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Ghobadi S, Hassanzadeh-Rostami Z, Mohammadian F, Zare M, Faghih S. Effects of Canola Oil Consumption on Lipid Profile: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials. J Am Coll Nutr 2018; 38:185-196. [PMID: 30381009 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1475270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a well- known risk factor of cardiovascular disease. A healthy diet containing vegetable oils such as canola oil (CO) may help to reduce serum lipids. This study aimed to quantify the effects of CO on lipid parameters using a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, and Embase were systematically searched until December 2017, with no time and design restrictions. Also, a manual search was performed to find extra relevant articles. Lipid parameters including total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1), and apolipoprotein B (Apo B) were entered the meta-analysis. Weighed mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were stated as the effect size. Sensitivity analyses and prespecified subgroup were conducted to evaluate potential heterogeneity. Twenty-seven trials, comprising 1359 participants, met the eligibility criteria. Results of this study showed that CO consumption significantly reduced TC (-7.24 mg/dl, 95% CI, -12.1 to -2.7), and LDL (-6.4 mg/dl, 95% CI, -10.8 to -2), although it had no effects on HDL, TG, Apo B, and Apo A1. Effects of CO on TC and LDL significantly decreased after CO consumption in subgroups of >50 years of age participants and >30 intervention duration subgroup. Moreover, CO decreased LDL and TC compared to sunflower oil and saturated fat. This meta-analysis suggested that CO consumption improves serum TC and LDL, which could postpone heart disease progression. Key Teaching Points CO consumption could decrease serum TC and LDL, although it had no effects on other blood lipids. There was an overall significant effect of canola oil on TC and LDL compared to sunflower oil and saturated fats. CO could have beneficial effects on serum TC and LDL just when consumed longer than 30 days. CO consumption improved lipid profiles in participants older than 50 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ghobadi
- a Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences , Saveh , Iran.,b Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Zahra Hassanzadeh-Rostami
- c Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadian
- d Department of Physiology, School of Medicine , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Morteza Zare
- e Neuroscience Research Center , Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
| | - Shiva Faghih
- b Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran.,c Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
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152
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Fuhrmann A, Weingärtner O, Meyer S, Cremers B, Seiler-Mußler S, Schött HF, Kerksiek A, Friedrichs S, Ulbricht U, Zawada AM, Laufs U, Scheller B, Fliser D, Schulze PC, Böhm M, Heine GH, Lütjohann D. Plasma levels of the oxyphytosterol 7α-hydroxycampesterol are associated with cardiovascular events. Atherosclerosis 2018; 279:17-22. [PMID: 30366187 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There are safety issues regarding plant sterol ester-enriched functional food. Oxidized plant sterols, also called oxyphytosterols, are supposed to contribute to plant sterol atherogenicity. This study aimed to analyze associations of plasma oxyphytosterol levels with cardiovascular events. METHODS Plasma cholesterol was measured by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. Plasma campesterol and sitosterol and their 7-oxygenated metabolites were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass selective detection. RESULTS In 376 patients admitted for elective coronary angiography, who were not on lipid-lowering drugs, 82 cardiovascular events occurred during a follow-up period of 4.2 ± 1.8 years. Patients with cardiovascular events had significantly higher 7α-hydroxycampesterol plasma levels (median, 0.46; [interquartile range (IQR) 0.22-0.81] nmol/L vs. median, 0.25 [IQR, 0.17-0.61] nmol/L; p = 0.003) and 7α-hydroxycampesterol-to-cholesterol ratios (median 0.08 [IQR, 0.04-0.14] nmol/mmol vs. median, 0.05 [IQR 0.03-0.11] nmol/mmol; p = 0.005) than controls without such events. Patients above the median were characterized by higher cumulative event rates in Kaplan-Meier-analysis (Logrank-test p = 0.084 and p = 0.025) for absolute and cholesterol corrected 7α-hydroxycampesterol, respectively. After adjustment for influencing factors and related lipids, the hazard ratios per one standard deviation of the log-transformed variables (HR) were 1.19 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.95-1.48], p = 0.132 for 7α-hydroxycampesterol and HR, 1.18 [95% CI, 0.94-1.48], p = 0.154 for 7α-hydroxycampesterol-to-cholesterol ratio. None of the other investigated oxyphytosterols showed an association with cardiovascular events. CONCLUSIONS In patients not on lipid-lowering drugs, absolute plasma levels of 7α-hydroxycampesterol and their ratios to cholesterol are associated with cardiovascular events. Further research is required to elucidate the role of OPS in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Fuhrmann
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Weingärtner
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Germany; Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin - Kardiologie, Klinikum Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Germany, European Medical School Oldenburg-Groningen, Germany
| | - Sven Meyer
- Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin - Kardiologie, Klinikum Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Germany, European Medical School Oldenburg-Groningen, Germany
| | - Bodo Cremers
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Abteilung für Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Sarah Seiler-Mußler
- Klinik für Innere Medizin IV, Abteilung für Nieren- und Hochdruckkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Hans-F Schött
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anja Kerksiek
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany
| | - Silvia Friedrichs
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany
| | - Ursula Ulbricht
- Klinik für Innere Medizin IV, Abteilung für Nieren- und Hochdruckkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Adam M Zawada
- Klinik für Innere Medizin IV, Abteilung für Nieren- und Hochdruckkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bruno Scheller
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Abteilung für Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Danilo Fliser
- Klinik für Innere Medizin IV, Abteilung für Nieren- und Hochdruckkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | - Michael Böhm
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Abteilung für Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Gunnar H Heine
- Klinik für Innere Medizin IV, Abteilung für Nieren- und Hochdruckkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Medizinische Klinik II, Agaplesion Markus Krankenhaus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany.
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Pérez-Jiménez F, Pascual V, Meco JF, Pérez Martínez P, Delgado Lista J, Domenech M, Estruch R, León-Acuña A, López-Miranda J, Sánchez-Ramos A, Soler I Ferrer C, Soler-Rivas C, Solá Alberich RM, Valdivielso P, Ros E. Document of recommendations of the SEA 2018. Lifestyle in cardiovascular prevention. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2018; 30:280-310. [PMID: 30236615 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lifestyle is a complex concept that includes aspects external to ourselves that can modulate and influence our health. The knowledge of the relationship between lifestyle and cardiovascular risk does not attain the level of evidence achieved with clinical trials with drugs, because clinical studies are scarce and mainly of observational nature, albeit based on large cohorts. Nutritional epidemiology has the added difficulty of being based mostly on subjective dietary recall methods to ascertain nutrient and food intake over time, with the additional problems of incomplete data collection, variable measurements of adherence due to seasonal and geographical differences in food composition, and the changing eating behavior that human beings have over time. The purpose of this document is to carry out an updated and hierarchical review of the relationship between lifestyle and cardiovascular disease based on current evidence, paying attention to three aspects that are of great pathogenic importance and are directly modifiable: physical activity, tobacco consumption, and diet. With this, we intend to update the knowledge on this relationship, construct evidence-based recommendations, and provide a simple tool for clinical practice especially directed to health professionals involved in the care of people at cardiovascular risk, defining simple and easy strategies for individuals who receive advice for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Pérez-Jiménez
- Unidad de Lípidos y Arterioesclerosis, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), UGC de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, España; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Grupo de Nutrición y Estilo de Vida, Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis (SEA), España.
| | - Vicente Pascual
- Centro de Salud Palleter, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Castellón, España; Grupo de Nutrición y Estilo de Vida, Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis (SEA), España
| | - José Félix Meco
- Medicina Interna, Advance Medical, Barcelona, España; Grupo de Nutrición y Estilo de Vida, Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis (SEA), España
| | - Pablo Pérez Martínez
- Unidad de Lípidos y Arterioesclerosis, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), UGC de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, España; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Grupo de Nutrición y Estilo de Vida, Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis (SEA), España
| | - Javier Delgado Lista
- Unidad de Lípidos y Arterioesclerosis, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), UGC de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, España; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Grupo de Nutrición y Estilo de Vida, Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis (SEA), España
| | - Monica Domenech
- Grupo de Riesgo Cardiovascular, Nutrición y Envejecimiento del Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS). Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Clínic, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - Ramon Estruch
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Clínic. Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, España
| | - Ana León-Acuña
- Unidad de Lípidos y Arterioesclerosis, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), UGC de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, España; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Grupo de Nutrición y Estilo de Vida, Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis (SEA), España
| | - José López-Miranda
- Unidad de Lípidos y Arterioesclerosis, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), UGC de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, España; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Grupo de Nutrición y Estilo de Vida, Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis (SEA), España
| | - Andrea Sánchez-Ramos
- Unidad de Lípidos, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC de Medicina Interna, Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, España
| | - Cristina Soler I Ferrer
- Unidad de Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Medicina Interna, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Salt, Girona, España; Grupo de Nutrición y Estilo de Vida, Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis (SEA), España
| | - Cristina Soler-Rivas
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos. CIAL -Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (UAM +CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Rosa Maria Solá Alberich
- Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Diseases Group (NFOC-Salut), Hospital Universitario Sant Joan, EURECAT-Technological Center of Nutrition and Health (CTNS), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, España; Grupo de Nutrición y Estilo de Vida, Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis (SEA), España
| | - Pedro Valdivielso
- Unidad de Lípidos, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC de Medicina Interna, Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, España
| | - Emilio Ros
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Clínic. Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, España; Unidad de Lípidos, Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, España; Grupo de Nutrición y Estilo de Vida, Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis (SEA), España.
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154
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Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, Albus C, Brotons C, Catapano AL, Cooney MT, Corrà U, Cosyns B, Deaton C, Graham I, Hall MS, Hobbs FDR, Løchen ML, Löllgen H, Marques-Vidal P, Perk J, Prescott E, Redon J, Richter DJ, Sattar N, Smulders Y, Tiberi M, Bart van der Worp H, van Dis I, Verschuren WMM. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts) Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Atherosclerosis 2018; 252:207-274. [PMID: 27664503 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ugo Corrà
- Societie: European Society of Cardiology (ESC)
| | | | | | - Ian Graham
- Societie: European Society of Cardiology (ESC)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joep Perk
- Societie: European Society of Cardiology (ESC)
| | | | - Josep Redon
- Societie: European Society of Hypertension (ESH)
| | | | - Naveed Sattar
- Societie: European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)
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155
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LDL-Cholesterol Lowering of Plant Sterols and Stanols-Which Factors Influence Their Efficacy? Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091262. [PMID: 30205492 PMCID: PMC6163911 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering effect of plant sterols/stanols (PSS) is summarized in several meta-analyses showing a dose-response relationship with intakes of 1.5 to 3 g/day lowering LDL-C by 7.5% to 12%. This review summarizes evidence for the impact of various factors potentially influencing the LDL-C-lowering efficacy of PSS. PSS are efficacious in all food formats and in food supplements. Some factors related to food format, e.g., solid vs. liquid foods, seem to impact efficacy, while there is no difference between free PSS and esters. Compared to multiple daily intakes, once-a-day intake of PSS, especially in the morning with light breakfast, leads to a sub-optimal LDL-C lowering. However, intake frequency seems influenced by intake occasion, i.e., with or without a meal, and time of day. Meal intake is a critical factor for an optimal LDL-C lowering efficacy of PSS. While age has no impact, gender is suggested to influence the LDL-C lowering effect of PSS with greater reductions reported for men than women; but overall evidence is inconclusive and larger studies show no gender by treatment interaction. In conclusion, PSS are efficacious in all foods and food supplements; for optimal efficacy they should be consumed with a (main) meal and twice daily.
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156
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Yang W, Gage H, Jackson D, Raats M. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of plant sterol or stanol-enriched functional foods as a primary prevention strategy for people with cardiovascular disease risk in England: a modeling study. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS : HEPAC : HEALTH ECONOMICS IN PREVENTION AND CARE 2018; 19:909-922. [PMID: 29110223 PMCID: PMC6105215 DOI: 10.1007/s10198-017-0934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This study appraises the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of consumption of plant sterol-enriched margarine-type spreads for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in people with hypercholesterolemia in England, compared to a normal diet. A nested Markov model was employed using the perspective of the British National Health Service (NHS). Effectiveness outcomes were the 10-year CVD risk of individuals with mild (4-6 mmol/l) and high (above 6 mmol/l) cholesterol by gender and age groups (45-54, 55-64, 65-74, 75-85 years); CVD events avoided and QALY gains over 20 years. This study found that daily consumption of enriched spread reduces CVD risks more for men and older age groups. Assuming 50% compliance, 69 CVD events per 10,000 men and 40 CVD events per 10,000 women would be saved over 20 years. If the NHS pays the excess cost of enriched spreads, for the high-cholesterol group, the probability of enriched spreads being cost-effective is 100% for men aged over 64 years and women over 74, at £20,000/QALY threshold. Probabilities of cost-effectiveness are lower at younger ages, with mildly elevated cholesterol and over a 10-year time horizon. If consumers bear the full cost of enriched spreads, NHS savings arise from reduced CVD events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King’s College London, London, WC2R 2LS UK
| | - Heather Gage
- School of Economics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH UK
| | - Daniel Jackson
- School of Economics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH UK
| | - Monique Raats
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Food, Consumer Behaviour and Health Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH UK
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157
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Timoszuk M, Bielawska K, Skrzydlewska E. Evening Primrose ( Oenothera biennis) Biological Activity Dependent on Chemical Composition. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7080108. [PMID: 30110920 PMCID: PMC6116039 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7080108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Evening primrose (Oenothera L.) is a plant belonging to the family Onagraceae, in which the most numerous species is Oenothera biennis. Some plants belonging to the genus Oenothera L. are characterized by biological activity. Therefore, studies were conducted to determine the dependence of biological activity on the chemical composition of various parts of the evening primrose, mainly leaves, stems, and seeds. Common components of all parts of the Oenothera biennis plants are fatty acids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. In contrast, primrose seeds also contain proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins. Therefore, it is believed that the most interesting sources of biologically active compounds are the seeds and, above all, evening primrose seed oil. This oil contains mainly aliphatic alcohols, fatty acids, sterols, and polyphenols. Evening primrose oil (EPO) is extremely high in linoleic acid (LA) (70–74%) and γ-linolenic acid (GLA) (8–10%), which may contribute to the proper functioning of human tissues because they are precursors of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids. EPO supplementation results in an increase in plasma levels of γ-linolenic acid and its metabolite dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA). This compound is oxidized by lipoxygenase (15-LOX) to 15-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (15-HETrE) or, under the influence of cyclooxygenase (COX), DGLA is metabolized to series 1 prostaglandins. These compounds have anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties. Furthermore, 15-HETrE blocks the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) to leukotriene A4 (LTA4) by direct inhibition of 5-LOX. In addition, γ-linolenic acid suppresses inflammation mediators such as interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and cytokine - tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). The beneficial effects of EPO have been demonstrated in the case of atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, Sjögren’s syndrome, asthma, and anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Timoszuk
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Bielawska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland.
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158
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Poli A, Barbagallo CM, Cicero AF, Corsini A, Manzato E, Trimarco B, Bernini F, Visioli F, Bianchi A, Canzone G, Crescini C, de Kreutzenberg S, Ferrara N, Gambacciani M, Ghiselli A, Lubrano C, Marelli G, Marrocco W, Montemurro V, Parretti D, Pedretti R, Perticone F, Stella R, Marangoni F. Nutraceuticals and functional foods for the control of plasma cholesterol levels. An intersociety position paper. Pharmacol Res 2018; 134:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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159
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Cabral CE, Klein MRST. Phytosterols in the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases. Arq Bras Cardiol 2018; 109:475-482. [PMID: 29267628 PMCID: PMC5729784 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20170158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytosterols are bioactive compounds found in foods of plant origin, which can be
divided into plant sterols and plant stanols. Clinical studies consistently
indicate that the intake of phytosterols (2 g/day) is associated with a
significant reduction (8-10%) in levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
(LDL-cholesterol). Thus, several guidelines recommend the intake of 2 g/day of
plant sterols and/or stanols in order to reduce LDL-cholesterol levels. As the
typical western diet contains only about 300 mg/day of phytosterols, foods
enriched with phytosterols are usually used to achieve the recommended intake.
Although phytosterols decrease LDL-cholesterol levels, there is no evidence that
they reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases; on the contrary, some studies
suggest an increased risk of atherosclerosis with increasing serum levels of
phytosterols. This review aims to address the evidence available in the
literature on the relationship between phytosterols and risk of cardiovascular
disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Cabral
- Divisão de Nutrição - Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil
| | - Márcia Regina Simas Torres Klein
- Divisão de Nutrição - Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil.,Departamento de Nutrição Aplicada - Instituto de Nutrição - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil
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160
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Influence of adding a commercial phytosterol ester mixture on the ‘equilibrium’ crystallization behavior of palm oil. FOOD STRUCTURE-NETHERLANDS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foostr.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chiavaroli L, Nishi SK, Khan TA, Braunstein CR, Glenn AJ, Mejia SB, Rahelić D, Kahleová H, Salas-Salvadó J, Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Sievenpiper JL. Portfolio Dietary Pattern and Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Controlled Trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2018; 61:43-53. [PMID: 29807048 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evidence for the Portfolio dietary pattern, a plant-based dietary pattern that combines recognized cholesterol-lowering foods (nuts, plant protein, viscous fibre, plant sterols), has not been summarized. OBJECTIVE To update the European Association for the Study of Diabetes clinical practice guidelines for nutrition therapy, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials using GRADE of the effect of the Portfolio dietary pattern on the primary therapeutic lipid target for cardiovascular disease prevention, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and other established cardiometabolic risk factors. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and The Cochrane Library through April 19, 2018. We included controlled trials ≥ 3-weeks assessing the effect of the Portfolio dietary pattern on cardiometabolic risk factors compared with an energy-matched control diet free of Portfolio dietary pattern components. Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed risk of bias. The primary outcome was LDL-C. Data were pooled using the generic inverse-variance method and expressed as mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was assessed (Cochran Q statistic) and quantified (I2-statistic). GRADE assessed the certainty of the evidence. RESULTS Eligibility criteria were met by 7 trial comparisons in 439 participants with hyperlipidemia, in which the Portfolio dietary pattern was given on a background of a National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Step II diet. The combination of a portfolio dietary pattern and NCEP Step II diet significantly reduced the primary outcome LDL-C by ~17% (MD, -0.73 mmol/L, [95% CI, -0.89 to -0.56 mmol/L]) as well as non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, total cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, C-reactive protein, and estimated 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, compared with an NCEP Step 2 diet alone (p < 0.05). There was no effect on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or body weight. The certainty of the evidence was high for LDL-cholesterol and most lipid outcomes and moderate for all others outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence demonstrates that the Portfolio dietary pattern leads to clinically meaningful improvements in LDL-C as well as other established cardiometabolic risk factors and estimated 10-year CHD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Chiavaroli
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie K Nishi
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tauseef A Khan
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Catherine R Braunstein
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea J Glenn
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sonia Blanco Mejia
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dario Rahelić
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Pharmacology, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hana Kahleová
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Diabetes Centre, Prague, Czech Republic; Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Human Nutrition Department, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - David J A Jenkins
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cyril W C Kendall
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - John L Sievenpiper
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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162
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Plant sterols lower LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in dyslipidemic individuals with or at risk of developing type 2 diabetes; a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutr Diabetes 2018; 8:30. [PMID: 29795368 PMCID: PMC5968034 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-018-0039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Managing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, e.g., dyslipidemia in type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is critically important as CVD is the most common cause of death in T2DM patients. This study aimed to investigate the effect of plant sterols (PS) on lowering both elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG). Methods In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel study, 161 individuals at increased risk of and with established T2DM, consumed low-fat spreads without or with added PS (2 g/d) for 6 weeks after a 2-week run-in period. Increased risk of developing T2DM was defined by the Australian T2DM Risk Assessment Tool (AUSDRISK). Fasting serum/plasma total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, TG, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), glucose and insulin were measured at baseline and after 6 weeks. Effects on acute and chronic postprandial blood lipids, glucose and insulin were measured over 4-h in 39 individuals with T2DM following a mixed meal challenge without and with added 2 g/d PS at week 6. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02288585). Results Hundred fifty-one individuals completed the study and 138 (57% men, 43% women; 44 with and 94 at risk of T2DM) were included in per protocol analysis. Baseline LDL-C and TG were 3.8 ± 1.0 and 2.5 ± 0.8 mmol/l, respectively. PS intake significantly lowered fasting LDL-C (−4.6%, 95%CI −1.2; −8.0; p = 0.009), TC (−4.2%, 95%CI −1.2; −7.1; p = 0.006) and TG (−8.3%, 95% −1.1, −15.0; p = 0.024) with no significant changes in HDL-C, glucose or insulin. Postprandial lipid (TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, remnant cholesterol), glucose and insulin responses did not differ. Conclusions In individuals at risk of and with established T2DM and with elevated TG and LDL-C, 2 g/d of PS results in dual LDL-C plus TG lowering. Postprandial lipid or glycemic responses did not differ between PS and control treatment.
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163
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Blom WAM, Koppenol WP, Hiemstra H, Stojakovic T, Scharnagl H, Trautwein EA. A low-fat spread with added plant sterols and fish omega-3 fatty acids lowers serum triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in individuals with modest hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:1615-1624. [PMID: 29725824 PMCID: PMC6561982 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The primary and secondary objectives were to investigate the triglyceride (TG) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering effects of a spread with added plant sterols (PS) and fish oil as compared to a placebo spread. Methods This study had a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group design with two intervention arms. Following a 2-week placebo run-in period, 260 healthy individuals with modestly elevated blood TG (≥ 1.4 mmol/L) and LDL-C (≥ 3.4 mmol/L) concentrations consumed either the placebo or intervention spread for 4 weeks. The intervention spread contained 2.0 g/day PS and 1.0 g/day eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexanoic acid (DHA) from fish oil. Fasting serum lipids and apolipoproteins (Apo) (exploratory) were measured at the end of the run-in and intervention phases. Results Four-week consumption of the intervention spread resulted in significantly lower TG (− 10.6%, 95% CI − 16.0 to − 4.9%; P < 0.001) and LDL-C concentrations (− 5.2%; 95% CI − 7.8 to − 2.4%) as compared to placebo. Total cholesterol (− 3.9%; 95% CI − 6.1 to − 1.5%), non-HDL-C (− 5.4%; 95% CI − 8.1 to − 2.7%), remnant-cholesterol (− 8.1%; 95% CI − 3.4 to − 12.5%), ApoAII (− 2.9%; 95% CI − 5.5 to − 0.2%), ApoCIII (− 7.7%; 95% CI − 12.1 to − 3.1%) and ApoB (− 3.2%; 95% CI − 5.9 to − 0.4%) concentrations were also significantly lower, as compared to placebo. No significant treatment effects were found for HDL-cholesterol, ApoAI, ApoCII, Apo E or ApoB/ApoAI. Conclusions Four-week consumption of the intervention spread led to significant and clinically relevant decreases in serum TG, LDL-C and other blood lipid concentrations. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 02728583). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00394-018-1706-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A M Blom
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
- , PO Box 114, 3130 AC, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wieneke P Koppenol
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Hiemstra
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Tatjana Stojakovic
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Elke A Trautwein
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
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164
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Alvarez-Sala A, Blanco-Morales V, Cilla A, Garcia-Llatas G, Sánchez-Siles LM, Barberá R, Lagarda MJ. Safe intake of a plant sterol-enriched beverage with milk fat globule membrane: Bioaccessibility of sterol oxides during storage. J Food Compost Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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165
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Daels E, Goderis B, Matton V, Foubert I. Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Palm Oil as Influenced by Addition of a Commercial Phytosterol Ester Mixture. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:3910-3921. [PMID: 29565588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In literature there is good agreement on the health-promoting effects of phytosterols. However, addition of phytosterol esters (PEs) to lipid (containing food products) may influence its crystallization behavior. This study investigated the crystallization kinetics of palm oil (PO) after addition of PEs in high concentrations (≥10%). The isothermal crystallization of the PE-PO blends was analyzed at a temperature of 20 °C and at a supercooling of 18.7 °C using differential scanning calorimetry and time-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction. At increasing PE concentrations, PO crystallization at an isothermal temperature of 20 °C started later and was slower and a smaller amount of crystals were formed. Furthermore, a delay in polymorphic transition from α to β' was observed. When the blends were isothermally crystallized at a supercooling of 18.7 °C, only two of these effects remained: the delay in polymorphic transition and the decrease in crystalline content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Daels
- Research Unit Food and Lipids , KU Leuven Kulak , Etienne Sabbelaan 53 Box 7659, 8500 Kortrijk , Belgium
- Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe) , Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 Box 2463, 3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Bart Goderis
- KU Leuven Polymer Chemistry and Materials , Celestijnenlaan 200f Box 2404, 3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Valerie Matton
- Research Unit Food and Lipids , KU Leuven Kulak , Etienne Sabbelaan 53 Box 7659, 8500 Kortrijk , Belgium
- Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe) , Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 Box 2463, 3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Imogen Foubert
- Research Unit Food and Lipids , KU Leuven Kulak , Etienne Sabbelaan 53 Box 7659, 8500 Kortrijk , Belgium
- Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe) , Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 Box 2463, 3001 Leuven , Belgium
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166
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Fumeron F, Bard JM, Lecerf JM. Interindividual variability in the cholesterol-lowering effect of supplementation with plant sterols or stanols. Nutr Rev 2018; 75:134-145. [PMID: 28158760 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) plays a causal role in atherosclerosis. One way to reduce LDL-C levels is to inhibit cholesterol absorption. Plant sterols and stanols compete with cholesterol for absorption in the intestine and induce an average decrease in LDL-C by 5% to 15% in a dose-dependent manner, but not in all individuals. This review focuses on the interindividual variability in response to dietary supplementation with plant sterols and stanols. Dietary plant sterols and stanols have no significant effects on LDL-C in substantial numbers of individuals. Higher responses, in absolute value and percentage of LDL-C, are observed in individuals with higher cholesterol absorption and a lower rate of cholesterol synthesis. Some data provide evidence of the influence of genetics on the response to plant sterols and stanols. Further studies in large populations are required to extend these conclusions about genetic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Fumeron
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; UPMC Université Paris 6, Sorbonne Universités, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France. Université de Nantes (EA 2160), Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral (IUML) FR3473, CNRS et CRNH (Centre de recherche en Nutrition Humaine), Nantes, France; Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France. Service de Nutrition, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marie Bard
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; UPMC Université Paris 6, Sorbonne Universités, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France. Université de Nantes (EA 2160), Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral (IUML) FR3473, CNRS et CRNH (Centre de recherche en Nutrition Humaine), Nantes, France; Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France. Service de Nutrition, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Lecerf
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; UPMC Université Paris 6, Sorbonne Universités, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France. Université de Nantes (EA 2160), Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral (IUML) FR3473, CNRS et CRNH (Centre de recherche en Nutrition Humaine), Nantes, France; Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France. Service de Nutrition, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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167
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Phytosterols and their derivatives: Structural diversity, distribution, metabolism, analysis, and health-promoting uses. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 70:35-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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168
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Sievenpiper JL, Chan CB, Dworatzek PD, Freeze C, Williams SL. Nutrition Therapy. Can J Diabetes 2018; 42 Suppl 1:S64-S79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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169
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Najjar RS, Moore CE, Montgomery BD. A defined, plant-based diet utilized in an outpatient cardiovascular clinic effectively treats hypercholesterolemia and hypertension and reduces medications. Clin Cardiol 2018; 41:307-313. [PMID: 29575002 DOI: 10.1002/clc.22863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major economic burden in the United States. CVD risk factors, particularly hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, are typically treated with drug therapy. Five-year efficacy of such drugs to prevent CVD is estimated to be 5%. Plant-based diets have emerged as effective mitigators of these risk factors. HYPOTHESIS The implementation of a defined, plant-based diet for 4 weeks in an outpatient clinical setting may mitigate CVD risk factors and reduce patient drug burden. METHODS Participants consumed a plant-based diet consisting of foods prepared in a defined method in accordance with a food-classification system. Participants consumed raw fruits, vegetables, seeds, and avocado. All animal products were excluded from the diet. Participant anthropometric and hemodynamic data were obtained weekly for 4 weeks. Laboratory biomarkers were collected at baseline and at 4 weeks. Medication needs were assessed weekly. Data were analyzed using paired-samples t tests and 1-way repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS Significant reductions were observed for systolic (-16.6 mmHg) and diastolic (-9.1 mmHg) blood pressure (P < 0.0005), serum lipids (P ≤ 0.008), and total medication usage (P < 0.0005). Other CVD risk factors, including weight (P < 0.0005), waist circumference (P < 0.0005), heart rate (P = 0.018), insulin (P < 0.0005), glycated hemoglobin (P = 0.002), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (P = 0.001) were also reduced. CONCLUSION A defined, plant-based diet can be used as an effective therapeutic strategy in the clinical setting to mitigate cardiovascular risk factors and reduce patient drug burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami S Najjar
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, Houston, Texas
| | - Carolyn E Moore
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, Houston, Texas
| | - Baxter D Montgomery
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas.,Montgomery Heart & Wellness, Houston, Texas
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170
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Lei L, Chen J, Liu Y, Wang L, Zhao G, Chen ZY. Dietary Wheat Bran Oil Is Equally as Effective as Rice Bran Oil in Reducing Plasma Cholesterol. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2765-2774. [PMID: 29502409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b06093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Rice bran oil (RBO) possesses a plasma cholesterol-lowering activity, while effect of wheat bran oil (WBO) on plasma cholesterol remains unknown. The present study compared the cholesterol-lowering activity of WBO with that of RBO in hamsters. Fifty-four male hamsters were divided into seven groups fed either a noncholesterol diet (NCD) or one of six high-cholesterol diets, namely HCD diet (0.2% cholesterol +9.5% lard), HCD+C diet (0.2% cholesterol +9.5% lard +0.5% cholestyramine), WL diet (0.2% cholesterol +4.8% Lard +4.8% WBO), WH diet (0.2% cholesterol +9.5% WBO), RL diet (0.2% cholesterol +4.8% Lard +4.8% RBO), and RH diet (0.2% cholesterol +9.5% RBO). Plasma total cholesterol (TC) in HCD group was 327.4 ± 31.8 mg/dL, while plasma TC in two WBO and two RBO groups was 242.2 ± 20.8, 243.1 ± 31.7, 257.1 ± 16.3, and 243.4 ± 46.0 mg/dL, respectively, leading to a decrease in plasma TC by 22-26% ( P < 0.01). No significant difference in cholesterol-lowering potency was seen between WBO and RBO. Plasma cholesterol-lowering activity of WBO and RBO was accompanied by down-regulation of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and fatty acid synthase, while up-regulation of cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase. WL, WH, RL, and RH diets increased the fecal excretion of total neutral sterols by 72.8%, 106.9%, 5.4%, and 36.8% ( P < 0.01) respectively. Results indicated WBO and RBO could inhibit cholesterol absorption via down-regulation of intestinal Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 protein, acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2, and ATP binding cassette transporter 5. In summary, WBO was equally effective as RBO in decreasing plasma cholesterol in hypercholesterolemia hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lei
- College of Food Science , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
- School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong, Kong , China
| | - Jingnan Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Transformation and Utilization of Cereal Resource , Henan University of Technology , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- School of Public Health , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen , China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- College of Food Science , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong, Kong , China
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171
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Associations of dietary phytosterols with blood lipid profiles and prevalence of obesity in Chinese adults, a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:54. [PMID: 29548289 PMCID: PMC5857105 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0703-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been established in RCTs that high dose of phytosterols can significantly reduce blood cholesterol. However, it was uncertain whether low dose of phytosterols from daily diets was effective. In this study, we evaluated the associations between dietary phytosterols and body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood glucose, serum lipid profiles and prevalence of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity in healthy subjects. METHODS Four hundred nine men and 503 women aged 18-60 years were included in this study. Dietary intakes of phytosterols were estimated using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Height, body weight, WC and blood pressure were measured, an oral glucose tolerance test was performed. Moreover, fasting serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) were further determined. RESULTS When comparing extreme quartiles of dietary phytosterols, significant differences of BMI, WC, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), serum TC and LDLc were found. Dietary phytosterols presented a negative association with BMI, WC, SBP, DBP, serum TC and LDLc (with and without adjustment for energy). After adjustment for confounders, we found higher dietary phytosterols were linked with lower prevalence of overweight/obesity (OR highest vs. lowest quartile = 0.487; 95% CI 0.234, 0.918 for men; OR highest vs. lowest quartile = 0.277; 95% CI 0.124, 0.619 for women) and abdominal obesity (OR highest vs. lowest quartile = 0.344; 95% CI 0.144, 0.819 for men; OR highest vs. lowest quartile = 0.321; 95% CI 0.140, 0.571 for women). CONCLUSIONS Higher dietary phytosterols were associated with lower BMI, WC, blood pressure, serum TC and LDLc and lower prevalence of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity in Chinese adults.
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172
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Clifton P, Keogh J. Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Plant Sterols in One Serve of Wholegrain Wheat Breakfast Cereal Biscuits-a Randomised Crossover Clinical Trial. Foods 2018; 7:foods7030039. [PMID: 29547511 PMCID: PMC5867554 DOI: 10.3390/foods7030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The meta-analysis of plant sterol supplement studies suggests an 8% lowering of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol for 2 to 2.5 g/day of plant sterols. Cereal foods have been rarely tested, and one study showed a lower LDL lowering of 5.4% with 1.6 g of plant sterol in breakfast cereal. We aimed to test a breakfast wheat biscuit with 2 g of plant sterols in a single serve of two wholegrain wheat breakfast cereal biscuits. Fifty volunteers with a total cholesterol of >5.5 mmol/L were recruited for a randomised crossover study with two 4-week periods with no washout, of which 45 successfully completed the study. After exclusion of four outliers, the difference in LDL cholesterol between standard wholegrain wheat breakfast cereal biscuit and plant sterol-enriched wholegrain wheat breakfast cereal biscuit was 0.23 mmol/L or 5.6% (p = 0.001) with a 95% confidence interval of 2.4–8.9%. Men and daily cereal consumers had greater responses 9.8% vs. 3.6% and 7.2% vs. 3.8% respectively (p < 0.05). The LDL lowering effect of 2 g of plant sterol enriched from one serve of wholegrain wheat breakfast cereal biscuit was not significantly different from other food products delivering 2–2.5 g of plant sterols daily. Regular cereal consumers have a better response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Clifton
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Jennifer Keogh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia.
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173
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Masana L, Ros E, Sudano I, Angoulvant D. Is there a role for lifestyle changes in cardiovascular prevention? What, when and how? ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2018; 26:2-15. [PMID: 28434481 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(17)30020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lifestyle has been found to play an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). There is evidence to suggest that if lifestyle factors are modified successfully, the relative risk of CVD can be reduced. Risk factors for CVD such as high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemias can be modified by lifestyle changes. The main aim of this article is to provide best practice approaches and support for healthcare professionals on the role of lifestyle changes in the prevention of CVD. METHODS A working group of experts discussed existing guidelines, clinical practice and evidence, and provided their recommendations on ten topics concerning the role of lifestyle in CVD prevention. These topics covered important lifestyle factors as well as tools/approaches to assess or encourage lifestyle changes. RESULTS The group of clinical experts collaborated to provide their opinion on the following topics: one diet versus customised diets; the role of alcohol consumption in a healthy diet; a diet based on nutrient composition or on whole foods; a Mediterranean versus low-fat diet; the role of dietary supplements; physical activity; smoking cessation; the role of a nutritionist/dietitian in a CVD risk multidisciplinary team; tools to be implemented to assess diet, physical activity and smoking status; and the most effective approaches to encourage lifestyle changes. CONCLUSIONS The expert working group agreed that lifestyle changes were important in preventing CVD and provided recommendations which complemented current guidance and increased clarity on several topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluís Masana
- Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Reus, Spain.
| | - Emilio Ros
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabella Sudano
- University Heart Center Cardiology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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174
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Lestiani L, Chandra DN, Laitinen K, Ambarwati FD, Kuusisto P, Lukito W. Double-Blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial Demonstrating Serum Cholesterol Lowering Efficacy of a Smoothie Drink with Added Plant Stanol Esters in an Indonesian Population. CHOLESTEROL 2018; 2018:4857473. [PMID: 29535869 PMCID: PMC5817357 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4857473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Indonesians have a high intake of saturated fats, a key contributing dietary factor to elevated blood cholesterol concentrations. We investigated the cholesterol lowering efficacy of a smoothie drink with 2 grams of plant stanols as esters to lower serum total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolemic Indonesian adults. The double-blind randomized placebo controlled parallel design study involved 99 subjects. Fifty subjects received control drink and dietary advice, and 49 subjects received intervention drink (Nutrive Benecol®) and dietary advice. Baseline, midline (week 2), and endline (week 4) assessments were undertaken for clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical variables. Compared to control, the smoothie drink with plant stanols reduced serum LDL-cholesterol concentration by 7.6% (p < 0.05) and 9.0% (p < 0.05) in two and four weeks, respectively. Serum total cholesterol was reduced by 5.7% (p < 0.05 compared to control) in two weeks, and no further reduction was detected after four weeks (5.6%). Compared to baseline habitual diet, LDL-cholesterol was reduced by 9.3% (p < 0.05) and 9.8% (p < 0.05) in the plant stanol ester group in two and four weeks, respectively. We conclude that consumption of smoothie drink with added plant stanol esters effectively reduces serum total and LDL-cholesterol of hypercholesterolemic Indonesian subjects already in two weeks. Trial is registered as NCT02316808.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanny Lestiani
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dian Novita Chandra
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Kirsi Laitinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Widjaja Lukito
- Human Nutrition Research Center, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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175
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Ubeyitogullari A, Moreau R, Rose DJ, Zhang J, Ciftci ON. Enhancing the Bioaccessibility of Phytosterols Using Nanoporous Corn and Wheat Starch Bioaerogels. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201700229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ubeyitogullari
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE 68588‐6205USA
| | - Régis Moreau
- Department of Nutrition and Health SciencesUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE 68583‐0806USA
| | - Devin J. Rose
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE 68588‐6205USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE 68588USA
| | - Ozan N. Ciftci
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE 68588‐6205USA
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176
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Lin Y, Knol D, Menéndez-Carreño M, Baris R, Janssen HG, Trautwein EA. Oxidation of sitosterol and campesterol in foods upon cooking with liquid margarines without and with added plant sterol esters. Food Chem 2018; 241:387-396. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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177
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Devries S. Coronary Artery Disease. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35868-2.00026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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178
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Alvarez-Sala A, Blanco-Morales V, Cilla A, Silvestre RÁ, Hernández-Álvarez E, Granado-Lorencio F, Barberá R, Garcia-Llatas G. A positive impact on the serum lipid profile and cytokines after the consumption of a plant sterol-enriched beverage with a milk fat globule membrane: a clinical study. Food Funct 2018; 9:5209-5219. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00353j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Positive impact on serum lipids and cytokines after functional beverage's intake by postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Alvarez-Sala
- Nutrition and Food Science Area
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Valencia
- Burjassot (Valencia)
- Spain
| | - Virginia Blanco-Morales
- Nutrition and Food Science Area
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Valencia
- Burjassot (Valencia)
- Spain
| | - Antonio Cilla
- Nutrition and Food Science Area
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Valencia
- Burjassot (Valencia)
- Spain
| | - Ramona Ángeles Silvestre
- Clinical Biochemistry. Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Spain
| | - Elena Hernández-Álvarez
- Clinical Biochemistry. Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Spain
| | - Fernando Granado-Lorencio
- Clinical Biochemistry. Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Spain
| | - Reyes Barberá
- Nutrition and Food Science Area
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Valencia
- Burjassot (Valencia)
- Spain
| | - Guadalupe Garcia-Llatas
- Nutrition and Food Science Area
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Valencia
- Burjassot (Valencia)
- Spain
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179
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Rusu ME, Gheldiu AM, Mocan A, Vlase L, Popa DS. Anti-aging potential of tree nuts with a focus on the phytochemical composition, molecular mechanisms and thermal stability of major bioactive compounds. Food Funct 2018; 9:2554-2575. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01967j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tree nuts, complete functional foods, contain macro- and micronutrients of high biological value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Emil Rusu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Cluj-Napoca 400012
- Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Gheldiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Cluj-Napoca 400012
- Romania
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Cluj-Napoca 400012
- Romania
| | - Laurian Vlase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Cluj-Napoca 400012
- Romania
| | - Daniela-Saveta Popa
- Department of Toxicology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Cluj-Napoca 400012
- Romania
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180
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Plant-Based Beverages as Good Sources of Free and Glycosidic Plant Sterols. Nutrients 2017; 10:nu10010021. [PMID: 29286348 PMCID: PMC5793249 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To address the ever-growing group of health-conscious consumers, more and more nutritional and health claims are being used on food products. Nevertheless, only very few food constituents, including plant sterols, have been appointed an approved health claim (European Commission and Food and Drugs Administration). Plant sterols are part of those limited lists of approved compounds for their cholesterol-lowering properties but have been praised for their anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties as well. Despite this indisputable reputation, direct quantitative data is still lacking for naturally present (conjugated) plant sterols in beverages. This study aimed to fill this gap by applying a validated extraction and UPLC-MS/MS detection method to a diverse range of everyday plant-based beverages. β-sitosterol-β-d-glucoside (BSSG) showed to be by far the most abundant sterol in all beverages studied, with concentrations up to 60-90 mg per 100 mL in plant-based milk alternatives and fresh fruit juices. Ergosterol (provitamin D₂) could be found in beers (0.8-6.1 µg per 100 mL, from the yeast) and occasionally in juices (17-29 µg per 100 mL). Overall, the results demonstrated that the concentrations of water-soluble sterol conjugates have been underestimated significantly and that specific plant-based beverages can be good, low-fat sources of these plant sterols.
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181
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Shen T, Xing G, Zhu J, Zhang S, Cai Y, Li D, Xu G, Xing E, Rao J, Shi R. Effects of 12-week supplementation of marine Omega-3 PUFA-based formulation Omega3Q10 in older adults with prehypertension and/or elevated blood cholesterol. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:253. [PMID: 29282085 PMCID: PMC5745982 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds To study the effects of supplementation of a marine omega-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFA) formulation (Omega3Q10) in older adults with hypertension and/or hypercholesterolemia. Methods A total of 97 people were enrolled to receive 12-week supplementation of either Omega3Q10 (n = 48) or soybean oil (n = 49). Total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and hypertension-related symptoms were determined before and after the supplementation. Results There were no baseline differences between the two groups. Omega3Q10 supplementation significantly reduced diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (from 81.6 ± 5.3 mmHg to 79.3 ± 5.2 mmHg, P < 0.05). Blood concentrations of TC and LDL-C decreased significantly and blood HDL-C level increased significantly after 12 weeks of Omega3Q10 (5.5 ± 0.7 vs. 5.3 ± 0.5, P < 0.05; 3.7 ± 0.8 vs. 3.3 ± 0.6, P < 0.05; 1.2 ± 0.6 vs. 1.3 ± 0.5, P < 0.05, respectively) and soybean oil supplementation (5.7 ± 0.8 vs. 5.6 ± 0.7, P < 0.05; 3.6 ± 0.7 vs. 3.4 ± 0.8, P < 0.05; 1.0 ± 0.8 vs. 1.2 ± 0.7, P < 0.05, respectively) but no group differences were found. A significantly greater proportion of the people in the Omega3Q10 group became free from headache and palpitations & chest tightness symptoms after the 12-week supplementation compared to that of the soybean oil group (95.5% vs. 71.4%, P < 0.01; 95.8 vs. 75.5%, P < 0.01, respectively). Conclusion 12-week supplementation of Fish oil-based PUFA appear to be more effective in improving DBP and hypertension-related symptoms than soybean oil in old adults with hypertension and hypercholesterolemia although both supplementation improved TC, LDL-C and HDL-C concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Shen
- Department of Community Health and Behavior Medicine, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Xing
- Imaging Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function, the Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, 637000, People's Republic of China. .,Lotus Biotech.com LLC, John Hopkins University-MCC, 9601 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Jingfen Zhu
- Department of Community Health and Behavior Medicine, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuxian Zhang
- Department of Community Health and Behavior Medicine, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Cai
- Department of Community Health and Behavior Medicine, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Public Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Donghua Li
- Tang Qiao Community Health Service Center, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Community Health and Behavior Medicine, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Evan Xing
- Biochemistry Program, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jianyu Rao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rong Shi
- School of Public Health, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
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182
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Ras RT, Trautwein EA. Consumer purchase behaviour of foods with added phytosterols in six European countries: Data from a post-launch monitoring survey. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 110:42-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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183
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Kim Y, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. Benefits of Nut Consumption on Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Multiple Potential Mechanisms of Actions. Nutrients 2017; 9:E1271. [PMID: 29165404 PMCID: PMC5707743 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical studies have indicated that nut consumption could be a healthy dietary strategy to prevent and treat type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and related cardiovascular disease (CVD). The objective of this review is to examine the potential mechanisms of action of nuts addressing effects on glycemic control, weight management, energy balance, appetite, gut microbiota modification, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial function and blood pressure with a focus on data from both animal and human studies. The favourable effects of nuts could be explained by the unique nutrient composition and bioactive compounds in nuts. Unsaturated fatty acids (monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids) present in nuts may play a role in glucose control and appetite suppression. Fiber and polyphenols in nuts may also have an anti-diabetic effect by altering gut microbiota. Nuts lower serum cholesterol by reduced cholesterol absorption, inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase and increased bile acid production by stimulation of 7-α hydroxylase. Arginine and magnesium improve inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial function and blood pressure. In conclusion, nuts contain compounds that favourably influence glucose homeostasis, weight control and vascular health. Further investigations are required to identify the most important mechanisms by which nuts decrease the risk of T2DM and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoona Kim
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, General Post Office Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Jennifer B Keogh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, General Post Office Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Peter M Clifton
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, General Post Office Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
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184
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Sialvera TE, Papadopoulou A, Efstathiou SP, Trautwein EA, Ras RT, Kollia N, Farajian P, Goumas G, Dimakopoulos I, Papavasiliou K, Koutsouri A, Zampelas A. Structured advice provided by a dietitian increases adherence of consumers to diet and lifestyle changes and lowers blood low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol: the Increasing Adherence of Consumers to Diet & Lifestyle Changes to Lower (LDL) Cholester. J Hum Nutr Diet 2017; 31:197-208. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. E. Sialvera
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; School of Food, Biotechnology and Development; Agricultural University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - A. Papadopoulou
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention; Hygeias Melathron Infirmary; Athens Greece
| | - S. P. Efstathiou
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention; Hygeias Melathron Infirmary; Athens Greece
| | | | - R. T. Ras
- Unilever R&D; Vlaardingen The Netherlands
| | - N. Kollia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics; School of Health Science and Education; Harokopio University; Athens Greece
| | - P. Farajian
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; School of Food, Biotechnology and Development; Agricultural University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - G. Goumas
- Department of Cardiology; Euroclinic; Athens Greece
| | - I. Dimakopoulos
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; School of Food, Biotechnology and Development; Agricultural University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - K. Papavasiliou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; School of Food, Biotechnology and Development; Agricultural University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | | | - A. Zampelas
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; School of Food, Biotechnology and Development; Agricultural University of Athens; Athens Greece
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185
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Scholz B, Weiherer R, Engel KH. Impact of thermooxidation of phytosteryl and phytostanyl fatty acid esters on cholesterol micellarization in vitro. Steroids 2017; 125:81-92. [PMID: 28673668 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effects of thermooxidation of a phytosteryl/-stanyl and a phytostanyl fatty acid ester mixture on cholesterol micellarization were investigated using an in vitro digestion model simulating enzymatic hydrolysis by cholesterol esterase and subsequent competition of the liberated phytosterols/-stanols with cholesterol for incorporation into mixed micelles. As a first step, relationships between different doses of the ester mixtures and the resulting micellarized cholesterol were established. Subsequent subjection of the thermooxidized ester mixtures to the in vitro digestion model resulted in three principal observations: (i) thermal treatment of the ester mixtures led to substantial decreases of the intact esters, (ii) in vitro digestion of cholesterol in the presence of the thermooxidized ester mixtures resulted in significant increases of cholesterol micellarization, and (iii) the extents of the observed effects on cholesterol micellarization were strongly associated to the remaining contents of intact esters. The loss of efficacy to inhibit cholesterol micellarization due to thermally induced losses of intact esters corresponded to a loss of efficacy that would have been induced by an actual removal of these amounts of esters prior to the in vitro digestion. The obtained results suggest that in particular oxidative modifications of the fatty acid moieties might be responsible for the observed increases of cholesterol micellarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Scholz
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie, Technische Universität München, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Renate Weiherer
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie, Technische Universität München, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Engel
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie, Technische Universität München, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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186
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Griffin BA. Serum low-density lipoprotein as a dietary responsive biomarker of cardiovascular disease risk: Consensus and confusion. NUTR BULL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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187
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Jesch ED, Carr TP. Food Ingredients That Inhibit Cholesterol Absorption. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2017; 22:67-80. [PMID: 28702423 PMCID: PMC5503415 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2017.22.2.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a vital component of the human body. It stabilizes cell membranes and is the precursor of bile acids, vitamin D and steroid hormones. However, cholesterol accumulation in the bloodstream (hypercholesterolemia) can cause atherosclerotic plaques within artery walls, leading to heart attacks and strokes. The efficiency of cholesterol absorption in the small intestine is of great interest because human and animal studies have linked cholesterol absorption with plasma concentration of total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Cholesterol absorption is highly regulated and influenced by particular compounds in the food supply. Therefore, it is desirable to learn more about natural food components that inhibit cholesterol absorption so that food ingredients and dietary supplements can be developed for consumers who wish to manage their plasma cholesterol levels by non-pharmacological means. Food components thus far identified as inhibitors of cholesterol absorption include phytosterols, soluble fibers, phospholipids, and stearic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot D Jesch
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Timothy P Carr
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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188
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Briggs MA, Petersen KS, Kris-Etherton PM. Saturated Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease: Replacements for Saturated Fat to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk. Healthcare (Basel) 2017; 5:E29. [PMID: 28635680 PMCID: PMC5492032 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare5020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary recommendations to decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) have focused on reducing intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) for more than 50 years. While the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans advise substituting both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids for SFA, evidence supports other nutrient substitutions that will also reduce CVD risk. For example, replacing SFA with whole grains, but not refined carbohydrates, reduces CVD risk. Replacing SFA with protein, especially plant protein, may also reduce CVD risk. While dairy fat (milk, cheese) is associated with a slightly lower CVD risk compared to meat, dairy fat results in a significantly greater CVD risk relative to unsaturated fatty acids. As research continues, we will refine our understanding of dietary patterns associated with lower CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Briggs
- Department of Biology, Lycoming College, 700 College Place, Williamsport, PA 17701, USA.
| | - Kristina S Petersen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Penny M Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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189
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Scolaro B, Soo Jin Kim H, de Castro IA. Bioactive compounds as an alternative for drug co-therapy: Overcoming challenges in cardiovascular disease prevention. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:958-971. [PMID: 27830947 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1235546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Different pharmacological interventions have been applied with success to reduce the progression of atherosclerosis. However, many patients are not good responders or must interrupt treatment due to adverse effects. Bioactive compounds such as omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA), plant sterol esters (PSE) and phenolic compounds (PHC) are natural molecules with great potential to reduce the atherosclerosis burden by reducing inflammation, LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and oxidative stress, respectively. Although their physiological effects on biomarkers are much lower than those expected by drugs used for the same purpose, bioactive compounds can easily be incorporated into the daily diet and present no adverse effects. However, little is known about the combination of n-3 FA, PSE, PHC, and drugs in atherosclerosis progression. This review article summarizes potential effects of co-therapies involving n-3 FA, PSE, and PHC combined with major hypolipidemic drugs on atherosclerosis biomarkers and clinical outcomes. Evidence of additive and/or complementary effects regarding drugs action reveals possible roles for bioactive compounds in disease management. Pharmaceutical companies, physicians, and food scientists should be prepared to better understand this type of interaction and its consequences in terms of efficacy and life quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Scolaro
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition , University of São Paulo , São Paulo - SP , Brazil
| | - Hellen Soo Jin Kim
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition , University of São Paulo , São Paulo - SP , Brazil
| | - Inar Alves de Castro
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition , University of São Paulo , São Paulo - SP , Brazil
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190
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Santini A, Novellino E. Nutraceuticals in hypercholesterolaemia: an overview. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1450-1463. [PMID: 27685833 PMCID: PMC5429323 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing attention is now being given to the possible preventive/alternative ways to avoid illness onset. Changes in lifestyle and food habits are taking over from the conventional pharmaceutical-based approach, especially for chronic pathologies. Nutraceuticals have been proposed as key tools for the prevention and cure of some pathological conditions. This is leading research to develop new formulations based on these pharma-foods addressed in a specific way to prevent and cure health issues, which, in turn, will have an effect on therapy-related costs sustained by any National Health Organization. According to existing regulations, nutraceuticals cannot be categorized as either food or drugs but, by definition, often inhabit a grey area in between the two, being assimilated into food supplements, notwithstanding the beneficial properties that they can provide for some pathological conditions. A nutraceuticals-based approach for health management, in particular for some pathological conditions, has resulted in a worldwide growing 'nutraceutical' revolution. An outstanding example is the approach to the 'metabolic syndrome', which includes overweight, obesity and cardiovascular-related diseases, causing a sort of cascade of chronic health conditions, which is becoming a norm in modern life. Hypercholesterolaemia is one of these. It represents an example of a pathology that can be linked to both a poor lifestyle and dietary habits. The nutraceutical approach to hypercholesterolaemia is described in the present review as a possible alternative to the conventional drug-based therapy. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Napoli Federico IINaplesItaly
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191
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Gomes GB, Zazula AD, Shigueoka LS, Fedato RA, da Costa ABBA, Guarita-Souza LC, Baena CP, Olandoski M, Faria-Neto JR. A Randomized Open-Label Trial to Assess the Effect of Plant Sterols Associated with Ezetimibe in Low-Density Lipoprotein Levels in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease on Statin Therapy. J Med Food 2017; 20:30-36. [PMID: 28098515 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of food products enriched with plant sterols and the use of ezetimibe reduce cholesterol absorption in the intestine and effectively reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plasma levels. We evaluated the therapeutic effect of the ezetimibe+plant sterol association in patients with coronary artery disease still not reaching recommended lipid levels despite the use of statins. We performed a prospective open-label study with 41 patients with stable coronary disease and LDL >70 mg/dL. Patients were randomized into four groups for a 6-week treatment: the control (CT) group remained on the same statin therapy, the ezetimibe (EZ) group received 10 mg/day of ezetimibe, the plant sterol (PS) group received spread enriched with 2 g of plant sterols, and the ezetimibe+PS (EZ+PS) group received 10 mg/day EZ +2 g PS. Initial mean LDL level was 97.4 ± 31.1 mg/dL in control group, 105.1 ± 23.1 mg/dL in EZ group, 95.4 ± 27.7 mg/dL in PS group, and 97.0 ± 8.3 mg/dL in EZ+PS group (P > .05). After 6 weeks of treatment, LDL of patients slightly increased in the control group (+8.9%; P > .05) and dropped in EZ group (-19.1%; P = .06), PS group (-16.6%; P = .01), and EZ+PS group (-27.3%; P < .01). Mean LDL levels after treatment were 70.5 ± 17.9 mg/dL in EZ+PS group, lower than the other groups (control was 106.1 ± 34.9 mg/dL, EZ group was 85.0 ± 35.6 mg/dL, and PS was 79.6 ± 29.7 mg/dL) (P = .05 variance analysis factor [ANOVA]). Body weight, body-mass index, and glucose plasma levels did not change significantly after intervention. The combination of PS+ezetimibe was associated with lower LDL levels and suggests beneficial therapeutic effect against major cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisane Biacchi Gomes
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana , Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ana Denise Zazula
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana , Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcia Olandoski
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana , Curitiba, Brazil
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192
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Zou Y, Hu T, Shi Y, Liao S, Liu J, Mu L, Chen CYO. Silkworm pupae oil exerts hypercholesterolemic and antioxidant effects in high-cholesterol diet-fed rats. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:2050-2056. [PMID: 27558637 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silkworm pupae is a good resource of edible oil that is especially rich in unsaturated fatty acids and is considered to be an excellent dietary supplement for hyperlipidemia. RESULTS Groups fed a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) with silkworm pupae oil (SPO) supplementation (1, 2, or 4 mL kg-1 day-1 ) orally had significantly lower levels of serum total cholesterol (P < 0.05) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.05) compared to the HCD group. With regard to antioxidant parameters, except for levels of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the liver, 2 and 4 mL kg-1 day-1 of SPO supplementation leaded to higher total antioxidant capacity (P < 0.05), superoxide dismutase (P < 0.05) and GSH-Px levels (P < 0.05), as well as lower malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05), both in serum and liver compared to the HCD group. CONCLUSION The results of the present study indicate that supplementation with SPO can improve lipid profiles and alleviate oxidative stress in high-cholesterol diet-fed rats. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Zou
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tenggen Hu
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sentai Liao
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixia Mu
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, China
| | - C-Y Oliver Chen
- Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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193
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Baumgartner S, Mensink RP, Smet ED, Konings M, Fuentes S, de Vos WM, Plat J. Effects of plant stanol ester consumption on fasting plasma oxy(phyto)sterol concentrations as related to fecal microbiota characteristics. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 169:46-53. [PMID: 26940357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Information regarding dietary effects on plasma oxyphytosterol concentrations as well as on the origin of oxyphytosterols is scarce. We hypothesized that plant sterols are oxidized in the intestinal lumen, mediated by microbial activity, followed by uptake into the circulation. To address this hypothesis, we carried out, a randomized, double blind, crossover study in 13 healthy subjects, who consumed for 3 weeks control and plant stanol ester enriched margarines (3.0g/d plant stanols) separated by a 4-week wash-out period. Plasma oxy(phyto)sterols were determined via GC-MS/MS, while microbiota analyses were performed on fecal DNA using a phylogenetic microarray to assess microbial composition and diversity. Plasma plant sterol concentrations did not correlate with plasma oxyphytosterols concentrations at baseline. Plant stanol consumption reduced serum sitosterol and campesterol concentrations (-37% and -38%), respectively (p<0.001), as well as plasma concentrations of 7β-OH-campesterol (-24%; p<0.05), 7β-OH-sitosterol (-17%; p<0.05) and 7-keto-sitosterol (-13%; p<0.05). Although the intestinal microbiota composition and diversity of the faecal contents were not different between the two periods, we observed significant correlations between several specific bacterial groups and plasma plant sterol, but not with plasma oxyphytosterol concentrations. In conclusion, plant stanol ester consumption reduced serum plant sterol and plasma oxyphytosterol concentrations, while intestinal microbiota composition and diversity were not changed. To definitely answer the effects of microbiota on oxyphytosterol formation, future studies could examine oxyphytosterol concentrations after changing intestinal microbial composition or by measuring intestinal oxyphytosterol formation after providing labelled non-oxidized plant sterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Baumgartner
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Els De Smet
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Maurice Konings
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Susana Fuentes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6703HB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6703HB Wageningen, the Netherlands; RPU Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
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194
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Sosnowska B, Penson P, Banach M. The role of nutraceuticals in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2017; 7:S21-S31. [PMID: 28529919 PMCID: PMC5418215 DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2017.03.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) ranks among the most common health-related and economic issues worldwide. Dietary factors are important contributors to cardiovascular risk, either directly, or through their effects on other cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus. Nutraceuticals are natural nutritional compounds, which have been shown to be efficacious in preventative medicine or in the treatment of disease. Several foods and dietary supplements have been shown to protect against the development of CVD. The aim of this review is to present an update on the most recent evidence relating to the use of nutraceuticals in the context of the prevention and treatment of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Sosnowska
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Peter Penson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
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195
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Orem A, Alasalvar C, Vanizor Kural B, Yaman S, Orem C, Karadag A, Pelvan E, Zawistowski J. Cardio-protective effects of phytosterol-enriched functional black tea in mild hypercholesterolemia subjects. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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196
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2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Int J Behav Med 2017; 24:321-419. [DOI: 10.1007/s12529-016-9583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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197
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Cholesterol lowering efficacy of plant stanol ester in a new type of product matrix, a chewable dietary supplement. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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198
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Lin Y, Knol D, Valk I, van Andel V, Friedrichs S, Lütjohann D, Hrncirik K, Trautwein EA. Thermal stability of plant sterols and formation of their oxidation products in vegetable oils and margarines upon controlled heating. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 207:99-107. [PMID: 28163064 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fat-based products like vegetable oils and margarines are commonly used for cooking, which may enhance oxidation of plant sterols (PS) present therein, leading to the formation of PS oxidation products (POP). The present study aims to assess the kinetics of POP formation in six different fat-based products. Vegetable oils and margarines without and with added PS (7.5-7.6% w/w) in esterified form were heated in a Petri-dish at temperatures of 150, 180 and 210°C for 8, 12 and 16min. PS and POP were analysed using GC-FID and GC-MS-SIM, respectively. Increasing PS content, temperature and heating time led to higher POP formation in all tested fat-based products. PS (either naturally occurring or added) in margarines were less susceptible to oxidation as compared to PS in vegetable oils. The susceptibility of sitosterol to oxidation was about 20% lower than that of campesterol under all the applied experimental conditions. During heating, the relative abundance of 7-keto-PS (expressed as% of total POP) decreased in all the fat-based products regardless of their PS contents, which was accompanied by an increase in the relative abundance of 7-OH-PS and 5,6-epoxy-PS, while PS-triols were fairly unchanged. In conclusion, heating time, temperature, initial PS content and the matrix of the fat-based products (vegetable oil vs. margarine) showed distinct effects on POP formation and composition of individual POP formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguang Lin
- Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
| | - Diny Knol
- Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Valk
- Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent van Andel
- Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Friedrichs
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Karel Hrncirik
- Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Elke A Trautwein
- Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
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199
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Phytosterol esters attenuate hepatic steatosis in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease rats fed a high-fat diet. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41604. [PMID: 28169366 PMCID: PMC5294417 DOI: 10.1038/srep41604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the adverse effects of drugs used for NAFLD treatment, identifying novel and effective natural compound to prevent NAFLD is urgently needed. In the present study, the effects of phytosterol esters (PSEs) on NAFLD were explored. Adult SD rats were randomized into five groups: normal chow diet (NC), high-fat diet (HF), low-, medium- and high-dose PSE treatment plus high-fat diet groups (PSEL, PSEM, and PSEH). Our results showed that the levels of LDL-C in the PSEL group and hepatic TG, TC, and FFA in the three PSEs groups were significantly decreased. Notably, the uric acid (UA) level was significantly decreased by PSEs intervention. The hepatic inflammatory stress was ameliorated via the inhibition of the cytokines, including TGF-β, IL-6, IL-10 and CRP in the PSEs intervention groups. Further, the oxidative status was improved by PSE treatment through adjusting the enzyme activity (SOD and XOD) and decreasing the MDA level. These beneficial effects of PSE may have been partly due to its regulation on the expression of TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TNF-α, UCP-2, PPAR-α and PPAR-γ in hepatic tissue at both mRNA and protein level. The results of this study suggest that PSEs may be used as therapeutic agents for the prevention and progression of NAFLD and that hyperuricemia is induced by high-fat diet consumption.
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200
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D'Acunzo F, Giannino D, Longo V, Ciardi M, Testone G, Mele G, Nicolodi C, Gonnella M, Renna M, Arnesi G, Schiappa A, Ursini O. Influence of cultivation sites on sterol, nitrate, total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity in endive and stem chicory edible products. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 68:52-64. [PMID: 27575665 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2016.1221386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chicories produce a wide range of vegetables with important nutritional value. We determined the variation of sterol, total polyphenol, nitrate contents and antioxidant capacity (SC, TPC, NC, AC) in endive leaves and stem-chicory novel vegetables, cultivated in two Italian regions. Within a given area, the SC was similar in smooth- and curly leafed endives (106.3-176.0 mg/kg FW); sitosterol and stigmasterol were major fractions (45-56 versus 38-43%). The stem SC was independent of landrace (101.5-118.6 mg/kg FW); sitosterol prevailed on stigmasterol and fucosterol (73-76 versus 12-14% versus 8-9%); the latter reached 15.7 mg/kg FW, conferring value as potential antidiabetes food. The planting site affected the AC and TPC of endives (893.1-1571.4 μmTE/100 g FW, 30.8-76.1 GAE100/g FW) and chicory stems (729.8-1152.5 μmTE/100 g FW; 56.2-124.4 GAE100/g FW), while the NC was recurrently below dangerous thresholds. PCA showed that environment was the major cause of variation, though it modestly affected these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca D'Acunzo
- a Institute of Chemical Methodologies (IMC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR) , Monterotondo Scalo ( RM ), Italy
| | - Donato Giannino
- b Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Unit of Rome, National Research Council of Italy (CNR) , Monterotondo Scalo (RM) , Italy
| | - Vincenzo Longo
- c Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA) ? Unit of Pisa, National Research Council of Italy (CNR) , Pisa , Italy
| | - Marco Ciardi
- c Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA) ? Unit of Pisa, National Research Council of Italy (CNR) , Pisa , Italy
| | - Giulio Testone
- b Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Unit of Rome, National Research Council of Italy (CNR) , Monterotondo Scalo (RM) , Italy
| | - Giovanni Mele
- b Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Unit of Rome, National Research Council of Italy (CNR) , Monterotondo Scalo (RM) , Italy
| | - Chiara Nicolodi
- b Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Unit of Rome, National Research Council of Italy (CNR) , Monterotondo Scalo (RM) , Italy
| | - Maria Gonnella
- d Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR) , Bari , Italy
| | - Massimiliano Renna
- d Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR) , Bari , Italy
| | | | | | - Ornella Ursini
- a Institute of Chemical Methodologies (IMC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR) , Monterotondo Scalo ( RM ), Italy
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