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Abstract
The liver is uniquely bestowed with an ability to regenerate following a surgical or toxicant insult. One of the most researched models to demonstrate the regenerative potential of this organ is the partial hepatectomy model, where two thirds of the liver is surgically resected. The remnant liver replenishes the lost mass within 1014 days in mice. The distinctive ability of the liver to regenerate has allowed living donor and split liver transplantation. One signaling pathway shown to be activated during the process of regeneration to contribute toward the mass and functional recovery of the liver is the Wnt/-catenin pathway. Very early after any insult to the liver, the cellmolecule circuitry of the Wnt/-catenin pathway is set into motion with the release of specific Wnt ligands from sinusoidal endothelial cells and macrophages, which, in a paracrine manner, engage Frizzled and LDL-related protein-5/6 coreceptors on hepatocytes to stabilize -catenin inducing its nuclear translocation. Nuclear -catenin interacts with T-cell factor family of transcription factors to induce target genes including cyclin D1 for proliferation, and others for regulating hepatocyte function. Working in collaboration with other signaling pathways, Wnt/-catenin signaling contributes to the restoration process without any compromise of function at any stage. Also, stimulation of this pathway through innovative means induces liver regeneration when this process is exhausted or compromised and thus has applications in the treatment of end-stage liver disease and in the field of liver transplantation. Thus, Wnt/-catenin signaling pathway is highly relevant in the discipline of hepatic regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikai Hu
- *School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- †Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Satdarshan P. Monga
- †Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- ‡Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- §Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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152
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Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) form the wall of the hepatic sinusoids. Unlike other capillaries, they lack an organized basement membrane and have cytoplasm that is penetrated by open fenestrae, making the hepatic microvascular endothelium discontinuous. LSECs have essential roles in the maintenance of hepatic homeostasis, including regulation of the vascular tone, inflammation and thrombosis, and they are essential for control of the hepatic immune response. On a background of acute or chronic liver injury, LSECs modify their phenotype and negatively affect neighbouring cells and liver disease pathophysiology. This Review describes the main functions and phenotypic dysregulations of LSECs in liver diseases, specifically in the context of acute injury (ischaemia-reperfusion injury, drug-induced liver injury and bacterial and viral infection), chronic liver disease (metabolism-associated liver disease, alcoholic steatohepatitis and chronic hepatotoxic injury) and hepatocellular carcinoma, and provides a comprehensive update of the role of LSECs as therapeutic targets for liver disease. Finally, we discuss the open questions in the field of LSEC pathobiology and future avenues of research.
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153
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Haywood NJ, Luk C, Bridge KI, Drozd M, Makava N, Skromna A, Maccannell A, Ozber CH, Warmke N, Wilkinson CG, Watt NT, Koch‐Paszkowski J, Teh I, Boyle JH, Smart S, Schneider JE, Yuldasheva NY, Roberts LD, Beech DJ, Sukumar P, Wheatcroft SB, Cubbon RM, Kearney MT. Endothelial IGF-1 receptor mediates crosstalk with the gut wall to regulate microbiota in obesity. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e50767. [PMID: 33934497 PMCID: PMC8097321 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in composition of the intestinal microbiota are linked to the development of obesity and can lead to endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction. It is unknown whether EC can directly influence the microbiota. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and its receptor (IGF-1R) are critical for coupling nutritional status and cellular growth; IGF-1R is expressed in multiple cell types including EC. The role of ECIGF-1R in the response to nutritional obesity is unexplored. To examine this, we use gene-modified mice with EC-specific overexpression of human IGF-1R (hIGFREO) and their wild-type littermates. After high-fat feeding, hIGFREO weigh less, have reduced adiposity and have improved glucose tolerance. hIGFREO show an altered gene expression and altered microbial diversity in the gut, including a relative increase in the beneficial genus Akkermansia. The depletion of gut microbiota with broad-spectrum antibiotics induces a loss of the favourable metabolic differences seen in hIGFREO mice. We show that IGF-1R facilitates crosstalk between the EC and the gut wall; this crosstalk protects against diet-induced obesity, as a result of an altered gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Haywood
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Cheukyau Luk
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Katherine I Bridge
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Michael Drozd
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Natallia Makava
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Anna Skromna
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Amanda Maccannell
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Claire H Ozber
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Nele Warmke
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Chloe G Wilkinson
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Nicole T Watt
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Joanna Koch‐Paszkowski
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Irvin Teh
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Jordan H Boyle
- Faculty of EngineeringSchool of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Sean Smart
- Department of OncologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Jurgen E Schneider
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Nadira Y Yuldasheva
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Lee D Roberts
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - David J Beech
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Piruthivi Sukumar
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Stephen B Wheatcroft
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Richard M Cubbon
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Mark T Kearney
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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154
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Ishikawa J, Takeo M, Iwadate A, Koya J, Kihira M, Oshima M, Suzuki Y, Taniguchi K, Kobayashi A, Tsuji T. Mechanical homeostasis of liver sinusoid is involved in the initiation and termination of liver regeneration. Commun Biol 2021; 4:409. [PMID: 33828226 PMCID: PMC8027462 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01936-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organogenesis and regeneration are fundamental for developmental progress and are associated with morphogenesis, size control and functional properties for whole-body homeostasis. The liver plays an essential role in maintaining homeostasis of the entire body through various functions, including metabolic functions, detoxification, and production of bile, via the three-dimensional spatial arrangement of hepatic lobules and has high regenerative capacity. The regeneration occurs as hypertrophy, which strictly controls the size and lobule structure. In this study, we established a three-dimensional sinusoidal network analysis method and determined valuable parameters after partial hepatectomy by comparison to the static phase of the liver. We found that mechanical homeostasis, which is crucial for organ morphogenesis and functions in various phenomena, plays essential roles in liver regeneration for both initiation and termination of liver regeneration, which is regulated by cytokine networks. Mechanical homeostasis plays critical roles in the initiation and termination of organogenesis, tissue repair and organ regeneration in coordination with cytokine networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ishikawa
- Laboratory for Organ Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) and RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeo
- Laboratory for Organ Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) and RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ayako Iwadate
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Junko Koya
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miho Kihira
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Oshima
- Laboratory for Organ Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) and RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusal Reconstruction, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuki Suzuki
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazushi Taniguchi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kobayashi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuji
- Laboratory for Organ Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) and RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan.
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155
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Saunders DC, Aamodt KI, Richardson TM, Hopkirk AJ, Aramandla R, Poffenberger G, Jenkins R, Flaherty DK, Prasad N, Levy SE, Powers AC, Brissova M. Coordinated interactions between endothelial cells and macrophages in the islet microenvironment promote β cell regeneration. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:22. [PMID: 33824346 PMCID: PMC8024255 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00129-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous β cell regeneration could alleviate diabetes, but proliferative stimuli within the islet microenvironment are incompletely understood. We previously found that β cell recovery following hypervascularization-induced β cell loss involves interactions with endothelial cells (ECs) and macrophages (MΦs). Here we show that proliferative ECs modulate MΦ infiltration and phenotype during β cell loss, and recruited MΦs are essential for β cell recovery. Furthermore, VEGFR2 inactivation in quiescent ECs accelerates islet vascular regression during β cell recovery and leads to increased β cell proliferation without changes in MΦ phenotype or number. Transcriptome analysis of β cells, ECs, and MΦs reveals that β cell proliferation coincides with elevated expression of extracellular matrix remodeling molecules and growth factors likely driving activation of proliferative signaling pathways in β cells. Collectively, these findings suggest a new β cell regeneration paradigm whereby coordinated interactions between intra-islet MΦs, ECs, and extracellular matrix mediate β cell self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane C Saunders
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kristie I Aamodt
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tiffany M Richardson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alexander J Hopkirk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Radhika Aramandla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Greg Poffenberger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Regina Jenkins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David K Flaherty
- Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nripesh Prasad
- Hudson Alpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Shawn E Levy
- Hudson Alpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Marcela Brissova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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156
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Chembazhi UV, Bangru S, Hernaez M, Kalsotra A. Cellular plasticity balances the metabolic and proliferation dynamics of a regenerating liver. Genome Res 2021; 31:576-591. [PMID: 33649154 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.29.124263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The adult liver has an exceptional ability to regenerate, but how it maintains its specialized functions during regeneration is unclear. Here, we used partial hepatectomy (PHx) in tandem with single-cell transcriptomics to track cellular transitions and heterogeneities of ∼22,000 liver cells through the initiation, progression, and termination phases of mouse liver regeneration. Our results uncovered that, following PHx, a subset of hepatocytes transiently reactivates an early-postnatal-like gene expression program to proliferate, while a distinct population of metabolically hyperactive cells appears to compensate for any temporary deficits in liver function. Cumulative EdU labeling and immunostaining of metabolic, portal, and central vein-specific markers revealed that hepatocyte proliferation after PHx initiates in the midlobular region before proceeding toward the periportal and pericentral areas. We further demonstrate that portal and central vein proximal hepatocytes retain their metabolically active state to preserve essential liver functions while midlobular cells proliferate nearby. Through combined analysis of gene regulatory networks and cell-cell interaction maps, we found that regenerating hepatocytes redeploy key developmental regulons, which are guided by extensive ligand-receptor-mediated signaling events between hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells. Altogether, our study offers a detailed blueprint of the intercellular crosstalk and cellular reprogramming that balances the metabolic and proliferative requirements of a regenerating liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ullas V Chembazhi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Sushant Bangru
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Cancer Center@Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Mikel Hernaez
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008 Navarra, Spain
| | - Auinash Kalsotra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Cancer Center@Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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157
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Barcia Durán JG, Lu T, Houghton S, Geng F, Schreiner R, Xiang J, Rafii S, Redmond D, Lis R. Endothelial Jak3 expression enhances pro-hematopoietic angiocrine function in mice. Commun Biol 2021; 4:406. [PMID: 33767339 PMCID: PMC7994450 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01846-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Jak3 is the only non-promiscuous member of the Jak family of secondary messengers. Studies to date have focused on understanding and targeting the cell-autonomous role of Jak3 in immunity, while functional Jak3 expression outside the hematopoietic system remains largely unreported. We show that Jak3 is expressed in endothelial cells across hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic organs, with heightened expression in the bone marrow. The bone marrow niche is understood as a network of different cell types that regulate hematopoietic function. We show that the Jak3-/- bone marrow niche is deleterious for the maintenance of long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) and that JAK3-overexpressing endothelial cells have increased potential to expand LT-HSCs in vitro. This work may serve to identify a novel function for a highly specific tyrosine kinase in the bone marrow vascular niche and to further characterize the LT-HSC function of sinusoidal endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Gabriel Barcia Durán
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Tyler Lu
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine and Infertility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sean Houghton
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Fuqiang Geng
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ryan Schreiner
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jenny Xiang
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine and Infertility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - David Redmond
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Raphaël Lis
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine and Infertility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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158
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Angiodiversity and organotypic functions of sinusoidal endothelial cells. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:289-310. [PMID: 33745018 PMCID: PMC7982081 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-021-09780-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
‘Angiodiversity’ refers to the structural and functional heterogeneity of endothelial cells (EC) along the segments of the vascular tree and especially within the microvascular beds of different organs. Organotypically differentiated EC ranging from continuous, barrier-forming endothelium to discontinuous, fenestrated endothelium perform organ-specific functions such as the maintenance of the tightly sealed blood–brain barrier or the clearance of macromolecular waste products from the peripheral blood by liver EC-expressed scavenger receptors. The microvascular bed of the liver, composed of discontinuous, fenestrated liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC), is a prime example of organ-specific angiodiversity. Anatomy and development of LSEC have been extensively studied by electron microscopy as well as linage-tracing experiments. Recent advances in cell isolation and bulk transcriptomics or single-cell RNA sequencing techniques allowed the identification of distinct LSEC molecular programs and have led to the identification of LSEC subpopulations. LSEC execute homeostatic functions such as fine tuning the vascular tone, clearing noxious substances from the circulation, and modulating immunoregulatory mechanisms. In recent years, the identification and functional analysis of LSEC-derived angiocrine signals, which control liver homeostasis and disease pathogenesis in an instructive manner, marks a major change of paradigm in the understanding of liver function in health and disease. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding of liver vascular angiodiversity and the functional consequences resulting thereof.
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159
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Coelho I, Duarte N, Macedo MP, Penha-Gonçalves C. Insights into Macrophage/Monocyte-Endothelial Cell Crosstalk in the Liver: A Role for Trem-2. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1248. [PMID: 33802948 PMCID: PMC8002813 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10061248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disease accounts for millions of deaths worldwide annually being a major cause of global morbidity. Hepatotoxic insults elicit a multilayered response involving tissue damage, inflammation, scar formation, and tissue regeneration. Liver cell populations act coordinately to maintain tissue homeostasis and providing a barrier to external aggressors. However, upon hepatic damage, this tight regulation is disrupted, leading to liver pathology which spans from simple steatosis to cirrhosis. Inflammation is a hallmark of liver pathology, where macrophages and endothelial cells are pivotal players in promoting and sustaining disease progression. Understanding the drivers and mediators of these interactions will provide valuable information on what may contribute to liver resilience against disease. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of macrophages and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) in homeostasis and liver pathology. Moreover, we discuss the expanding body of evidence on cell-to-cell communication between these two cell compartments and present triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (Trem-2) as a plausible mediator of this cellular interlink. This review consolidates relevant knowledge that might be useful to guide the pursue of successful therapeutic targets and pharmacological strategies for controlling liver pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Coelho
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.C.); (M.P.M.)
| | - Nádia Duarte
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | - Maria Paula Macedo
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.C.); (M.P.M.)
- APDP Diabetes Portugal, Education and Research Center (APDP-ERC), 1250-189 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos Penha-Gonçalves
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal;
- APDP Diabetes Portugal, Education and Research Center (APDP-ERC), 1250-189 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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160
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Chembazhi UV, Bangru S, Hernaez M, Kalsotra A. Cellular plasticity balances the metabolic and proliferation dynamics of a regenerating liver. Genome Res 2021; 31:576-591. [PMID: 33649154 PMCID: PMC8015853 DOI: 10.1101/gr.267013.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The adult liver has an exceptional ability to regenerate, but how it maintains its specialized functions during regeneration is unclear. Here, we used partial hepatectomy (PHx) in tandem with single-cell transcriptomics to track cellular transitions and heterogeneities of ∼22,000 liver cells through the initiation, progression, and termination phases of mouse liver regeneration. Our results uncovered that, following PHx, a subset of hepatocytes transiently reactivates an early-postnatal-like gene expression program to proliferate, while a distinct population of metabolically hyperactive cells appears to compensate for any temporary deficits in liver function. Cumulative EdU labeling and immunostaining of metabolic, portal, and central vein-specific markers revealed that hepatocyte proliferation after PHx initiates in the midlobular region before proceeding toward the periportal and pericentral areas. We further demonstrate that portal and central vein proximal hepatocytes retain their metabolically active state to preserve essential liver functions while midlobular cells proliferate nearby. Through combined analysis of gene regulatory networks and cell-cell interaction maps, we found that regenerating hepatocytes redeploy key developmental regulons, which are guided by extensive ligand-receptor-mediated signaling events between hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells. Altogether, our study offers a detailed blueprint of the intercellular crosstalk and cellular reprogramming that balances the metabolic and proliferative requirements of a regenerating liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ullas V Chembazhi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Sushant Bangru
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.,Cancer Center@Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Mikel Hernaez
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.,Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008 Navarra, Spain
| | - Auinash Kalsotra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.,Cancer Center@Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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161
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Coelho I, Duarte N, Barros A, Macedo MP, Penha-Gonçalves C. Trem-2 Promotes Emergence of Restorative Macrophages and Endothelial Cells During Recovery From Hepatic Tissue Damage. Front Immunol 2021; 11:616044. [PMID: 33628208 PMCID: PMC7897679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.616044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are pivotal in mounting liver inflammatory and tissue repair responses upon hepatic injury, showing remarkable functional plasticity. The molecular mechanisms determining macrophage transition from inflammatory to restorative phenotypes in the damaged liver remain unclear. Using mouse models of acute (APAP) and chronic (CCl4) drug-induced hepatotoxic injury we show that the immune receptor Trem-2 controls phenotypic shifts of liver macrophages and impacts endothelial cell differentiation during tissue recovery. Trem-2 gene ablation led to a delayed re-population of Kupffer cells correlating with deterred resolution of hepatic damage following acute and chronic injury. During tissue recovery, we found that macrophages transitioning to Kupffer cells expressed high levels of Trem-2. Acquisition of the transition phenotype was associated with a unique transcriptomic profile denoting strong responsiveness to oxidative stress and downmodulation of the pro-inflammatory phenotype, which was not observed in absence of Trem-2. During tissue recovery, lack of Trem-2 favored accumulation of a liver-damage associated endothelial cell population (LDECs), whose transcriptional program was compatible with endothelial de-differentiation. Accordingly, LDECs precursor potential is supported by the downregulation of surface endothelial cell markers and by striking in vitro morphological changes towards typical endothelial cells. In conclusion, we found that the dynamics of liver macrophages in response to liver injury are critically controlled by Trem-2 and this regulation is interlinked with the de-differentiation of endothelial cells and heightened liver pathology. We propose that Trem-2 promotes the transition from pro-inflammatory to tissue repair phase by driving the acquisition of restorative properties in phagocytic macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Coelho
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Nádia Duarte
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - André Barros
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maria Paula Macedo
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- APDP Diabetes Portugal, Education and Research Center (APDP-ERC), Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos Penha-Gonçalves
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- APDP Diabetes Portugal, Education and Research Center (APDP-ERC), Lisbon, Portugal
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Chen Y, Pu Q, Ma Y, Zhang H, Ye T, Zhao C, Huang X, Ren Y, Qiao L, Liu HM, Esmon CT, Ding BS, Cao Z. Aging Reprograms the Hematopoietic-Vascular Niche to Impede Regeneration and Promote Fibrosis. Cell Metab 2021; 33:395-410.e4. [PMID: 33357457 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative capacity is frequently impaired in aged organs. Stress to aged organs often causes scar formation (fibrosis) at the expense of regeneration. It remains to be defined how hematopoietic and vascular cells contribute to aging-induced regeneration to fibrotic transition. Here, we find that aging aberrantly reprograms the crosstalk between hematopoietic and vascular cells to impede the regenerative capacity and enhance fibrosis. In aged lung, liver, and kidney, induction of Neuropilin-1/hypoxia-inducible-factor 2α (HIF2α) suppresses anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) pathway, leading to formation of pro-fibrotic platelet-macrophage rosette. Activated platelets via supplying interleukin 1α synergize with endothelial-produced angiocrine chemokine to recruit fibrogenic TIMP1high macrophages. In mouse models, genetic targeting of endothelial Neuropilin-1-HIF2α, platelet interleukin 1α, or macrophage TIMP1 normalized the pro-fibrotic hematopoietic-vascular niche and restored the regenerative capacity of old organs. Targeting of aberrant endothelial node molecules might help propel "regeneration without scarring" in the repair of multiple organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiang Pu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Frontier Center of Disease Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yongyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tinghong Ye
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chengjian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaojuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yafeng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lina Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Han-Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Charles T Esmon
- Coagulation Biology Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Bi-Sen Ding
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Fibrosis Research Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Division of Regenerative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zhongwei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Lu J, Zhao YL, Zhang XQ, Li LJ. The vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway regulates liver sinusoidal endothelial cells during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 15:139-147. [PMID: 32902336 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2020.1815532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy is a very complex and well-regulated procedure. It utilizes all liver cell types, which are associated with signaling pathways involving growth factors, cytokines, and stimulatory and inhibitory feedback of several growth-related signals. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) contribute to liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has various functions in LSECs. In this review, we summarize the relationship between VEGF and LSECs involving VEGF regulatory activity in the vascular endothelium. AREAS COVERED Maintenance of the fenestrated LSEC phenotype requires two VEGF pathways: VEGF stimulated-NO acting through the cGMP pathway and VEGF independent of nitric oxide (NO). The results suggest that VEGF is a key regenerating mediator of LSECs in the partial hepatectomy model. NO-independent pathway was also essential to the maintenance of the LSEC in liver regeneration. EXPERT OPINION Liver regeneration remains a fascinating and significative research field in recent years. The liver involved of molecular pathways except for LSEC-VEGF pathways that make the field of liver further depth studies should be put into effect to elaborate the undetermined confusions, which will be better to understand liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medicine School, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medicine School, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medicine School, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Lan-Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medicine School, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
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Endothelial GATA4 controls liver fibrosis and regeneration by preventing a pathogenic switch in angiocrine signaling. J Hepatol 2021; 74:380-393. [PMID: 32916216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Angiocrine signaling by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) regulates hepatic functions such as growth, metabolic maturation, and regeneration. Recently, we identified GATA4 as the master regulator of LSEC specification during development. Herein, we studied the role of endothelial GATA4 in the adult liver and in hepatic pathogenesis. METHODS We generated adult Clec4g-icretg/0xGata4fl/fl (Gata4LSEC-KO) mice with LSEC-specific depletion of Gata4. Livers were analyzed by histology, electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence, in situ hybridization, and LSECs were isolated for gene expression profiling, ChIP- and ATAC-sequencing. Partial hepatectomy was performed to assess regeneration. We used choline-deficient, l-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet and chronic carbon tetrachloride exposure to model liver fibrosis. Human single cell RNA-seq data sets were analyzed for endothelial alterations in healthy and cirrhotic livers. RESULTS Genetic Gata4 deficiency in LSECs of adult mice caused perisinusoidal liver fibrosis, hepatopathy and impaired liver regeneration. Sinusoidal capillarization and LSEC-to-continuous endothelial transdifferentiation were accompanied by a profibrotic angiocrine switch involving de novo endothelial expression of hepatic stellate cell-activating cytokine PDGFB. Increased chromatin accessibility and amplification by activated MYC mediated angiocrine Pdgfb expression. As observed in Gata4LSEC-KO livers, CDAA diet-induced perisinusoidal liver fibrosis was associated with GATA4 repression, MYC activation and a profibrotic angiocrine switch in LSECs. Comparison of CDAA-fed Gata4LSEC-KO and control mice demonstrated that endothelial GATA4 indeed protects against dietary-induced perisinusoidal liver fibrosis. In human cirrhotic livers, GATA4-positive LSECs and endothelial GATA4 target genes were reduced, while non-LSEC endothelial cells and MYC target genes including PDGFB were enriched. CONCLUSIONS Endothelial GATA4 protects against perisinusoidal liver fibrosis by repressing MYC activation and profibrotic angiocrine signaling at the chromatin level. Therapies targeting the GATA4/MYC/PDGFB/PDGFRβ axis offer a promising strategy for prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis. LAY SUMMARY The liver vasculature is supposed to play a major role in the development of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, which can lead to liver failure and liver cancer. Herein, we discovered that structural and transcriptional changes induced by genetic deletion of the transcription factor GATA4 in the hepatic endothelium were sufficient to cause liver fibrosis. Activation of the transcription factor MYC and de novo expression of the "angiocrine" growth factor PDGFB were identified as downstream drivers of fibrosis and as potential therapeutic targets for this potentially fatal disease.
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Dong X, Luo Y, Lu S, Ma H, Zhang W, Zhu Y, Sun G, Sun X. Ursodesoxycholic acid alleviates liver fibrosis via proregeneration by activation of the ID1-WNT2/HGF signaling pathway. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e296. [PMID: 33635004 PMCID: PMC7828260 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human liver possesses a remarkable capacity for self-repair. However, liver fibrosis remains a serious medical concern, potentially progressing to end-stage liver cirrhosis and even death. Liver fibrosis is characterized by excess accumulation of extracellular matrix in response to chronic injury. Liver regenerative ability, a strong indicator of liver health, is important in resisting fibrosis. In this study, we provide evidence that ursodesoxycholic acid (UDCA) can alleviate liver fibrosis by promoting liver regeneration via activation of the ID1-WNT2/hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) pathway. METHODS Bile duct ligation (BDL) and partial hepatectomy (PH) mouse models were used to verify the effects of UDCA on liver fibrosis, regeneration, and the ID1-WNT2/HGF pathway. An Id1 knockdown mouse model was also used to assess the role of Id1 in UDCA alleviation of liver fibrosis. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that UDCA can alleviate liver fibrosis in the BDL mice and promote liver regeneration via the ID1-WNT2/HGF pathway in PH mice. In addition, Id1 knockdown abolished the protection afforded by UDCA in BDL mice. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that UDCA protects against liver fibrosis by proregeneration via activation of the ID1-WNT2/HGF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational MedicineInstitute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing100193P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine PrescriptionChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing100193P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant DevelopmentChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100193P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant DevelopmentPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing100193P. R. China
| | - Yun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational MedicineInstitute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing100193P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine PrescriptionChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing100193P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant DevelopmentChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100193P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant DevelopmentPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing100193P. R. China
| | - Shan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational MedicineInstitute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing100193P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine PrescriptionChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing100193P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant DevelopmentChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100193P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant DevelopmentPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing100193P. R. China
| | - Han Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese MedicineCapital Medical UniversityBeijingP. R. China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingP. R. China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational MedicineInstitute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing100193P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine PrescriptionChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing100193P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant DevelopmentChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100193P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant DevelopmentPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing100193P. R. China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational MedicineInstitute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing100193P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine PrescriptionChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing100193P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant DevelopmentChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100193P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant DevelopmentPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing100193P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational MedicineInstitute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing100193P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine PrescriptionChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing100193P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant DevelopmentChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100193P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant DevelopmentPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing100193P. R. China
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Cheng X, Shihabudeen Haider Ali MS, Moran M, Viana MP, Schlichte SL, Zimmerman MC, Khalimonchuk O, Feinberg MW, Sun X. Long non-coding RNA Meg3 deficiency impairs glucose homeostasis and insulin signaling by inducing cellular senescence of hepatic endothelium in obesity. Redox Biol 2021; 40:101863. [PMID: 33508742 PMCID: PMC7844131 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity-induced insulin resistance is a risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanisms underlying endothelial senescence in obesity, and how it impacts obesity-induced insulin resistance remain incompletely understood. In this study, transcriptome analysis revealed that the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) Maternally expressed gene 3 (Meg3) is one of the top differentially expressed lncRNAs in the vascular endothelium in diet-induced obese mice. Meg3 knockdown induces cellular senescence of endothelial cells characterized by increased senescence-associated β–galactosidase activity, increased levels of endogenous superoxide, impaired mitochondrial structure and function, and impaired autophagy. Moreover, Meg3 knockdown causes cellular senescence of hepatic endothelium in diet-induced obese mice. Furthermore, Meg3 expression is elevated in human nonalcoholic fatty livers and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis livers, which positively correlates with the expression of CDKN2A encoding p16, an important hallmark of cellular senescence. Meg3 knockdown potentiates obesity-induced insulin resistance and impairs glucose homeostasis. Insulin signaling is reduced by Meg3 knockdown in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the skeletal muscle, but not in the visceral fat of obese mice. We found that the attenuation of cellular senescence of hepatic endothelium by ablating p53 expression in vascular endothelium can restore impaired glucose homeostasis and insulin signaling in obesity. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that cellular senescence of hepatic endothelium promotes obesity-induced insulin resistance, which is tightly regulated by the expression of Meg3. Our results suggest that manipulation of Meg3 expression may represent a novel approach to managing obesity-associated hepatic endothelial senescence and insulin resistance. •LncRNA Meg3 is a top differentially expressed lncRNA in the vascular endothelium in obese mice. •Meg3 knockdown causes cellular senescence of HUVECs and of hepatic endothelium in obese mice. •Meg3 expression is elevated in human NAFLD and NASH Nlivers, and correlates with CDKN2A expression -a senescent marker. •Meg3 knockdown impairs glucose homeostasis and insulin signaling in obese mice. •Attenuation of hepatic endothelial senescence improves glucose homeostasis and insulin signaling in obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Beadle Center, 1901 Vine St, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | | | - Matthew Moran
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Beadle Center, 1901 Vine St, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Martonio Ponte Viana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Beadle Center, 1901 Vine St, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Sarah L Schlichte
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985850 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5850, USA
| | - Matthew C Zimmerman
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985850 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5850, USA; Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, USA
| | - Oleh Khalimonchuk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Beadle Center, 1901 Vine St, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA; Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, USA; Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, USA
| | - Mark W Feinberg
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xinghui Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Beadle Center, 1901 Vine St, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA; Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, USA; Nebraska Center for the Prevention of Obesity Diseases Through Dietary Molecules, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, USA.
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167
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De Smedt J, van Os EA, Talon I, Ghosh S, Toprakhisar B, Furtado Madeiro Da Costa R, Zaunz S, Vazquez MA, Boon R, Baatsen P, Smout A, Verhulst S, van Grunsven LA, Verfaillie CM. PU.1 drives specification of pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells to LSEC-like cells. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:84. [PMID: 33446637 PMCID: PMC7809369 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To date, there is no representative in vitro model for liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), as primary LSECs dedifferentiate very fast in culture and no combination of cytokines or growth factors can induce an LSEC fate in (pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived) endothelial cells (ECs). Furthermore, the transcriptional programmes driving an LSEC fate have not yet been described. Here, we first present a computational workflow (CenTFinder) that can identify transcription factors (TFs) that are crucial for modulating pathways involved in cell lineage specification. Using CenTFinder, we identified several novel LSEC-specific protein markers, such as FCN2 and FCN3, which were validated by analysis of previously published single-cell RNAseq data. We also identified PU.1 (encoded by the SPI1 gene) as a major regulator of LSEC-specific immune functions. We show that SPI1 overexpression (combined with the general EC TF ETV2) in human PSCs induces ECs with an LSEC-like phenotype. The ETV2-SPI1-ECs display increased expression of LSEC markers, such as CD32B and MRC1, as well as several of the proposed novel markers. More importantly, ETV2-SPI1-ECs acquire LSEC functions, including uptake of FSA-FITC, as well as labelled IgG. In conclusion, we present the CenTFinder computational tool to identify key regulatory TFs within specific pathways, in this work pathways of lineage specification, and we demonstrate its use by the identification and validation of PU.1 as a master regulator for LSEC fating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan De Smedt
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Elise Anne van Os
- Liver Cell Biology research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Irene Talon
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sreya Ghosh
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Burak Toprakhisar
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Samantha Zaunz
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marta Aguirre Vazquez
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruben Boon
- The Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Pieter Baatsen
- Electron Microscopy Platform of VIB Bio Imaging Core at KU Leuven and VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ayla Smout
- Liver Cell Biology research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Verhulst
- Liver Cell Biology research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leo A van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine M Verfaillie
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Gao C, Peng J. All routes lead to Rome: multifaceted origin of hepatocytes during liver regeneration. CELL REGENERATION 2021; 10:2. [PMID: 33403526 PMCID: PMC7785766 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-020-00063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver is the largest internal organ that serves as the key site for various metabolic activities and maintenance of homeostasis. Liver diseases are great threats to human health. The capability of liver to regain its mass after partial hepatectomy has widely been applied in treating liver diseases either by removing the damaged part of a diseased liver in a patient or transplanting a part of healthy liver into a patient. Vast efforts have been made to study the biology of liver regeneration in different liver-damage models. Regarding the sources of hepatocytes during liver regeneration, convincing evidences have demonstrated that different liver-damage models mobilized different subtype hepatocytes in contributing to liver regeneration. Under extreme hepatocyte ablation, biliary epithelial cells can undergo dedifferentiation to liver progenitor cells (LPCs) and then LPCs differentiate to produce hepatocytes. Here we will focus on summarizing the progresses made in identifying cell types contributing to producing new hepatocytes during liver regeneration in mice and zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jinrong Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Chen J, Lippo L, Labella R, Tan SL, Marsden BD, Dustin ML, Ramasamy SK, Kusumbe AP. Decreased blood vessel density and endothelial cell subset dynamics during ageing of the endocrine system. EMBO J 2021; 40:e105242. [PMID: 33215738 PMCID: PMC7780152 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-associated alterations of the hormone-secreting endocrine system cause organ dysfunction and disease states. However, the cell biology of endocrine tissue ageing remains poorly understood. Here, we perform comparative 3D imaging to understand age-related perturbations of the endothelial cell (EC) compartment in endocrine glands. Datasets of a wide range of markers highlight a decline in capillary and artery numbers, but not of perivascular cells in pancreas, testis and thyroid gland, with age in mice and humans. Further, angiogenesis and β-cell expansion in the pancreas are coupled by a distinct age-dependent subset of ECs. While this EC subpopulation supports pancreatic β cells, it declines during ageing concomitant with increased expression of the gap junction protein Gja1. EC-specific ablation of Gja1 restores β-cell expansion in the aged pancreas. These results provide a proof of concept for understanding age-related vascular changes and imply that therapeutic targeting of blood vessels may restore aged endocrine tissue function. This comprehensive data atlas offers over > 1,000 multicolour volumes for exploration and research in endocrinology, ageing, matrix and vascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Chen
- Tissue and Tumor Microenvironments GroupThe Kennedy Institute of RheumatologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of ProsthodonticsState Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Luciana Lippo
- Tissue and Tumor Microenvironments GroupThe Kennedy Institute of RheumatologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Rossella Labella
- Tissue and Tumor Microenvironments GroupThe Kennedy Institute of RheumatologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Sin Lih Tan
- Tissue and Tumor Microenvironments GroupThe Kennedy Institute of RheumatologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Brian D Marsden
- The Kennedy Institute of RheumatologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumNDMUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- The Kennedy Institute of RheumatologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Saravana K Ramasamy
- Institute of Clinical SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
- MRC London Institute of Medical SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Anjali P Kusumbe
- Tissue and Tumor Microenvironments GroupThe Kennedy Institute of RheumatologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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170
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Liver regeneration: biological and pathological mechanisms and implications. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:40-55. [PMID: 32764740 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-0342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The liver is the only solid organ that uses regenerative mechanisms to ensure that the liver-to-bodyweight ratio is always at 100% of what is required for body homeostasis. Other solid organs (such as the lungs, kidneys and pancreas) adjust to tissue loss but do not return to 100% of normal. The current state of knowledge of the regenerative pathways that underlie this 'hepatostat' will be presented in this Review. Liver regeneration from acute injury is always beneficial and has been extensively studied. Experimental models that involve partial hepatectomy or chemical injury have revealed extracellular and intracellular signalling pathways that are used to return the liver to equivalent size and weight to those prior to injury. On the other hand, chronic loss of hepatocytes, which can occur in chronic liver disease of any aetiology, often has adverse consequences, including fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver neoplasia. The regenerative activities of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes are typically characterized by phenotypic fidelity. However, when regeneration of one of the two cell types fails, hepatocytes and cholangiocytes function as facultative stem cells and transdifferentiate into each other to restore normal liver structure. Liver recolonization models have demonstrated that hepatocytes have an unlimited regenerative capacity. However, in normal liver, cell turnover is very slow. All zones of the resting liver lobules have been equally implicated in the maintenance of hepatocyte and cholangiocyte populations in normal liver.
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171
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Zhao H, Zhang Q. Signaling in TNFSF15-mediated Suppression of VEGF Production in Endothelial Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2248:1-18. [PMID: 33185864 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1130-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a pivotal role in promoting neovascularization. Tumor necrosis factor superfamily 15 (TNFSF15) is an antiangiogenic cytokine prominently produced by endothelial cells in a normal vasculature. In this study, Western blot, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and dual luciferase reporter gene assay were used to validate the mechanisms of TNFSF15-mediated suppression of VEGF production in endothelial cells. We report that TNFSF15 inhibits VEGF production via microRNA-29b (miR-29b) targeting the 3'-UTR of VEGF transcript in mouse endothelial cell line bEnd.3. Neutralizing antibody against TNFSF15, 4-3H, inhibits the level of miR-29b and reinvigorates VEGF. In addition, TNFSF15 activates the JNK signaling pathway as well as the transcription factor GATA3, resulting in enhanced miR-29b production. SP600125, an inhibitor of JNK, eradicates TNFSF15-induced GATA3 expression. Moreover, GATA3 siRNA suppressed TNFSF15-induced miR-29b expression. Together, this study provides evidence and method of activation of the JNK-GATA3 signaling pathway by TNFSF15 that suppresses VEGF gene expression, which gives rise to upregulation of miR-29b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiangzhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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172
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Yu J. Vascularized Organoids: A More Complete Model. Int J Stem Cells 2020; 14:127-137. [PMID: 33377457 PMCID: PMC8138664 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc20143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As an emerging research model in vitro, organoids have achieved major progress in recapitulating morphological aspects of organs and personalized precision therapy. Various organoids have been currently constructed in vitro (e.g., brain, heart, liver, and gastrointestinal). Though there are prominent advantages on microstructures and partial functions, most of them have been encountering a frustrating challenge that stromal components (e.g., blood vessels) are in short supplement, which has imposed the main dilemma on the application of such model ex vivo. As advanced technologies, co-culturing pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, with endothelial cells on 3D substrate matrix, are leaping forward, a novel model of an organoid with vascularization is formed. The mentioned contribute to the construction of the functional organoids derived from corresponding tissues, making them more reliable in stem cell research and clinical medicine. The present study overall summarizes progress of the evolution, applications and prospects of vascularized organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
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173
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Jun JH, Jung J, Kim JY, Hwang SG, Bae SH, Kim GJ. Upregulation of C-Reactive Protein by Placenta-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promotes Angiogenesis in A Rat Model with Cirrhotic Liver. Int J Stem Cells 2020; 13:404-413. [PMID: 33122469 PMCID: PMC7691864 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc20052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Liver cirrhosis is accompanied by abnormal vascular shunts. The Wnt pathway is essential for endothelial cell survival and proliferation. C-reactive protein (CRP), which is produced by hepatocyte, activates angiogenesis in cardiovascular diseases. Methods and Results The expression of CRP in CCl4-injured rat livers was detected using qRT-PCR and Western blotting after transplantation of placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PD-MSCs) into rats. To determine whether CRP functions in hepatic regeneration by promoting angiogenesis through the Wnt pathway, we detected VEGF and β-catenin in liver tissues and BrdU and β-catenin in hepatocytes by immunofluorescence. The expression levels of CRP, Wnt pathway-related and angiogenic factors were increased in CCl4-injured and PD-MSCs transplanted rat livers. In vitro, the expression levels of Wnt signaling and angiogenic factors were decreased in siRNA-CRP-transfected rat hepatocytes. Conclusions CRP upregulation by PD-MSCs participates in vascular remodeling to promote liver regeneration via the Wnt signaling pathway during hepatic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Jun
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jieun Jung
- Non-Clinical Evaluation Center, CHA Advanced Research Institute, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jae Yeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Si Hyun Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
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174
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The role of vascular niche and endothelial cells in organogenesis and regeneration. Exp Cell Res 2020; 398:112398. [PMID: 33271129 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The term vascular niche indicate the physical and biochemical microenvironment around blood vessel where endothelial cells, pericytes, and smooth muscle cells organize themselves to form blood vessels and release molecules involved in the recruitment of hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells and mesenchymal stem cells. The vascular niche creates a permissive environment that enables different cell types to realize their developmental or regenerative programs. In this context, the proximity between the endothelium and the new-forming cellular components of organs suggests an essential role of endothelial cells in the organs maturation. Dynamic interactions between specific organ endothelial cells and different cellular conponents are crucial for different organ morphogenesis and function. Conversely, organs provide cues shaping vascular network structure.
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175
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Muniswami DM, Reddy LVK, Amirtham SM, Babu S, Raj AN, Sen D, Manivasagam G. Endothelial progenitor/stem cells in engineered vessels for vascular transplantation. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2020; 31:119. [PMID: 33247781 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-06458-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunction of blood vessel leads to aneurysms, myocardial infarction and other thrombosis conditions. Current treatment strategies are transplantation of blood vessels from one part of the body to other dysfunction area, or allogenic, synthetic. Due to shortage of the donor, painful dissection, and lack of efficacy in synthetic, there is a need for alternative to native blood vessels for transplantation. METHODS Human umbilical-cord tissue obtained from the hospital with the informed consent. Umbilical-cord blood vessels were isolated for decellularization and to establish endothelial cell culture. Cultured cells were characterized by immunophenotype, gene expression and in vitro angiogenesis assay. Decellularized blood vessels were recellularized with the endothelial progenitors and Wharton jelly, CL MSCs (1:1), which was characterized by MTT, biomechanical testing, DNA content, SEM and histologically. Bioengineered vessels were transplanted into the animal models to evaluate their effect. RESULTS Cultured cells express CD31 and CD14 determining endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). EPCs expresses various factors such as angiopoitin1, VWF, RANTES, VEGF, BDNF, FGF1, FGF2, HGF, IGF, GDNF, NGF, PLGF, NT3, but fail to express NT4, EGF, and CNTF. Pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine expressions were noticed. Functionally, these EPCs elicit in vitro tube formation. Negligible DNA content and intact ECM confirms the efficient decellularization of tissue. The increased MTT activity in recellularized tissue determines proliferating cells and biocompatibility of the scaffolds. Moreover, significant (P < 0.05) increase in maximum force and tensile of recellularized biomaterial as compared to the decellularized scaffolds. Integration of graft with host tissue, suggesting biocompatible therapeutic biomaterial with cells. CONCLUSION EPCs with stem cells in engineered blood vessels could be therapeutically applicable in vascular surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durai Murugan Muniswami
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular & Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), VIT, Vellore, India.
- Department of Microbiology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore, 641021, India.
| | - L Vinod Kumar Reddy
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular & Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), VIT, Vellore, India
| | | | | | - Arunai Nambi Raj
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular & Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), VIT, Vellore, India
| | - Dwaipayan Sen
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular & Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), VIT, Vellore, India
| | - Geetha Manivasagam
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular & Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), VIT, Vellore, India
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176
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Song HHG, Lammers A, Sundaram S, Rubio L, Chen AX, Li L, Eyckmans J, Bhatia SN, Chen CS. Transient Support from Fibroblasts is Sufficient to Drive Functional Vascularization in Engineered Tissues. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:2003777. [PMID: 33613149 PMCID: PMC7891457 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202003777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Formation of capillary blood vasculature is a critical requirement for native as well as engineered organs and can be induced in vitro by co-culturing endothelial cells with fibroblasts. However, whether these fibroblasts are required only in the initial morphogenesis of endothelial cells or needed throughout is unknown, and the ability to remove these stromal cells after assembly could be useful for clinical translation. In this study, we introduce a technique termed CAMEO (Controlled Apoptosis in Multicellular Tissues for Engineered Organogenesis), whereby fibroblasts are selectively ablated on demand, and utilize it to probe the dispensability of fibroblasts in vascular morphogenesis. The presence of fibroblasts is shown to be necessary only during the first few days of endothelial cell morphogenesis, after which they can be ablated without significantly affecting the structural and functional features of the developed vasculature. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of CAMEO to vascularize a construct containing primary human hepatocytes that improved tissue function. In conclusion, this study suggests that transient, initial support from fibroblasts is sufficient to drive vascular morphogenesis in engineered tissues, and this strategy of engineering-via-elimination may provide a new general approach for achieving desired functions and cell compositions in engineered organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-H Greco Song
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alex Lammers
- Biological Design Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Subramanian Sundaram
- Biological Design Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Logan Rubio
- Biological Design Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Amanda X Chen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Linqing Li
- Biological Design Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jeroen Eyckmans
- Biological Design Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sangeeta N Bhatia
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christopher S Chen
- Biological Design Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Walesky CM, Kolb KE, Winston CL, Henderson J, Kruft B, Fleming I, Ko S, Monga SP, Mueller F, Apte U, Shalek AK, Goessling W. Functional compensation precedes recovery of tissue mass following acute liver injury. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5785. [PMID: 33214549 PMCID: PMC7677389 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a central role in metabolism, protein synthesis and detoxification. It possesses unique regenerative capacity upon injury. While many factors regulating cellular proliferation during liver repair have been identified, the mechanisms by which the injured liver maintains vital functions prior to tissue recovery are unknown. Here, we identify a new phase of functional compensation following acute liver injury that occurs prior to cellular proliferation. By coupling single-cell RNA-seq with in situ transcriptional analyses in two independent murine liver injury models, we discover adaptive reprogramming to ensure expression of both injury response and core liver function genes dependent on macrophage-derived WNT/β-catenin signaling. Interestingly, transcriptional compensation is most prominent in non-proliferating cells, clearly delineating two temporally distinct phases of liver recovery. Overall, our work describes a mechanism by which the liver maintains essential physiological functions prior to cellular reconstitution and characterizes macrophage-derived WNT signals required for this compensation. The liver possesses the ability to regenerate following sudden injury. Here, the authors use single-cell RNA-sequencing and in situ transcriptional analyses to identify a new phase of liver regeneration in mice aimed at maintaining essential functions throughout the regenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Walesky
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kellie E Kolb
- Institute of Medical Engineering & Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Carolyn L Winston
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jake Henderson
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin Kruft
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ira Fleming
- Institute of Medical Engineering & Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sungjin Ko
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine; and Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Satdarshan P Monga
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine; and Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Florian Mueller
- Imaging and Modeling Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3691CNRS, C3BI USR 3756 IP CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Udayan Apte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Institute of Medical Engineering & Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA. .,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA. .,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02134, USA. .,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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178
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Emerging Roles of Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9110395. [PMID: 33198153 PMCID: PMC7697091 DOI: 10.3390/biology9110395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. With the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, NAFLD is becoming the most common liver disorder worldwide. More than 10% of NAFLD patients progress to an inflammatory and fibrotic form called nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can lead to end-stage liver disease. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) are highly specialized cells located at the interface between the flowing blood in the liver and the other liver cells. The current review highlights the recent knowledge of the role of LSEC in the development of NASH, and how LSEC change their structure and function during NAFLD progression. Moreover, the review discusses the pathogenic role of nanometer-sized particles called extracellular vesicles that mediate intercellular communication in the NASH liver. The current manuscript has a special emphasis on the role of adhesion molecules expressed on the LSEC surface in the recruitment of circulating leukocytes to the liver, a critical step in liver inflammation in NASH. Furthermore, the review shed some lights on LSEC-targeted potential therapeutic strategies in NASH. Abstract Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has become a growing public health problem worldwide, yet its pathophysiology remains unclear. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) have unique morphology and function, and play a critical role in liver homeostasis. Emerging literature implicates LSEC in many pathological processes in the liver, including metabolic dysregulation, inflammation, angiogenesis, and carcinogenesis. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge of the role of LSEC in each of the progressive phases of NASH pathophysiology (steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma). We discuss processes that have important roles in NASH progression including the detrimental transformation of LSEC called “capillarization”, production of inflammatory and profibrogenic mediators by LSEC as well as LSEC-mediated angiogenesis. The current review has a special emphasis on LSEC adhesion molecules, and their key role in the inflammatory response in NASH. Moreover, we discuss the pathogenic role of extracellular vesicles and their bioactive cargos in liver intercellular communication, inflammation, and fibrosis. Finally, we highlight LSEC-adhesion molecules and derived bioactive product as potential therapeutic targets for human NASH.
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179
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Fleischer JR, Jodszuweit CA, Ghadimi M, De Oliveira T, Conradi LC. Vascular Heterogeneity With a Special Focus on the Hepatic Microenvironment. Front Physiol 2020; 11:591901. [PMID: 33262705 PMCID: PMC7686534 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.591901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilizing single-cell sequencing, recent studies were able to analyze at a greater resolution the heterogeneity of the vasculature and its complex composition in different tissues. Differing subpopulations have been detected, distinguishable only by their transcriptome. Designed to provide further insight into the heterogeneity of the functional vascular tissue, endothelial cells have been the main target of those studies. This review aims to present a synopsis of the variability of the different vascular beds, their endothelial variety, and the supporting cells that allow the vessels to serve their various purposes. Firstly, we are going to chart vascular tissue heterogeneity on a cellular level, describing endothelial diversity as well as stromal microenvironmental variety and interaction in a physiological setting. Secondly, we will summarize the current knowledge of pathological vessel formation in the context of cancer. Conventional anti-tumor therapeutic targets as well as anti-angiogenetic therapy is frequently limited by poor response of the tumor tissue. Reasons for moderate response and resistance to treatment can be found through different drivers of angiogenesis, different mechanisms of blood supply, but also in poorly understood tissue diversity. Based on this, we are comparing how pathologies alter the normal structure of vascular tissues highlighting the involved mechanisms. Lastly, illustrating the concept above, we will focus on the hepatic microenvironment, an organ of frequent metastatic spreading (e.g., from colorectal, breast, and lung cancers). We will address how the hepatic vasculature usually develops and subsequently we will describe how common liver metastases vary in their vasculature and the way they supply themselves (e.g., angiogenesis versus vessel co-option).
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Robert Fleischer
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Chiara Angelina Jodszuweit
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Ghadimi
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago De Oliveira
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lena-Christin Conradi
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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180
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Paik DT, Tian L, Williams IM, Rhee S, Zhang H, Liu C, Mishra R, Wu SM, Red-Horse K, Wu JC. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Unveils Unique Transcriptomic Signatures of Organ-Specific Endothelial Cells. Circulation 2020; 142:1848-1862. [PMID: 32929989 PMCID: PMC7658053 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.041433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial cells (ECs) display considerable functional heterogeneity depending on the vessel and tissue in which they are located. Whereas these functional differences are presumably imprinted in the transcriptome, the pathways and networks that sustain EC heterogeneity have not been fully delineated. METHODS To investigate the transcriptomic basis of EC specificity, we analyzed single-cell RNA sequencing data from tissue-specific mouse ECs generated by the Tabula Muris consortium. We used a number of bioinformatics tools to uncover markers and sources of EC heterogeneity from single-cell RNA sequencing data. RESULTS We found a strong correlation between tissue-specific EC transcriptomic measurements generated by either single-cell RNA sequencing or bulk RNA sequencing, thus validating the approach. Using a graph-based clustering algorithm, we found that certain tissue-specific ECs cluster strongly by tissue (eg, liver, brain), whereas others (ie, adipose, heart) have considerable transcriptomic overlap with ECs from other tissues. We identified novel markers of tissue-specific ECs and signaling pathways that may be involved in maintaining their identity. Sex was a considerable source of heterogeneity in the endothelial transcriptome and we discovered Lars2 to be a gene that is highly enriched in ECs from male mice. We found that markers of heart and lung ECs in mice were conserved in human fetal heart and lung ECs. We identified potential angiocrine interactions between tissue-specific ECs and other cell types by analyzing ligand and receptor expression patterns. CONCLUSIONS We used single-cell RNA sequencing data generated by the Tabula Muris consortium to uncover transcriptional networks that maintain tissue-specific EC identity and to identify novel angiocrine and functional relationships between tissue-specific ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T. Paik
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Lei Tian
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Ian M. Williams
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Siyeon Rhee
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Chun Liu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Ridhima Mishra
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Sean M. Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Kristy Red-Horse
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Joseph C. Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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181
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Mak KM, Shin DW. Hepatic sinusoids versus central veins: Structures, markers, angiocrines, and roles in liver regeneration and homeostasis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:1661-1691. [PMID: 33135318 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The blood circulates through the hepatic sinusoids delivering nutrients and oxygen to the liver parenchyma and drains into the hepatic central vein, yet the structures and phenotypes of these vessels are distinctively different. Sinusoidal endothelial cells are uniquely fenestrated, lack basal lamina and possess organelles involved in endocytosis, pinocytosis, degradation, synthesis and secretion. Hepatic central veins are nonfenestrated but are also active in synthesis and secretion. Endothelial cells of sinusoids and central veins secrete angiocrines that play respective roles in hepatic regeneration and metabolic homeostasis. The list of markers for identifying sinusoidal endothelial cells is long and their terminologies are complex. Further, their uses vary in different investigations and, in some instances, could be confusing. Central vein markers are fewer but more distinctive. Here we analyze and categorize the molecular pathways/modules associated with the sinusoid-mediated liver regeneration in response to partial hepatectomy and chemical-induced acute or chronic injury. Similarly, we highlight the findings that central vein-derived angiocrines interact with Wnt/β-catenin in perivenous hepatocytes to direct gene expression and maintain pericentral metabolic zonation. The proposal that perivenous hepatocytes behave as stem/progenitor cells to provoke hepatic homeostatic cell renewal is reevaluated and newer concepts of broad zonal distribution of hepatocyte proliferation in liver homeostasis and regeneration are updated. Thus, this review integrates the structures, biology and physiology of liver sinusoids and central veins in mediating hepatic regeneration and metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki M Mak
- Department of Medical Education and Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Da Wi Shin
- Department of Medical Education and Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Shah Mohammadi M, Buchen JT, Pasquina PF, Niklason LE, Alvarez LM, Jariwala SH. Critical Considerations for Regeneration of Vascularized Composite Tissues. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2020; 27:366-381. [PMID: 33115331 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Effective vascularization is vital for survival and functionality of complex tissue-engineered organs. The formation of the microvasculature, composed of endothelial cells (ECs) alone, has been mostly used to restore the vascular networks in organs. However, recent heterocellular studies demonstrate that co-culturing is a more effective approach in revascularization of engineered organs. This review presents key considerations for manufacturing of artificial vascularized composite tissues. We summarize the importance of co-cultures and the multicellular interactions with ECs, as well as design and use of bioreactors, as critical considerations for tissue vascularization. In addition, as an emerging scaffolding technique, this review also highlights the current caveats and hurdles associated with three-dimensional bioprinting and discusses recent developments in bioprinting strategies such as four-dimensional bioprinting and its future outlook for manufacturing of vascularized tissue constructs. Finally, the review concludes with addressing the critical challenges in the regulatory pathway and clinical translation of artificial composite tissue grafts. Impact statement Regeneration of composite tissues is critical as biophysical and biochemical characteristics differ between various types of tissues. Engineering a vascularized composite tissue has remained unresolved and requires additional evaluations along with optimization of methodologies and standard operating procedures. To this end, the main hurdle is creating a viable vascular endothelium that remains functional for a longer duration postimplantation, and can be manufactured using clinically appropriate source of cell lines that are scalable in vitro for the fabrication of human-scale organs. This review presents key considerations for regeneration and manufacturing of vascularized composite tissues as the field advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maziar Shah Mohammadi
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Center for Rehabilitation Sciences Research, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jack T Buchen
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Center for Rehabilitation Sciences Research, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul F Pasquina
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Center for Rehabilitation Sciences Research, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura E Niklason
- Department of Anesthesia and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Luis M Alvarez
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Center for Rehabilitation Sciences Research, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Lung Biotechnology PBC, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Shailly H Jariwala
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Center for Rehabilitation Sciences Research, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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183
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Huang D, Gibeley SB, Xu C, Xiao Y, Celik O, Ginsberg HN, Leong KW. Engineering liver microtissues for disease modeling and regenerative medicine. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1909553. [PMID: 33390875 PMCID: PMC7774671 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201909553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The burden of liver diseases is increasing worldwide, accounting for two million deaths annually. In the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in the basic and translational research of liver tissue engineering. Liver microtissues are small, three-dimensional hepatocyte cultures that recapitulate liver physiology and have been used in biomedical research and regenerative medicine. This review summarizes recent advances, challenges, and future directions in liver microtissue research. Cellular engineering approaches are used to sustain primary hepatocytes or produce hepatocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells and other adult tissues. Three-dimensional microtissues are generated by scaffold-free assembly or scaffold-assisted methods such as macroencapsulation, droplet microfluidics, and bioprinting. Optimization of the hepatic microenvironment entails incorporating the appropriate cell composition for enhanced cell-cell interactions and niche-specific signals, and creating scaffolds with desired chemical, mechanical and physical properties. Perfusion-based culture systems such as bioreactors and microfluidic systems are used to achieve efficient exchange of nutrients and soluble factors. Taken together, systematic optimization of liver microtissues is a multidisciplinary effort focused on creating liver cultures and on-chip models with greater structural complexity and physiological relevance for use in liver disease research, therapeutic development, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dantong Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Sarah B. Gibeley
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ozgenur Celik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Henry N. Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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184
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Thomann S, Weiler SME, Marquard S, Rose F, Ball CR, Tóth M, Wei T, Sticht C, Fritzsche S, Roessler S, De La Torre C, Ryschich E, Ermakova O, Mogler C, Kazdal D, Gretz N, Glimm H, Rempel E, Schirmacher P, Breuhahn K. YAP Orchestrates Heterotypic Endothelial Cell Communication via HGF/c-MET Signaling in Liver Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2020; 80:5502-5514. [PMID: 33087321 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The oncogene yes-associated protein (YAP) controls liver tumor initiation and progression via cell extrinsic functions by creating a tumor-supporting environment in conjunction with cell autonomous mechanisms. However, how YAP controls organization of the microenvironment and in particular the vascular niche, which contributes to liver disease and hepatocarcinogenesis, is poorly understood. To investigate heterotypic cell communication, we dissected murine and human liver endothelial cell (EC) populations into liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) and continuous endothelial cells (CEC) through histomorphological and molecular characterization. In YAPS127A-induced tumorigenesis, a gradual replacement of LSECs by CECs was associated with dynamic changes in the expression of genes involved in paracrine communication. The formation of new communication hubs connecting CECs and LSECs included the hepatocyte growth factor (Hgf)/c-Met signaling pathway. In hepatocytes and tumor cells, YAP/TEA domain transcription factor 4 (TEAD4)-dependent transcriptional induction of osteopontin (Opn) stimulated c-Met expression in EC with CEC phenotype, which sensitized these cells to the promigratory effects of LSEC-derived Hgf. In human hepatocellular carcinoma, the presence of a migration-associated tip-cell signature correlated with poor clinical outcome and the loss of LSEC marker gene expression. The occurrence of c-MET-expressing CECs in human liver cancer samples was confirmed at the single-cell level. In summary, YAP-dependent changes of the liver vascular niche comprise the formation of heterologous communication hubs in which tumor cell-derived factors modify the cross-talk between LSECs and CECs via the HGF/c-MET axis. SIGNIFICANCE: YAP-dependent changes of the liver vascular niche comprise the formation of heterologous communication hubs in which tumor cell-derived factors modify the cross-talk between EC subpopulations. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/80/24/5502/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Thomann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sofia M E Weiler
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simone Marquard
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Rose
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia R Ball
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcell Tóth
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Teng Wei
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Sticht
- Medical Research Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Fritzsche
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Roessler
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Eduard Ryschich
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olga Ermakova
- Center for Organismal Studies, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carolin Mogler
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Kazdal
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical Research Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanno Glimm
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Functional Cancer Genomics, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus TU Dresden, Germany.,German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eugen Rempel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai Breuhahn
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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185
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Meng Q, Wang Y, Li Y, Shen C. Hydrogel microfluidic-based liver-on-a-chip: Mimicking the mass transfer and structural features of liver. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:612-621. [PMID: 33017042 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Liver is fed by nutrition via diffusion across the vascular wall from blood flow. However, hepatocytes in liver models are directly exposed to the perfusion culture medium, where the shear stress reduces the cell viability and liver-specific functions. By mimicking the mass transfer and structural features of hepatic lobule, we designed a microfluidic liver-on-a-chip based on the di-acrylated pluronic F127 hydrogel. In the hydrogel chip, hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and human hepatic stellate cell LX-2 were statically cultured inside the microwells on the outer channel. These hepatic cells were fed by the diffused medium from the adjacent but separated inner channel with endothelial cell monolayers, which was perfused by the medium with physiologically relevant shear stress. As found, the hepatic cells in the liver-on-a-chip rapidly formed spheroids within 1-day incubation and expressed about one to two-fold higher viability/liver-specific functions than the corresponding static culture for at least 8 days. Moreover, the presence of endothelial cells also contributed to the expression of liver-specific functions in the liver-on-a-chip. Therefore, the proposed liver-on-a-chip provides a new concept for construction of 3D liver models in vitro, and shows the potential value for a variety of applications including bio-artificial livers and drug toxicity screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Meng
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingjun Li
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chong Shen
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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186
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Hussain A, Deleuze V, El Kebriti L, Turali H, Pirot N, Glasson Y, Mathieu D, Pinet V. In Lyl1 -/- mice, adipose stem cell vascular niche impairment leads to premature development of fat tissues. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2020; 39:78-91. [PMID: 33022858 PMCID: PMC7821250 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lyl1 encodes a hematopoietic‐ and endothelial‐specific bHLH transcription factor. Lyl1‐deficient mice are viable, but they display mild hematopoietic and vascular defects. Specifically, LYL1 is required for the maturation and stabilization of blood vessel endothelial adherens junctions. Here, we report that young adult Lyl1−/− mice exhibit transient overweight associated with general expansion of adipose tissue, without signs of metabolic disorder and unrelated to food intake. The increased fat tissue development in Lyl1−/− mice resulted from earlier differentiation of adipose stem cells (ASCs) into adipocytes through noncell autonomous mechanisms. Specifically, we found that in Lyl1−/− mice, the adipose tissue vascular structures are immature, as indicated by their high permeability, reduced coverage by pericytes, lower recruitment of VE‐cadherin and ZO1 at cell junctions, and more prone to angiogenesis. Together, our data show that in Lyl1−/− mice, the impaired vascular compartment of the adipose niche promotes ASC differentiation, leading to early adipocyte expansion and premature ASC depletion. Our study highlights the major structural role of the adipose tissue vascular niche in coordinating stem cell self‐renewal and differentiation into adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Hussain
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Virginie Deleuze
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Leila El Kebriti
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Hulya Turali
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Nelly Pirot
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Yaël Glasson
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Danièle Mathieu
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Pinet
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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187
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Tavora B, Mederer T, Wessel KJ, Ruffing S, Sadjadi M, Missmahl M, Ostendorf BN, Liu X, Kim JY, Olsen O, Welm AL, Goodarzi H, Tavazoie SF. Tumoural activation of TLR3-SLIT2 axis in endothelium drives metastasis. Nature 2020; 586:299-304. [PMID: 32999457 PMCID: PMC8088828 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2774-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessels support tumours by providing nutrients and oxygen, while also acting as conduits for the dissemination of cancer1. Here we use mouse models of breast and lung cancer to investigate whether endothelial cells also have active 'instructive' roles in the dissemination of cancer. We purified genetically tagged endothelial ribosomes and their associated transcripts from highly and poorly metastatic tumours. Deep sequencing revealed that metastatic tumours induced expression of the axon-guidance gene Slit2 in endothelium, establishing differential expression between the endothelial (high Slit2 expression) and tumoural (low Slit2 expression) compartments. Endothelial-derived SLIT2 protein and its receptor ROBO1 promoted the migration of cancer cells towards endothelial cells and intravasation. Deleting endothelial Slit2 suppressed metastatic dissemination in mouse models of breast and lung cancer. Conversely, deletion of tumoural Slit2 enhanced metastatic progression. We identified double-stranded RNA derived from tumour cells as an upstream signal that induces expression of endothelial SLIT2 by acting on the RNA-sensing receptor TLR3. Accordingly, a set of endogenous retroviral element RNAs were upregulated in metastatic cells and detected extracellularly. Thus, cancer cells co-opt innate RNA sensing to induce a chemotactic signalling pathway in endothelium that drives intravasation and metastasis. These findings reveal that endothelial cells have a direct instructive role in driving metastatic dissemination, and demonstrate that a single gene (Slit2) can promote or suppress cancer progression depending on its cellular source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Tavora
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tobias Mederer
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kai J Wessel
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simon Ruffing
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mahan Sadjadi
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marc Missmahl
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin N Ostendorf
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xuhang Liu
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Olav Olsen
- Laboratory of Brain Development and Repair, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alana L Welm
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hani Goodarzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sohail F Tavazoie
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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188
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Ngo MT, Harley BAC. Angiogenic biomaterials to promote therapeutic regeneration and investigate disease progression. Biomaterials 2020; 255:120207. [PMID: 32569868 PMCID: PMC7396313 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vasculature is a key component of the tissue microenvironment. Traditionally known for its role in providing nutrients and oxygen to surrounding cells, the vasculature is now also acknowledged to provide signaling cues that influence biological outcomes in regeneration and disease. These cues come from the cells that comprise vasculature, as well as the dynamic biophysical and biochemical properties of the surrounding extracellular matrix that accompany vascular development and remodeling. In this review, we illustrate the larger role of the vasculature in the context of regenerative biology and cancer progression. We describe cellular, biophysical, biochemical, and metabolic components of vascularized microenvironments. Moreover, we provide an overview of multidimensional angiogenic biomaterials that have been developed to promote therapeutic vascularization and regeneration, as well as to mimic elements of vascularized microenvironments as a means to uncover mechanisms by which vasculature influences cancer progression and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai T Ngo
- Dept. Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Brendan A C Harley
- Dept. Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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189
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Burchill MA, Finlon JM, Goldberg AR, Gillen AE, Dahms PA, McMahan RH, Tye A, Winter AB, Reisz JA, Bohrnsen E, Schafer JB, D'Alessandro A, Orlicky DJ, Kriss MS, Rosen HR, McCullough RL, Jirón Tamburini BA. Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Drives Dysfunction of the Liver Lymphatic System. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:573-595. [PMID: 32961356 PMCID: PMC7803659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS As the incidence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) continues to rise, understanding how normal liver functions are affected during disease is required before developing novel therapeutics which could reduce morbidity and mortality. However, very little is understood about how the transport of proteins and cells from the liver by the lymphatic vasculature is affected by inflammatory mediators or during disease. METHODS To answer these questions, we utilized a well-validated mouse model of NASH and exposure to highly oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL). In addition to single cell sequencing, multiplexed immunofluorescence and metabolomic analysis of liver lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC)s we evaluated lymphatic permeability and transport both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Confirming similarities between human and mouse liver lymphatic vasculature in NASH, we found that the lymphatic vasculature expands as disease progresses and results in the downregulation of genes important to lymphatic identity and function. We also demonstrate, in mice with NASH, that fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) dextran does not accumulate in the liver draining lymph node upon intrahepatic injection, a defect that was rescued with therapeutic administration of the lymphatic growth factor, recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor C (rVEGFC). Similarly, exposure to oxLDL reduced the amount of FITC-dextran in the portal draining lymph node and through an LEC monolayer. We provide evidence that the mechanism by which oxLDL impacts lymphatic permeability is via a reduction in Prox1 expression which decreases lymphatic specific gene expression, impedes LEC metabolism and reorganizes the highly permeable lymphatic cell-cell junctions which are a defining feature of lymphatic capillaries. CONCLUSIONS We identify oxLDL as a major contributor to decreased lymphatic permeability in the liver, a change which is consistent with decreased protein homeostasis and increased inflammation during chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Burchill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; RNA Biosciences Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Jeffrey M Finlon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Alyssa R Goldberg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Austin E Gillen
- RNA Biosciences Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Petra A Dahms
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rachel H McMahan
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anne Tye
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Andrew B Winter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Julie A Reisz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Eric Bohrnsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Johnathon B Schafer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael S Kriss
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Hugo R Rosen
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rebecca L McCullough
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Beth A Jirón Tamburini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; RNA Biosciences Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
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190
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Onufer EJ, Aladegbami B, Imai T, Seiler K, Bajinting A, Courtney C, Sutton S, Bustos A, Yao J, Yeh CH, Sescleifer A, Wang LV, Guo J, Warner BW. EGFR in enterocytes & endothelium and HIF1α in enterocytes are dispensable for massive small bowel resection induced angiogenesis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236964. [PMID: 32931498 PMCID: PMC7491746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Short bowel syndrome (SBS) results from significant loss of small intestinal length. In response to this loss, adaptation occurs, with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) being a key driver. Besides enhanced enterocyte proliferation, we have revealed that adaptation is associated with angiogenesis. Further, we have found that small bowel resection (SBR) is associated with diminished oxygen delivery and elevated levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1α). Methods We ablated EGFR in the epithelium and endothelium as well as HIF1α in the epithelium, ostensibly the most hypoxic element. Using these mice, we determined the effects of these genetic manipulations on intestinal blood flow after SBR using photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), intestinal adaptation and angiogenic responses. Then, given that endothelial cells require a stromal support cell for efficient vascularization, we ablated EGFR expression in intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts (ISEMFs) to determine its effects on angiogenesis in a microfluidic model of human small intestine. Results Despite immediate increased demand in oxygen extraction fraction measured by PAM in all mouse lines, were no differences in enterocyte and endothelial cell EGFR knockouts or enterocyte HIF1α knockouts by POD3. Submucosal capillary density was also unchanged by POD7 in all mouse lines. Additionally, EGFR silencing in ISEMFs did not impact vascular network development in a microfluidic device of human small intestine. Conclusions Overall, despite the importance of EGFR in facilitating intestinal adaptation after SBR, it had no impact on angiogenesis in three cell types–enterocytes, endothelial cells, and ISEMFs. Epithelial ablation of HIF1α also had no impact on angiogenesis in the setting of SBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Onufer
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Bola Aladegbami
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Toru Imai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
| | - Kristen Seiler
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Adam Bajinting
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Cathleen Courtney
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Sutton
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Aiza Bustos
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Junjie Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Cheng-Hung Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Anne Sescleifer
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
| | - Jun Guo
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Brad W. Warner
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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191
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Wang WL, Zheng XL, Li QS, Liu WY, Hu LS, Sha HC, Guo K, Lv Y, Wang B. The effect of aging on VEGF/VEGFR2 signal pathway genes expression in rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cell. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 476:269-277. [PMID: 32918705 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03903-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) play a key role in the initiation and neoangiogenesis of liver regeneration. We presume that the abnormity of the VEGF/VEGFR2 and its pathway gene Id1, Wnt2 and HGF expression in aged LSECs may be an important mechanism to affect liver regeneration of the elderly. LSECs from two different groups (adult and old) were isolated in a rodent model, and observed by SEM and TEM. The adult and old rats were underwent 70% partial hepatectomy. The proliferation of hepatocytes and LSECs were analyzed by Immunofluorescence staining. The expression of VEGF/VEGFR2 and its pathway gene in isolated LSECs and liver tissue after hepatectomy were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot. There is a decreased number of endothelial fenestrae in the LSECs of the old group, compared to the adult group. The old group had a lower expression of VEGF/VEGFR2 and its pathway gene than the adult groups (p < 0.01). The results of western blot were consistent with those of qRT-PCR. The hepatocytes had a high proliferation rate at first 4 days after hepatectomy, and a significantly higher proliferation rate in the adult group. The LSECs began to proliferate after 4 days of hepatectomy, and showed a quantity advantage in the adult group. The adult group had a significantly higher expression of VEGF/VEGFR2 and its pathway gene after hepatectomy than the old group (p < 0.01). LSCEs turn to be defenestration in structure and have a low expression of VEGF/VEGFR2 and its pathway gene with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Li Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Department of General Surgery, Bazhong Central Hospital, No.1 Nanchi River Street, Bazhong, 636000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Research Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Engineering of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Long Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Research Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Engineering of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Shan Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Research Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Engineering of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yan Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Research Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Engineering of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Shuo Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Research Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Engineering of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan-Chen Sha
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Research Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Engineering of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. .,Research Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Engineering of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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192
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Wilkinson AL, Qurashi M, Shetty S. The Role of Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells in the Axis of Inflammation and Cancer Within the Liver. Front Physiol 2020; 11:990. [PMID: 32982772 PMCID: PMC7485256 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) form a unique barrier between the liver sinusoids and the underlying parenchyma, and thus play a crucial role in maintaining metabolic and immune homeostasis, as well as actively contributing to disease pathophysiology. Whilst their endocytic and scavenging function is integral for nutrient exchange and clearance of waste products, their capillarisation and dysfunction precedes fibrogenesis. Furthermore, their ability to promote immune tolerance and recruit distinct immunosuppressive leukocyte subsets can allow persistence of chronic viral infections and facilitate tumour development. In this review, we present the immunological and barrier functions of LSEC, along with their role in orchestrating fibrotic processes which precede tumourigenesis. We also summarise the role of LSEC in modulating the tumour microenvironment, and promoting development of a pre-metastatic niche, which can drive formation of secondary liver tumours. Finally, we summarise closely inter-linked disease pathways which collectively perpetuate pathogenesis, highlighting LSEC as novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shishir Shetty
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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193
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Holloway EM, Wu JH, Czerwinski M, Sweet CW, Wu A, Tsai YH, Huang S, Stoddard AE, Capeling MM, Glass I, Spence JR. Differentiation of Human Intestinal Organoids with Endogenous Vascular Endothelial Cells. Dev Cell 2020; 54:516-528.e7. [PMID: 32841595 PMCID: PMC7480827 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived intestinal organoids (HIOs) lack some cellular populations found in the native organ, including vasculature. Using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we have identified a population of endothelial cells (ECs) present early in HIO differentiation that declines over time in culture. Here, we developed a method to expand and maintain this endogenous population of ECs within HIOs (vHIOs). Given that ECs possess organ-specific gene expression, morphology, and function, we used bulk RNA-seq and scRNA-seq to interrogate the developing human intestine, lung, and kidney in order to identify organ-enriched EC gene signatures. By comparing these gene signatures and validated markers to HIO ECs, we find that HIO ECs grown in vitro share the highest similarity with native intestinal ECs relative to kidney and lung. Together, these data demonstrate that HIOs can co-differentiate a native EC population that is properly patterned with an intestine-specific EC transcriptional signature in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Holloway
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Joshua H Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael Czerwinski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Caden W Sweet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Angeline Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sha Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Amy E Stoddard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Meghan M Capeling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ian Glass
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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194
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Häussinger D, Kordes C. Space of Disse: a stem cell niche in the liver. Biol Chem 2020; 401:81-95. [PMID: 31318687 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that the plasticity of preexisting hepatocytes and bile duct cells is responsible for the appearance of intermediate progenitor cells capable of restoring liver mass after injury without the need of a stem cell compartment. However, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exist in all organs and are associated with blood vessels which represent their perivascular stem cell niche. MSCs are multipotent and can differentiate into several cell types and are known to support regenerative processes by the release of immunomodulatory and trophic factors. In the liver, the space of Disse constitutes a stem cell niche that harbors stellate cells as liver resident MSCs. This perivascular niche is created by extracellular matrix proteins, sinusoidal endothelial cells, liver parenchymal cells and sympathetic nerve endings and establishes a microenvironment that is suitable to maintain stellate cells and to control their fate. The stem cell niche integrity is important for the behavior of stellate cells in the normal, regenerative, aged and diseased liver. The niche character of the space of Disse may further explain why the liver can become an organ of extra-medullar hematopoiesis and why this organ is frequently prone to tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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195
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Wei S, Tang J, Cai X. Founder cells for hepatocytes during liver regeneration: from identification to application. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2887-2898. [PMID: 32060582 PMCID: PMC11105049 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03457-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver regeneration (LR) capacity in vertebrates developed through natural selection over a hundred million years of evolution. To maintain homeostasis or recover from various injuries, liver cells must regenerate; this process includes the renewal of parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells as well as the formation of liver structures. The cellular origin of newly grown tissue is one of the critical questions in this area and has been a subject of prolonged debate. The regenerative tissue may derive from either hepatocyte self-duplication or liver stem/progenitor cells (LSPCs). Recently, hepatocyte subpopulations and cholangiocytes were also described as important founder cells. The niche that triggers the proliferation of hepatocytes and the differentiation of LSPCs has been extensively studied. Meanwhile, in vitro culture systems for liver founder cells and organoids have been developed rapidly for mechanistic studies and potential therapeutic purposes. This review summarizes the cellular sources and niches that give rise to renewed hepatocytes during LR, and it also describes in vitro culture studies of those founder cells for future applications, as well as current reports for stem cell-based therapies for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saisai Wei
- Key Laboratory of Endoscopic Technique Research of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Jiacheng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Endoscopic Technique Research of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Xiujun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Endoscopic Technique Research of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
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196
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Caporarello N, Meridew JA, Aravamudhan A, Jones DL, Austin SA, Pham TX, Haak AJ, Moo Choi K, Tan Q, Haresi A, Huang SK, Katusic ZS, Tschumperlin DJ, Ligresti G. Vascular dysfunction in aged mice contributes to persistent lung fibrosis. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13196. [PMID: 32691484 PMCID: PMC7431829 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease thought to result from impaired lung repair following injury and is strongly associated with aging. While vascular alterations have been associated with IPF previously, the contribution of lung vasculature during injury resolution and fibrosis is not well understood. To compare the role of endothelial cells (ECs) in resolving and non-resolving models of lung fibrosis, we applied bleomycin intratracheally to young and aged mice. We found that injury in aged mice elicited capillary rarefaction, while injury in young mice resulted in increased capillary density. ECs from the lungs of injured aged mice relative to young mice demonstrated elevated pro-fibrotic and reduced vascular homeostasis gene expression. Among the latter, Nos3 (encoding the enzyme endothelial nitric oxide synthase, eNOS) was transiently upregulated in lung ECs from young but not aged mice following injury. Young mice deficient in eNOS recapitulated the non-resolving lung fibrosis observed in aged animals following injury, suggesting that eNOS directly participates in lung fibrosis resolution. Activation of the NO receptor soluble guanylate cyclase in human lung fibroblasts reduced TGFβ-induced pro-fibrotic gene and protein expression. Additionally, loss of eNOS in human lung ECs reduced the suppression of TGFβ-induced lung fibroblast activation in 2D and 3D co-cultures. Altogether, our results demonstrate that persistent lung fibrosis in aged mice is accompanied by capillary rarefaction, loss of EC identity, and impaired eNOS expression. Targeting vascular function may thus be critical to promote lung repair and fibrosis resolution in aging and IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia Caporarello
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Meridew
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aja Aravamudhan
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dakota L Jones
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Susan A Austin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tho X Pham
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew J Haak
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kyoung Moo Choi
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Qi Tan
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Adil Haresi
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven K Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zvonimir S Katusic
- Department of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Giovanni Ligresti
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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197
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Wahlicht T, Vièyres G, Bruns SA, Meumann N, Büning H, Hauser H, Schmitz I, Pietschmann T, Wirth D. Controlled Functional Zonation of Hepatocytes In Vitro by Engineering of Wnt Signaling. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1638-1649. [PMID: 32551516 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Key liver functions, including protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification, are performed by specific populations of hepatocytes that are defined by their relative positions within the liver lobules. On a molecular level, the functional heterogeneity with periportal and pericentral phenotypes, so-called metabolic liver zonation, is mainly established by a gradient of canonical Wnt signaling activity. Since the relevant physiological cues are missing in in vitro liver models, they fail to reflect the functional heterogeneity and thus lack many liver functions. We synthetically re-engineered Wnt signaling in murine and human hepatocytes using a doxycycline-dependent cassette for externally controlled digital expression of stabilized β-catenin. Thereby, we achieved adjustable mosaic-like activation of Wnt signaling in in vitro-cultured hepatocytes that was resistant to negative-feedback loops. This allowed the establishment of long-term-stable periportal-like and pericentral-like phenotypes that mimic the heterogeneity observed in vivo. The in vitro-zonated hepatocytes show differential expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and associated differential toxicity and higher levels of autophagy. Furthermore, recombinant adeno-associated virus and hepatitis C virus preferentially transduce the pericentral-like zonation phenotype, suggesting a bias of these viruses that has been unappreciated to date. These tightly controlled in vivo-like systems will be important for studies evaluating aspects of liver zonation and for the assessment of drug toxicity for mouse and man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Wahlicht
- Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gabrielle Vièyres
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Svenja A. Bruns
- Systems-Oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nadja Meumann
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover−Braunschweig Partner Site, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hildegard Büning
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover−Braunschweig Partner Site, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Hauser
- Department of Scientific Strategy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ingo Schmitz
- Systems-Oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wirth
- Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Medical University Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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198
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Gage BK, Liu JC, Innes BT, MacParland SA, McGilvray ID, Bader GD, Keller GM. Generation of Functional Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Venous Angioblasts. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 27:254-269.e9. [PMID: 32640183 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) form a highly specialized microvasculature that plays a critical role in liver function and disease. To better understand this role, we developed a strategy to generate LSECs from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) by first optimizing the specification of arterial and venous angioblasts and derivative endothelial populations. Induction of a LSEC-like fate by hypoxia, cyclic AMP (cAMP) agonism, and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) inhibition revealed that venous endothelial cells responded more rapidly and robustly than the arterial cells to upregulate LSEC markers and functions in vitro. Upon intrahepatic transplantation in neonates, venous angioblasts engrafted the liver and generated mature, fenestrated LSECs with scavenger functions and molecular profiles of primary human LSECs. When transplanted into the liver of adult mice, angioblasts efficiently gave rise to mature LSECs with robust factor VIII (FVIII) production. Humanization of the murine liver with hPSC-derived LSECs provides a tractable system for studying the biology of this key liver cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair K Gage
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G1L7, Canada.
| | - Jeff C Liu
- The Donnelly Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3E1, Canada
| | - Brendan T Innes
- The Donnelly Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G1A8, Canada
| | - Sonya A MacParland
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G2C4, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Ian D McGilvray
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G2C4, Canada
| | - Gary D Bader
- The Donnelly Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G1A8, Canada
| | - Gordon M Keller
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G1L7, Canada.
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199
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Konishi T, Yoshidome H, Shimizu H, Yoshitomi H, Furukawa K, Takayashiki T, Kuboki S, Takano S, Miyazaki M, Ohtsuka M. Splenic enlargement induced by preoperative chemotherapy is a useful indicator for predicting liver regeneration after resection for colorectal liver metastases. World J Surg Oncol 2020; 18:139. [PMID: 32576191 PMCID: PMC7313099 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-020-01918-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conversion chemotherapy may downsize unresectable colorectal liver metastases (CRLMs), but may cause liver injury and splenic enlargement. The effect of preoperative chemotherapy on liver regeneration after liver resection remains undetermined. The aim of this study was to examine whether splenic enlargement induced by preoperative chemotherapy is an indicator to identify high-risk patients for impaired liver regeneration and liver dysfunction after resection. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 118 Japanese patients with CRLMs. Fifty-one patients had conversion chemotherapy. The other 67 patients underwent up-front liver resection. We clarified effects of conversion chemotherapy on splenic volume, liver function, and postoperative liver regeneration. Perioperative outcome was also analyzed. Results A ratio of the splenic volume before and after chemotherapy (SP index) in the oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy group was significantly greater than other chemotherapy groups after 9 or more chemotherapy cycles. Patients whose SP index was 1.2 or more had significantly higher indocyanine green retention rate at 15 min (ICG-R15) than patients without chemotherapy. Analyses of covariance showed liver regeneration rate after resection was decreased in patients whose SP index was 1.2 or more. The incidence of postoperative liver dysfunction in patients whose SP index was 1.2 or more was significantly greater than patients without chemotherapy. Multivariate analysis showed SP index was a significant predictive factor of impaired liver regeneration. Conclusions Splenic enlargement induced by preoperative chemotherapy was a useful indicator for impaired liver regeneration after resection and a decision-making tool of treatment strategy for unresectable CRLMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Konishi
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshidome
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. .,Department of Surgery, Oami Municipal Hospital, 884-1 Tomida, Oami-Shirasato-shi, Chiba, 299-3221, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Shimizu
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yoshitomi
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Katsunori Furukawa
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Takayashiki
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuboki
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shigetsugu Takano
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Masaru Miyazaki
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Surgery and Digestive Disease Center, International University of Health and Welfare, Mita Hospital, 1-4-3 Mita, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-8329, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ohtsuka
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
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200
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Hemanthakumar KA, Kivelä R. Angiogenesis and angiocrines regulating heart growth. VASCULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 2:R93-R104. [PMID: 32935078 PMCID: PMC7487598 DOI: 10.1530/vb-20-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) line the inner surface of all blood and lymphatic vessels throughout the body, making endothelium one of the largest tissues. In addition to its transport function, endothelium is now appreciated as a dynamic organ actively participating in angiogenesis, permeability and vascular tone regulation, as well as in the development and regeneration of tissues. The identification of endothelial-derived secreted factors, angiocrines, has revealed non-angiogenic mechanisms of endothelial cells in both physiological and pathological tissue remodeling. In the heart, ECs play a variety of important roles during cardiac development as well as in growth, homeostasis and regeneration of the adult heart. To date, several angiocrines affecting cardiomyocyte growth in response to physiological or pathological stimuli have been identified. In this review, we discuss the effects of angiogenesis and EC-mediated signaling in the regulation of cardiac hypertrophy. Identification of the molecular and metabolic signals from ECs during physiological and pathological cardiac growth could provide novel therapeutic targets to treat heart failure, as endothelium is emerging as one of the potential target organs in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Amudhala Hemanthakumar
- Stem cells and Metabolism Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Kivelä
- Stem cells and Metabolism Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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