151
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Yılmaz Avcı A, Demir AM, Utku U, Vural AÖ, Ekuklu G. Akut iskemik inmede serum interlökin-6 düzeylerinin lezyon büyüklüğü ve erken dönem fonksiyonel kötüleşme ile ilişkisi. ACTA MEDICA ALANYA 2018. [DOI: 10.30565/medalanya.386697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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152
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Yang S, Xian B, Li K, Luo Z, Liu Y, Hu D, Ge J. Alpha 1-antitrypsin inhibits microglia activation and facilitates the survival of iPSC grafts in hypertension mouse model. Cell Immunol 2018; 328:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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153
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Wood LG, Li Q, Scott HA, Rutting S, Berthon BS, Gibson PG, Hansbro PM, Williams E, Horvat J, Simpson JL, Young P, Oliver BG, Baines KJ. Saturated fatty acids, obesity, and the nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in asthmatic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:305-315. [PMID: 29857009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both obesity and high dietary fat intake activate the nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine NLRP3 inflammasome activity in the airways of obese asthmatic patients after macronutrient overload and in immune cells challenged by inflammasome triggers. METHODS Study 1 was a cross-sectional observational study of nonobese (n = 51) and obese (n = 76) asthmatic adults. Study 2 was a randomized, crossover, acute feeding study in 23 asthmatic adults (n = 12 nonobese and n = 11 obese subjects). Subjects consumed 3 isocaloric meals on 3 separate occasions (ie, saturated fatty acid, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, and carbohydrate) and were assessed at 0 and 4 hours. For Studies 1 and 2, airway inflammation was measured based on sputum differential cell counts, IL-1β protein levels (ELISA), and sputum cell gene expression (Nanostring nCounter). In Study 3 peripheral blood neutrophils and monocytes were isolated by using Ficoll density gradient and magnetic bead separation and incubated with or without palmitic acid, LPS, or TNF-α for 24 hours, and IL-1β release was measured (ELISA). RESULTS In Study 1 NLRP3 and nucleotide oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) gene expression was upregulated, and sputum IL-1β protein levels were greater in obese versus nonobese asthmatic patients. In Study 2 the saturated fatty acid meal led to increases in sputum neutrophil percentages and sputum cell gene expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and NLRP3 at 4 hours in nonobese asthmatic patients. In Study 3 neutrophils and monocytes released IL-1β when challenged with a combination of palmitic acid and LPS or TNF-α. CONCLUSION The NLRP3 inflammasome is a potential therapeutic target in asthmatic patients. Behavioral interventions that reduce fatty acid exposure, such as weight loss and dietary saturated fat restriction, warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa G Wood
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.
| | - Qian Li
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Hayley A Scott
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Sandra Rutting
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bronwyn S Berthon
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Peter G Gibson
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Evan Williams
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Jay Horvat
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Jodie L Simpson
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Paul Young
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Brian G Oliver
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Katherine J Baines
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
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154
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Zhang Y, Liu J, Yang B, Zheng Y, Yao M, Sun M, Xu L, Lin C, Chang D, Tian F. Ginkgo biloba Extract Inhibits Astrocytic Lipocalin-2 Expression and Alleviates Neuroinflammatory Injury via the JAK2/STAT3 Pathway After Ischemic Brain Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:518. [PMID: 29867513 PMCID: PMC5964562 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Astrogliosis has the potential to lead to harmful effects, namely, neuroinflammation, and to interfere with synapse sprouting. Previous studies have suggested that Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) acts as a key target in regulating the reaction of astrocytes. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is not fully elucidated. In the present study, we examined the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGB), a well-known extract with potential immunoregulatory properties in the nervous system. Methods: Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, hematoxylin-eosin staining, electron microscopy, and neurological assessments were performed in a microsphere-embolized rat model. Human astrocytes exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) were used for in vitro experiments. Inflammatory cytokines, multi-labeling immunofluorescence, and Western blotting were used to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the EGB-mediated anti-inflammatory effects in vivo and in vitro. Results: EGB markedly attenuated cerebral infarction and neuronal apoptosis, reduced the inflammatory cytokine level, and alleviated neurological deficiencies in cerebral ischemic rats. After surgery, EGB significantly inhibited astrocyte activation, reduced the phosphorylation of STAT3 and JAK2 and decreased LCN2 expression. In vitro, EGB blocked OGD-induced STAT3 activation and the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human astrocytes, and these effects were significantly enhanced by LCN2 overexpression. EGB downregulated these effects enhanced by LCN2 overexpression. Conclusion: EGB is demonstrated to mediate neuroinflammation, which protects against ischemic brain injury by inhibiting astrogliosis and suppresses neuroinflammation via the LCN2-JAK2/STAT3 pathway, providing insight into a promising therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Complementary Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Bin Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiu Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjiang Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingqian Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengren Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dennis Chang
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Fangze Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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155
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Liu Y, Wang T, Liu X, Wen Y, Xu T, Yu X, Wei X, Ding X, Mo L, Yin M, Tan X, Chen L. Overexpression of zinc-α2-glycoprotein suppressed seizures and seizure-related neuroflammation in pentylenetetrazol-kindled rats. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:92. [PMID: 29566716 PMCID: PMC5863804 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) is a 42-kDa protein reported as an anti-inflammatory adipocytokine. Evidences from clinical and experimental studies revealed that brain inflammation plays important roles in epileptogenesis and seizure. Interestingly, closely relationship between ZAG and many important inflammatory mediators has been proven. Our previous study identified ZAG in neurons and found that ZAG is decreased in epilepsy and interacts with TGFβ and ERK. This study aimed to investigate the role of ZAG in seizure and explore its effect on seizure-related neuroinflammation. METHODS We overexpressed AZGP1 in the hippocampus of rats via adeno-associated virus vector injection and observed their seizure behavior and EEG after pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling. The level of typical inflammation mediators including TNFα, IL-6, TGFβ, ERK, and ERK phosphorylation were determined. RESULTS The overexpression of AZGP1 reduced the seizure severity, prolonged the latency of kindling, and alleviated epileptiform discharges in EEG changes induced by PTZ. Overexpression of AZGP1 also suppressed the expression of TNFα, IL-6, TGFβ, and ERK phosphorylaton in PTZ-kindled rats. CONCLUSIONS ZAG may inhibit TGFβ-mediated ERK phosphorylation and inhibit neuroinflammation mediated by TNFα and IL-6, suggesting ZAG may suppress seizure via inhibiting neuroinflammation. ZAG may be a potential and novel therapeutic target for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chonqing, 400010 China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chonqing, 400010 China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chonqing, 400010 China
| | - Yuetao Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401331 China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chonqing, 400010 China
| | - Xinyuan Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chonqing, 400010 China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chonqing, 400010 China
| | - Xueying Ding
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chonqing, 400010 China
| | - Lijuan Mo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chonqing, 400010 China
| | - Maojia Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chonqing, 400010 China
| | - Xinjie Tan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chonqing, 400010 China
| | - Lifen Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chonqing, 400010 China
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Abstract
Microglia are the principle immune cells of the brain. Once activated, microglial cells may exhibit a wide repertoire of the context-dependent profiles ranging from highly neurotoxic to more protective and pro-regenerative cellular phenotypes. While to date the mechanisms involved in the molecular regulation of the microglia polarization phenotypes remain elusive, growing evidence suggests that gender may markedly affect the inflammatory and/or glial responses following brain injuries. In the recent years, special attention has been given to the role of microglia in sexual dimorphism, both in healthy brain and diseased brain. Here, we review recent advances revealing microglia as an important determinant of gender differences under physiological conditions and in injured brain. We also discuss how microglia-driven innate immunity and signaling pathways might be involved in the sex-dependent responses following brain ischemic injury. Finally we describe how advanced methods such as live imaging techniques may help elucidate the role of microglia in the modulation of immune responses and gender difference after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahimian
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Pierre Cordeau
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Jasna Kriz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec G1J 2G3, Canada.
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157
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Systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide aggravates inherited retinal dystrophy. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:350. [PMID: 29500424 PMCID: PMC5834451 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Retinal neurodegenerative diseases involve a scenario of inflammation and cell death that leads to morphological alterations and visual impairment. Non-ocular inflammatory processes could affect neurodegenerative retinal disorders and their progression, at least in part by activating microglial cells and releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our purpose was to study the consequences of a systemic inflammatory process in the progression of retinal degeneration in P23H rats, a retinitis pigmentosa (RP) model. In order to induce a mild chronic systemic inflammation, we administered low doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from age P20 to P60 to dystrophic P23H rats and healthy SD rats. Visual responsiveness was assessed by electroretinography (ERG). The morphological state of the retinas was analyzed by fluorescent immunohistochemistry (IHC), evaluating the number, morphology, and connectivity of different neuronal populations by means of cell type-specific markers. Microglia density, distribution, and degree of activation were evaluated by IHC and flow cytometry. The expression levels of inflammation- and apoptosis-related genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR arrays. Low-dose LPS administration did not induce significant functional or morphological changes in the retina of SD rats, although at the molecular level, we detected expression changes in genes related to apoptosis. Otherwise, systemic injection of LPS into P23H rats induced a further deterioration in the ERG response, with greater loss of photoreceptors and worsening of synaptic connectivity, accompanied by increasing numbers of microglial cells, which also showed a more intense activation state. Several inflammation- and apoptosis-related genes were upregulated. Our results indicate that chronic exacerbation of the inflammatory response in response to LPS accelerates neurodegeneration in dystrophic P23H rats, suggesting that in patients with ocular neurodegenerative diseases, peripheral damage, as a systemic infection or chronic inflammatory process, could accelerate disease progression, and should be taken into account in order to select an appropriate therapy to revert, block or slow-down the degenerative process.
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158
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Chen J, Zhang DM, Feng X, Wang J, Qin YY, Zhang T, Huang Q, Sheng R, Chen Z, Li M, Qin ZH. TIGAR inhibits ischemia/reperfusion-induced inflammatory response of astrocytes. Neuropharmacology 2018; 131:377-388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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159
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Scavenger Receptor-A deficiency impairs immune response of microglia and astrocytes potentiating Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:336-350. [PMID: 29246456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Late onset Alzheimer disease's (LOAD) main risk factor is aging. Although it is not well known which age-related factors are involved in its development, evidence points out to the involvement of an impaired amyloid-β (Aβ) clearance in the aged brain among possible causes. Glial cells are the main scavengers of the brain, where Scavenger Receptor class A (SR-A) emerges as a relevant player in AD because of its participation in Aβ uptake and in the modulation of glial cell inflammatory response. Here, we show that SR-A expression is reduced in the hippocampus of aged animals and APP/PS1 mice. Given that Aβ deposition increases in the aging brain, we generated a triple transgenic mouse, which accumulates Aβ and is knockout for SR-A (APP/PS1/SR-A-/-) to evaluate Aβ accumulation and the inflammatory outcome of SR-A depletion in the aged brain. The lifespan of APP/PS1/SR-A-/- mice was greatly reduced, accompanied by a 3-fold increase in plasmatic pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reduced performance in a working memory behavioral assessment. Microglia and astrocytes lacking SR-A displayed impaired oxidative response and nitric oxide production, produced up to 7-fold more pro-inflammatory cytokines and showed a 12-fold reduction in anti-inflammatory cytokines release, with conspicuous changes in lipopolysaccharide-induced glial activation. Isolated microglia from young and adult mice lacking SR-A showed a 50% reduction in phagocytic activity. Our results indicate that reduced expression of SR-A can deregulate glial inflammatory response and potentiate Aβ accumulation, two mechanisms that could contribute to AD progression.
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160
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Ramkumar M, Rajasankar S, Gobi VV, Janakiraman U, Manivasagam T, Thenmozhi AJ, Essa MM, Chidambaram R, Chidambaram SB, Guillemin GJ. Demethoxycurcumin, a Natural Derivative of Curcumin Abrogates Rotenone-induced Dopamine Depletion and Motor Deficits by Its Antioxidative and Anti-inflammatory Properties in Parkinsonian Rats. Pharmacogn Mag 2018; 14:9-16. [PMID: 29576695 PMCID: PMC5858249 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_113_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder (NDD) associated with the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and subsequently has an effect on motor function and coordination. The pathology of PD is multifactorial, in which neuroinflammation and oxidative damage are the two of the main protagonists. Objectives: The present study aims to assess the potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of demethoxycurcumin (DMC), a natural derivative of curcumin, against rotenone-induced PD in rats. Materials and Methods: Rats were randomized and divided into six groups: control, rotenone (0.5 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal in sunflower oil) treated for 7 days, rotenone and DMC (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg b.w) cotreated, and DMC (20 mg/kg b.w) alone treated groups. Results: Based on the dopamine concentration and biochemical estimations, the effective dose of DMC was selected and the chronic study was performed. At the end of the experimental period, behavioral studies and protein expression patterns of inflammatory markers were analyzed. Rotenone treatment led to motor dysfunctions, neurochemical deficits, and oxidative stress and enhanced expressions of inflammatory markers, whereas oral administration of DMC attenuated all the above. Conclusion: Even though further research is needed to prove its efficacy in clinical trial, the results of our study showed that DMC may offer a promising and new therapeutic lead for the treatment of NDDs including PD. SUMMARY Curcumin and their derivatives have been shown to be potent neuroprotective effect Demethoxycurcumin (DMC) amolerated the rotenone induced behavioural alterations DMC abrogated the rotenone induced dopamine deficits DMC attenuated the rotenone induced oxidative stress DMC diminished the rotenone mediated inflammation.
Abbreviations used: COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; DA: Dopamine; DMC: Demethoxycurcumin; DMRT: Duncan's multiple range test; GSH: Reduced glutathione; GPx: Glutathione peroxidase; IL-1 β: Interleukin-1 β; IL-6: Interleukin-6; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; PD: Parkinson's disease; SN: Substantia nigra; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; TBARS: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthu Ramkumar
- Department of Anatomy, Bharath University, Selaiyur, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Udaiyappan Janakiraman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thamilarasan Manivasagam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat.,Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.,Food and Brain Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ranganathan Chidambaram
- Department of Radiology, Sri Lakshminarayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
| | - Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, SS Nagar, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Giles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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161
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Chen L, Deng H, Cui H, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, Li Y, Wang X, Zhao L. Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget 2018; 9:7204-7218. [PMID: 29467962 PMCID: PMC5805548 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2335] [Impact Index Per Article: 389.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a biological response of the immune system that can be triggered by a variety of factors, including pathogens, damaged cells and toxic compounds. These factors may induce acute and/or chronic inflammatory responses in the heart, pancreas, liver, kidney, lung, brain, intestinal tract and reproductive system, potentially leading to tissue damage or disease. Both infectious and non-infectious agents and cell damage activate inflammatory cells and trigger inflammatory signaling pathways, most commonly the NF-κB, MAPK, and JAK-STAT pathways. Here, we review inflammatory responses within organs, focusing on the etiology of inflammation, inflammatory response mechanisms, resolution of inflammation, and organ-specific inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huidan Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hengmin Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Junliang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yinglun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
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162
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Zhou X, Wang C, Chen Z, Peng Y, Peng H, Hou X, Ye W, Qiu R, Xia K, Tang B, Jiang H. Association of TNF-α rs1799964 and IL-1β rs16944 polymorphisms with multiple system atrophy in Chinese Han population. Int J Neurosci 2018; 128:761-764. [PMID: 29251119 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1418346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggested that several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of inflammation-related genes (TNF-α rs1799964, IL-1α rs1800587, IL-1β rs16944, IL-8 rs4073, ICAM-1 rs5498) were associated with multiple system atrophy (MSA). Herein, we conducted this case-control study to evaluate the possible correlation between the five SNPs related to inflammation and MSA in Chinese Han population. METHODS AND PATIENTS We recruited 154 sporadic patients with MSA and 223 health controls in this study. All subjects were genotyped for the five SNPs using polymerase chain reaction amplification and Sanger sequencing. RESULTS TNF-α rs1799964, genotype distribution and minor allele frequency (MAF) showed significant differences between patients and controls, which might illustrate the minor allele C may increase the risk for MSA (genotype, P = 0.006, OR = 1.245, 95% CI = [1.066-1.455]; allele, P = 0.001, OR = 1.887, 95% CI = [1.303-2.733]). For rs16944, patients carrying AA genotype showed a nearly 5-year early age at onset (AAO) than GG genotype (50.52 ± 7.45 years vs. 54.90 ± 7.21 years, P = 0.037). No differences were found in genotype distribution and MAF of the five SNPs between patients with MSA with predominant cerebellar ataxia (MSA-C) and with predominant Parkinsonism (MSA-P). CONCLUSION Our study suggests that rs1799964 of TNF-α may act as a risk factor for MSA and the IL-1β rs16944 might be a genetic factor that modifies the AAO in MSA. Moreover, the exact mechanism of neuroinflammatory response in MSA deserves further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- a Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital , Central South University , Changsha , P. R. China
| | - Chunrong Wang
- a Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital , Central South University , Changsha , P. R. China
| | - Zhao Chen
- a Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital , Central South University , Changsha , P. R. China
| | - Yun Peng
- a Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital , Central South University , Changsha , P. R. China
| | - Huirong Peng
- a Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital , Central South University , Changsha , P. R. China
| | - Xuan Hou
- a Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital , Central South University , Changsha , P. R. China
| | - Wei Ye
- a Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital , Central South University , Changsha , P. R. China
| | - Rong Qiu
- b School of Information Science and Engineering , Central South University , Changsha , P. R. China
| | - Kun Xia
- c State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics , Central South University , Changsha , P. R. China
| | - Beisha Tang
- a Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital , Central South University , Changsha , P. R. China.,c State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics , Central South University , Changsha , P. R. China.,d Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders , Central South University , Changsha , P. R. China
| | - Hong Jiang
- a Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital , Central South University , Changsha , P. R. China.,c State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics , Central South University , Changsha , P. R. China.,d Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders , Central South University , Changsha , P. R. China
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163
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Brognara F, Castania JA, Dias DPM, Lopes AH, Fazan R, Kanashiro A, Ulloa L, Salgado HC. Baroreflex stimulation attenuates central but not peripheral inflammation in conscious endotoxemic rats. Brain Res 2018; 1682:54-60. [PMID: 29317289 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that activation of the baroreflex, a critical physiological mechanism controlling cardiovascular homeostasis, through electrical stimulation of the aortic depressor nerve attenuates joint inflammation in experimental arthritis. However, it is unknown whether baroreflex activation can control systemic inflammation. Here, we investigate whether baroreflex activation controls systemic inflammation in conscious endotoxemic rats. Animals underwent sham or electrical aortic depressor nerve stimulation initiated 10 min prior to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, while inflammatory cytokine levels were measured in the blood, spleen, heart and hypothalamus 90 min after LPS treatment. Baroreflex activation did not affect LPS-induced levels of pro-inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 1β and interleukin 6) or anti-inflammatory (interleukin 10) cytokines in the periphery (heart, spleen and blood). However, baroreflex stimulation attenuated LPS-induced levels of all these cytokines in the hypothalamus. Notably, these results indicate that the central anti-inflammatory mechanism induced by baroreflex stimulation is independent of cardiovascular alterations, since aortic depressor nerve stimulation that failed to induce hemodynamic changes was also efficient at inhibiting inflammatory cytokines in the hypothalamus. Thus, aortic depressor nerve stimulation might represent a novel therapeutic strategy for neuroprotection, modulating inflammation in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Brognara
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jaci A Castania
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel P M Dias
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre H Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rubens Fazan
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Kanashiro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Ulloa
- Department of Surgery, Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Helio C Salgado
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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164
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Gao Y, Luo CL, Li LL, Ye GH, Gao C, Wang HC, Huang WW, Wang T, Wang ZF, Ni H, Chen XP, Tao LY. IL-33 Provides Neuroprotection through Suppressing Apoptotic, Autophagic and NF-κB-Mediated Inflammatory Pathways in a Rat Model of Recurrent Neonatal Seizure. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:423. [PMID: 29311813 PMCID: PMC5742123 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a novel identified chromatin-associated cytokine of IL-1 family cytokines. It signals through a heterodimer comprised of ST2L and IL-1RAcp, and plays a crucial role in many diseases. However, very little is known about the role and underlying intricate mechanisms of IL-33 in recurrent neonatal seizure (RNS). To determine whether IL-33 plays an important regulatory role, we established a neonatal seizure model in this study. Rats were subjected to recurrent seizures induced by inhaling volatile flurothyl. Recombinant IL-33 or PBS were also administered by intraperitoneally (IP) before surgery, respectively. Here, our current results indicated that RNS contributed to a significant reduction in IL-33 and its specific receptor (ST2L) expressions in cortex. While, in hippocampus, RNS induced an increase in IL-33 and ST2L evidently, compared with Sham group. After injection with IL-33, however, a remarkable increase in total IL-33 was detected both in brain cortex and hippocampus. In addition, IL-33 was mainly co-localized in the nuclear of GFAP+ astrocytes and the cytoplasm of the Iba-1+ microglia and IL-33+/NeuN+ merged cells. In parallel, ST2L was expressed mainly in the membrane of GFAP+ astrocytes, Iba-1+ microglia and NeuN+ neurons, respectively. Furthermore, administration of IL-33 improved RNS-induced behavioral deficits, promoted bodyweight gain, and ameliorated spatial learning and memory ability. Moreover, IL-33 pretreatment blocked the activation of NF-κB, resisted inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α increase, as well as suppressed apoptosis and autophagy activation after RNS. Collectively, IL-33 provides potential neuroprotection through suppressing apoptosis, autophagy and at least in part by NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways after RNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Liang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li-Li Li
- Department of Neurology Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guang-Hua Ye
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Cheng Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hao-Chen Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wen-Wen Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zu-Feng Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Ni
- Department of Neurology Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xi-Ping Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lu-Yang Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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165
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Norrara B, Doerl JG, Guzen FP, Cavalcanti JRLP, Freire MAM. Commentary: Localized vs. Systematic Neurodegeneration: A Paradigm Shift in Understanding Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:91. [PMID: 29270113 PMCID: PMC5725474 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Norrara
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Healthy Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Jhulimar G Doerl
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Healthy Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Fausto P Guzen
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Healthy Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Jose Rodolfo Lopes P Cavalcanti
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Healthy Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurelio M Freire
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Healthy Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, Brazil
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166
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Hoover DB, Brown TC, Miller MK, Schweitzer JB, Williams DL. Loss of Sympathetic Nerves in Spleens from Patients with End Stage Sepsis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1712. [PMID: 29270174 PMCID: PMC5723638 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The spleen is an important site for central regulation of immune function by noradrenergic sympathetic nerves, but little is known about this major region of neuroimmune communication in humans. Experimental studies using animal models have established that sympathetic innervation of the spleen is essential for cholinergic anti-inflammatory responses evoked by vagal nerve stimulation, and clinical studies are evaluating this approach for treating inflammatory diseases. Most data on sympathetic nerves in spleen derive from rodent studies, and this work has established that remodeling of sympathetic innervation can occur during inflammation. However, little is known about the effects of sepsis on spleen innervation. Our primary goals were to (i) localize noradrenergic nerves in human spleen by immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a specific noradrenergic marker, (ii) determine if nerves occur in close apposition to leukocytes, and (iii) determine if splenic sympathetic innervation is altered in patients who died from end stage sepsis. Staining for vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) was done to screen for cholinergic nerves. Archived paraffin tissue blocks were used. Control samples were obtained from trauma patients or patients who died after hemorrhagic stroke. TH + nerves were associated with arteries and arterioles in all control spleens, occurring in bundles or as nerve fibers. Individual TH + nerve fibers entered the perivascular region where some appeared in close apposition to leukocytes. In marked contrast, spleens from half of the septic patients lacked TH + nerves fibers and the average abundance of TH + nerves for the septic group was only 16% of that for the control group (control: 0.272 ± 0.060% area, n = 6; sepsis: 0.043 ± 0.026% area, n = 8; P < 0.005). All spleens lacked cholinergic innervation. Our results provide definitive evidence for the distribution of noradrenergic nerves in normal human spleen and the first evidence for direct sympathetic innervation of leukocytes in human spleen. We also provide the first evidence for marked loss of noradrenergic nerves in patients who died from sepsis. Such nerve loss could impair neuroimmunomodulation and may not be limited to the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald B Hoover
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States.,Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Thomas Christopher Brown
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Madeleine K Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - John B Schweitzer
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States.,Department of Pathology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - David L Williams
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States.,Department of Surgery, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
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167
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Wang GY, Taylor T, Sumich A, Merien F, Borotkanics R, Wrapson W, Krägeloh C, Siegert RJ. Associations between immunological function and memory recall in healthy adults. Brain Cogn 2017; 119:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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168
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Early life experience contributes to the developmental programming of depressive-like behaviour, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 95:196-207. [PMID: 28886447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study used an animal model of depression induced by maternal care deprivation (MCD) to investigate whether depressive behaviour, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress were underlying factors in developmental programming after early life stress. At postnatal days (PND) 20, 30, 40, and 60, individual subsets of animals were evaluated in behavioural tests and then euthanized to assess cytokine levels and oxidative stress parameters in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus and serum. The results showed that MCD did not induce behavioural changes at PND 30 and 40. However, at PND 20 and 60, the rats displayed a depressive-like behaviour in the forced swimming test, without changes in locomotor spontaneous activity. In the brain and serum, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)) were increased, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-10) level was reduced throughout developmental programming (PND 20, 30, 40 and 60). Protein carbonyl levels increased in the brain at PND 30, 40 and 60. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was decreased during all developmental programming phases evaluated in the brain. Catalase (CAT) activity was decreased at PND 20, 40 and 60 in the brain. Our results revealed that "critical episodes" in early life stressful events are able to induce behavioural alterations that persist into adulthood and can stimulate inflammation and oxidative damage in both central and peripheral systems, which are required for distinct patterns of resilience against psychiatric disorders later in life.
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169
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Kim JW, Park MS, Kim JT, Kang HJ, Bae KY, Kim SW, Shin MG, Cho KH, Kim JM. The Impact of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Interleukin-1β Levels and Polymorphisms on Long-Term Stroke Outcomes. Eur Neurol 2017; 79:38-44. [DOI: 10.1159/000484599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: The accuracy of predictions regarding disability that sets in after stroke could be improved by using blood biomarker measurements. This study aimed to investigate the roles of serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β concentrations and polymorphisms in stroke outcomes. Methods: In total, 286 patients were evaluated at the time of admission and at 2 weeks after stroke, and 222 of these patients (78%) were followed up for 1 year to evaluate the consequences of stroke during both the acute and chronic stages. Stroke outcomes were dichotomized into good and poor using the modified Rankin Scale. Results: The association of TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations and their corresponding genotypes with stroke outcomes was investigated using multivariate logistic regression. Higher TNF-α levels were associated with poor outcomes 1 year after stroke in the presence of the –850T and –308A alleles, and IL-1β levels were associated with poor 1-year stroke outcomes in the presence of the –511T and +3953T alleles. No such associations were found at 2 weeks after stroke. Conclusions: These data provide evidence that serum TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations are related to poor long-term outcomes after stroke in the presence of particular alleles.
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170
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Jiang M, Taghizadeh F, Steyger PS. Potential Mechanisms Underlying Inflammation-Enhanced Aminoglycoside-Induced Cochleotoxicity. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:362. [PMID: 29209174 PMCID: PMC5702304 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoglycoside antibiotics remain widely used for urgent clinical treatment of life-threatening infections, despite the well-recognized risk of permanent hearing loss, i.e., cochleotoxicity. Recent studies show that aminoglycoside-induced cochleotoxicity is exacerbated by bacteriogenic-induced inflammation. This implies that those with severe bacterial infections (that induce systemic inflammation), and are treated with bactericidal aminoglycosides are at greater risk of drug-induced hearing loss than previously recognized. Incorporating this novel comorbid factor into cochleotoxicity risk prediction models will better predict which individuals are more predisposed to drug-induced hearing loss. Here, we review the cellular and/or signaling mechanisms by which host-mediated inflammatory responses to infection could enhance the trafficking of systemically administered aminoglycosides into the cochlea to enhance the degree of cochleotoxicity over that in healthy preclinical models. Once verified, these mechanisms will be potential targets for novel pharmacotherapeutics that reduce the risk of drug-induced hearing loss (and acute kidney damage) without compromising the life-saving bactericidal efficacy of aminoglycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Jiang
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Farshid Taghizadeh
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Peter S Steyger
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
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171
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Hassani M, Sabouni F, Ansari M, Emamgholipour S, Fallah MS, Abbasi SS, Ansari Majd S. Anti‑inflammatory effect of Migri‑Heal® in an in vitro inflammatory model of primary mixed glial cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:1901-1906. [PMID: 29138831 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Migri‑Heal®, is a novel herbal remedy that was introduced for the treatment of migraine headaches. Previous studies revealed that this drug may reduce nitric oxide (NO) in an in vitro inflammatory model. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti‑inflammatory effect of Migri‑Heal® on primary mix glial cells stimulated with LPS. In the current study, neonatal rat primary mix glial cells were isolated from the mixed glial cultures via shaking, and cultured in Dulbecco's' modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Following pretreatment with Migri‑Heal® (25, 75, 100, 150, 200 and 300 µg/ml) and cells were treated with LPS (10 µg/ml) for 1 h, and incubated for 48 h. The present study determined that 150 µg/ml Migri‑Heal® significantly reduced the production of NO in rat mix glial cells stimulated with 10 µg/ml LPS. Migri‑Heal® also suppressed mRNA expression level of LPS‑induced inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor α, which was accompanied by inhibition of the transcription factor nuclear factor‑κB. Additionally, MTT assay determined that Migri‑Heal® was not cytotoxic, suggesting that the anti‑inflammatory effects of Migri‑Heal® observed were not due to cell death. In conclusion, the findings of the present study demonstrated that Migri‑Heal® may be useful as a potential anti‑inflammatory agent in inflammatory diseases. However, additional studies are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Hassani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417755469, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Sabouni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran 1497716316, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ansari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Solaleh Emamgholipour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | | | - Shah-Sanam Abbasi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran 1497716316, Iran
| | - Saeed Ansari Majd
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran 1497716316, Iran
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172
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Wang X, Huang S, Jiang Y, Liu Y, Song T, Li D, Yang L. Reactive astrocytes increase the expression of P‑gp and Mrp1 via TNF‑α and NF‑κB signaling. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:1198-1204. [PMID: 29115482 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand multidrug resistance gene expression in reactive astrocytes, the present study involved stimulated astrocytes with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α and determined gene expression by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Stimulation induced P‑glycoprotein (gp) and multidrug resistance‑associated protein (MRP0) 1 expression, which peaked by 24 h. Interestingly, the expression of P‑gp and Mrp1 correlated with cell proliferation. Therefore, reactivation of astrocytes may increase P‑gp and Mrp1 expression through TNF‑α and nuclear factor (NF)‑κB signaling. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the present study is the first to demonstrate that in vitro activated astrocytes likely induced P‑gp and Mrp1 expression by increasing NF‑κB expression. The results of the present study provide a novel insight into the mechanism of refractory epilepsy and suggest inhibiting cytokine signaling may block multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Shaoping Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yongsheng Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Song
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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173
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Eslami SM, Ghasemi M, Bahremand T, Momeny M, Gholami M, Sharifzadeh M, Dehpour AR. Involvement of nitrergic system in anticonvulsant effect of zolpidem in lithium-pilocarpine induced status epilepticus: Evaluation of iNOS and COX-2 genes expression. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815:454-461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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174
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Pan WH, Lai YH, Yeh WT, Chen JR, Jeng JS, Bai CH, Lin RT, Lee TH, Chang KC, Lin HJ, Hsiao CF, Chern CM, Lien LM, Liu CH, Chen WH, Chang A. Intake of potassium- and magnesium-enriched salt improves functional outcome after stroke: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:1267-1273. [PMID: 28877896 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.148536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and neurologic deficits. Management measures to improve neurologic outcomes are in great need. Our previous intervention trial in elderly subjects successfully used salt as a carrier for potassium, demonstrating a 41% reduction in cardiovascular mortality by switching to potassium-enriched salt. Dietary magnesium has been associated with lowered diabetes and/or stroke risk in humans and with neuroprotection in animals.Objective: Because a large proportion of Taiwanese individuals are in marginal deficiency states for potassium and for magnesium and salt is a good carrier for minerals, it is justifiable to study whether further enriching salt with magnesium at an amount near the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) amount may provide additional benefit for stroke recovery.Design: This was a double-blind, randomized controlled trial comprising 291 discharged stroke patients with modified Rankin scale (mRS) ≤4. There were 3 arms: 1) regular salt (Na salt) (n = 99), 2) potassium-enriched salt (K salt) (n = 97), and 3) potassium- and magnesium-enriched salt (K/Mg salt) (n = 95). The NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Barthel Index (BI), and mRS were evaluated at discharge, at 3 mo, and at 6 mo. A good neurologic performance was defined by NIHSS = 0, BI = 100, and mRS ≤1.Results: After the 6-mo intervention, the proportion of patients with good neurologic performance increased in a greater magnitude in the K/Mg salt group than in the K salt group and the Na salt group, in that order. The K/Mg salt group had a significantly increased OR (2.25; 95% CI: 1.09, 4.67) of achieving good neurologic performance compared with the Na salt group. But the effect of K salt alone (OR: 1.58; 95% CI: 0.77, 3.22) was not significant.Conclusions: This study suggests that providing the DRI amount of magnesium and potassium together long term is beneficial for stroke patient recovery from neurologic deficits. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02910427.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Harn Pan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan;
| | - Ying-Ho Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, and
| | - Wen-Ting Yeh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Rong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Yunlin Christian Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Shing Jeng
- Stroke Center Intensive Care Unit, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chyi-Huey Bai
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, and.,School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Tay Lin
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, and.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Hai Lee
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ku-Chou Chang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Juan Lin
- Department of Neurology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Fu Hsiao
- Division of Biometry, Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ming Chern
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Education and Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ming Lien
- Department of Neurology, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; and
| | - Chung-Hsiang Liu
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, and.,Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hung Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; and
| | - Anna Chang
- Department of Neurology, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; and
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175
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Lim SW, Shiue YL, Liao JC, Wee HY, Wang CC, Chio CC, Chang CH, Hu CY, Kuo JR. Simvastatin Therapy in the Acute Stage of Traumatic Brain Injury Attenuates Brain Trauma-Induced Depression-Like Behavior in Rats by Reducing Neuroinflammation in the Hippocampus. Neurocrit Care 2017; 26:122-132. [PMID: 27406816 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-016-0290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antidepressant-like effects of simvastatin on traumatic brain injury (TBI) remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of simvastatin and determine whether simvastatin attenuates TBI-induced depression-like behavior and, more specifically, acts as an antineuroinflammatory. METHODS Anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: sham-operated controls, TBI controls, and TBI treatment with simvastatin 4, 10, or 20 mg/kg. Simvastatin was intraperitoneally injected 0, 24, and 48 h after TBI. The motor function was measured using an inclined plane, and depression-like behavior was evaluated using forced swimming tests. Neuronal apoptosis (markers: NeuN, TUNEL, caspase-3), microglia (marker: OX42) and astrocyte (marker: GFAP) activation, and TNF-α expression in the microglia and astrocytes of the hippocampal CA3 area were investigated using immunofluorescence assay. All parameters were measured on the 4th, 8th, and 15th day, or only on the 15th day after TBI. RESULTS TBI-induced depression-like behavior, which increased duration of immobility, was significantly attenuated by 20 mg simvastatin therapy on day 15 after TBI. TBI-induced neuronal apoptosis, microglia and astrocyte activation, and TNF-α expression in the microglia and astrocytes of the CA3 area of the hippocampus were significantly reduced by simvastatin treatment, particularly when 20 mg/kg was administered for 3 days. CONCLUSIONS Intraperitoneal injection of simvastatin attenuated TBI in rats during the acute stage by reducing neuronal apoptosis, microglia, and TNF-α expression, thereby resulting in a reduction of depressive-like behavior. Our results suggest that simvastatin may be a promising treatment for TBI-induced depression-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sher-Wei Lim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Chiali, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Min-Hwei College of Health Care Management, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yow-Ling Shiue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chieh Liao
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yue Wee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Che-Chuan Wang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Departments of Child Care, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ching Chio
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hung Chang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Ya Hu
- Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jinn-Rung Kuo
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Departments of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Chi-Mei Medical Center, #901 Chung Hwa Road, Yung Kang, Tainan, Taiwan.
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176
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Jung SY, Kim KM, Cho S, Lim S, Lim C, Kim YK. Effects of pretreatment with methanol extract of Peucedani Radix on transient ischemic brain injury in mice. Chin Med 2017; 12:30. [PMID: 29090015 PMCID: PMC5655947 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-017-0151-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is the second most common cause of death and may result in various disabilities; thus, identification of neuroprotective therapeutic agents is important. Peucedani Radix (PR), the root of Angelica decursiva, is a well-known remedy for damp and phlegm in Korean medicine and has also been shown to exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study was performed to investigate the mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effect of methanol extract of PR (PRex) on cerebral ischemic injury. METHODS C57BL/6 male mice were orally administered PRex (20, 60, or 200 mg/kg) at 2 days, 1 day, and 1 h prior to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Twenty-four hours after MCAO, the infarct volume was measured and the neurological deficit score was assessed. The inflammatory-related substances in the ipsilateral hemisphere were determined by western blotting, DCFH-DA assay, TBARS assay, and ELISA. RESULTS PRex pretreatment significantly decreased the infarct volume at 24 h after MCAO. Moreover, PRex effectively suppressed the expression of iNOS, ROS, MDA, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and TNF-α, in brain tissue of mice with MCAO-induced brain injury. CONCLUSIONS PRex protected neurons from ischemic brain injury in mice through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Our results suggested that PR could be a promising candidate in the therapy of ischemia-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Youn Jung
- College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Yangjeong-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47227 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Min Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Yangjeong-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47227 Republic of Korea
| | - Suin Cho
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612 Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyun Lim
- School of Public Health, Far East University, Chungbuk, 27601 Republic of Korea
| | - Chiyeon Lim
- College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Ilsandong-gu, Gyeonggi-do 10326 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyun Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Yangjeong-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47227 Republic of Korea
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177
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Immunoregulatory effect of mast cells influenced by microbes in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:68-89. [PMID: 28676349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
When related to central nervous system (CNS) health and disease, brain mast cells (MCs) can be a source of either beneficial or deleterious signals acting on neural cells. We review the current state of knowledge about molecular interactions between MCs and glia in neurodegenerative diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Epilepsy. We also discuss the influence on MC actions evoked by the host microbiota, which has a profound effect on the host immune system, inducing important consequences in neurodegenerative disorders. Gut dysbiosis, reduced intestinal motility and increased intestinal permeability, that allow bacterial products to circulate and pass through the blood-brain barrier, are associated with neurodegenerative disease. There are differences between the microbiota of neurologic patients and healthy controls. Distinguishing between cause and effect is a challenging task, and the molecular mechanisms whereby remote gut microbiota can alter the brain have not been fully elucidated. Nevertheless, modulation of the microbiota and MC activation have been shown to promote neuroprotection. We review this new information contributing to a greater understanding of MC-microbiota-neural cells interactions modulating the brain, behavior and neurodegenerative processes.
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178
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da Fonseca ACC, Amaral R, Garcia C, Geraldo LH, Matias D, Lima FRS. Microglia in Cancer: For Good or for Bad? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 949:245-261. [PMID: 27714693 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40764-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a malignant tumor of astrocytic origin that is highly invasive, proliferative and angiogenic. Despite current advances in multimodal therapies, such as surgery, radio- and chemotherapy, the outcome for patients with glioblastoma is nearly always fatal. The glioblastoma microenvironment has a tremendous influence over the tumor growth and spread. Microglia and macrophages are abundant cells in the tumor mass. Increasing evidence indicates that glioblastoma recruits these cell populations and signals in a way that microglia and macrophages are subverted to promote tumor progression. In this chapter, we discuss some aspects of the interaction between microglia and glioblastoma, consequences of this interaction for tumor progression and the possibility of microglial cells being used as therapeutic vectors, which opens up new alternatives for the development of GBM therapies targeting microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carolina Carvalho da Fonseca
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Rackele Amaral
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Celina Garcia
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Geraldo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Diana Matias
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Flavia Regina Souza Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil.
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179
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Li D, Tomljenovic L, Li Y, Shaw CA. RETRACTED: Subcutaneous injections of aluminum at vaccine adjuvant levels activate innate immune genes in mouse brain that are homologous with biomarkers of autism. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 177:39-54. [PMID: 28923356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Dept. of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lucija Tomljenovic
- Dept. of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yongling Li
- Dept. of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher A Shaw
- Dept. of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Program in Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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180
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Zhu Z, Wang D, Jiao W, Chen G, Cao Y, Zhang Q, Wang J. Bioinformatics analyses of pathways and gene predictions in IL-1α and IL-1β knockout mice with spinal cord injury. Acta Histochem 2017; 119:663-670. [PMID: 28851482 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to explore the potential genes and pathways regulated in spinal cord injury (SCI) model mice with IL-1α and IL-1β knockout (KO). METHODS Gene expression profile GSE70302, which includes data from injured spinal cord of 4 IL-1α-KO mice, 4 IL-1β-KO mice and 4 C57BL with 6 mice as controls was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the IL-1α-KO or IL-1β-KO vs. control, and IL-1α-KO vs. IL-1β-KO groups were screened, followed by function enrichment and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analyses. Finally, miRNAs associated with SCI that may target the DEGs were predicted. RESULTS A total of 579 and 992 DEGs were selected from the IL-1α-KO vs. control group and the IL-1β-KO vs. control group, respectively, and 208 genes common between the 2 comparison groups were identified. Additionally, 526 DEGs were identified from the IL-1α-KO vs. IL-1β-KO groups. These DEGs were significantly enriched in functions and pathways associated with ion transport, neuron apoptotic processes and inflammatory responses. The common genes were enriched in the pathways for cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. DEGs of IL-1α-KO vs. IL-1β-KO were significantly enriched in the immune system, hematopoietic cell lineage and PI3K-Akt signalling pathway-associated biological processes and pathways. The PPI network consisted of 76 nodes, such as Saa2, Kcna1, Scn8a, Ccl5, Ccl28 and Pink1. A total of 94 miRNAs, including mir-17-5P and mir-30a-5p were predicted that could target the DEGs. CONCLUSION IL-1α and IL-1β may play important roles in SCI by regulating ion transport, inflammation and neuron apoptotic processes and their associated genes or miRNAs. Compared with IL-1β-KO, IL-1α-KO may improve the outcome of SCI via the alteration of hematopoietic cell lineage and PI3K-Akt signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangchen Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, 271000, China.
| | - Defeng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, 271000, China
| | - Wei Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, 271000, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, 271000, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, 271000, China
| | - Qingfu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, 271000, China
| | - Junqin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, 271000, China
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181
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Interfering with the Chronic Immune Response Rescues Chronic Degeneration After Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurosci 2017; 36:9962-75. [PMID: 27656033 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1898-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED After traumatic brain injury (TBI), neurons surviving the initial insult can undergo chronic (secondary) degeneration via poorly understood mechanisms, resulting in long-term cognitive impairment. Although a neuroinflammatory response is promptly activated after TBI, it is unknown whether it has a significant role in chronic phases of TBI (>1 year after injury). Using a closed-head injury model of TBI in mice, we showed by MRI scans that TBI caused substantial degeneration at the lesion site within a few weeks and these did not expand significantly thereafter. However, chronic alterations in neurons were observed, with reduced dendritic spine density lasting >1 year after injury. In parallel, we found a long-lasting inflammatory response throughout the entire brain. Deletion of one allele of CX3CR1, a chemokine receptor, limited infiltration of peripheral immune cells and largely prevented the chronic degeneration of the injured brain and provided a better functional recovery in female, but not male, mice. Therefore, targeting persistent neuroinflammation presents a new therapeutic option to reduce chronic neurodegeneration. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often causes chronic neurological problems including epilepsy, neuropsychiatric disorders, and dementia through unknown mechanisms. Our study demonstrates that inflammatory cells invading the brain lead to secondary brain damage. Sex-specific amelioration of chronic neuroinflammation rescues the brain degeneration and results in improved motor functions. Therefore, this study pinpoints an effective therapeutic approach to preventing secondary complications after TBI.
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182
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Cheng Y, Wei Y, Yang W, Song Y, Shang H, Cai Y, Wu Z, Zhao W. Cordycepin confers neuroprotection in mice models of intracerebral hemorrhage via suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1133-1145. [PMID: 28401330 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been recognized as a major contributor to brain injury caused by intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome acts as an important mediator of inflammatory response in various inflammation-related diseases including hemorrhagic insults. Cordycepin has recently been shown to possess anti-inflammatory effect; however, its role and the possible underlying mechanisms in ICH remain unclear. This study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of cordycepin in mice models of ICH and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. ICH was induced in male ICR mice by injecting autologous blood infusion stereotactically. Cordycepin was then given intraperitoneally (i.p.) at 30 min after ICH induction. The results demonstrated that NLRP3 inflammasome was activated and exacerbated the inflammatory progression after ICH. Cordycepin treatment significantly alleviated neurological deficits, brain edema, and perihematomal tissue damage following ICH. These changes were accompanied by downregulated NLRP3 inflammasome components expression and a reduction of production and release of inflammasome substrates interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18). Furthermore, cordycepin ameliorated neuronal death in the perihematomal regions, accompanied by a large reduction in the expression of high-mobility group protein B 1 (HMGB1) post-ICH. In conclusion, this study provides in vivo evidence that cordycepin confers neuroprotective effect in the models of ICH, possibly through the suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxu Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlei Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaying Song
- Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanbing Shang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, North Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201800, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhebao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
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183
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Kempuraj D, Thangavel R, Selvakumar GP, Zaheer S, Ahmed ME, Raikwar SP, Zahoor H, Saeed D, Natteru PA, Iyer S, Zaheer A. Brain and Peripheral Atypical Inflammatory Mediators Potentiate Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:216. [PMID: 28790893 PMCID: PMC5522882 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory response is primarily a protective mechanism in the brain. However, excessive and chronic inflammatory responses can lead to deleterious effects involving immune cells, brain cells and signaling molecules. Neuroinflammation induces and accelerates pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Multiple sclerosis (MS). Neuroinflammatory pathways are indicated as novel therapeutic targets for these diseases. Mast cells are immune cells of hematopoietic origin that regulate inflammation and upon activation release many proinflammatory mediators in systemic and central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory conditions. In addition, inflammatory mediators released from activated glial cells induce neurodegeneration in the brain. Systemic inflammation-derived proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines and other factors cause a breach in the blood brain-barrier (BBB) thereby allowing for the entry of immune/inflammatory cells including mast cell progenitors, mast cells and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines into the brain. These peripheral-derived factors and intrinsically generated cytokines/chemokines, α-synuclein, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), substance P (SP), beta amyloid 1–42 (Aβ1–42) peptide and amyloid precursor proteins can activate glial cells, T-cells and mast cells in the brain can induce additional release of inflammatory and neurotoxic molecules contributing to chronic neuroinflammation and neuronal death. The glia maturation factor (GMF), a proinflammatory protein discovered in our laboratory released from glia, activates mast cells to release inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Chronic increase in the proinflammatory mediators induces neurotoxic Aβ and plaque formation in AD brains and neurodegeneration in PD brains. Glial cells, mast cells and T-cells can reactivate each other in neuroinflammatory conditions in the brain and augment neuroinflammation. Further, inflammatory mediators from the brain can also enter into the peripheral system through defective BBB, recruit immune cells into the brain, and exacerbate neuroinflammation. We suggest that mast cell-associated inflammatory mediators from systemic inflammation and brain could augment neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the brain. This review article addresses the role of some atypical inflammatory mediators that are associated with mast cell inflammation and their activation of glial cells to induce neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Govindhasamy P Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Mohammad E Ahmed
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Haris Zahoor
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Daniyal Saeed
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Prashant A Natteru
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Shankar Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
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184
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Jensen P, Myhre CL, Lassen PS, Metaxas A, Khan AM, Lambertsen KL, Babcock AA, Finsen B, Larsen MR, Kempf SJ. TNFα affects CREB-mediated neuroprotective signaling pathways of synaptic plasticity in neurons as revealed by proteomics and phospho-proteomics. Oncotarget 2017; 8:60223-60242. [PMID: 28947966 PMCID: PMC5601134 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease and TNFα as the main inducer of neuroinflammation has neurodegenerative but also pro-regenerative properties, however, the dose-dependent molecular changes on signaling pathway level are not fully understood. We performed quantitative proteomics and phospho-proteomics to target this point. In HT22 cells, we found that TNFα reduced mitochondrial signaling and inhibited mTOR protein translation signaling but also led to induction of neuroprotective MAPK-CREB signaling. Stimulation of human neurons with TNFα revealed similar cellular mechanisms. Moreover, a number of synaptic plasticity-associated genes were altered in their expression profile including CREB. SiRNA-mediated knockdown of CREB in human neurons prior to TNFα stimulation led to a reduced number of protein/phospho-protein hits compared to siRNA-mediated knockdown of CREB or TNFα stimulation alone and countermeasured the reduced CREB signaling. In vivo data of TNFα knockout mice showed that learning ability did not depend on TNFα per se but that TNFα was essential for preserving the learning ability after episodes of lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation. This may be based on modulation of CREB/CREB signaling as revealed by the in vitro / in vivo data. Our data show that several molecular targets and signaling pathways induced by TNFα in neurons resemble those seen in Alzheimer's disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christa L Myhre
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Pernille S Lassen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Athanasios Metaxas
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Asif M Khan
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Current address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kate L Lambertsen
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,BRIDGE, Brain Research-Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Alicia A Babcock
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bente Finsen
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,BRIDGE, Brain Research-Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin R Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stefan J Kempf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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185
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Shi LM, Chen RJ, Zhang H, Jiang CM, Gong J. Cerebrospinal fluid neuron specific enolase, interleukin-1β and erythropoietin concentrations in children after seizures. Childs Nerv Syst 2017; 33:805-811. [PMID: 28236069 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-017-3359-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the present study, the levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and erythropoietin (EPO) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in children with idiopathic epilepsy were measured to illuminate the relationships between these markers with idiopathic epilepsy. METHODS Eighty-five children from 6 months to 12.5 years of age with single, previously undiagnosed, and untreated idiopathic epilepsy were participated in this study. The concentrations of CSF NSE, 1L-1β, and EPO were measured by specific ELISA methods. RESULTS The mean concentrations of CSF NSE, IL-1β, and EPO in the epileptic groups showed a significant increase (P < 0.01) compared with those in the control groups. Besides, the mutual correlations of NSE, 1L-1β, and EPO were also analyzed. Results showed that there were positive correlations between the levels of IL-1β, NSE, and EPO. CONCLUSIONS The changes of NSE, 1L-1β, and EPO level in CSF may be beneficial for the pathophysiology study of epileptic seizures and the identification and diagnosis of a seizure clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Min Shi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Jie Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Ming Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, 301103, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Gong
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Medical Laboratory Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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186
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Chiang YH, Wu YC, Chi SC. Interleukin-1β secreted from betanodavirus-infected microglia caused the death of neurons in giant grouper brains. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:19-26. [PMID: 28062227 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
High interleukin (IL)-1β gene expression was observed in dead giant grouper brains after nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infection. To investigate the neuronal death caused by NNV infection, primary tissue culture of giant grouper brains (pGB) was performed. In NNV-infected pGB cells, the viral capsid protein was detected in both neurons and microglia; furthermore, microglial proliferation and neuronal death were observed. The culture supernatant (CS) of NNV-infected pGB cells contained IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, which were mainly released from the microglia. A new batch of pGB cells was treated with CS, resulting in neuronal death, which could be prevented by blocking the IL-1β in the CS by using anti-IL-1β polyclonal antibodies. Moreover, pGB cells treated with recombinant IL-1β showed microglial proliferation and neuronal death. Thus, NNV infection may activate microglial proliferation and stimulate microglial secretion of IL-1β, which is a critical cytokine responsible for neuronal death in NNV-infected grouper brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hui Chiang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Wu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
| | - Shau-Chi Chi
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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187
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Blaylock RL. Parkinson's disease: Microglial/macrophage-induced immunoexcitotoxicity as a central mechanism of neurodegeneration. Surg Neurol Int 2017; 8:65. [PMID: 28540131 PMCID: PMC5421223 DOI: 10.4103/sni.sni_441_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is one of the several neurodegenerative disorders that affects aging individuals, with approximately 1% of those over the age of 60 years developing the disorder in their lifetime. The disease has the characteristics of a progressive disorder in most people, with a common pattern of pathological change occurring in the nervous system that extends beyond the classical striatal degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Earlier studies concluded that the disease was a disorder of alpha-synuclein, with the formation of aggregates of abnormal alpha-synuclein being characteristic. More recent studies have concluded that inflammation plays a central role in the disorder and that the characteristic findings can be accounted for by either mutation or oxidative damage to alpha-synuclein, with resulting immune reactions from surrounding microglia, astrocytes, and macrophages. What has been all but ignored in most of these studies is the role played by excitotoxicity and that the two processes are intimately linked, with inflammation triggered cell signaling enhancing the excitotoxic cascade. Further, there is growing evidence that it is the excitotoxic reactions that actually cause the neurodegeneration. I have coined the name immunoexcitotoxicity to describe this link between inflammation and excitotoxicity. It appears that the two processes are rarely, if ever, separated in neurodegenerative diseases.
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188
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Makitani K, Nakagawa S, Izumi Y, Akaike A, Kume T. Inhibitory effect of donepezil on bradykinin-induced increase in the intracellular calcium concentration in cultured cortical astrocytes. J Pharmacol Sci 2017; 134:37-44. [PMID: 28499726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Donepezil is a potent and selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor developed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, we investigated the responses of astrocytes to bradykinin, an inflammatory mediator, and the effect of donepezil on these responses using cultured cortical astrocytes. Bradykinin induced a transient increase of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in cultured astrocytes. Bradykinin-induced [Ca2+]i increase was inhibited by the exposure to thapsigargin, which depletes Ca2+ stores on endoplasmic reticulum, but not by the exclusion of extracellular Ca2+. Twenty four hours pretreatment of donepezil reduced the bradykinin-induced [Ca2+]i increase. This reduction was inhibited not only by mecamylamine, a nAChR antagonist, but also by PI3K and Akt inhibitors. In addition, donepezil inhibited bradykinin-induced increase of the intracellular reactive oxygen species level in astrocytes. These results suggest that donepezil inhibits the inflammatory response induced by bradykinin via nAChR and PI3K-Akt pathway in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Makitani
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shota Nakagawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Izumi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akinori Akaike
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kume
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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189
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Electroacupuncture Improves Cognitive Deficits through Increasing Regional Cerebral Blood Flow and Alleviating Inflammation in CCI Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:5173168. [PMID: 28491108 PMCID: PMC5402249 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5173168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To investigate the effect of EA on regional cerebral blood flow, cognitive deficits, inflammation, and its probable mechanisms in chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI) rats. Methods. Rats were assigned randomly into sham operation group (sham group) and operation group. For operation group, CCI model was performed using the permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) method, and then rats were further randomly divided into model group and electroacupuncture (EA) group. 2/15 Hz low-frequency pulse electric intervention was applied at “Baihui” and “Dazhui” acupoints in EA group. Four weeks later, Morris water maze test was adopted to assess the cognitive function, using laser Doppler flowmetry to test changes of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF); double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) to measure proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β); western blot to test the protein expression quantities of proinflammatory cytokines, JAK2, and STAT3; and RT-PCR to test JAK2 mRNA and STAT3 mRNA in the hippocampus in each group. Results. Compared with the model group, learning and memory abilities and rCBF and IL-6 expression of the EA group enhanced markedly; IL-1β and JAK2 significantly decreased; TNF-α and STAT3 also declined, but the difference was not apparent. Conclusion. Our research suggests that EA can improve cognitive deficits which may be induced by increasing rCBF and anti-inflammatory effect.
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190
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Mashhadizadeh S, Farbood Y, Dianat M, Khodadadi A, Sarkaki A. Therapeutic effects of ellagic acid on memory, hippocampus electrophysiology deficits, and elevated TNF-α level in brain due to experimental traumatic brain injury. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 20:399-407. [PMID: 28804609 PMCID: PMC5425922 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2017.8581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cognitive defects such as learning and memory impairment are amongst the most repetitious sequelae after sever and moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI). It was suggested that ellagic acid (EA), an innate phenol product, display neuroprotective properties against oxidative and inflammatory damages after brain injury. The object of the current study was therapeutic properties of EA on blood-brain barrier (BBB) interruption and elevated content of TNF-α in brain tissue followed by neurologic aftereffects, cognitive and brain electrophysiology deficits as outcomes of diffuse TBI in rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS TBI was induced by a 200 g weight falling by a 2-m height through a free-falling tube onto the head of anesthetized rat. TBI rats treated immediately after trauma with EA (100 mg/kg, IP) once every 8 hr until 48 hr later. Neurologic outcomes, passive avoidance task (PAT), hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), BBB permeability and content of TNF-α in brain tissue were evaluated. RESULTS TBI induced significant impairments in neurological score, BBB function, PAT and hippocampal LTP in TBI+Veh group in compare with Sham+Veh (P<0.001). EA treatment decreased neurologic severity score (NSS), restored increased BBB permeability, cognitive and hippocampal LTP abnormalities, and elevated brain content of TNF-α due to TBI significantly (P<0.001). CONCLUSION Our findings propose that EA can restore NSS, cognitive and LTP deficits and prevent brain inflammation may by restore BBB permeability as well as lowering brain content of TNF-α following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Mashhadizadeh
- Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Golestan Blvd, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Golestan Blvd, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Farbood
- Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Golestan Blvd, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Golestan Blvd, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahin Dianat
- Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Golestan Blvd, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Golestan Blvd, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Khodadadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Golestan Blvd, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Sarkaki
- Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Golestan Blvd, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Golestan Blvd, Ahvaz, Iran
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191
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Glushakova OY, Glushakov AA, Wijesinghe DS, Valadka AB, Hayes RL, Glushakov AV. Prospective clinical biomarkers of caspase-mediated apoptosis associated with neuronal and neurovascular damage following stroke and other severe brain injuries: Implications for chronic neurodegeneration. Brain Circ 2017; 3:87-108. [PMID: 30276309 PMCID: PMC6126261 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_27_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute brain injuries, including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, as well as traumatic brain injury (TBI), are major worldwide health concerns with very limited options for effective diagnosis and treatment. Stroke and TBI pose an increased risk for the development of chronic neurodegenerative diseases, notably chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. The existence of premorbid neurodegenerative diseases can exacerbate the severity and prognosis of acute brain injuries. Apoptosis involving caspase-3 is one of the most common mechanisms involved in the etiopathology of both acute and chronic neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting a relationship between these disorders. Over the past two decades, several clinical biomarkers of apoptosis have been identified in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood following ischemic stroke, intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage, and TBI. These biomarkers include selected caspases, notably caspase-3 and its specific cleavage products such as caspase-cleaved cytokeratin-18, caspase-cleaved tau, and a caspase-specific 120 kDa αII-spectrin breakdown product. The levels of these biomarkers might be a valuable tool for the identification of pathological pathways such as apoptosis and inflammation involved in injury progression, assessment of injury severity, and prediction of clinical outcomes. This review focuses on clinical studies involving biomarkers of caspase-3-mediated pathways, following stroke and TBI. The review further examines their prospective diagnostic utility, as well as clinical utility for improved personalized treatment of stroke and TBI patients and the development of prophylactic treatment chronic neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Y Glushakova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andriy A Glushakov
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Dayanjan S Wijesinghe
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacometabolomics and Companion Diagnostics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Alex B Valadka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ronald L Hayes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Banyan Biomarkers, Inc., Alachua, 32615, USA
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192
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Levin SG, Godukhin OV. Modulating Effect of Cytokines on Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity in the Brain. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:264-274. [PMID: 28320267 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791703004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
After accumulation of data showing that resident brain cells (neurons, astrocytes, and microglia) produce mediators of the immune system, such as cytokines and their receptors under normal physiological conditions, a critical need emerged for investigating the role of these mediators in cognitive processes. The major problem for understanding the functional role of cytokines in the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity, de novo neurogenesis, and learning and memory is the small number of investigated cytokines. Existing concepts are based on data from just three proinflammatory cytokines: interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. The amount of information in the literature on the functional role of antiinflammatory cytokines in the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and cognitive functions of mature mammalian brain is dismally low. However, they are of principle importance for understanding the mechanisms of local information processing in the brain, since they modulate the activity of individual cells and local neural networks, being able to reconstruct the processes of synaptic plasticity and intercellular communication, in general, depending on the local ratio of the levels of different cytokines in certain areas of the brain. Understanding the functional role of cytokines in cellular mechanisms of information processing and storage in the brain would allow developing preventive and therapeutic means for the treatment of neuropathologies related to impairment of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Levin
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
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193
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Li L, Zi X, Hou D, Tu Q. Krüppel-like factor 4 regulates amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci Lett 2017; 643:131-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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194
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Neuroprotective Effect of 3-(Naphthalen-2-Yl(Propoxy)Methyl)Azetidine Hydrochloride on Brain Ischaemia/Reperfusion Injury. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2017; 12:447-461. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-017-9733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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195
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Li X, Su L, Zhang X, Zhang C, Wang L, Li Y, Zhang Y, He T, Zhu X, Cui L. Ulinastatin downregulates TLR4 and NF-kB expression and protects mouse brains against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neurol Res 2017; 39:367-373. [PMID: 28191863 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2017.1286541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory damage plays an important role in ischemic stroke and provides potential targets for therapy. Ulinastatin (UTI), a drug used to treat shock and acute pancreatitis in clinic, has attracted attention for its protective effects through immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of UTI in the acute phase of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is not clear. This study is to investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of UTI and explore its underlying mechanisms. METHODS Male CD-1 mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and randomly assigned into four groups: Sham (sham-operated) group, tMCAO (tMCAO + 0.9% saline) group, UTI-L (tMCAO + UTI 1500 U/100 g), and UTI-H (tMCAO + UTI 3000 U/100 g) group. UTI was administered immediately after reperfusion in the UTI-L and UTI-H groups. About 24 h after the reperfusion, the neurological deficit, brain water content, and infarct volume were detected. Immunohistochemistry, western blot and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used to detect the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB in the ischemic cerebral cortex. RESULTS Compared with tMCAO group, both UTI-L and UTI-H groups dramatically ameliorated neurological deficit (p < 0.05), lessened the brain water content (p < 0.05) and infarct volume (p < 0.05), and decreased the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB. CONCLUSION These results showed that UTI protected the brain against ischemic injury which may be due to the alleviation of inflammation reaction in early stage through downregulating TLR4 and NF-κB expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Li
- a Department of Neurology , Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University , Baoding , PR China
| | - Likai Su
- a Department of Neurology , Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University , Baoding , PR China
| | - Xiangjian Zhang
- b Department of Neurology , Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , China.,c Hebei Key Laboratory for Neurology , Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , PR China
| | - Cong Zhang
- b Department of Neurology , Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , China.,c Hebei Key Laboratory for Neurology , Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , PR China
| | - Lina Wang
- b Department of Neurology , Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , China.,c Hebei Key Laboratory for Neurology , Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , PR China
| | - Yaoru Li
- b Department of Neurology , Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , China.,c Hebei Key Laboratory for Neurology , Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , PR China
| | - Ye Zhang
- b Department of Neurology , Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , China.,c Hebei Key Laboratory for Neurology , Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , PR China
| | - Tingting He
- b Department of Neurology , Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , China.,c Hebei Key Laboratory for Neurology , Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , PR China
| | - Xingyuan Zhu
- b Department of Neurology , Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , China.,c Hebei Key Laboratory for Neurology , Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , PR China
| | - Lili Cui
- b Department of Neurology , Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , China.,c Hebei Key Laboratory for Neurology , Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , PR China
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196
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Pappa M, Theodosiadis N, Tsounis A, Sarafis P. Pathogenesis and treatment of post-operative cognitive dysfunction. Electron Physician 2017; 9:3768-3775. [PMID: 28465805 PMCID: PMC5410904 DOI: 10.19082/3768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive disorders common in the post-operative period, are the post-operative delirium (POD) and the post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) does not mention POCD as a separate disease entity, and thus little is known about the pathogenesis of this disorder. The aim of this study was to review, detect and highlight the most important data cited, regarding pathogenesis mechanisms and treatment of the post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). The study was carried out from March 2015 to June 2015. Literature review was achieved by searching a number of bibliographic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar and SCOPUS, surveying published articles from 1955 to 2014. As far as the selection criteria, the material consists of scientific articles published mainly over the last fifteen years, while material published before 2000 was selected because it was considered to be important. This review showed that deficits are observed in one or more discrete areas of the patient's mental state, such as attention, concentration, memory, psychomotor speed and more. This condition is usually developed over a period of more than a week or month after surgery and is more common in elderly patients. Mechanisms that have been proposed to explain this phenomenon are hyperventilation, hypotension, cerebral microemboli and inflammatory mechanisms. Its differential diagnosis will be made mainly from delirium. POCD treatment will first include the exclusion of any other serious diseases that can cause organic psychosyndrome and then focus on the actual symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pappa
- 414 Military Hospital of Special Diseases, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Andreas Tsounis
- Centers for the Prevention of Addictions and Promoting Psychosocial Health of Municipality of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pavlos Sarafis
- Nursing Department, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
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197
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Low-Level Laser Irradiation Improves Motor Recovery After Contusive Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 14:57-64. [PMID: 30603462 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-016-0003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the therapeutic effects of low-level laser irradiation (LLLI) on the recovery of motor function and its underlying mechanisms in rats with spinal cord injury (SCI). The spinal cord was contused at the T11 level using a New York University impactor. Thirty-eight rats were randomly divided into four groups: LLLI with 0.08 J, 0.4 J, 0.8 J, and sham. We transcutaneously applied at the lesion site of the spinal contusive rats 5 min after injury and then daily for 21 days. The Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor scale and combined behavioral score (CBS) were used to evaluate motor function. The spinal segments of rostral and caudal from the lesion site, the epicenter, and L4-5 were collected from normal and the all groups at 7 days after SCI. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was compared across groups in all regions. In the present study, LLLI with 0.4 J and 0.8 J led to a significant improvement in motor function compared to sham LLLI, which significantly decreased TNF-α expression at the lesion epicenter and reduced iNOS expression in the caudal segment for all LLLI groups and in the L4-5 segments for the 0.4 J and 0.8 J groups when compared to sham LLLI group. Our results demonstrate that transcutaneous LLLI modulate inflammatory mediators to enhance motor function recovery after SCI. Thus, LLLI in acute phase after SCI might have therapeutic potential for neuroprotection and restoration of motor function following SCI.
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198
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Valera E, Spencer B, Fields JA, Trinh I, Adame A, Mante M, Rockenstein E, Desplats P, Masliah E. Combination of alpha-synuclein immunotherapy with anti-inflammatory treatment in a transgenic mouse model of multiple system atrophy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:2. [PMID: 28057080 PMCID: PMC5217191 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the pathological accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in oligodendrocytes. Therapeutic efforts to stop or delay the progression of MSA have yielded suboptimal results in clinical trials, and there are no efficient treatments currently available for MSA patients. We hypothesize that combining therapies targeting different aspects of the disease may lead to better clinical outcomes. To test this hypothesis, we combined the use of a single-chain antibody targeting α-syn modified for improved central nervous system penetration (CD5-D5) with an unconventional anti-inflammatory treatment (lenalidomide) in the myelin basic protein (MBP)-α-syn transgenic mouse model of MSA. While the use of either CD5-D5 or lenalidomide alone had positive effects on neuroinflammation and/or α-syn accumulation in this mouse model of MSA, the combination of both approaches yielded better results than each single treatment. The combined treatment reduced astrogliosis, microgliosis, soluble and aggregated α-syn levels, and partially improved behavioral deficits in MBP-α-syn transgenic mice. These effects were associated with an activation of the Akt signaling pathway, which may mediate cytoprotective effects downstream tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). These results suggest that a strategic combination of treatments may improve the therapeutic outcome in trials for MSA and related neurodegenerative disorders.
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199
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Vidale S, Consoli A, Arnaboldi M, Consoli D. Postischemic Inflammation in Acute Stroke. J Clin Neurol 2017; 13:1-9. [PMID: 28079313 PMCID: PMC5242162 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2017.13.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is caused by arterial occlusion due to a thrombus or an embolus. Such occlusion induces multiple and concomitant pathophysiological processes that involve bioenergetic failure, acidosis, loss of cell homeostasis, excitotoxicity, and disruption of the blood-brain barrier. All of these mechanisms contribute to neuronal death, mainly via apoptosis or necrosis. The immune system is involved in this process in the early phases after brain injury, which contributes to potential enlargement of the infarct size and involves the penumbra area. Whereas inflammation and the immune system both exert deleterious effects, they also contribute to brain protection by stimulating a preconditioning status and to the concomitant repair of the injured parenchyma. This review describes the main phases of the inflammatory process occurring after arterial cerebral occlusion, with an emphasis on the role of single mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Vidale
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit, Sant'Anna Hospital, Como, Italy.
| | - Arturo Consoli
- Department of Interventional Neurovascular Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Arnaboldi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit, Sant'Anna Hospital, Como, Italy
| | - Domenico Consoli
- Department of Neurology, G. Jazzolino Hospital, Vibo Valentia, Italy
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Park E, Chun HS. Melatonin Attenuates Manganese and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Activation of BV2 Microglia. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:656-666. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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