproteinases 3, 7, 9, and 12 on atherosclerotic plaque stability in mouse brachiocephalic arteries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:15575-80. [PMID: 16221765 PMCID: PMC1266110 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0506201102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are thought to be involved in the growth, destabilization, and eventual rupture of atherosclerotic lesions. Using the mouse brachiocephalic artery model of plaque instability, we compared apolipoprotein E (apoE)/MMP-3, apoE/MMP-7, apoE/MMP-9, and apoE/MMP-12 double knockouts with their age-, strain-, and sex-matched apoE single knockout controls. Brachiocephalic artery plaques were significantly larger in apoE/MMP-3 and apoE/MMP-9 double knockouts than in controls. The number of buried fibrous layers was also significantly higher in the double knockouts, and both knockouts exhibited cellular compositional changes indicative of an unstable plaque phenotype. Conversely, lesion size and buried fibrous layers were reduced in apoE/MMP-12 double knockouts compared with controls, and double knockouts had increased smooth muscle cell and reduced macrophage content in the plaque, indicative of a stable plaque phenotype. ApoE/MMP-7 double knockout plaques contained significantly more smooth muscle cells than controls, but neither lesion size nor features of stability were altered in these animals. Hence, MMP-3 and MMP-9 appear normally to play protective roles, limiting plaque growth and promoting a stable plaque phenotype. MMP-12 supports lesion expansion and destabilization. MMP-7 has no effect on plaque growth or stability, although it is associated with reduced smooth muscle cell content in plaques. These data demonstrate that MMPs are directly involved in atherosclerotic plaque destabilization and clearly show that members of the MMP family have widely differing effects on atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Johnson
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom.
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190
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Hlavaty T, Pierik M, Henckaerts L, Ferrante M, Joossens S, van Schuerbeek N, Noman M, Rutgeerts P, Vermeire S. Polymorphisms in apoptosis genes predict response to infliximab therapy in luminal and fistulizing Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 22:613-26. [PMID: 16181301 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02635.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infliximab treatment is effective in 70-80% of patients with refractory luminal and fistulizing Crohn's disease. The effect of infliximab is ascribed to induction of apoptosis. AIM To study whether polymorphisms in apoptosis genes predict the response to infliximab and whether they interact with clinical predictors. METHODS Cohort of 287 consecutive patients treated with infliximab for refractory luminal (n = 204) or fistulizing (n = 83) Crohn's disease was genotyped for 21 polymorphisms in apoptosis genes. Short-term clinical response was assessed at week 4 (luminal Crohn's disease) or 10 (fistulizing Crohn's disease) after the first infliximab infusion. RESULTS The response rate was 69% in luminal and 80% in fistulizing Crohn's disease. In luminal Crohn's disease, two genetic predictors were identified: (i) patients with the Fas ligand -843 CC/CT genotype (n = 135) responded in 75%, with the TT genotype (n = 21) in 38% only (P = 0.002; OR = 0.11; 95% CI: 0.08-0.56). (ii) Patients with the caspase-9 93 TT (n = 9) genotype all responded, in contrast with 67% (n = 147) with the CC and CT genotype (P = 0.04; OR = 1.50; 95% CI: 1.34-1.68). Concomitant azathioprine/mercaptopurine therapy overcame the effect of unfavourable genotypes. In the fistulizing Crohn's disease cohort, the same Fas ligand -843 CC/CT genotype was the only predictor of response (P = 0.002; OR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.21-2.29), interacting with caspase-9 93 polymorphism but not with azathioprine/mercaptopurine. CONCLUSION We observed that polymorphisms in FasL/Fas system and caspase-9 influence the response to infliximab in luminal and fistulizing Crohn's disease. The strongest association was seen between the Fas ligand -843 TT genotype and non-response. Concomitant mercaptopurine/azathioprine therapy, however, was able to overcome the effect of unfavourable genotypes in luminal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hlavaty
- Gastroenterology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
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191
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Lugli E, Pinti M, Nasi M, Troiano L, Prada N, Mussini C, Borghi V, Esposito R, Cossarizza A. MMP-7 promoter polymorphisms do not influence CD4+ recovery and changes in plasma viral load during antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection. Int J Immunogenet 2005; 32:269-71. [PMID: 16164692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2005.00523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) generates soluble Fas Ligand (FasL), which is involved in the apoptotic loss of CD4+ T cells during HIV infection. We evaluated whether two polymorphisms in MMP-7 promoter could influence CD4+ recover in response to antiretroviral therapy, and found that these polymorphisms are ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lugli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chair of Immunology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
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192
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Bois PRJ, Brochard VF, Salin-Cantegrel AVA, Cleveland JL, Grosveld GC. FoxO1a-cyclic GMP-dependent kinase I interactions orchestrate myoblast fusion. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:7645-56. [PMID: 16107711 PMCID: PMC1190306 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.17.7645-7656.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory circuits that orchestrate mammalian myoblast cell fusion during myogenesis are poorly understood. The transcriptional activity of FoxO1a directly regulates this process, yet the molecular mechanisms governing FoxO1a activity during muscle cell differentiation remain unknown. Here we show an autoregulatory loop in which FoxO1a directly activates transcription of the cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI) gene and where the ensuing cGKI activity phosphorylates FoxO1a and abolishes its DNA binding activity. These findings establish the FoxO1a-to-cGKI pathway as a novel feedback loop that allows the precise tuning of myoblast fusion. Interestingly, this pathway appears to operate independently of muscle cell differentiation programs directed by myogenic transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe R J Bois
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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193
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Tanjoni I, Weinlich R, Della-Casa MS, Clissa PB, Saldanha-Gama RF, de Freitas MS, Barja-Fidalgo C, Amarante-Mendes GP, Moura-da-Silva AM. Jararhagin, a snake venom metalloproteinase, induces a specialized form of apoptosis (anoikis) selective to endothelial cells. Apoptosis 2005; 10:851-61. [PMID: 16133875 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-005-2945-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Jararhagin is a snake venom metalloproteinase (SVMP) from Bothrops jararaca involved in several hemostatic and inflammatory disorders that occur in human envenomings. In this study, we evaluated the effect of jararhagin on endothelial cells (tEnd). The exposure of tEnd to jararhagin (20 and 40microg/ml) resulted in apoptosis with activation of pro-caspase-3 and alterations in the ratio between Bax/Bcl-xL. We observed that apoptosis was followed by decrease of cell viability and the loss of cell adhesion. Jararhagin induced changes in cell shape with a decrease in cell spreading, rounding up and detachment. This was accompanied by a rearrangement of actin network and a decrease in FAK association to actin and in tyrosine phosphorylated proteins. Morphological alterations and apoptosis were abolished when jararhagin catalytic activity was inhibited, indicating the importance of catalysis. Treatment of murine peritoneal adherent cells or fibroblasts with jararhagin did not result in apoptosis. The data indicate that the pro-apoptotic effect of jararhagin is selective to endothelial cells, interfering with the adhesion mechanisms and inducing anoikis. The present model might be useful for the study of the relationships between the architectural changes in the cytoskeleton and the complex phenomenon named anoikis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tanjoni
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Brazil
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194
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Fatar M, Stroick M, Griebe M, Hennerici M. Matrix metalloproteinases in cerebrovascular diseases. Cerebrovasc Dis 2005; 20:141-51. [PMID: 16088108 DOI: 10.1159/000087197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2004] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases are important factors for tissue remodelling and are activated during several physiological and pathological conditions, including cerebrovascular diseases. We give an overview of the structure, production and physiological effects of these widely distributed proteases and describe the genetic background and regulation pathways. In particular, we discuss the role of matrix metalloproteinases in vascular remodelling concerning ischaemic stroke, brain haemorrhage, vascular dementia, carotid artery plaques and cerebral aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Fatar
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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195
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Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are matrix-degrading enzymes involved in diverse homeostatic and pathological processes. Several MMPs are expressed within the CNS and serve important normal and pathological functions during development and adulthood. An early and major pathological effect of MMP activity after cerebral ischemia is opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). More recent work demonstrates emerging roles for MMPs and their natural inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), in the regulation of neuronal cell death. In addition, MMPs and TIMPs are likely to play important roles during the repair phases of cerebral ischemia, particularly during angiogenesis and reestablishment of cerebral blood flow. This review attempts to elucidate how MMPs and TIMPs may provide detrimental or beneficial actions during the injury and repair processes after cerebral ischemia. These processes will have important implications for therapies using MMP inhibitors in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Anna Cunningham
- Departments of Neurosciences and Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Monica Wetzel
- Departments of Neurosciences and Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Gary A Rosenberg
- Departments of Neurosciences and Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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196
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Riccioli A, Dal Secco V, De Cesaris P, Starace D, Gandini L, Lenzi A, Dondero F, Padula F, Filippini A, Ziparo E. Presence of membrane and soluble forms of Fas ligand and of matrilysin (MMP-7) activity in normal and abnormal human semen. Hum Reprod 2005; 20:2814-20. [PMID: 15979995 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dei149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to shed some light on the role of the Fas system in human semen, by investigating whether there is an association between the expression of the molecules regulating the Fas system [membrane-bound Fas ligand (mFasL), soluble Fas ligand (sFasL) and matrilysin, the metalloprotease cleaving mFasL to sFasL] and sperm parameters. METHODS We investigated, by flow cytometric analysis, the presence of FasL on spermatozoa from normozoospermic and teratozoospermic subjects and, by western blot, the presence of sFasL and matrilysin in the seminal plasma of the same samples as well as on samples from azoospermic subjects. The enzymatic activity of matrilysin was examined by gel zymography. RESULTS We observed that sperm cells expressed mFasL in 22% of normozoospermic men, whereas it was absent from spermatozoa from teratozoospermic patients. Higher levels of sFasL and augmented enzymatic activity of matrilysin were found in azoospermic samples. CONCLUSIONS The presence of mFasL on sperm from normozoospermic men and its absence in pathological samples emphasize the role of the Fas system in human semen. Moreover, the presence of both sFasL and matrilysin in seminal plasma implies a fine regulation of the function of the Fas system and, consequently, of the apoptotic process in the human genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Riccioli
- Department of Histology and Medical Embryology, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy
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197
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Zhang J, Jin X, Fang S, Wang R, Li Y, Wang N, Guo W, Wang Y, Wen D, Wei L, Dong Z, Kuang G. The functional polymorphism in the matrix metalloproteinase-7 promoter increases susceptibility to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26:1748-53. [PMID: 15930031 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
An A to G transition at the 181 base pair position upstream of the transcription initiation site of the matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) gene (-181A/G) may modify the development and progression of some diseases via influencing the transcription activity of the promoter. To assess the effects of the functional single nucleotide polymorphism on cancer susceptibility and progression, the MMP-7 -181A/G genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis among 258 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), 201 patients with gastric cardiac carcinoma (GCA), 243 patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and 350 healthy individuals without cancer. The result showed that the frequency of the -181G allele in ESCC, GCA and NSCLC patients was significantly higher than that in healthy controls (P = 0.019, 0.023 and 0.004, respectively). Compared with the A/A genotype, genotypes with the -181G allele (A/G + G/G) significantly increased susceptibility to all three tumors, with adjusted odds ratio of 1.83 (95% CI = 1.12-2.99) for ESCC, 1.96 (95% CI = 1.17-3.29) for GCA and 2.00 (95% CI = 1.23-3.24) for NSCLC. Stratification analysis showed that smoking did not significantly influence the association between the MMP-7-181A/G and GCA or NSCLC, while the -181G allele only significantly increased susceptibility to ESCC among smokers. In addition, association between the -181G allele and susceptibility to ESCC and GCA showed significance only among individuals with family history of upper gastrointestinal cancer. The correlation of the MMP-7-181A/G polymorphism with potential of lymphatic metastasis was not observed in all three tumors. The study suggested that, the MMP-7-181A/G polymorphism might be a candidate marker for predicting individuals who are at higher risk to certain tumors but might not be used to predict potential of lymphatic metastasis in ESCC, GCA and NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Zhang
- Hebei Cancer Institute, Hebei Medical University, Jiankanglu 12, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China.
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198
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Abstract
Immediate and early trauma deaths are determined by primary brain injuries, or significant blood loss (haemorrhagic shock), while late mortality is caused by secondary brain injuries and host defence failure. First hits (hypoxia, hypotension, organ and soft tissue injuries, fractures), as well as second hits (e.g. ischaemia/reperfusion injuries, compartment syndromes, operative interventions, infections), induce a host defence response. This is characterized by local and systemic release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, arachidonic acid metabolites, proteins of the contact phase and coagulation systems, complement factors and acute phase proteins, as well as hormonal mediators: it is defined as systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), according to clinical parameters. However, in parallel, anti-inflammatory mediators are produced (compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS). An imbalance of these dual immune responses seems to be responsible for organ dysfunction and increased susceptibility to infections. Endothelial cell damage, accumulation of leukocytes, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and microcirculatory disturbances lead finally to apoptosis and necrosis of parenchymal cells, with the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), or multiple organ failure (MOF). Whereas most clinical trials with anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulant, or antioxidant strategies failed, the implementation of pre- and in-hospital trauma protocols and the principle of damage control procedures have reduced post-traumatic complications. However, the development of immunomonitoring will help in the selection of patients at risk of post-traumatic complications and, thereby, the choice of the most appropriate treatment protocols for severely injured patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Keel
- Division of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Pereira AMM, Strasberg-Rieber M, Rieber M. Invasion-associated MMP-2 and MMP-9 are Up-regulated Intracellularly in Concert with Apoptosis Linked to Melanoma Cell Detachment. Clin Exp Metastasis 2005; 22:285-95. [PMID: 16170665 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-005-8672-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases, like MMP-2 and MMP-9 gelatinases, show multiple functions as extracellular/cell-surface enzymes, and are broadly recognised for their matrix-degrading ability and involvement in cell motility. Given that adherent cells have reduced attachment during migration and also detach from their substratum during apoptosis, we now investigated whether extracellular matrix-bound gelatinases and intracellular MMP-2 and MMP-9 are modified with progression of death-inducing stimuli. This report shows that melanoma cells undergoing death in response to 2-acetyl furanonaphtoquinone (FNQ) as evidenced by greater Annexin V binding, increased cytosolic expression of pro-MMP-2 and intracellular activation of particulate MMP-9. These changes were associated with early activation of a substrate-attached 40 kDa gelatinase reciprocal with changes in extracellular matrix-bound activated MMP-2. A subsequent activation of secreted MMP-9 and induction of apoptosis-associated fragmentation of poly ADP-Ribose polymerase (PARP) correlated with cell detachment. Our data suggests that intracellularly activated gelatinases may cleave survival-associated substrates other than gelatin that share the Gly-Leu/Iso-Pro like collagen-binding acetylcholinesterase, thereby linking them to apoptosis associated with cell detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Mendes Pereira
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, Centre for Microbiology and Cell Biology, IVIC, Apartado 21827, Caracas, 1020 A, Venezuela.
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Okamoto T, Akuta T, Tamura F, van Der Vliet A, Akaike T. Molecular mechanism for activation and regulation of matrix metalloproteinases during bacterial infections and respiratory inflammation. Biol Chem 2005; 385:997-1006. [PMID: 15576319 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2004.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are critical mediators of tissue remodeling. Inappropriate regulation of MMPs causes many pathological events, including microbial invasion and inflammatory tissue damage. Some of the bacterial exoproteinases can effectively activate pro-MMPs (inactive zymogens) via limited proteolysis around their autoinhibitory domains. In addition, overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) may contribute to respiratory inflammation via the formation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Several studies have identified regulatory properties of NO/RNS on biomolecules due to functional modification of their cysteine residues. In fact, NO/RNS can mediate activation and expression of MMPs, because RNS can interact with a cysteine switch in the autoinhibitory domain, thus converting proMMPs into their active forms without proteolysis. Many studies have indicated that NO/RNS can participate in expression of various genes that affect immune-inflammatory responses, including MMPs. Although NO in some cases upregulates MMPs, S -nitrosothiols downregulate MMP-9 expression by suppressing the NF-kappaB pathway. While microbial proteinases cause excessive activation of MMPs and contribute to microbial pathogenesis, NO/RNS may modulate expression and activation of MMPs as well as various inflammatory mediators, depending on the redox status at sites of inflammation. Therefore, appropriate regulation of MMPs may be of potential therapeutic value for various infections and inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Okamoto
- Department of Microbiology and Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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