151
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Moscoso CG, Steer CJ. The Evolution of Gene Therapy in the Treatment of Metabolic Liver Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080915. [PMID: 32785089 PMCID: PMC7463482 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monogenic metabolic disorders of hepatic origin number in the hundreds, and for many, liver transplantation remains the only cure. Liver-targeted gene therapy is an attractive treatment modality for many of these conditions, and there have been significant advances at both the preclinical and clinical stages. Viral vectors, including retroviruses, lentiviruses, adenovirus-based vectors, adeno-associated viruses and simian virus 40, have differing safety, efficacy and immunogenic profiles, and several of these have been used in clinical trials with variable success. In this review, we profile viral vectors and non-viral vectors, together with various payloads, including emerging therapies based on RNA, that are entering clinical trials. Genome editing technologies are explored, from earlier to more recent novel approaches that are more efficient, specific and safe in reaching their target sites. The various curative approaches for the multitude of monogenic hepatic metabolic disorders currently at the clinical development stage portend a favorable outlook for this class of genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G. Moscoso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: (C.G.M.); (C.J.S.); Tel.: +1-612-625-8999 (C.G.M. & C.J.S.); Fax: +1-612-625-5620 (C.G.M. & C.J.S.)
| | - Clifford J. Steer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: (C.G.M.); (C.J.S.); Tel.: +1-612-625-8999 (C.G.M. & C.J.S.); Fax: +1-612-625-5620 (C.G.M. & C.J.S.)
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152
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Zhang D, Hussain A, Manghwar H, Xie K, Xie S, Zhao S, Larkin RM, Qing P, Jin S, Ding F. Genome editing with the CRISPR-Cas system: an art, ethics and global regulatory perspective. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1651-1669. [PMID: 32271968 PMCID: PMC7336378 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the last three decades, the development of new genome editing techniques, such as ODM, TALENs, ZFNs and the CRISPR-Cas system, has led to significant progress in the field of plant and animal breeding. The CRISPR-Cas system is the most versatile genome editing tool discovered in the history of molecular biology because it can be used to alter diverse genomes (e.g. genomes from both plants and animals) including human genomes with unprecedented ease, accuracy and high efficiency. The recent development and scope of CRISPR-Cas system have raised new regulatory challenges around the world due to moral, ethical, safety and technical concerns associated with its applications in pre-clinical and clinical research, biomedicine and agriculture. Here, we review the art, applications and potential risks of CRISPR-Cas system in genome editing. We also highlight the patent and ethical issues of this technology along with regulatory frameworks established by various nations to regulate CRISPR-Cas-modified organisms/products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Public AdministrationHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Amjad Hussain
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Hakim Manghwar
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Kabin Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shengsong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and ReproductionMinistry of EducationWuhanChina
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and ReproductionMinistry of EducationWuhanChina
| | - Robert M. Larkin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant BiologyMinistry of EducationCollege of Horticulture and Forestry SciencesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ping Qing
- College of Public AdministrationHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shuangxia Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Fang Ding
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant Sciences and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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153
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Sarodaya N, Suresh B, Kim KS, Ramakrishna S. Protein Degradation and the Pathologic Basis of Phenylketonuria and Hereditary Tyrosinemia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144996. [PMID: 32679806 PMCID: PMC7404301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A delicate intracellular balance among protein synthesis, folding, and degradation is essential to maintaining protein homeostasis or proteostasis, and it is challenged by genetic and environmental factors. Molecular chaperones and the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) play a vital role in proteostasis for normal cellular function. As part of protein quality control, molecular chaperones recognize misfolded proteins and assist in their refolding. Proteins that are beyond repair or refolding undergo degradation, which is largely mediated by the UPS. The importance of protein quality control is becoming ever clearer, but it can also be a disease-causing mechanism. Diseases such as phenylketonuria (PKU) and hereditary tyrosinemia-I (HT1) are caused due to mutations in PAH and FAH gene, resulting in reduced protein stability, misfolding, accelerated degradation, and deficiency in functional proteins. Misfolded or partially unfolded proteins do not necessarily lose their functional activity completely. Thus, partially functional proteins can be rescued from degradation by molecular chaperones and deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). Deubiquitination is an important mechanism of the UPS that can reverse the degradation of a substrate protein by covalently removing its attached ubiquitin molecule. In this review, we discuss the importance of molecular chaperones and DUBs in reducing the severity of PKU and HT1 by stabilizing and rescuing mutant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sarodaya
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (N.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Bharathi Suresh
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (N.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Kye-Seong Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (N.S.); (B.S.)
- College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-S.K.); or (S.R.)
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (N.S.); (B.S.)
- College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-S.K.); or (S.R.)
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154
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Modelling Epithelial Ovarian Cancer in Mice: Classical and Emerging Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134806. [PMID: 32645943 PMCID: PMC7370285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer (HGSC) is the most aggressive subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer. The identification of germline and somatic mutations along with genomic information unveiled by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and other studies has laid the foundation for establishing preclinical models with high fidelity to the molecular features of HGSC. Notwithstanding such progress, the field of HGSC research still lacks a model that is both robust and widely accessible. In this review, we discuss the recent advancements and utility of HGSC genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) to date. Further analysis and critique on alternative approaches to modelling HGSC considers technological advancements in somatic gene editing and modelling prototypic organs, capable of tumorigenesis, on a chip.
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155
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Deng S, Li X, Liu S, Chen J, Li M, Chew SY, Leong KW, Cheng D. Codelivery of CRISPR-Cas9 and chlorin e6 for spatially controlled tumor-specific gene editing with synergistic drug effects. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb4005. [PMID: 32832641 PMCID: PMC7439618 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb4005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Controlled release of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and codelivery with other drugs remain a challenge. We demonstrate controlled release of CRISPR-Cas9 RNP and codelivery with antitumor photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) using near-infrared (NIR)- and reducing agent-responsive nanoparticles in a mouse tumor model. Nitrilotriacetic acid-decorated micelles can bind His-tagged Cas9 RNP. Lysosomal escape of nanoparticles was triggered by NIR-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by Ce6 in tumor cells. Cytoplasmic release of Cas9/single-guide RNA (sgRNA) was achieved by reduction of disulfide bond. Cas9/sgRNA targeted the antioxidant regulator Nrf2, enhancing tumor cell sensitivity to ROS. Without NIR irradiation, Cas9 was degraded in lysosomes and gene editing failed in normal tissues. The synergistic effects of Ce6 photodynamic therapy and Nrf2 gene editing were confirmed in vivo. Controlled release of CRISPR-Cas9 RNP and codelivery with Ce6 using stimuli-responsive nanoparticles represent a versatile strategy for gene editing with potentially synergistic drug effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Deng
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Liu
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Jifeng Chen
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Du Cheng
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
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156
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Wei T, Cheng Q, Min YL, Olson EN, Siegwart DJ. Systemic nanoparticle delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins for effective tissue specific genome editing. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3232. [PMID: 32591530 PMCID: PMC7320157 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9 has emerged as a powerful technology that relies on Cas9/sgRNA ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) to target and edit DNA. However, many therapeutic targets cannot currently be accessed due to the lack of carriers that can deliver RNPs systemically. Here, we report a generalizable methodology that allows engineering of modified lipid nanoparticles to efficiently deliver RNPs into cells and edit tissues including muscle, brain, liver, and lungs. Intravenous injection facilitated tissue-specific, multiplexed editing of six genes in mouse lungs. High carrier potency was leveraged to create organ-specific cancer models in livers and lungs of mice though facile knockout of multiple genes. The developed carriers were also able to deliver RNPs to restore dystrophin expression in DMD mice and significantly decrease serum PCSK9 level in C57BL/6 mice. Application of this generalizable strategy will facilitate broad nanoparticle development for a variety of disease targets amenable to protein delivery and precise gene correction approaches. Therapeutic targets of CRISPR-Cas can often not be accessed due to lack of carriers to deliver RNPs systematically. Here, the authors engineer modified lipid nanoparticles for delivery of gene editing proteins to specific tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yi-Li Min
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daniel J Siegwart
- Department of Biochemistry, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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157
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Leier A, Bedwell DM, Chen AT, Dickson G, Keeling KM, Kesterson RA, Korf BR, Marquez Lago TT, Müller UF, Popplewell L, Zhou J, Wallis D. Mutation-Directed Therapeutics for Neurofibromatosis Type I. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 20:739-753. [PMID: 32408052 PMCID: PMC7225739 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Significant advances in biotechnology have led to the development of a number of different mutation-directed therapies. Some of these techniques have matured to a level that has allowed testing in clinical trials, but few have made it to approval by drug-regulatory bodies for the treatment of specific diseases. While there are still various hurdles to be overcome, recent success stories have proven the potential power of mutation-directed therapies and have fueled the hope of finding therapeutics for other genetic disorders. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art of various therapeutic approaches and assess their applicability to the genetic disorder neurofibromatosis type I (NF1). NF1 is caused by the loss of function of neurofibromin, a tumor suppressor and downregulator of the Ras signaling pathway. The condition is characterized by a variety of phenotypes and includes symptoms such as skin spots, nervous system tumors, skeletal dysplasia, and others. Hence, depending on the patient, therapeutics may need to target different tissues and cell types. While we also discuss the delivery of therapeutics, in particular via viral vectors and nanoparticles, our main focus is on therapeutic techniques that reconstitute functional neurofibromin, most notably cDNA replacement, CRISPR-based DNA repair, RNA repair, antisense oligonucleotide therapeutics including exon skipping, and nonsense suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Leier
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - David M Bedwell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ann T Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - George Dickson
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Kim M Keeling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Robert A Kesterson
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Bruce R Korf
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | - Ulrich F Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Linda Popplewell
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Jiangbing Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Deeann Wallis
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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158
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Wang X, Lv S, Liu T, Wei J, Qu S, Lu Y, Zhang J, Oo S, Zhang B, Pan X, Liu H. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing shows the important role of AZC_2928 gene in nitrogen-fixing bacteria of plants. Funct Integr Genomics 2020; 20:657-668. [PMID: 32483723 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-020-00739-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AZC_2928 gene (GenBank accession no. BAF88926.1) of Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 has sequence homology to 2,3-aminomutases. However, its function is unknown. In this study, we are for the first time to knock out the gene completely in A. caulinodans ORS571 using the current advanced genome editing tool, CRISPR/Cas9. Our results show that the editing efficiency is 34% and AZC_2928 plays an extremely important role in regulating the formation of chemotaxis and biofilm. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of AZC_2928 (△AZC_2928) significantly enhanced chemotaxis and biofilm formation. Both chemotaxis and biofilm formation play an important role in nitrogen-fixing bacteria and their interaction with their host plants. Interestingly, AZC_2928 did not affect the motility of A. caulinodans ORS571 and the nodulation formation in their natural host plant, Sesbania rostrata. Due to rhizobia needing to form bacteroids for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in mature nodules, AZC_2928 might have a direct influence on nitrogen fixation efficiency rather than the number of nodulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wang
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Sang Lv
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiale Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyuan Qu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Junbiao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanda Oo
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA.,Elizabeth City State University, Elizabeth City, NC, 27909, USA
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Xiaoping Pan
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA.
| | - Huawei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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159
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A review of application of base editing for the treatment of inner ear disorders. JOURNAL OF BIO-X RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1097/jbr.0000000000000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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160
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Xu T, Li L, Liu YC, Cao W, Chen JS, Hu S, Liu Y, Li LY, Zhou H, Meng XM, Huang C, Zhang L, Li J, Zhou H. CRISPR/Cas9-related technologies in liver diseases: from feasibility to future diversity. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:2283-2295. [PMID: 32760197 PMCID: PMC7378651 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.33481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases are one of the leading causes of mortality in the world, mainly caused by different etiological agents, alcohol consumption, viruses, drug intoxication, and malnutrition. The maturation of gene therapy has heralded new avenues for developing effective interventions for these diseases. Derived from a remarkable microbial defense system, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated proteins 9 system (CRISPR/Cas9 system) is driving innovative applications from basic biology to biotechnology and medicine. Recently, the mutagenic function of CRISPR/Cas9 system has been widely adopted for genome and disease research. In this review, we describe the development and applications of CRISPR/Cas9 system on liver diseases for research or translational applications, while highlighting challenges as well as future avenues for innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Chen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518039, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Shenzhen Qianhai Icecold IT Co., Ltd. China
| | - Jia-Si Chen
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Shuang Hu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Liang-Yun Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.,Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, West Branch of The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jun Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College
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161
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Hughes JH, Liu K, Plagge A, Wilson PJM, Sutherland H, Norman BP, Hughes AT, Keenan CM, Milan AM, Sakai T, Ranganath LR, Gallagher JA, Bou-Gharios G. Conditional targeting in mice reveals that hepatic homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase activity is essential in reducing circulating homogentisic acid and for effective therapy in the genetic disease alkaptonuria. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:3928-3939. [PMID: 31600782 PMCID: PMC7073386 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaptonuria is an inherited disease caused by homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD) deficiency. Circulating homogentisic acid (HGA) is elevated and deposits in connective tissues as ochronotic pigment. In this study, we aimed to define developmental and adult HGD tissue expression and determine the location and amount of gene activity required to lower circulating HGA and rescue the alkaptonuria phenotype. We generated an alkaptonuria mouse model using a knockout-first design for the disruption of the HGD gene. Hgd tm1a −/− mice showed elevated HGA and ochronosis in adulthood. LacZ staining driven by the endogenous HGD promoter was localised to only liver parenchymal cells and kidney proximal tubules in adulthood, commencing at E12.5 and E15.5 respectively. Following removal of the gene trap cassette to obtain a normal mouse with a floxed 6th HGD exon, a double transgenic was then created with Mx1-Cre which conditionally deleted HGD in liver in a dose dependent manner. 20% of HGD mRNA remaining in liver did not rescue the disease, suggesting that we need more than 20% of liver HGD to correct the disease in gene therapy. Kidney HGD activity which remained intact reduced urinary HGA, most likely by increased absorption, but did not reduce plasma HGA nor did it prevent ochronosis. In addition, downstream metabolites of exogenous 13C6-HGA, were detected in heterozygous plasma, revealing that hepatocytes take up and metabolise HGA. This novel alkaptonuria mouse model demonstrated the importance of targeting liver for therapeutic intervention, supported by our observation that hepatocytes take up and metabolise HGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette H Hughes
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Ke Liu
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Antonius Plagge
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK
| | - Peter J M Wilson
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Hazel Sutherland
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Brendan P Norman
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Andrew T Hughes
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.,Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals Trust, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Craig M Keenan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Anna M Milan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.,Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals Trust, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Takao Sakai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK
| | - Lakshminarayan R Ranganath
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.,Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals Trust, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - James A Gallagher
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - George Bou-Gharios
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
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162
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Fajrial AK, He QQ, Wirusanti NI, Slansky JE, Ding X. A review of emerging physical transfection methods for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing. Theranostics 2020; 10:5532-5549. [PMID: 32373229 PMCID: PMC7196308 DOI: 10.7150/thno.43465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene editing is a versatile technique in biomedicine that promotes fundamental research as well as clinical therapy. The development of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) as a genome editing machinery has accelerated the application of gene editing. However, the delivery of CRISPR components often suffers when using conventional transfection methods, such as viral transduction and chemical vectors, due to limited packaging size and inefficiency toward certain cell types. In this review, we discuss physical transfection methods for CRISPR gene editing which can overcome these limitations. We outline different types of physical transfection methods, highlight novel techniques to deliver CRISPR components, and emphasize the role of micro and nanotechnology to improve transfection performance. We present our perspectives on the limitations of current technology and provide insights on the future developments of physical transfection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apresio K. Fajrial
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Qing Qing He
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Nurul I. Wirusanti
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherland
| | - Jill E. Slansky
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Ding
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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163
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Trevisan M, Masi G, Palù G. Genome editing technologies to treat rare liver diseases. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 5:23. [PMID: 32258527 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2019.10.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver has a central role in protein and lipid metabolism, and diseases involving hepatocytes have often repercussions on multiple organs and systems. Hepatic disorders are frequently characterized by production of defective or non-functional proteins, and traditional gene therapy approaches have been attempted for years to restore adequate protein levels through delivery of transgenes. Recently, many different genome editing platforms have been developed aimed at correcting at DNA level the defects underlying the diseases. In this Review we discuss the latest applications of these tools applied to develop therapeutic strategies for rare liver disorders, in particular updating the literature with the most recent strategies relying on base editors technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Trevisan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Masi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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164
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Sandoval A, Elahi H, Ploski JE. Genetically Engineering the Nervous System with CRISPR-Cas. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0419-19.2020. [PMID: 32098761 PMCID: PMC7096538 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0419-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The multitude of neuronal subtypes and extensive interconnectivity of the mammalian brain presents a substantial challenge to those seeking to decipher its functions. While the molecular mechanisms of several neuronal functions remain poorly characterized, advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) and gene-editing technology have begun to close this gap. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein (CRISPR-Cas) system has emerged as a powerful genetic tool capable of manipulating the genome of essentially any organism and cell type. This technology has advanced our understanding of complex neurologic diseases by enabling the rapid generation of novel, disease-relevant in vitro and transgenic animal models. In this review, we discuss recent developments in the rapidly accelerating field of CRISPR-mediated genome engineering. We begin with an overview of the canonical function of the CRISPR platform, followed by a functional review of its many adaptations, with an emphasis on its applications for genetic interrogation of the normal and diseased nervous system. Additionally, we discuss limitations of the CRISPR editing system and suggest how future modifications to existing platforms may advance our understanding of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Sandoval
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - Hajira Elahi
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - Jonathan E Ploski
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080
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165
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Lv X, Qiu K, Tu T, He X, Peng Y, Ye J, Fu J, Deng R, Wang Y, Wu J, Liu C, Zhao J, Gu F. Development of a Simple and Quick Method to Assess Base Editing in Human Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 20:580-588. [PMID: 32335475 PMCID: PMC7184106 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Base editing is a form of genome editing that can directly convert a single base (C or A) to another base (T or G), which is of great potential in biomedical applications. The broad application of base editing is limited by its low activity and specificity, which still needs to be resolved. To address this, a simple and quick method for the determination of its activity/specificity is highly desired. Here, we developed a novel system, which could be harnessed for quick detection of editing activity and specificity of base editors (BEs) in human cells. Specifically, multiple cloning sites (MCS) were inserted into the human genome via lentivirus, and base editing targeting the MCS was performed with BEs. The base editing activities were assessed by specific restriction enzymes. The whole process only includes nucleotide-based targeting the MCS, editing, PCR, and digestion, thus, we named it NOTEPAD. This straightforward approach could be easily accessed by molecular biology laboratories. With this method, we could easily determine the BEs editing efficiency and pattern. The results revealed that BEs triggered more off-target effects in the genome than on plasmids including genomic indels (insertions and deletions). We found that ABEs (adenine base editors) had better fidelity than CBEs (cytosine base editors). Our system could be harnessed as a base editing assessment platform, which would pave the way for the development of next-generation BEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Lv
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Kairui Qiu
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Tianxiang Tu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xiaoxue He
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yuchen Peng
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jinbin Ye
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Junhao Fu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ruzhi Deng
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yuqin Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jinyu Wu
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Changbao Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Junzhao Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
| | - Feng Gu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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166
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Wu SS, Li QC, Yin CQ, Xue W, Song CQ. Advances in CRISPR/Cas-based Gene Therapy in Human Genetic Diseases. Theranostics 2020; 10:4374-4382. [PMID: 32292501 PMCID: PMC7150498 DOI: 10.7150/thno.43360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas genome editing is a simple, cost effective, and highly specific technique for introducing genetic variations. In mammalian cells, CRISPR/Cas can facilitate non-homologous end joining, homology- directed repair, and single-base exchanges. Cas9/Cas12a nuclease, dCas9 transcriptional regulators, base editors, PRIME editors and RNA editing tools are widely used in basic research. Currently, a variety of CRISPR/Cas-based therapeutics are being investigated in clinical trials. Among many new findings that have advanced the field, we highlight a few recent advances that are relevant to CRISPR/Cas-based gene therapies for monogenic human genetic diseases.
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167
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CRISPR/Cas9-targeting of CD40 in hematopoietic stem cells limits immune activation mediated by anti-CD40. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228221. [PMID: 32155151 PMCID: PMC7064223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are complex, multifactorial disorders characterized by chronic relapsing intestinal inflammation. IBD is diagnosed around 1 in 1000 individuals in Western countries with globally increasing incident rates. Association studies have identified hundreds of genes that are linked to IBD and potentially regulate its pathology. The further dissection of the genetic network underlining IBD pathogenesis and pathophysiology is hindered by the limited capacity to functionally characterize each genetic association, including generating knockout animal models for every associated gene. Cutting-edge CRISPR/Cas9-based technology may transform the field of IBD research by efficiently and effectively introducing genetic alterations. In the present study, we used CRISPR/Cas9-based technologies to genetically modify hematopoietic stem cells. Through cell sorting and bone marrow transplantation, we established a system to knock out target gene expression by over 90% in the immune system of reconstituted animals. Using a CD40-mediated colitis model, we further validated our CRISPR/Cas9-based platform for investigating gene function in experimental IBD. In doing so, we developed a model system that delivers genetically modified mice in a manner much faster than conventional methodology, significantly reducing the time from target identification to in vivo target validation and expediting drug development.
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168
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Billon P, Nambiar TS, Hayward SB, Zafra MP, Schatoff EM, Oshima K, Dunbar A, Breinig M, Park YC, Ryu HS, Tschaharganeh DF, Levine RL, Baer R, Ferrando A, Dow LE, Ciccia A. Detection of Marker-Free Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Variation through the Capture of Genomic Signatures. Cell Rep 2020; 30:3280-3295.e6. [PMID: 32160537 PMCID: PMC7108696 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome editing technologies have transformed our ability to engineer desired genomic changes within living systems. However, detecting precise genomic modifications often requires sophisticated, expensive, and time-consuming experimental approaches. Here, we describe DTECT (Dinucleotide signaTurE CapTure), a rapid and versatile detection method that relies on the capture of targeted dinucleotide signatures resulting from the digestion of genomic DNA amplicons by the type IIS restriction enzyme AcuI. DTECT enables the accurate quantification of marker-free precision genome editing events introduced by CRISPR-dependent homology-directed repair, base editing, or prime editing in various biological systems, such as mammalian cell lines, organoids, and tissues. Furthermore, DTECT allows the identification of oncogenic mutations in cancer mouse models, patient-derived xenografts, and human cancer patient samples. The ease, speed, and cost efficiency by which DTECT identifies genomic signatures should facilitate the generation of marker-free cellular and animal models of human disease and expedite the detection of human pathogenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Billon
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tarun S Nambiar
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Samuel B Hayward
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Maria P Zafra
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Emma M Schatoff
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Koichi Oshima
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Andrew Dunbar
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Center for Hematological Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marco Breinig
- Helmholtz-University Group "Cell Plasticity and Epigenetic Remodeling", German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Institute of Pathology University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Young C Park
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Center for Hematological Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Han S Ryu
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Darjus F Tschaharganeh
- Helmholtz-University Group "Cell Plasticity and Epigenetic Remodeling", German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Institute of Pathology University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ross L Levine
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Center for Hematological Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Richard Baer
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Adolfo Ferrando
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lukas E Dow
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alberto Ciccia
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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169
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Xue Y, Feng J, Liu Y, Che J, Bai G, Dong X, Wu F, Jin T. A Synthetic Carrier of Nucleic Acids Structured as a Neutral Phospholipid Envelope Tightly Assembled on Polyplex Surface. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901705. [PMID: 31977157 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic carriers of nucleic acids remain inefficient for practical applications due to their insufficient functions as compared with viral vectors developed by evolution. Here, a synthetic carrier is designed to structurally mimic lentivirus, a widely-used viral vector in therapeutic developments, for its neutral phospholipid membrane tightly anchored on the surface of a packed nucleic acid core. Unlike the reported lipopolyplexes of which the surface membrane around the nucleic acid core is formed from charged lipids, the stable attachment of the neutral lipids to each polyplex core in the present system is achieved through preadsorbed micelles of multicarboxyl amphiphilic molecules as lipid bilayer anchors. The adsorbed micelles are under a tension of deformation due to the electrostatic attraction of the head groups to the cationic surface and their "thermodynamic responsibility" to cover the hydrophobic tails in water. When liposomes of neutral phospholipids approach, the hydrophobic tail groups of the adsorbed micelles may insert into the lipid bilayer matrix to induce them to fuse around polyplex and relieve the thermodynamic tension. The formed neutral phospholipid membrane may encapsulate the polyplex core stably, prevent siRNA from prephagocytic leaking and degrading, and immobilize functional agents with increased capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonger Xue
- Center for BioDelivery SciencesSchool of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Rd Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Jia Feng
- Center for BioDelivery SciencesSchool of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Rd Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Yilei Liu
- Center for BioDelivery SciencesSchool of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Rd Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Junyi Che
- Center for BioDelivery SciencesSchool of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Rd Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Guang Bai
- Center for BioDelivery SciencesSchool of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Rd Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Xiaotao Dong
- Center for BioDelivery SciencesSchool of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Rd Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Fei Wu
- Center for BioDelivery SciencesSchool of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Rd Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Tuo Jin
- Center for BioDelivery SciencesSchool of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Rd Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
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170
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Trends of CRISPR technology development and deployment into Agricultural Production-Consumption Systems. WORLD PATENT INFORMATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wpi.2019.101944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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171
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Nestor MW, Wilson RL. Beyond Mendelian Genetics: Anticipatory Biomedical Ethics and Policy Implications for the Use of CRISPR Together with Gene Drive in Humans. JOURNAL OF BIOETHICAL INQUIRY 2020; 17:133-144. [PMID: 31900854 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-019-09957-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) genome editing has already reinvented the direction of genetic and stem cell research. For more complex diseases it allows scientists to simultaneously create multiple genetic changes to a single cell. Technologies for correcting multiple mutations in an in vivo system are already in development. On the surface, the advent and use of gene editing technologies is a powerful tool to reduce human suffering by eradicating complex disease that has a genetic etiology. Gene drives are CRISPR mediated alterations to genes that allow them to be passed on to subsequent populations at rates that approach one hundred per cent transmission. Therefore, from an anticipatory biomedical ethics perspective, it is possible to conceive gene drive being used with CRISPR to permanently ameliorate aberrant genes from wild-type populations containing mutations. However, there are also a number of possible side effects that could develop as the result of combining gene editing and gene drive technologies in an effort to eradicate complex diseases. In this paper, we critically analyse the hypothesis that the combination of CRISPR and gene drive will have a deleterious effect on human populations from an ethical perspective by developing an anticipatory ethical analysis of the implications for the use of CRISPR together with gene drive in humans.
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172
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Li Y, Glass Z, Huang M, Chen ZY, Xu Q. Ex vivo cell-based CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing for therapeutic applications. Biomaterials 2020; 234:119711. [PMID: 31945616 PMCID: PMC7035593 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The recently developed CRISPR/Cas9 technology has revolutionized the genome engineering field. Since 2016, increasing number of studies regarding CRISPR therapeutics have entered clinical trials, most of which are focusing on the ex vivo genome editing. In this review, we highlight the ex vivo cell-based CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing for therapeutic applications. In these studies, CRISPR/Cas9 tools were used to edit cells in vitro and the successfully edited cells were considered as therapeutics, which can be introduced into patients to treat diseases. Considering a large number of previous reviews have been focused on the CRISPR/Cas9 delivery methods and materials, this review provides a different perspective, by mainly introducing the targeted conditions and design strategies for ex vivo CRISPR/Cas9 therapeutics. Brief descriptions of the history, functionality, and applications of CRISPR/Cas9 systems will be introduced first, followed by the design strategies and most significant results from previous research that used ex vivo CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing for the treatment of conditions or diseases. The last part of this review includes general information about the status of CRISPR/Cas9 therapeutics in clinical trials. We also discuss some of the challenges as well as the opportunities in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Zachary Glass
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Mingqian Huang
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Zheng-Yi Chen
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Qiaobing Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
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173
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Jacinto FV, Link W, Ferreira BI. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing: From basic research to translational medicine. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:3766-3778. [PMID: 32096600 PMCID: PMC7171402 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent development of the CRISPR/Cas9 system as an efficient and accessible programmable genome‐editing tool has revolutionized basic science research. CRISPR/Cas9 system‐based technologies have armed researchers with new powerful tools to unveil the impact of genetics on disease development by enabling the creation of precise cellular and animal models of human diseases. The therapeutic potential of these technologies is tremendous, particularly in gene therapy, in which a patient‐specific mutation is genetically corrected in order to treat human diseases that are untreatable with conventional therapies. However, the translation of CRISPR/Cas9 into the clinics will be challenging, since we still need to improve the efficiency, specificity and delivery of this technology. In this review, we focus on several in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in human disease‐focused research, explore the potential of this technology in translational medicine and discuss some of the major challenges for its future use in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe V Jacinto
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), Faro, Portugal.,Departamento de Medicina e Ciências Biomedicas (DCBM), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Algarve Biomedical Center (ABC), Faro, Portugal
| | - Wolfgang Link
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bibiana I Ferreira
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), Faro, Portugal.,Departamento de Medicina e Ciências Biomedicas (DCBM), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Algarve Biomedical Center (ABC), Faro, Portugal
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174
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AL Qtaish N, Gallego I, Villate-Beitia I, Sainz-Ramos M, López-Méndez TB, Grijalvo S, Eritja R, Soto-Sánchez C, Martínez-Navarrete G, Fernández E, Puras G, Pedraz JL. Niosome-Based Approach for In Situ Gene Delivery to Retina and Brain Cortex as Immune-Privileged Tissues. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12030198. [PMID: 32106545 PMCID: PMC7150807 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-viral vectors have emerged as a promising alternative to viral gene delivery systems due to their safer profile. Among non-viral vectors, recently, niosomes have shown favorable properties for gene delivery, including low toxicity, high stability, and easy production. The three main components of niosome formulations include a cationic lipid that is responsible for the electrostatic interactions with the negatively charged genetic material, a non-ionic surfactant that enhances the long-term stability of the niosome, and a helper component that can be added to improve its physicochemical properties and biological performance. This review is aimed at providing recent information about niosome-based non-viral vectors for gene delivery purposes. Specially, we will discuss the composition, preparation methods, physicochemical properties, and biological evaluation of niosomes and corresponding nioplexes that result from the addition of the genetic material onto their cationic surface. Next, we will focus on the in situ application of such niosomes to deliver the genetic material into immune-privileged tissues such as the brain cortex and the retina. Finally, as future perspectives, non-invasive administration routes and different targeting strategies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuseibah AL Qtaish
- NanoBioCel group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (N.A.Q.); (I.G.); (I.V.-B.); (M.S.-R.); (T.B.L.-M.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Idoia Gallego
- NanoBioCel group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (N.A.Q.); (I.G.); (I.V.-B.); (M.S.-R.); (T.B.L.-M.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Ilia Villate-Beitia
- NanoBioCel group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (N.A.Q.); (I.G.); (I.V.-B.); (M.S.-R.); (T.B.L.-M.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Myriam Sainz-Ramos
- NanoBioCel group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (N.A.Q.); (I.G.); (I.V.-B.); (M.S.-R.); (T.B.L.-M.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Tania Belén López-Méndez
- NanoBioCel group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (N.A.Q.); (I.G.); (I.V.-B.); (M.S.-R.); (T.B.L.-M.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Santiago Grijalvo
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; (S.G.); (R.E.)
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, (IQAC-CSIC), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Eritja
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; (S.G.); (R.E.)
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, (IQAC-CSIC), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Soto-Sánchez
- Neuroprothesis and Neuroengineering Research Group, Miguel Hernández University, E-03202 Elche, Spain; (C.S.-S.); (G.M.-N.); (E.F.)
| | - Gema Martínez-Navarrete
- Neuroprothesis and Neuroengineering Research Group, Miguel Hernández University, E-03202 Elche, Spain; (C.S.-S.); (G.M.-N.); (E.F.)
- Networking Research Centre for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fernández
- Neuroprothesis and Neuroengineering Research Group, Miguel Hernández University, E-03202 Elche, Spain; (C.S.-S.); (G.M.-N.); (E.F.)
- Networking Research Centre for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Gustavo Puras
- NanoBioCel group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (N.A.Q.); (I.G.); (I.V.-B.); (M.S.-R.); (T.B.L.-M.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (J.L.P.); Tel.: +34-945014536 (G.P.); +34-945013091 (J.L.P.)
| | - José Luis Pedraz
- NanoBioCel group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (N.A.Q.); (I.G.); (I.V.-B.); (M.S.-R.); (T.B.L.-M.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (J.L.P.); Tel.: +34-945014536 (G.P.); +34-945013091 (J.L.P.)
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175
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Chen W, Ding R, Tang J, Li H, Chen C, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Zhu X. Knocking Out SST Gene of BGC823 Gastric Cancer Cell by CRISPR/Cas9 Enhances Migration, Invasion and Expression of SEMA5A and KLF2. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:1313-1321. [PMID: 32110105 PMCID: PMC7040191 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s236374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The impact and potential molecular mechanisms of SST in the occurrence and development of GC have not been determined. Materials and Methods Two pairs of sgRNA and reporter were designed according to targeting sequence of SST gene for double-nicking. Plasmids were transfected into 293T for selecting sgRNA with higher cutting efficiency. The subline which has knocked-out SST gene were selected by FACS and verified by sequencing and expression level. Moreover, the migration and invasion ability was evaluated by wound healing and transwell after knocking out SST. Besides, the protein expression of SEMA5A and KLF2 were observed by Western blotting and LSCM. Last, we detected the expression levels of SST, SEMA5A, and KLF2 in GC tissues by Western blotting. Results The results revealed that the new subline 1E9, which had knocked out SST gene, was established by CRISPR/Cas9. In addition, the knockout of SST in GC cells markedly increased migration and invasion ability. The results also demonstrated that the knockout of SST increased the expression of SEMA5A and KLF2. The expression level of SST was decreased in GC tissues, and its decrease was associated with overexpression of SEMA5A and KLF2. Conclusion SST plays an inhibitory role in the migration and invasion of GC cell BGC823. The protein expression levels of SEMA5A and KLF2 were enhanced in GC cells and tissues lacking SST expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixian Ding
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlu Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haodong Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chonghua Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinxian Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, People's Republic of China
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176
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Lee H, Yoon DE, Kim K. Genome editing methods in animal models. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2020; 24:8-16. [PMID: 32158611 PMCID: PMC7048190 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2020.1726462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically engineered animal models that reproduce human diseases are very important for the pathological study of various conditions. The development of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system has enabled a faster and cheaper production of animal models compared with traditional gene-targeting methods using embryonic stem cells. Genome editing tools based on the CRISPR-Cas9 system are a breakthrough technology that allows the precise introduction of mutations at the target DNA sequences. In particular, this accelerated the creation of animal models, and greatly contributed to the research that utilized them. In this review, we introduce various strategies based on the CRISPR-Cas9 system for building animal models of human diseases and describe various in vivo delivery methods of CRISPR-Cas9 that are applied to disease models for therapeutic purposes. In addition, we summarize the currently available animal models of human diseases that were generated using the CRISPR-Cas9 system and discuss future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunji Lee
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Eun Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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177
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El-Mounadi K, Morales-Floriano ML, Garcia-Ruiz H. Principles, Applications, and Biosafety of Plant Genome Editing Using CRISPR-Cas9. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:56. [PMID: 32117392 PMCID: PMC7031443 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The terms genome engineering, genome editing, and gene editing, refer to modifications (insertions, deletions, substitutions) in the genome of a living organism. The most widely used approach to genome editing nowadays is based on Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9). In prokaryotes, CRISPR-Cas9 is an adaptive immune system that naturally protects cells from DNA virus infections. CRISPR-Cas9 has been modified to create a versatile genome editing technology that has a wide diversity of applications in medicine, agriculture, and basic studies of gene functions. CRISPR-Cas9 has been used in a growing number of monocot and dicot plant species to enhance yield, quality, and nutritional value, to introduce or enhance tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, among other applications. Although biosafety concerns remain, genome editing is a promising technology with potential to contribute to food production for the benefit of the growing human population. Here, we review the principles, current advances and applications of CRISPR-Cas9-based gene editing in crop improvement. We also address biosafety concerns and show that humans have been exposed to Cas9 protein homologues long before the use of CRISPR-Cas9 in genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoutar El-Mounadi
- Department of Biology, Kuztown University of Pennsylvania, Kuztown, PA, United States
| | - María Luisa Morales-Floriano
- Recursos Genéticos y Productividad-Genética, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, Montecillo, Mexico
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Hernan Garcia-Ruiz
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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178
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Ginn SL, Amaya AK, Liao SHY, Zhu E, Cunningham SC, Lee M, Hallwirth CV, Logan GJ, Tay SS, Cesare AJ, Pickett HA, Grompe M, Dilworth K, Lisowski L, Alexander IE. Efficient in vivo editing of OTC-deficient patient-derived primary human hepatocytes. JHEP Rep 2020; 2:100065. [PMID: 32039406 PMCID: PMC7005564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2019.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Genome editing technology has immense therapeutic potential and is likely to rapidly supplant contemporary gene addition approaches. Key advantages include the capacity to directly repair mutant loci with resultant recovery of physiological gene expression and maintenance of durable therapeutic effects in replicating cells. In this study, we aimed to repair a disease-causing point mutation in the ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) locus in patient-derived primary human hepatocytes in vivo at therapeutically relevant levels. Methods Editing reagents for precise CRISPR/SaCas9-mediated cleavage and homology-directed repair (HDR) of the human OTC locus were first evaluated against an OTC minigene cassette transposed into the mouse liver. The editing efficacy of these reagents was then tested on the native OTC locus in patient-derived primary human hepatocytes xenografted into the FRG (Fah-/-Rag2-/-Il2rg-/-) mouse liver. A highly human hepatotropic capsid (NP59) was used for adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene transfer. Editing events were characterised using next-generation sequencing and restoration of OTC expression was evaluated using immunofluorescence. Results Following AAV-mediated delivery of editing reagents to patient-derived primary human hepatocytes in vivo, OTC locus-specific cleavage was achieved at efficiencies of up to 72%. Importantly, successful editing was observed in up to 29% of OTC alleles at clinically relevant vector doses. No off-target editing events were observed at the top 10 in silico-predicted sites in the genome. Conclusions We report efficient single-nucleotide correction of a disease-causing mutation in the OTC locus in patient-derived primary human hepatocytes in vivo at levels that, if recapitulated in the clinic, would provide benefit for even the most therapeutically challenging liver disorders. Key challenges for clinical translation include the cell cycle dependence of classical HDR and mitigation of unintended on- and off-target editing events. Lay summary The ability to efficiently and safely correct disease-causing mutations remains the holy grail of gene therapy. Herein, we demonstrate, for the first time, efficient in vivo correction of a patient-specific disease-causing mutation in the OTC gene in primary human hepatocytes, using therapeutically relevant vector doses. We also highlight the challenges that need to be overcome for this technology to be translated into clinical practice. Therapeutically relevant levels of single-nucleotide repair of the human OTC locus were achieved in vivo. Single-nucleotide editing of primary human hepatocytes was facilitated by a highly hepatotropic bioengineered AAV capsid. A novel human minigene platform proved highly effective for evaluation of human liver-specific genome editing reagents.
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Key Words
- 7 NGS, next-generation sequencing
- AAV, adeno-associated virus
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CRISPR-Cas9
- FRG, Fah-/-Rag2-/-Il2rg-/-
- HDR, homology-directed repair
- ITR, inverted terminal repeats
- InDels, insertions and deletions
- LSP1, liver-specific promoter
- NHEJ, non-homologous end joining
- NP59 capsid
- OTC deficiency
- PAM, protospacer adjacent motif
- PRE, mutant form of the Woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element
- RTA, Real Time Analysis
- SV40 pA, SV40 polyadenylation signal sequence
- SaCas9, Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 nuclease
- TBG, human thyroxine binding globulin promoter
- U6, RNA polymerase III promoter for human U6 snRNA
- WT, wild-type
- genome editing
- homology-directed repair
- humanised FRG mice
- pA, bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal sequence
- primary human hepatocytes
- rAAV, recombinant adeno-associated virus
- recombinant AAV
- sgRNA, single guide RNA
- synthetic capsid
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Ginn
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Anais K Amaya
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Sophia H Y Liao
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Sharon C Cunningham
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Michael Lee
- Telomere Length Regulation Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Claus V Hallwirth
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Grant J Logan
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Szun S Tay
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Anthony J Cesare
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Hilda A Pickett
- Telomere Length Regulation Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Markus Grompe
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kimberley Dilworth
- Translational Vectorology Group and Vector & Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Group and Vector & Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia.,Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Pulway, Poland
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
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179
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Xu S, Pham T, Neupane S. Delivery methods for CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in crustaceans. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 2:1-5. [PMID: 33313574 PMCID: PMC7731668 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-019-00011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this mini-review we provide an up-to-date overview of the delivery methods that have been used for CRISPR/Cas9 genomic editing in crustacean species. With embryonic microinjection as the main workforce for delivering CRISPR/Cas9 reagents, biologists working with crustacean species have to tackle the technical challenges involved in microinjection. We use examples of three crustacean species (the branchiopod Daphnia, amphipod Parhyale hawaiensis, and decapod Exopalaemon carinicauda) to provide a technical guide for embryonic microinjection. Moreover, we outline two potentially useful new techniques for delivering CRISPR/Cas9 components into crustaceans, i.e., Receptor-Mediated Ovary Transduction of Cargo (ReMOT Control) and electroporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Xu
- Corresponding author: Sen Xu, 501 S. Nedderman Dr, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA. Phone: 812-272-3986.
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180
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Nishiguchi KM, Fujita K, Miya F, Katayama S, Nakazawa T. Single AAV-mediated mutation replacement genome editing in limited number of photoreceptors restores vision in mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:482. [PMID: 31980606 PMCID: PMC6981188 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementing wildtype copies of functionally defective genes with adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a strategy being explored clinically for various retinal dystrophies. However, the low cargo limit of this vector allows its use in only a fraction of patients with mutations in relatively small pathogenic genes. To overcome this issue, we developed a single AAV platform that allows local replacement of a mutated sequence with its wildtype counterpart, based on combined CRISPR-Cas9 and micro-homology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ). In blind mice, the mutation replacement rescued approximately 10% of photoreceptors, resulting in an improvement in light sensitivity and an increase in visual acuity. These effects were comparable to restoration mediated by gene supplementation, which targets a greater number of photoreceptors. This strategy may be applied for the treatment of inherited disorders caused by mutations in larger genes, for which conventional gene supplementation therapy is not currently feasible. Replacing mutant genes with wildtype copies using adeno-associated virus (AAV) has been explored for the treatment of inherited retinopathies, but the low cargo limit restricts its use. Here the authors describe a single AAV platform that allows local replacement of a mutated sequence with its wildtype counterpart, based on combined CRISPR-Cas9 and micro-homology-mediated end joining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji M Nishiguchi
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Fujita
- Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Miya
- Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Shota Katayama
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan. .,Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
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181
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Jo A, Ringel-Scaia VM, McDaniel DK, Thomas CA, Zhang R, Riffle JS, Allen IC, Davis RM. Fabrication and characterization of PLGA nanoparticles encapsulating large CRISPR-Cas9 plasmid. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:16. [PMID: 31959180 PMCID: PMC6970287 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-019-0564-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and Cas9 protein system is a revolutionary tool for gene therapy. Despite promising reports of the utility of CRISPR–Cas9 for in vivo gene editing, a principal problem in implementing this new process is delivery of high molecular weight DNA into cells. Results Using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), a nanoparticle carrier was designed to deliver a model CRISPR–Cas9 plasmid into primary bone marrow derived macrophages. The engineered PLGA-based carriers were approximately 160 nm and fluorescently labeled by encapsulation of the fluorophore 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene (TIPS pentacene). An amine-end capped PLGA encapsulated 1.6 wt% DNA, with an encapsulation efficiency of 80%. Release studies revealed that most of the DNA was released within the first 24 h and corresponded to ~ 2–3 plasmid copies released per nanoparticle. In vitro experiments conducted with murine bone marrow derived macrophages demonstrated that after 24 h of treatment with the PLGA-encapsulated CRISPR plasmids, the majority of cells were positive for TIPS pentacene and the protein Cas9 was detectable within the cells. Conclusions In this work, plasmids for the CRISPR–Cas9 system were encapsulated in nanoparticles comprised of PLGA and were shown to induce expression of bacterial Cas9 in murine bone marrow derived macrophages in vitro. These results suggest that this nanoparticle-based plasmid delivery method can be effective for future in vivo applications of the CRISPR–Cas9 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Jo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.,Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Veronica M Ringel-Scaia
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Dylan K McDaniel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.,Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Cassidy A Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.,Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Judy S Riffle
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.,Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Irving C Allen
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA. .,Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA. .,Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA.
| | - Richey M Davis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA. .,Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA. .,Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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182
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Alyami MZ, Alsaiari SK, Li Y, Qutub SS, Aleisa FA, Sougrat R, Merzaban JS, Khashab NM. Cell-Type-Specific CRISPR/Cas9 Delivery by Biomimetic Metal Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1715-1720. [PMID: 31931564 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Effective and cell-type-specific delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing elements remains a challenging open problem. Here we report the development of biomimetic cancer cell coated zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) for targeted and cell-specific delivery of this genome editing machinery. Coating ZIF-8 that is encapsulating CRISPR/Cas9 (CC-ZIF) with a cancer cell membrane resulted in the uniformly covered C3-ZIF(cell membrane type). Incubation of C3-ZIFMCF with MCF-7, HeLa, HDFn, and aTC cell lines showed the highest uptake by MCF-7 cells and negligible uptake by the healthy cells (i.e., HDFn and aTC). As to genome editing, a 3-fold repression in the EGFP expression was observed when MCF-7 were transfected with C3-ZIFMCF compared to 1-fold repression in the EGFP expression when MCF-7 were transfected with C3-ZIFHELA. In vivo testing confirmed the selectivity of C3-ZIFMCF to accumulate in MCF-7 tumor cells. This supports the ability of this biomimetic approach to match the needs of cell-specific targeting, which is unquestionably the most critical step in the future translation of genome editing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mram Z Alyami
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahad K Alsaiari
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Yanyan Li
- Cell Migration and Signaling Laboratory, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Somayah S Qutub
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Fajr A Aleisa
- Cell Migration and Signaling Laboratory, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Rachid Sougrat
- Advanced Nanofabrication Imaging and Characterization Center , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Jasmeen S Merzaban
- Cell Migration and Signaling Laboratory, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Niveen M Khashab
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
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183
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Correcting tyrosinaemia via a point mutation. Nat Biomed Eng 2020; 4:14-15. [DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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184
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Gong Y, Tian S, Xuan Y, Zhang S. Lipid and polymer mediated CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:4369-4386. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00207k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system is the most widely used tool for gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gong
- Key Lab of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education
- College of Life Science
- Dalian Minzu University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Siyu Tian
- Key Lab of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education
- College of Life Science
- Dalian Minzu University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Yang Xuan
- Key Lab of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education
- College of Life Science
- Dalian Minzu University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Shubiao Zhang
- Key Lab of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education
- College of Life Science
- Dalian Minzu University
- Dalian
- China
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185
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Witzigmann D, Kulkarni JA, Leung J, Chen S, Cullis PR, van der Meel R. Lipid nanoparticle technology for therapeutic gene regulation in the liver. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:344-363. [PMID: 32622021 PMCID: PMC7329694 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary genetic disorders, cancer, and infectious diseases of the liver affect millions of people around the globe and are a major public health burden. Most contemporary treatments offer limited relief as they generally aim to alleviate disease symptoms. Targeting the root cause of diseases originating in the liver by regulating malfunctioning genes with nucleic acid-based drugs holds great promise as a therapeutic approach. However, employing nucleic acid therapeutics in vivo is challenging due to their unfavorable characteristics. Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery technology is a revolutionary development that has enabled clinical translation of gene therapies. LNPs can deliver siRNA, mRNA, DNA, or gene-editing complexes, providing opportunities to treat hepatic diseases by silencing pathogenic genes, expressing therapeutic proteins, or correcting genetic defects. Here we discuss the state-of-the-art LNP technology for hepatic gene therapy including formulation design parameters, production methods, preclinical development and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Witzigmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,NanoMedicines Innovation Network (NMIN), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jayesh A. Kulkarni
- NanoMedicines Innovation Network (NMIN), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Evonik Canada, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jerry Leung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sam Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Integrated Nanotherapeutics, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pieter R. Cullis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,NanoMedicines Innovation Network (NMIN), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Corresponding author
| | - Roy van der Meel
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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186
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陈 果, 程 度, 陈 滨. [Development of CRISPR technology and its application in bone and cartilage tissue engineering]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:1515-1520. [PMID: 31907146 PMCID: PMC6942994 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.12.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system, consisting of Cas9 nuclease and single guide RNA (sgRNA), is an emerging gene editing technology that can perform gene reprogramming operations such as deletion, insertion, and point mutation on DNA sequences targeted by sgRNA. In addition, CRISPR/dCas9 (a mutant that loses Cas9 nuclease activity) still retains the ability of sgRNA to target DNA. The fusion of dCas9 protein with transcriptional activator (CRISPRa) can activate the expression of the target gene, and fusion transcriptional repressors (CRISPRi) can also be used to suppress target gene expression. Efficient delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system is one of the main problems limiting its wide clinical application. Viral vectors are widely used to efficiently deliver CRISPR/Cas9 elements, but non-viral vector research is more attractive in terms of safety, simplicity, and flexibility. In this review, we summarize the principles and research advances of CRISPR technology, including CRISPR/ Cas9 delivery vectors, delivery methods, and obstacles to the delivery, and review the progress of CRISPR-based research in bone and cartilage tissue engineering. Finally, the challenges and future applications of CRISPR technology in bone and cartilage tissue engineering are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- 果 陈
- 南方医科大学南方医院创伤骨科,广东 广州 510515Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 度 程
- 中山大学材料科学与工程学院,广东 广州 510275School of Material Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - 滨 陈
- 南方医科大学南方医院创伤骨科,广东 广州 510515Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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187
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Richards DY, Winn SR, Dudley S, Nygaard S, Mighell TL, Grompe M, Harding CO. AAV-Mediated CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing in Murine Phenylketonuria. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 17:234-245. [PMID: 31970201 PMCID: PMC6962637 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) due to recessively inherited phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) deficiency results in hyperphenylalaninemia, which is toxic to the central nervous system. Restriction of dietary phenylalanine intake remains the standard of PKU care and prevents the major neurologic manifestations of the disease, yet shortcomings of dietary therapy remain, including poor adherence to a difficult and unpalatable diet, an increased incidence of neuropsychiatric illness, and imperfect neurocognitive outcomes. Gene therapy for PKU is a promising novel approach to promote lifelong neurological protection while allowing unrestricted dietary phenylalanine intake. In this study, liver-tropic recombinant AAV2/8 vectors were used to deliver CRISPR/Cas9 machinery and facilitate correction of the Pah enu2 allele by homologous recombination. Additionally, a non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) inhibitor, vanillin, was co-administered with the viral drug to promote homology-directed repair (HDR) with the AAV-provided repair template. This combinatorial drug administration allowed for lifelong, permanent correction of the Pah enu2 allele in a portion of treated hepatocytes of mice with PKU, yielding partial restoration of liver PAH activity, substantial reduction of blood phenylalanine, and prevention of maternal PKU effects during breeding. This work reveals that CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing is a promising tool for permanent PKU gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daelyn Y Richards
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Shelley R Winn
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sandra Dudley
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sean Nygaard
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Taylor L Mighell
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Cary O Harding
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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188
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Harding CO. Prospects for Cell-Directed Curative Therapy of Phenylketonuria (PKU). MOLECULAR FRONTIERS JOURNAL 2019; 3:110-121. [PMID: 32524084 PMCID: PMC7286632 DOI: 10.1142/s2529732519400145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) due to recessively inherited phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) deficiency is among the most common inborn errors of metabolism. Dietary therapy begun early in infancy prevents the major manifestations of the disease but shortcomings to treatment continue to exist including lifelong commitment to a complicated and unpalatable diet, poor adherence to diet in adolescence and adulthood, and consequently a range of unsatisfactory outcomes, including neuropsychiatric disorders, frequently develop. Novel treatments that do not strictly depend upon dietary protein restriction are actively sought. This review discusses the potential for and the limitations of permanently curative cell-directed treatment of PKU, including liver-directed gene therapy and gene editing, if initiated during early infancy. A fictional but realistic vignette of a family with a new baby girl recently diagnosed with PKU is presented. What is needed to permanently cure her?
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary O Harding
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Mailstop L-103, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
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189
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Krooss SA, Dai Z, Schmidt F, Rovai A, Fakhiri J, Dhingra A, Yuan Q, Yang T, Balakrishnan A, Steinbrück L, Srivaratharajan S, Manns MP, Schambach A, Grimm D, Bohne J, Sharma AD, Büning H, Ott M. Ex Vivo/In vivo Gene Editing in Hepatocytes Using "All-in-One" CRISPR-Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors with a Self-Linearizing Repair Template. iScience 2019; 23:100764. [PMID: 31887661 PMCID: PMC6941859 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.100764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors are considered efficient and safe gene delivery systems in gene therapy. We combined two guide RNA genes, Cas9, and a self-linearizing repair template in one vector (AIO-SL) to correct fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) deficiency in mice. The vector genome of 5.73 kb was packaged into VP2-depleted AAV particles (AAV2/8ΔVP2), which, however, did not improve cargo capacity. Reprogrammed hepatocytes were treated with AIO-SL.AAV2ΔVP2 and subsequently transplanted, resulting in large clusters of FAH-positive hepatocytes. Direct injection of AIO-SL.AAV8ΔVP2 likewise led to FAH expression and long-term survival. The AIO-SL vector achieved an ∼6-fold higher degree of template integration than vectors without template self-linearization. Subsequent analysis revealed that AAV8 particles, in contrast to AAV2, incorporate oversized genomes distinctly greater than 5.2 kb. Finally, our AAV8-based vector represents a promising tool for gene editing strategies to correct monogenic liver diseases requiring (large) fragment removal and/or simultaneous sequence replacement. Single AAV vector mediates efficient large fragment replacement in vivo and ex vivo Fah-corrected iHeps repopulate the liver of recipient mice Self-linearizing donor template enhances integration rate AAV2 and AAV8 reveal differences in packaging the oversized AIO-SL vector genome
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Alexander Krooss
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; Institute for Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Zhen Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Junior Research Group MicroRNA in Liver Regeneration, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Schmidt
- Bioquant, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alice Rovai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Fakhiri
- Bioquant, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Infectious Diseases/Virology, Cluster of Excellence Cell Networks, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Akshay Dhingra
- Institute for Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Qinggong Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Taihua Yang
- Junior Research Group MicroRNA in Liver Regeneration, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Asha Balakrishnan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lars Steinbrück
- Institute for Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Michael Peter Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute for Experimental Hematology, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Grimm
- Bioquant, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg, Hannover, Germany; Center for Infectious Diseases/Virology, Cluster of Excellence Cell Networks, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Bohne
- Institute for Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Amar Deep Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Junior Research Group MicroRNA in Liver Regeneration, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hildegard Büning
- Institute for Experimental Hematology, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Ott
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.
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190
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Chen F, Alphonse M, Liu Q. Strategies for nonviral nanoparticle-based delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 therapeutics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 12:e1609. [PMID: 31797562 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR-based genome editing technology has become an important potential therapeutic tool for various diseases. A vital challenge is to reach a safe, efficient, and clinically suitable delivery of a CRISPR-associated protein and a single-guide RNA. A possible translational approach to applying CRISPR-based technology is the use of viral vectors such as adeno-associated virus. However, such vectors give long-term exposure in vivo that may increase potential off-target effects as well as the risk of immunogenicity. Therefore, limitations to clinical applications are addressed using nonviral delivery systems such as nanoparticle-based delivery strategies. Today, the nanoparticle-based delivery approach is becoming more and more attractive in gene therapeutics because of its specific targeting, scale-up efficiency, efficacy of customization, minor stimulation of immune response, and minimal exposure to nucleases. In this review, we will present the most recent advances in developing innovations and potential advantages of the nanoparticle delivery system in CRISPR genome editing. We will also propose potential strategies of CRISPR-based technology for therapeutic and industrial applications. Our review will differ in focus from previous reviews and advance the literature on the subject by (a) focusing on the challenges of the CRISPR/Cas9 delivery system; (b) focusing on the application of nanoparticle-based delivery of CRISPR components (Cas9 and sgRNA), such as lipids and polymeric vectors; (c) discussing the potential nanoparticle-based delivery approaches for CRISPR/Cas9 application. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqian Chen
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Martin Alphonse
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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191
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Jain PK, Lo JH, Rananaware S, Downing M, Panda A, Tai M, Raghavan S, Fleming HE, Bhatia SN. Non-viral delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 complex using CRISPR-GPS nanocomplexes. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:21317-21323. [PMID: 31670340 PMCID: PMC7709491 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01786k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
There is a critical need for the development of safe and efficient delivery technologies for CRISPR/Cas9 to advance translation of genome editing to the clinic. Non-viral methods that are simple, efficient, and completely based on biologically-derived materials could offer such potential. Here we report a simple and modular tandem peptide-based nanocomplex system with cell-targeting capacity that efficiently combines guide RNA (sgRNA) with Cas9 protein, and facilitates internalization of sgRNA/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes to yield robust genome editing across multiple cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush K Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA and Marble Center for Cancer Nanomedicine, Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608.
| | - Justin H Lo
- Marble Center for Cancer Nanomedicine, Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Santosh Rananaware
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Marco Downing
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Apekshya Panda
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michelle Tai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Srivatsan Raghavan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Heather E Fleming
- Marble Center for Cancer Nanomedicine, Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sangeeta N Bhatia
- Marble Center for Cancer Nanomedicine, Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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192
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Gene Therapy in Retinal Dystrophies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225722. [PMID: 31739639 PMCID: PMC6888000 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) are a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous degenerative disorders. To date, mutations have been associated with IRDs in over 270 disease genes, but molecular diagnosis still remains elusive in about a third of cases. The methodologic developments in genome sequencing techniques that we have witnessed in this last decade have represented a turning point not only in diagnosis and prognosis but, above all, in the identification of new therapeutic perspectives. The discovery of new disease genes and pathogenetic mechanisms underlying IRDs has laid the groundwork for gene therapy approaches. Several clinical trials are ongoing, and the recent approval of Luxturna, the first gene therapy product for Leber congenital amaurosis, marks the beginning of a new era. Due to its anatomical and functional characteristics, the retina is the organ of choice for gene therapy, although there are quite a few difficulties in the translational approaches from preclinical models to humans. In the first part of this review, an overview of the current knowledge on methodological issues and future perspectives of gene therapy applied to IRDs is discussed; in the second part, the state of the art of clinical trials on the gene therapy approach in IRDs is illustrated.
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193
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Wang D, Tai PWL, Gao G. Adeno-associated virus vector as a platform for gene therapy delivery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:358-378. [PMID: 30710128 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1181] [Impact Index Per Article: 236.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are the leading platform for gene delivery for the treatment of a variety of human diseases. Recent advances in developing clinically desirable AAV capsids, optimizing genome designs and harnessing revolutionary biotechnologies have contributed substantially to the growth of the gene therapy field. Preclinical and clinical successes in AAV-mediated gene replacement, gene silencing and gene editing have helped AAV gain popularity as the ideal therapeutic vector, with two AAV-based therapeutics gaining regulatory approval in Europe or the United States. Continued study of AAV biology and increased understanding of the associated therapeutic challenges and limitations will build the foundation for future clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Phillip W L Tai
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA. .,Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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194
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Xiong Z, Xie Y, Yang Y, Xue Y, Wang D, Lin S, Chen D, Lu D, He L, Song B, Yang Y, Sun X. Efficient gene correction of an aberrant splice site in β-thalassaemia iPSCs by CRISPR/Cas9 and single-strand oligodeoxynucleotides. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:8046-8057. [PMID: 31631510 PMCID: PMC6850948 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
β‐thalassaemia is a prevalent hereditary haematological disease caused by mutations in the human haemoglobin β (HBB) gene. Among them, the HBB IVS2‐654 (C > T) mutation, which is in the intron, creates an aberrant splicing site. Bone marrow transplantation for curing β‐thalassaemia is limited due to the lack of matched donors. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein 9 (Cas9), as a widely used tool for gene editing, is able to target specific sequence and create double‐strand break (DSB), which can be combined with the single‐stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (ssODN) to correct mutations. In this study, according to two different strategies, the HBB IVS2‐654 mutation was seamlessly corrected in iPSCs by CRISPR/Cas9 system and ssODN. To reduce the occurrence of secondary cleavage, a more efficient strategy was adopted. The corrected iPSCs kept pluripotency and genome stability. Moreover, they could differentiate normally. Through CRISPR/Cas9 system and ssODN, our study provides improved strategies for gene correction of β‐Thalassaemia, and the expression of the HBB gene can be restored, which can be used for gene therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingjun Xie
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanting Xue
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ding Wang
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shouheng Lin
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Diyu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dian Lu
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lina He
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing Song
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinghong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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195
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Matsuda T, Oinuma I. Imaging endogenous synaptic proteins in primary neurons at single-cell resolution using CRISPR/Cas9. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2838-2855. [PMID: 31509485 PMCID: PMC6789158 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-04-0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging at single-cell resolution is a crucial approach to analyzing the spatiotemporal regulation of proteins within individual cells of complex neural networks. Here we present a nonviral strategy that enables the tagging of endogenous loci by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing combined with a nucleofection technique. The method allowed expression of fluorescently tagged proteins at endogenous levels, and we successfully achieved tagging of a presynaptic protein, synaptophysin (Syp), and a postsynaptic protein, PSD-95, in cultured postmitotic neurons. Superresolution fluorescence microscopy of fixed neurons confirmed the identical localization patterns of the tagged proteins to those of endogenous ones verified by immunohistochemistry. The system is also applicable for multiplexed labeling and live-cell imaging. Live imaging with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy of a single dendritic process of a neuron double-labeled with Syp-mCherry and PSD-95-EGFP revealed the previously undescribed dynamic localization of the proteins synchronously moving along dendritic shafts. Our convenient and versatile strategy is potent for analysis of proteins whose ectopic expressions perturb cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Matsuda
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Izumi Oinuma
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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196
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El-Kenawy A, Benarba B, Neves AF, de Araujo TG, Tan BL, Gouri A. Gene surgery: Potential applications for human diseases. EXCLI JOURNAL 2019; 18:908-930. [PMID: 31762718 PMCID: PMC6868916 DOI: 10.17179/excli2019-1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy became in last decade a new emerging therapeutic era showing promising results against different diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and neurological disorders. Recently, the genome editing technique for eukaryotic cells called CRISPR-Cas (Clustered Regulatory Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) has enriched the field of gene surgery with enhanced applications. In the present review, we summarized the different applications of gene surgery for treating human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, nervous, and cardiovascular diseases, besides the molecular mechanisms involved in these important effects. Several studies support the important therapeutic applications of gene surgery in a large number of health disorders and diseases including β-thalassemia, cancer, immunodeficiencies, diabetes, and neurological disorders. In diabetes, gene surgery was shown to be effective in type 1 diabetes by triggering different signaling pathways. Furthermore, gene surgery, especially that using CRISPR-Cas possessed important application on diagnosis, screening and treatment of several cancers such as lung, liver, pancreatic and colorectal cancer. Nevertheless, gene surgery still presents some limitations such as the design difficulties and costs regarding ZFNs (Zinc Finger Nucleases) and TALENs (Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases) use, off-target effects, low transfection efficiency, in vivo delivery-safety and ethical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman El-Kenawy
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Molecular Biology, GEBRI, University of Sadat City, P.O. Box 79, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Bachir Benarba
- Laboratory Research on Biological Systems and Geomatics, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Mascara, Algeria
| | - Adriana Freitas Neves
- Institute of Biotechnology, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Goias, Catalao, Brazil
| | - Thaise Gonçalves de Araujo
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Patos de Minas, MG, Brazil
| | - Bee Ling Tan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Adel Gouri
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Annaba, Algeria
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197
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Recent advancements in exon-skipping therapies using antisense oligonucleotides and genome editing for the treatment of various muscular dystrophies. Expert Rev Mol Med 2019; 21:e5. [PMID: 31576784 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2019.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophy is a group of genetic disorders characterised by degeneration of muscles. Different forms of muscular dystrophy can show varying phenotypes with a wide range of age, severity and location of muscle deterioration. Many palliative care options are available for muscular dystrophy patients, but no curative treatment is available. Exon-skipping therapy aims to induce skipping of exons with disease-causing mutations and/or nearby exons to restore the reading frame, which results in an internally truncated, partially functional protein. In antisense-mediated exon-skipping synthetic antisense oligonucleotide binds to pre-mRNA to induce exon skipping. Recent advances in exon skipping have yielded promising results; the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved eteplirsen (Exondys51) as the first exon-skipping drug for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and in vivo exon skipping has been demonstrated in animal models of dysferlinopathy, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2C and congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A. Novel methods that induce exon skipping utilizing Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) are also being developed where splice site mutations are created within the genome to induce exon skipping. Challenges remain as exon-skipping agents can have deleterious non-specific effects and different in-frame deletions show phenotypic variance. This article reviews the state of the art of exon skipping for treating muscular dystrophy and discusses challenges and future prospects.
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198
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Zabaleta N, Hommel M, Salas D, Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza G. Genetic-Based Approaches to Inherited Metabolic Liver Diseases. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 30:1190-1203. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Zabaleta
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, IDISNA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mirja Hommel
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, IDISNA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Salas
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, IDISNA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gloria Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, IDISNA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Vivet Therapeutics, Pamplona, Spain
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199
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Grisch-Chan HM, Schwank G, Harding CO, Thöny B. State-of-the-Art 2019 on Gene Therapy for Phenylketonuria. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 30:1274-1283. [PMID: 31364419 PMCID: PMC6763965 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is considered to be a paradigm for a monogenic metabolic disorder but was never thought to be a primary application for human gene therapy due to established alternative treatment. However, somewhat unanticipated improvement in neuropsychiatric outcome upon long-term treatment of adults with PKU with enzyme substitution therapy might slowly change this assumption. In parallel, PKU was for a long time considered to be an excellent test system for experimental gene therapy of a Mendelian autosomal recessive defect of the liver due to an outstanding mouse model and the easy to analyze and well-defined therapeutic end point, that is, blood l-phenylalanine concentration. Lifelong treatment by targeting the mouse liver (or skeletal muscle) was achieved using different approaches, including (1) recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) or nonviral naked DNA vector-based gene addition, (2) genome editing using base editors delivered by rAAV vectors, and (3) by delivering rAAVs for promoter-less insertion of the PAH-cDNA into the Pah locus. In this article we summarize the gene therapeutic attempts of correcting a mouse model for PKU and discuss the future implications for human gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu Man Grisch-Chan
- Division of Metabolism, University Children's Hospital Zurich and Children's Research Centre, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerald Schwank
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cary O. Harding
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Oregon Science and Health University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Beat Thöny
- Division of Metabolism, University Children's Hospital Zurich and Children's Research Centre, Zurich, Switzerland
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200
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Jo DH, Song DW, Cho CS, Kim UG, Lee KJ, Lee K, Park SW, Kim D, Kim JH, Kim JS, Kim S, Kim JH, Lee JM. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated therapeutic editing of Rpe65 ameliorates the disease phenotypes in a mouse model of Leber congenital amaurosis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax1210. [PMID: 31692906 PMCID: PMC6821465 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), one of the leading causes of childhood-onset blindness, is caused by autosomal recessive mutations in several genes including RPE65. In this study, we performed CRISPR-Cas9-mediated therapeutic correction of a disease-associated nonsense mutation in Rpe65 in rd12 mice, a model of human LCA. Subretinal injection of adeno-associated virus carrying CRISPR-Cas9 and donor DNA resulted in >1% homology-directed repair and ~1.6% deletion of the pathogenic stop codon in Rpe65 in retinal pigment epithelial tissues of rd12 mice. The a- and b-waves of electroretinograms were recovered to levels up to 21.2 ± 4.1% and 39.8 ± 3.2% of their wild-type mice counterparts upon bright stimuli after dark adaptation 7 months after injection. There was no definite evidence of histologic perturbation or tumorigenesis during 7 months of observation. Collectively, we present the first therapeutic correction of an Rpe65 nonsense mutation using CRISPR-Cas9, providing new insight for developing therapeutics for LCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Jo
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Chang Sik Cho
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Gi Kim
- ToolGen Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kihwang Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Wook Park
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesik Kim
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (Je.H.K.); (J.M.L.)
| | - Jung Min Lee
- ToolGen Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang 37554, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (Je.H.K.); (J.M.L.)
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