151
|
Pasek RC, Malarkey E, Berbari NF, Sharma N, Kesterson RA, Tres LL, Kierszenbaum AL, Yoder BK. Coiled-coil domain containing 42 (Ccdc42) is necessary for proper sperm development and male fertility in the mouse. Dev Biol 2016; 412:208-18. [PMID: 26945718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Spermiogenesis is the differentiation of spermatids into motile sperm consisting of a head and a tail. The head harbors a condensed elongated nucleus partially covered by the acrosome-acroplaxome complex. Defects in the acrosome-acroplaxome complex are associated with abnormalities in sperm head shaping. The head-tail coupling apparatus (HTCA), a complex structure consisting of two cylindrical microtubule-based centrioles and associated components, connects the tail or flagellum to the sperm head. Defects in the development of the HTCA cause sperm decapitation and disrupt sperm motility, two major contributors to male infertility. Here, we provide data indicating that mutations in the gene Coiled-coil domain containing 42 (Ccdc42) is associated with malformation of the mouse sperm flagella. In contrast to many other flagella and motile cilia genes, Ccdc42 expression is only observed in the brain and developing sperm. Male mice homozygous for a loss-of-function Ccdc42 allele (Ccdc42(KO)) display defects in the number and location of the HTCA, lack flagellated sperm, and are sterile. The testes enriched expression of Ccdc42 and lack of other phenotypes in mutant mice make it an ideal candidate for screening cases of azoospermia in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond C Pasek
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Erik Malarkey
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nicolas F Berbari
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Neeraj Sharma
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert A Kesterson
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Laura L Tres
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, The Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Abraham L Kierszenbaum
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, The Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bradley K Yoder
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Horani A, Ferkol TW, Dutcher SK, Brody SL. Genetics and biology of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Paediatr Respir Rev 2016; 18:18-24. [PMID: 26476603 PMCID: PMC4864047 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are a growing class of disorders caused by abnormal ciliary axonemal structure and function. Our understanding of the complex genetic and functional phenotypes of these conditions has rapidly progressed. Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) remains the sole genetic disorder of motile cilia dysfunction. However, unlike many Mendelian genetic disorders, PCD is not caused by mutations in a single gene or locus, but rather, autosomal recessive mutation in one of many genes that lead to a similar phenotype. The first reported PCD mutations, more than a decade ago, identified genes encoding known structural components of the ciliary axoneme. In recent years, mutations in genes encoding novel cytoplasmic and regulatory proteins have been discovered. These findings have provided new insights into the functions of the motile cilia, and a better understanding of motile cilia disease. Advances in genetic tools will soon allow more precise genetic testing, mandating that clinicians must understand the genetic basis of PCD. Here, we review genetic mutations, their biological impact on cilia structure and function, and the implication of emerging genetic diagnostic tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Horani
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
| | - Thomas W Ferkol
- Departments of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
,Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Susan K. Dutcher
- Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
,Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Steven L Brody
- Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Lucas JS, Paff T, Goggin P, Haarman E. Diagnostic Methods in Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. Paediatr Respir Rev 2016; 18:8-17. [PMID: 26362507 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosing primary ciliary dyskinesia is difficult. With no reference standard, a combination of tests is needed; most tests require expensive equipment and specialist scientists. We review the advances in diagnostic testing over the past hundred years, with emphasis on recent advances. We particularly focus on use of high-speed video analysis, transmission electron microscopy, nasal nitric oxide and genetic testing. We discuss the international efforts that are in place to advance the evidence base for diagnostic tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane S Lucas
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK; Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Tamara Paff
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pulmonary Diseases, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia Goggin
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK; Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Eric Haarman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Pausch H, Venhoranta H, Wurmser C, Hakala K, Iso-Touru T, Sironen A, Vingborg RK, Lohi H, Söderquist L, Fries R, Andersson M. A frameshift mutation in ARMC3 is associated with a tail stump sperm defect in Swedish Red (Bos taurus) cattle. BMC Genet 2016; 17:49. [PMID: 26923438 PMCID: PMC4770540 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-016-0356-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial insemination is widely used in many cattle breeding programs. Semen samples of breeding bulls are collected and closely examined immediately after collection at artificial insemination centers. Only ejaculates without anomalous findings are retained for artificial insemination. Although morphological aberrations of the spermatozoa are a frequent reason for discarding ejaculates, the genetic determinants underlying poor semen quality are scarcely understood. RESULTS A tail stump sperm defect was observed in three bulls of the Swedish Red cattle breed. The spermatozoa of affected bulls were immotile because of severely disorganized tails indicating disturbed spermatogenesis. We genotyped three affected bulls and 18 unaffected male half-sibs at 46,035 SNPs and performed homozygosity mapping to map the fertility disorder to an 8.42 Mb interval on bovine chromosome 13. The analysis of whole-genome re-sequencing data of an affected bull and 300 unaffected animals from eleven cattle breeds other than Swedish Red revealed a 1 bp deletion (Chr13: 24,301,425 bp, ss1815612719) in the eleventh exon of the armadillo repeat containing 3-encoding gene (ARMC3) that was compatible with the supposed recessive mode of inheritance. The deletion is expected to alter the reading frame and to induce premature translation termination (p.A451fs26). The mutated protein is shortened by 401 amino acids (46 %) and lacks domains that are likely essential for normal protein function. CONCLUSIONS We report the phenotypic and genetic characterization of a sterilizing tail stump sperm defect in the Swedish Red cattle breed. Exploiting high-density genotypes and massive re-sequencing data enabled us to identify the most likely causal mutation for the fertility disorder in bovine ARMC3. Our results provide the basis for monitoring the mutated variant in the Swedish Red cattle population and for the early identification of infertile animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Pausch
- Lehrstuhl fuer Tierzucht, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Heli Venhoranta
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 04920, Saarentaus, Finland.
| | - Christine Wurmser
- Lehrstuhl fuer Tierzucht, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Kalle Hakala
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 04920, Saarentaus, Finland.
| | - Terhi Iso-Touru
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Green Technology, 31600, Jokioinen, Finland.
| | - Anu Sironen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Green Technology, 31600, Jokioinen, Finland.
| | | | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki and Folkhälsan Research Center, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Lennart Söderquist
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ruedi Fries
- Lehrstuhl fuer Tierzucht, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Magnus Andersson
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 04920, Saarentaus, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
DNAH6 and Its Interactions with PCD Genes in Heterotaxy and Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005821. [PMID: 26918822 PMCID: PMC4769270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterotaxy, a birth defect involving left-right patterning defects, and primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a sinopulmonary disease with dyskinetic/immotile cilia in the airway are seemingly disparate diseases. However, they have an overlapping genetic etiology involving mutations in cilia genes, a reflection of the common requirement for motile cilia in left-right patterning and airway clearance. While PCD is a monogenic recessive disorder, heterotaxy has a more complex, largely non-monogenic etiology. In this study, we show mutations in the novel dynein gene DNAH6 can cause heterotaxy and ciliary dysfunction similar to PCD. We provide the first evidence that trans-heterozygous interactions between DNAH6 and other PCD genes potentially can cause heterotaxy. DNAH6 was initially identified as a candidate heterotaxy/PCD gene by filtering exome-sequencing data from 25 heterotaxy patients stratified by whether they have airway motile cilia defects. dnah6 morpholino knockdown in zebrafish disrupted motile cilia in Kupffer’s vesicle required for left-right patterning and caused heterotaxy with abnormal cardiac/gut looping. Similarly DNAH6 shRNA knockdown disrupted motile cilia in human and mouse respiratory epithelia. Notably a heterotaxy patient harboring heterozygous DNAH6 mutation was identified to also carry a rare heterozygous PCD-causing DNAI1 mutation, suggesting a DNAH6/DNAI1 trans-heterozygous interaction. Furthermore, sequencing of 149 additional heterotaxy patients showed 5 of 6 patients with heterozygous DNAH6 mutations also had heterozygous mutations in DNAH5 or other PCD genes. We functionally assayed for DNAH6/DNAH5 and DNAH6/DNAI1 trans-heterozygous interactions using subthreshold double-morpholino knockdown in zebrafish and showed this caused heterotaxy. Similarly, subthreshold siRNA knockdown of Dnah6 in heterozygous Dnah5 or Dnai1 mutant mouse respiratory epithelia disrupted motile cilia function. Together, these findings support an oligogenic disease model with broad relevance for further interrogating the genetic etiology of human ciliopathies. Heterotaxy is a birth defect involving randomization of left-right body axis. Its genetic etiology is still poorly understood, but recent studies suggest mutations in genes causing primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a sinopulmonary disease, also can cause heterotaxy. Moreover, heterotaxy patients can show airway cilia dysfunction reminiscent of PCD. The link between these two seemingly disparate diseases reflects the common requirement for motile cilia in both left-right patterning and airway mucus clearance. Sequencing analysis of heterotaxy patients together with experimental modeling identified DNAH6 as a novel gene that can cause both heterotaxy and PCD. We further showed DNAH6 can interact with other PCD genes to mediate a more complex oligogenic etiology of disease. Thus experimental modeling with double gene knockdown showed digenic interactions of DNAH6 with DNAH5 or DNAI1 could disrupt motile cilia function in the respiratory epithelia and also cause heterotaxy in zebrafish embryos. These findings provide the first experimental evidence indicating oligogenic interactions can contribute to the complex genetics of heterotaxy.
Collapse
|
156
|
Shinohara K, Chen D, Nishida T, Misaki K, Yonemura S, Hamada H. Absence of Radial Spokes in Mouse Node Cilia Is Required for Rotational Movement but Confers Ultrastructural Instability as a Trade-Off. Dev Cell 2016; 35:236-46. [PMID: 26506310 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Determination of left-right asymmetry in mouse embryos is established by a leftward fluid flow that is generated by clockwise rotation of node cilia. How node cilia achieve stable unidirectional rotation has remained unknown, however. Here we show that brief exposure to the microtubule-stabilizing drug paclitaxel (Taxol) induces randomly directed rotation and changes the ultrastructure of node cilia. In vivo observations and a computer simulation revealed that a regular 9+0 arrangement of doublet microtubules is essential for stable unidirectional rotation of node cilia. The 9+2 motile cilia of the airway, which manifest planar beating, are resistant to Taxol treatment. However, the airway cilia of mice lacking the radial spoke head protein Rsph4a undergo rotational movement instead of planar beating, are prone to microtubule rearrangement, and are sensitive to Taxol. Our results suggest that the absence of radial spokes allows node cilia to rotate unidirectionally but, as a trade-off, renders them ultrastructurally fragile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Shinohara
- Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Duanduan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tomoki Nishida
- Research Center for Ultra-high Voltage Electron Microscopy, Osaka University, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Misaki
- Ultrastructural Research Team, Center for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yonemura
- Ultrastructural Research Team, Center for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Schröder SS, Tsikolia N, Weizbauer A, Hue I, Viebahn C. Paraxial Nodal Expression Reveals a Novel Conserved Structure of the Left-Right Organizer in Four Mammalian Species. Cells Tissues Organs 2016; 201:77-87. [PMID: 26741372 DOI: 10.1159/000440951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nodal activity in the left lateral plate mesoderm is a conserved sign of irreversible left-right asymmetry at early somite stages of the vertebrate embryo. An earlier, paraxial nodal domain accompanies the emergence and initial extension of the notochord and is either left-sided, as in the chick and pig, or symmetrical, as in the mouse and rabbit; intriguingly, this interspecific dichotomy is mirrored by divergent morphological features of the posterior notochord (also known as the left-right organizer), which is ventrally exposed to the yolk sac cavity and carries motile cilia in the latter 2 species only. By introducing the cattle embryo as a new model organism for early left-right patterning, we present data to establish 2 groups of mammals characterized by both the morphology of the left-right organizer and the dynamics of paraxial nodal expression: presence and absence of a ventrally open surface of the early (plate-like) posterior notochord correlates with a symmetrical (in mice and rabbits) versus an asymmetrical (in pigs and cattle) paraxial nodal expression domain next to the notochordal plate. High-resolution histological analysis reveals that the latter domain defines in all 4 mammals a novel 'parachordal' axial mesoderm compartment, the topography of which changes according to the specific regression of the similarly novel subchordal mesoderm during the initial phases of notochord development. In conclusion, the mammalian axial mesoderm compartment (1) shares critical conserved features despite the marked differences in early notochord morphology and early left-right patterning and (2) provides a dynamic topographical framework for nodal activity as part of the mammalian left-right organizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silke S Schröder
- Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Centre Gx00F6;ttingen, Gx00F6;ttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
158
|
Frommer A, Hjeij R, Loges NT, Edelbusch C, Jahnke C, Raidt J, Werner C, Wallmeier J, Große-Onnebrink J, Olbrich H, Cindrić S, Jaspers M, Boon M, Memari Y, Durbin R, Kolb-Kokocinski A, Sauer S, Marthin JK, Nielsen KG, Amirav I, Elias N, Kerem E, Shoseyov D, Haeffner K, Omran H. Immunofluorescence Analysis and Diagnosis of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia with Radial Spoke Defects. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 53:563-73. [PMID: 25789548 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0483oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetically heterogeneous recessive disorder caused by several distinct defects in genes responsible for ciliary beating, leading to defective mucociliary clearance often associated with randomization of left/right body asymmetry. Individuals with PCD caused by defective radial spoke (RS) heads are difficult to diagnose owing to lack of gross ultrastructural defects and absence of situs inversus. Thus far, most mutations identified in human radial spoke genes (RSPH) are loss-of-function mutations, and missense variants have been rarely described. We studied the consequences of different RSPH9, RSPH4A, and RSPH1 mutations on the assembly of the RS complex to improve diagnostics in PCD. We report 21 individuals with PCD (16 families) with biallelic mutations in RSPH9, RSPH4A, and RSPH1, including seven novel mutations comprising missense variants, and performed high-resolution immunofluorescence analysis of human respiratory cilia. Missense variants are frequent genetic defects in PCD with RS defects. Absence of RSPH4A due to mutations in RSPH4A results in deficient axonemal assembly of the RS head components RSPH1 and RSPH9. RSPH1 mutant cilia, lacking RSPH1, fail to assemble RSPH9, whereas RSPH9 mutations result in axonemal absence of RSPH9, but do not affect the assembly of the other head proteins, RSPH1 and RSPH4A. Interestingly, our results were identical in individuals carrying loss-of-function mutations, missense variants, or one amino acid deletion. Immunofluorescence analysis can improve diagnosis of PCD in patients with loss-of-function mutations as well as missense variants. RSPH4A is the core protein of the RS head.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Frommer
- 1 Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Rim Hjeij
- 1 Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Niki T Loges
- 1 Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christine Edelbusch
- 1 Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Charlotte Jahnke
- 1 Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Johanna Raidt
- 1 Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Claudius Werner
- 1 Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Julia Wallmeier
- 1 Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jörg Große-Onnebrink
- 1 Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Heike Olbrich
- 1 Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Sandra Cindrić
- 1 Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Martine Jaspers
- 2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Boon
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yasin Memari
- 4 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Durbin
- 4 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sascha Sauer
- 5 Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - June K Marthin
- 6 Danish Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) Centre and Pediatrics Pulmonary Service, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Kim G Nielsen
- 6 Danish Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) Centre and Pediatrics Pulmonary Service, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Israel Amirav
- 7 Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nael Elias
- 8 Saint Vincent De-Paul Hospital, Nazareth, Israel
| | - Eitan Kerem
- 9 Cystic Fibrosis and PCD Center, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; and
| | - David Shoseyov
- 9 Cystic Fibrosis and PCD Center, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; and
| | - Karsten Haeffner
- 10 Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heymut Omran
- 1 Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Werner C, Lablans M, Ataian M, Raidt J, Wallmeier J, Große-Onnebrink J, Kuehni CE, Haarman EG, Leigh MW, Quittner AL, Lucas JS, Hogg C, Witt M, Priftis KN, Yiallouros P, Nielsen KG, Santamaria F, Ückert F, Omran H. An international registry for primary ciliary dyskinesia. Eur Respir J 2015; 47:849-59. [PMID: 26659107 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00776-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder leading to chronic upper and lower airway disease. Fundamental data on epidemiology, clinical presentation, course and treatment strategies are lacking in PCD. We have established an international PCD registry to realise an unmet need for an international platform to systematically collect data on incidence, clinical presentation, treatment and disease course.The registry was launched in January 2014. We used internet technology to ensure easy online access using a web browser under www.pcdregistry.eu. Data from 201 patients have been collected so far. The database is comprised of a basic data form including demographic and diagnostic information, and visit forms designed to monitor the disease course.To establish a definite PCD diagnosis, we used strict diagnostic criteria, which required two to three diagnostic methods in addition to classical clinical symptoms. Preliminary analysis of lung function data demonstrated a mean annual decline of percentage predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s of 0.59% (95% CI 0.98-0.22).Here, we present the development of an international PCD registry as a new promising tool to advance the understanding of this rare disorder, to recruit candidates for research studies and ultimately to improve PCD care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudius Werner
- Dept of General Paediatrics, Paediatric Pulmonology Unit, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Lablans
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Ataian
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johanna Raidt
- Dept of General Paediatrics, Paediatric Pulmonology Unit, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Julia Wallmeier
- Dept of General Paediatrics, Paediatric Pulmonology Unit, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jörg Große-Onnebrink
- Dept of General Paediatrics, Paediatric Pulmonology Unit, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Claudia E Kuehni
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), Paediatric Respiratory Epidemiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eric G Haarman
- Dept of Paediatric Pulmonology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margaret W Leigh
- Dept of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Jane S Lucas
- University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Claire Hogg
- Dept of Respiratory Paediatrics, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michal Witt
- Dept of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan and International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kostas N Priftis
- Paediatric Pulmonology, 3rd Dept of Paediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panayiotis Yiallouros
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental & Public Health in Association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Kim G Nielsen
- Danish PCD Centre, Paediatric Pulmonary Service, Dept of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Frank Ückert
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heymut Omran
- Dept of General Paediatrics, Paediatric Pulmonology Unit, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Abstract
Sperm motility is driven by motile cytoskeletal elements in the tail, called axonemes. The structure of axonemes consists of 9 + 2 microtubules, molecular motors (dyneins), and their regulatory structures. Axonemes are well conserved in motile cilia and flagella through eukaryotic evolution. Deficiency in the axonemal structure causes defects in sperm motility, and often leads to male infertility. It has been known since the 1970s that, in some cases, male infertility is linked with other symptoms or diseases such as Kartagener syndrome. Given that these links are mostly caused by deficiencies in the common components of cilia and flagella, they are called "immotile cilia syndrome" or "primary ciliary dyskinesia," or more recently, "ciliopathy," which includes deficiencies in primary and sensory cilia. Here, we review the structure of the sperm flagellum and epithelial cilia in the human body, and discuss how male fertility is linked to ciliopathy.
Collapse
|
161
|
Loss-of-Function GAS8 Mutations Cause Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia and Disrupt the Nexin-Dynein Regulatory Complex. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 97:546-54. [PMID: 26387594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiciliated epithelial cells protect the upper and lower airways from chronic bacterial infections by moving mucus and debris outward. Congenital disorders of ciliary beating, referred to as primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), are characterized by deficient mucociliary clearance and severe, recurrent respiratory infections. Numerous genetic defects, most of which can be detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), are so far known to cause different abnormalities of the ciliary axoneme. However, some defects are not regularly discernable by TEM because the ciliary architecture of the axoneme remains preserved. This applies in particular to isolated defects of the nexin links, also known as the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC), connecting the peripheral outer microtubular doublets. Immunofluorescence analyses of respiratory cells from PCD-affected individuals detected a N-DRC defect. Genome-wide exome sequence analyses identified recessive loss-of-function mutations in GAS8 encoding DRC4 in three independent PCD-affected families.
Collapse
|
162
|
Raidt J, Werner C, Menchen T, Dougherty GW, Olbrich H, Loges NT, Schmitz R, Pennekamp P, Omran H. Ciliary function and motor protein composition of human fallopian tubes. Hum Reprod 2015; 30:2871-80. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
|
163
|
Lin H, Zhang Z, Guo S, Chen F, Kessler JM, Wang YM, Dutcher SK. A NIMA-Related Kinase Suppresses the Flagellar Instability Associated with the Loss of Multiple Axonemal Structures. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005508. [PMID: 26348919 PMCID: PMC4562644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CCDC39 and CCDC40 were first identified as causative mutations in primary ciliary dyskinesia patients; cilia from patients show disorganized microtubules, and they are missing both N-DRC and inner dynein arms proteins. In Chlamydomonas, we used immunoblots and microtubule sliding assays to show that mutants in CCDC40 (PF7) and CCDC39 (PF8) fail to assemble N-DRC, several inner dynein arms, tektin, and CCDC39. Enrichment screens for suppression of pf7; pf8 cells led to the isolation of five independent extragenic suppressors defined by four different mutations in a NIMA-related kinase, CNK11. These alleles partially rescue the flagellar length defect, but not the motility defect. The suppressor does not restore the missing N-DRC and inner dynein arm proteins. In addition, the cnk11 mutations partially suppress the short flagella phenotype of N-DRC and axonemal dynein mutants, but do not suppress the motility defects. The tpg1 mutation in TTLL9, a tubulin polyglutamylase, partially suppresses the length phenotype in the same axonemal dynein mutants. In contrast to cnk11, tpg1 does not suppress the short flagella phenotype of pf7. The polyglutamylated tubulin in the proximal region that remains in the tpg1 mutant is reduced further in the pf7; tpg1 double mutant by immunofluorescence. CCDC40, which is needed for docking multiple other axonemal complexes, is needed for tubulin polyglutamylation in the proximal end of the flagella. The CCDC39 and CCDC40 proteins are likely to be involved in recruiting another tubulin glutamylase(s) to the flagella. Another difference between cnk11-1 and tpg1 mutants is that cnk11-1 cells show a faster turnover rate of tubulin at the flagellar tip than in wild-type flagella and tpg1 flagella show a slower rate. The double mutant shows a turnover rate similar to tpg1, which suggests the faster turnover rate in cnk11-1 flagella requires polyglutamylation. Thus, we hypothesize that many short flagella mutants in Chlamydomonas have increased instability of axonemal microtubules. Both CNK11 and tubulin polyglutamylation play roles in regulating the stability of axonemal microtubules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huawen Lin
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Zhengyan Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Suyang Guo
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Fan Chen
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Kessler
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yan Mei Wang
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Susan K. Dutcher
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Jeanson L, Copin B, Papon JF, Dastot-Le Moal F, Duquesnoy P, Montantin G, Cadranel J, Corvol H, Coste A, Désir J, Souayah A, Kott E, Collot N, Tissier S, Louis B, Tamalet A, de Blic J, Clement A, Escudier E, Amselem S, Legendre M. RSPH3 Mutations Cause Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia with Central-Complex Defects and a Near Absence of Radial Spokes. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 97:153-62. [PMID: 26073779 PMCID: PMC4571005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare autosomal-recessive condition resulting from structural and/or functional defects of the axoneme in motile cilia and sperm flagella. The great majority of mutations identified so far involve genes whose defects result in dynein-arm anomalies. By contrast, PCD due to CC/RS defects (those in the central complex [CC] and radial spokes [RSs]), which might be difficult to diagnose, remains mostly unexplained. We identified non-ambiguous RSPH3 mutations in 5 of 48 independent families affected by CC/RS defects. RSPH3, whose ortholog in the flagellated alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii encodes a RS-stalk protein, is mainly expressed in respiratory and testicular cells. Its protein product, which localizes within the cilia of respiratory epithelial cells, was undetectable in airway cells from an individual with RSPH3 mutations and in whom RSPH23 (a RS-neck protein) and RSPH1 and RSPH4A (RS-head proteins) were found to be still present within cilia. In the case of RSPH3 mutations, high-speed-videomicroscopy analyses revealed the coexistence of immotile cilia and motile cilia with movements of reduced amplitude. A striking feature of the ultrastructural phenotype associated with RSPH3 mutations is the near absence of detectable RSs in all cilia in combination with a variable proportion of cilia with CC defects. Overall, this study shows that RSPH3 mutations contribute to disease in more than 10% of PCD-affected individuals with CC/RS defects, thereby allowing an accurate diagnosis to be made in such cases. It also unveils the key role of RSPH3 in the proper building of RSs and the CC in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Jeanson
- INSERM UMR S933, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités, Paris 75012, France
| | - Bruno Copin
- Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75012, France
| | - Jean-François Papon
- INSERM UMR S955, Equipe 13, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil 94000, France; Service d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie et de Chirurgie Cervico-Maxillo-Faciale, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94275, France
| | - Florence Dastot-Le Moal
- Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75012, France
| | - Philippe Duquesnoy
- INSERM UMR S933, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités, Paris 75012, France
| | - Guy Montantin
- Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75012, France
| | - Jacques Cadranel
- Service de Pneumologie-Centre Expert Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75020, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités, Paris 75020, France
| | - Harriet Corvol
- Service de Pneumologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris and Centre National de Référence des Maladies Respiratoires Rares, Paris 75012, France; INSERM UMR S938, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités, Paris 75012, France
| | - André Coste
- INSERM UMR S955, Equipe 13, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil 94000, France; Service d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Hôpital Intercommunal et Groupe Hospitalier Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil 94000, France
| | - Julie Désir
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Université Libre de Bruxelles and Hôpital Erasme, Brussels 1020, Belgium
| | - Anissa Souayah
- Service d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Brussels 1020, Belgium
| | - Esther Kott
- INSERM UMR S933, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités, Paris 75012, France
| | - Nathalie Collot
- Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75012, France
| | - Sylvie Tissier
- Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75012, France
| | - Bruno Louis
- INSERM UMR S955, Equipe 13, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil 94000, France
| | - Aline Tamalet
- Service de Pneumologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris and Centre National de Référence des Maladies Respiratoires Rares, Paris 75012, France
| | - Jacques de Blic
- Service de Pneumologie et Allergologie Pédiatriques, Groupe Hospitalier Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris and Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75015, France
| | - Annick Clement
- INSERM UMR S933, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités, Paris 75012, France; Service de Pneumologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris and Centre National de Référence des Maladies Respiratoires Rares, Paris 75012, France
| | - Estelle Escudier
- INSERM UMR S933, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités, Paris 75012, France; Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75012, France
| | - Serge Amselem
- INSERM UMR S933, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités, Paris 75012, France; Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75012, France.
| | - Marie Legendre
- INSERM UMR S933, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités, Paris 75012, France; Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75012, France
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Davis SD, Ferkol TW, Rosenfeld M, Lee HS, Dell SD, Sagel SD, Milla C, Zariwala MA, Pittman JE, Shapiro AJ, Carson JL, Krischer JP, Hazucha MJ, Cooper ML, Knowles MR, Leigh MW. Clinical features of childhood primary ciliary dyskinesia by genotype and ultrastructural phenotype. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191:316-24. [PMID: 25493340 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201409-1672oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The relationship between clinical phenotype of childhood primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) and ultrastructural defects and genotype is poorly defined. OBJECTIVES To delineate clinical features of childhood PCD and their associations with ultrastructural defects and genotype. METHODS A total of 118 participants younger than 19 years old with PCD were evaluated prospectively at six centers in North America using standardized procedures for diagnostic testing, spirometry, chest computed tomography, respiratory cultures, and clinical phenotyping. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Clinical features included neonatal respiratory distress (82%), chronic cough (99%), and chronic nasal congestion (97%). There were no differences in clinical features or respiratory pathogens in subjects with outer dynein arm (ODA) defects (ODA alone; n = 54) and ODA plus inner dynein arm (IDA) defects (ODA + IDA; n = 18) versus subjects with IDA and central apparatus defects with microtubular disorganization (IDA/CA/MTD; n = 40). Median FEV1 was worse in the IDA/CA/MTD group (72% predicted) versus the combined ODA groups (92% predicted; P = 0.003). Median body mass index was lower in the IDA/CA/MTD group (46th percentile) versus the ODA groups (70th percentile; P = 0.003). For all 118 subjects, median number of lobes with bronchiectasis was three and alveolar consolidation was two. However, the 5- to 11-year-old IDA/CA/MTD group had more lobes of bronchiectasis (median, 5; P = 0.0008) and consolidation (median, 3; P = 0.0001) compared with the ODA groups (median, 3 and 2, respectively). Similar findings were observed when limited to participants with biallelic mutations. CONCLUSIONS Lung disease was heterogeneous across all ultrastructural and genotype groups, but worse in those with IDA/CA/MTD ultrastructural defects, most of whom had biallelic mutations in CCDC39 or CCDC40.
Collapse
|
166
|
Coutton C, Escoffier J, Martinez G, Arnoult C, Ray PF. Teratozoospermia: spotlight on the main genetic actors in the human. Hum Reprod Update 2015; 21:455-85. [PMID: 25888788 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmv020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male infertility affects >20 million men worldwide and represents a major health concern. Although multifactorial, male infertility has a strong genetic basis which has so far not been extensively studied. Recent studies of consanguineous families and of small cohorts of phenotypically homogeneous patients have however allowed the identification of a number of autosomal recessive causes of teratozoospermia. Homozygous mutations of aurora kinase C (AURKC) were first described to be responsible for most cases of macrozoospermia. Other genes defects have later been identified in spermatogenesis associated 16 (SPATA16) and dpy-19-like 2 (DPY19L2) in patients with globozoospermia and more recently in dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 1 (DNAH1) in a heterogeneous group of patients presenting with flagellar abnormalities previously described as dysplasia of the fibrous sheath or short/stump tail syndromes, which we propose to call multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF). METHODS A comprehensive review of the scientific literature available in PubMed/Medline was conducted for studies on human genetics, experimental models and physiopathology related to teratozoospermia in particular globozoospermia, large headed spermatozoa and flagellar abnormalities. The search included all articles with an English abstract available online before September 2014. RESULTS Molecular studies of numerous unrelated patients with globozoospermia and large-headed spermatozoa confirmed that mutations in DPY19L2 and AURKC are mainly responsible for their respective pathological phenotype. In globozoospermia, the deletion of the totality of the DPY19L2 gene represents ∼ 81% of the pathological alleles but point mutations affecting the protein function have also been described. In macrozoospermia only two recurrent mutations were identified in AURKC, accounting for almost all the pathological alleles, raising the possibility of a putative positive selection of heterozygous individuals. The recent identification of DNAH1 mutations in a proportion of patients with MMAF is promising but emphasizes that this phenotype is genetically heterogeneous. Moreover, the identification of mutations in a dynein strengthens the emerging point of view that MMAF may be a phenotypic variation of the classical forms of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Based on data from human and animal models, the MMAF phenotype seems to be favored by defects directly or indirectly affecting the central pair of axonemal microtubules of the sperm flagella. CONCLUSIONS The studies described here provide valuable information regarding the genetic and molecular defects causing infertility, to improve our understanding of the physiopathology of teratozoospermia while giving a detailed characterization of specific features of spermatogenesis. Furthermore, these findings have a significant influence on the diagnostic strategy for teratozoospermic patients allowing the clinician to provide the patient with informed genetic counseling, to adopt the best course of treatment and to develop personalized medicine directly targeting the defective gene products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Coutton
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France Equipe 'Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility' Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823, La Tronche, F-38706, France CHU de Grenoble, UF de Génétique Chromosomique, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Jessica Escoffier
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France Equipe 'Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility' Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823, La Tronche, F-38706, France Departments of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Martinez
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France Equipe 'Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility' Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823, La Tronche, F-38706, France
| | - Christophe Arnoult
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France Equipe 'Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility' Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823, La Tronche, F-38706, France
| | - Pierre F Ray
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France Equipe 'Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility' Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823, La Tronche, F-38706, France CHU de Grenoble, UF de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Pereira R, Oliveira J, Ferraz L, Barros A, Santos R, Sousa M. Mutation analysis in patients with total sperm immotility. J Assist Reprod Genet 2015; 32:893-902. [PMID: 25877373 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-015-0474-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Perform the genetic characterization of five patients with total sperm immotility using Sanger sequencing and Whole Exome Sequencing (WES), in order to increase the knowledge on the genetics of sperm immotility and, ultimately, allow the identification of potential genetic markers for infertility. METHODS Prospective study at a University Medical school. We analysed five men with total sperm immotility, four with dysplasia of the fibrous sheath (DFS), associated with disruption of several axonemal structures, and one patient with situs inversus totalis, which showed absence of dynein arms (DA) and nexin bridges. We screened 7 genes by Sanger sequencing, involved in sperm motility and associated to ultrastructural defects found in these patients (CCDC39, CCDC40, DNAH5, DNAI1, RSPH1, AKAP3 and AKAP4). Additionally, we performed WES analysis in the patient with situs inversus. RESULTS We identified nine new DNA sequence variants by WES. Two of these variants were considered particularly relevant: a homozygous missense change in CCDC103 gene (c.104G > C, p.R35P) probably related with absence of dynein arms; the other in the INSL6 gene (c.262_263delCC) is thought to be also involved in sperm immotility. CONCLUSIONS Our work suggests that WES is an effective strategy, especially as compared with conventional sequencing, to study highly heterogenic genetic diseases, such as sperm immotility. For future work we expect to expand the analysis of WES to the other four patients and complement findings with expression analysis or functional studies to determine the impact of the novel variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rute Pereira
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
168
|
Cao Y, Shao C, Song Y, Bai C, He L. Clinical analysis of patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia in mainland China. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2015; 10:765-771. [PMID: 25764361 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare, genetic disorder featured with dysfunctional motility of cilia. Clinical presentations of PCD include situs inversus, repeated respiratory tract infections, otitis media, sinusitis and infertility. This study aims to provide clinical strategies on diagnosis and treatment of PCD. METHODS Clinical data of seven patients diagnosed as PCD in Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University were analyzed. We also extracted data from other cases in mainland China from the China Academic Journals Full-Text Database by the end of 2012. A total of 127 cases of PCD were summarized and analyzed in this study. RESULTS Seven patients in Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University were finally confirmed to have PCD. All of them had clinical history of recurrent respiratory infection. Imaging analysis showed varying degrees of bronchiectasis. Pulmonary function tests in four patients showed combined obstructive and restrictive patterns. Three cases were confirmed to have PCD by electron microscopy. We then further extracted information from literature for those 127 PCD patients in mainland China. All of them had chronic respiratory infection. Seven cases were complicated with recurrent otitis media and 15 cases were complicated with infertility. A total of 119 patients were diagnosed with situs inversus totalis (94%). Among those 127 patients, only 9 patients' diagnosis was confirmed by electron microscopy. Four patients received sinus resection, and one patient received pulmonary lobectomy due to recurrent hemoptysis. One patient died of massive hemoptysis. CONCLUSIONS Being a rare disease and easily confused with uncomplicated bronchiectasis, PCD diagnosis warrants particular attention. Recurrent respiratory infection, especially situs inversus could be the most important indicator of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Cao
- Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The Forth People's Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Changzhou Shao
- Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuanlin Song
- Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxue Bai
- Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixian He
- Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of cilia structure, function, and biogenesis leading to chronic infections of the respiratory tract, fertility problems, and disorders of organ laterality. The diagnosis can be challenging, using traditional tools such as characteristic clinical features, ciliary function, and ultrastructural defects and newer screening tools such as nasal nitric oxide levels and genetic testing add to the diagnostic algorithm. There are 32 known PCD-causing genes, and in the future, comprehensive genetic testing may screen young infants before developing symptoms, thus improving survival. Therapies include surveillance of pulmonary function and microbiology, in addition to airway clearance, antibiotics, and early referral to bronchiectasis centers. As with cystic fibrosis (CF), standardized care at specialized centers using a multidisciplinary approach likely improves outcomes. In conjunction with the CF foundation, the PCD foundation, with experienced investigators and clinicians, is developing a network of PCD clinical centers to coordinate the effort in North America and Europe. As the network grows, clinical care and knowledge will improve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Lobo
- The Division of Pulmonary Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Maimoona A Zariwala
- The Division of Pulmonary Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Peadar G Noone
- The Division of Pulmonary Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Praveen K, Davis EE, Katsanis N. Unique among ciliopathies: primary ciliary dyskinesia, a motile cilia disorder. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2015; 7:36. [PMID: 25926987 PMCID: PMC4371376 DOI: 10.12703/p7-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a ciliopathy, but represents the sole entity from this class of disorders that results from the dysfunction of motile cilia. Characterized by respiratory problems appearing in childhood, infertility, and situs defects in ~50% of individuals, PCD has an estimated prevalence of approximately 1 in 10,000 live births. The diagnosis of PCD can be prolonged due to a lack of disease awareness, coupled with the fact that symptoms can be confused with other more common genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis, or environmental insults that result in frequent respiratory infections. A primarily autosomal recessive disorder, PCD is genetically heterogeneous with >30 causal genes identified, posing significant challenges to genetic diagnosis. Here, we provide an overview of PCD as a disorder underscored by impaired ciliary motility; we discuss the recent advances towards uncovering the genetic basis of PCD; we discuss the molecular knowledge gained from PCD gene discovery, which has improved our understanding of motile ciliary assembly; and we speculate on how accelerated diagnosis, together with detailed phenotypic data, will shape the genetic and functional architecture of this disorder.
Collapse
|
171
|
Sui W, Hou X, Che W, Ou M, Sun G, Huang S, Liu F, Chen P, Wei X, Dai Y. CCDC40 mutation as a cause of primary ciliary dyskinesia: a case report and review of literature. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2015; 10:614-21. [PMID: 25619595 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Sui
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research; Guilin Guangxi China
| | - Xianliang Hou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research; Guilin Guangxi China
- College of Life Science; Guangxi Normal University; Guilin Guangxi China
| | - Wenti Che
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research; Guilin Guangxi China
| | - Minglin Ou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research; Guilin Guangxi China
| | - Guoping Sun
- Lab. Center; Shenzhen Pingshan People's Hospital; Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Shengxing Huang
- Clinical Medical Research Center; the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital); Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Fuhua Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research; Guilin Guangxi China
| | - Peng Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research; Guilin Guangxi China
| | - Xiaolian Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research; Guilin Guangxi China
| | - Yong Dai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research; Guilin Guangxi China
- Clinical Medical Research Center; the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital); Shenzhen Guangdong China
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Abstract
Humans and other vertebrates exhibit left-right (LR) asymmetric arrangement of the internal organs, and failure to establish normal LR asymmetry leads to internal laterality disorders, including situs inversus and heterotaxy. Situs inversus is complete mirror-imaged arrangement of the internal organs along LR axis, whereas heterotaxy is abnormal arrangement of the internal thoraco-abdominal organs across LR axis of the body, most of which are associated with complex cardiovascular malformations. Both disorders are genetically heterogeneous with reduced penetrance, presumably because of monogenic, polygenic or multifactorial causes. Research in genetics of LR asymmetry disorders has been extremely prolific over the past 17 years, and a series of loci and disease genes involved in situs inversus and heterotaxy have been described. The review highlights the classification, chromosomal abnormalities, pathogenic genes and the possible mechanism of human LR asymmetry disorders.
Collapse
|
173
|
Werner C, Onnebrink JG, Omran H. Diagnosis and management of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Cilia 2015. [PMID: 25610612 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-014-0011-8.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with defective structure and/or function of motile cilia/flagella, causing chronic upper and lower respiratory tract infections, fertility problems, and disorders of organ laterality. Diagnosing PCD requires a combined approach utilizing characteristic phenotypes and complementary methods for detection of defects of ciliary function and ultrastructure, measurement of nasal nitric oxide and genetic testing. Currently, biallelic mutations in 31 different genes have been linked to PCD allowing a genetic diagnosis in approximately ~ 60% of cases. Management includes surveillance of pulmonary function, imaging, and microbiology of upper and lower airways in addition to daily airway clearance and prompt antibiotic treatment of infections. Early referral to specialized centers that use a multidisciplinary approach is likely to improve outcomes. Currently, evidence-based knowledge on PCD care is missing let alone management guidelines. Research and clinical investigators, supported by European and North American patient support groups, have joined forces under the name of BESTCILIA, a European Commission funded consortium dedicated to improve PCD care and knowledge. Core programs of this network include the establishment of an international PCD registry, the generation of disease specific PCD quality of life questionnaires, and the first randomized controlled trial in PCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudius Werner
- Department of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Geb. A1, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jörg Große Onnebrink
- Department of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Geb. A1, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Heymut Omran
- Department of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Geb. A1, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Werner C, Onnebrink JG, Omran H. Diagnosis and management of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Cilia 2015; 4:2. [PMID: 25610612 PMCID: PMC4300728 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-014-0011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with defective structure and/or function of motile cilia/flagella, causing chronic upper and lower respiratory tract infections, fertility problems, and disorders of organ laterality. Diagnosing PCD requires a combined approach utilizing characteristic phenotypes and complementary methods for detection of defects of ciliary function and ultrastructure, measurement of nasal nitric oxide and genetic testing. Currently, biallelic mutations in 31 different genes have been linked to PCD allowing a genetic diagnosis in approximately ~ 60% of cases. Management includes surveillance of pulmonary function, imaging, and microbiology of upper and lower airways in addition to daily airway clearance and prompt antibiotic treatment of infections. Early referral to specialized centers that use a multidisciplinary approach is likely to improve outcomes. Currently, evidence-based knowledge on PCD care is missing let alone management guidelines. Research and clinical investigators, supported by European and North American patient support groups, have joined forces under the name of BESTCILIA, a European Commission funded consortium dedicated to improve PCD care and knowledge. Core programs of this network include the establishment of an international PCD registry, the generation of disease specific PCD quality of life questionnaires, and the first randomized controlled trial in PCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudius Werner
- Department of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Geb. A1, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jörg Große Onnebrink
- Department of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Geb. A1, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Heymut Omran
- Department of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Geb. A1, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
The role of molecular genetic analysis in the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2014; 11:351-9. [PMID: 24498942 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201306-194oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder of motile cilia. The diagnosis of PCD has previously relied on ciliary analysis with transmission electron microscopy or video microscopy. However, patients with PCD may have normal ultrastructural appearance, and ciliary analysis has limited accessibility. Alternatively, PCD can be diagnosed by demonstrating biallelic mutations in known PCD genes. Genetic testing is emerging as a diagnostic tool to complement ciliary analysis where interpretation and access may delay diagnosis. OBJECTIVES To determine the diagnostic yield of genetic testing of patients with a confirmed or suspected diagnosis of PCD in a multiethnic urban center. METHODS Twenty-eight individuals with confirmed PCD on transmission electron microscopy of ciliary ultrastructure and 24 individuals with a probable diagnosis of PCD based on a classical PCD phenotype and low nasal nitric oxide had molecular analysis of 12 genes associated with PCD. RESULTS Of 49 subjects who underwent ciliary biopsy, 28 (57%) were diagnosed with PCD through an ultrastructural defect. Of the 52 individuals who underwent molecular genetic analysis, 22 (42%) individuals had two mutations in known PCD genes. Twenty-four previously unreported mutations in known PCD genes were observed. Combining both diagnostic modalities of biopsy and molecular genetics, the diagnostic yield increased to 69% compared with 57% based on biopsy alone. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of PCD is challenging and has traditionally relied on ciliary biopsy, which is unreliable as the sole criterion for a definitive diagnosis. Molecular genetic analysis can be used as a complementary test to increase the diagnostic yield.
Collapse
|
176
|
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetically heterogeneous disorder caused by the abnormal structure and/or function of motile cilia. The PCD diagnosis is challenging and requires a well-described clinical phenotype combined with the identification of abnormalities in ciliary ultrastructure and/or beating pattern as well as the recognition of genetic cause of the disease. Regarding the pace of identification of PCD-related genes, a rapid acceleration during the last 2-3 years is notable. This is the result of new technologies, such as whole-exome sequencing, that have been recently applied in genetic research. To date, PCD-causative mutations in 29 genes are known and the number of causative genes is bound to rise. Even though the genetic causes of approximately one-third of PCD cases still remain to be found, the current knowledge can already be used to create new, accurate genetic tests for PCD that can accelerate the correct diagnosis and reduce the proportion of unexplained cases. This review aims to present the latest data on the relations between ciliary structure aberrations and their genetic basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kurkowiak
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Ziętkiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Witt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetically heterogeneous disorder caused by the abnormal structure and/or function of motile cilia. The PCD diagnosis is challenging and requires a well-described clinical phenotype combined with the identification of abnormalities in ciliary ultrastructure and/or beating pattern as well as the recognition of genetic cause of the disease. Regarding the pace of identification of PCD-related genes, a rapid acceleration during the last 2–3 years is notable. This is the result of new technologies, such as whole-exome sequencing, that have been recently applied in genetic research. To date, PCD-causative mutations in 29 genes are known and the number of causative genes is bound to rise. Even though the genetic causes of approximately one-third of PCD cases still remain to be found, the current knowledge can already be used to create new, accurate genetic tests for PCD that can accelerate the correct diagnosis and reduce the proportion of unexplained cases. This review aims to present the latest data on the relations between ciliary structure aberrations and their genetic basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kurkowiak
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Ziętkiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Witt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Diggle CP, Moore DJ, Mali G, zur Lage P, Ait-Lounis A, Schmidts M, Shoemark A, Garcia Munoz A, Halachev MR, Gautier P, Yeyati PL, Bonthron DT, Carr IM, Hayward B, Markham AF, Hope JE, von Kriegsheim A, Mitchison HM, Jackson IJ, Durand B, Reith W, Sheridan E, Jarman AP, Mill P. HEATR2 plays a conserved role in assembly of the ciliary motile apparatus. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004577. [PMID: 25232951 PMCID: PMC4168999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are highly conserved microtubule-based structures that perform a variety of sensory and motility functions during development and adult homeostasis. In humans, defects specifically affecting motile cilia lead to chronic airway infections, infertility and laterality defects in the genetically heterogeneous disorder Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD). Using the comparatively simple Drosophila system, in which mechanosensory neurons possess modified motile cilia, we employed a recently elucidated cilia transcriptional RFX-FOX code to identify novel PCD candidate genes. Here, we report characterization of CG31320/HEATR2, which plays a conserved critical role in forming the axonemal dynein arms required for ciliary motility in both flies and humans. Inner and outer arm dyneins are absent from axonemes of CG31320 mutant flies and from PCD individuals with a novel splice-acceptor HEATR2 mutation. Functional conservation of closely arranged RFX-FOX binding sites upstream of HEATR2 orthologues may drive higher cytoplasmic expression of HEATR2 during early motile ciliogenesis. Immunoprecipitation reveals HEATR2 interacts with DNAI2, but not HSP70 or HSP90, distinguishing it from the client/chaperone functions described for other cytoplasmic proteins required for dynein arm assembly such as DNAAF1-4. These data implicate CG31320/HEATR2 in a growing intracellular pre-assembly and transport network that is necessary to deliver functional dynein machinery to the ciliary compartment for integration into the motile axoneme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J. Moore
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Girish Mali
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Petra zur Lage
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Aouatef Ait-Lounis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defect Research Center, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia Shoemark
- Paediatric Respiratory Department, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amaya Garcia Munoz
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mihail R. Halachev
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Gautier
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia L. Yeyati
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian M. Carr
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce Hayward
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jilly E. Hope
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alex von Kriegsheim
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hannah M. Mitchison
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defect Research Center, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bénédicte Durand
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 5534 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Walter Reith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eamonn Sheridan
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (ES); (APJ); (PM)
| | - Andrew P. Jarman
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (ES); (APJ); (PM)
| | - Pleasantine Mill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (ES); (APJ); (PM)
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
Hjeij R, Onoufriadis A, Watson C, Slagle C, Klena N, Dougherty G, Kurkowiak M, Loges N, Diggle C, Morante N, Gabriel G, Lemke K, Li Y, Pennekamp P, Menchen T, Konert F, Marthin J, Mans D, Letteboer S, Werner C, Burgoyne T, Westermann C, Rutman A, Carr I, O’Callaghan C, Moya E, Chung E, Sheridan E, Nielsen K, Roepman R, Bartscherer K, Burdine R, Lo C, Omran H, Mitchison H, Mitchison HM. CCDC151 mutations cause primary ciliary dyskinesia by disruption of the outer dynein arm docking complex formation. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 95:257-74. [PMID: 25192045 PMCID: PMC4157146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A diverse family of cytoskeletal dynein motors powers various cellular transport systems, including axonemal dyneins generating the force for ciliary and flagellar beating essential to movement of extracellular fluids and of cells through fluid. Multisubunit outer dynein arm (ODA) motor complexes, produced and preassembled in the cytosol, are transported to the ciliary or flagellar compartment and anchored into the axonemal microtubular scaffold via the ODA docking complex (ODA-DC) system. In humans, defects in ODA assembly are the major cause of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), an inherited disorder of ciliary and flagellar dysmotility characterized by chronic upper and lower respiratory infections and defects in laterality. Here, by combined high-throughput mapping and sequencing, we identified CCDC151 loss-of-function mutations in five affected individuals from three independent families whose cilia showed a complete loss of ODAs and severely impaired ciliary beating. Consistent with the laterality defects observed in these individuals, we found Ccdc151 expressed in vertebrate left-right organizers. Homozygous zebrafish ccdc151ts272a and mouse Ccdc151Snbl mutants display a spectrum of situs defects associated with complex heart defects. We demonstrate that CCDC151 encodes an axonemal coiled coil protein, mutations in which abolish assembly of CCDC151 into respiratory cilia and cause a failure in axonemal assembly of the ODA component DNAH5 and the ODA-DC-associated components CCDC114 and ARMC4. CCDC151-deficient zebrafish, planaria, and mice also display ciliary dysmotility accompanied by ODA loss. Furthermore, CCDC151 coimmunoprecipitates CCDC114 and thus appears to be a highly evolutionarily conserved ODA-DC-related protein involved in mediating assembly of both ODAs and their axonemal docking machinery onto ciliary microtubules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hannah M Mitchison
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Raidt J, Wallmeier J, Hjeij R, Onnebrink JG, Pennekamp P, Loges NT, Olbrich H, Häffner K, Dougherty GW, Omran H, Werner C. Ciliary beat pattern and frequency in genetic variants of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Eur Respir J 2014; 44:1579-88. [PMID: 25186273 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00052014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetic disorder leading to recurrent respiratory tract infections. High-speed video-microscopy analysis (HVMA) of ciliary beating, currently the first-line diagnostic tool for PCD in most centres, is challenging because recent studies have expanded the spectrum of HVMA findings in PCD from grossly abnormal to very subtle. The objective of this study was to describe the diversity of HVMA findings in genetically confirmed PCD individuals. HVMA was performed as part of the routine work-up of individuals with suspected PCD. Subsequent molecular analysis identified biallelic mutations in the PCD-related genes of 66 individuals. 1072 videos of these subjects were assessed for correlation with the genotype. Biallelic mutations (19 novel) were found in 17 genes: DNAI1, DNAI2, DNAH5, DNAH11, CCDC103, ARMC4, KTU/DNAAF2, LRRC50/DNAAF1, LRRC6, DYX1C1, ZMYND10, CCDC39, CCDC40, CCDC164, HYDIN, RSPH4A and RSPH1. Ciliary beat pattern variations correlated well with the genetic findings, allowing the classification of typical HVMA findings for different genetic groups. In contrast, analysis of ciliary beat frequency did not result in additional diagnostic impact. In conclusion, this study provides detailed knowledge about the diversity of HVMA findings in PCD and may therefore be seen as a guide to the improvement of PCD diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Raidt
- University Children's Hospital Münster, Dept of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Münster, Germany
| | - Julia Wallmeier
- University Children's Hospital Münster, Dept of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Münster, Germany
| | - Rim Hjeij
- University Children's Hospital Münster, Dept of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Münster, Germany
| | - Jörg Große Onnebrink
- University Children's Hospital Münster, Dept of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Münster, Germany
| | - Petra Pennekamp
- University Children's Hospital Münster, Dept of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Münster, Germany
| | - Niki T Loges
- University Children's Hospital Münster, Dept of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Münster, Germany
| | - Heike Olbrich
- University Children's Hospital Münster, Dept of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Münster, Germany
| | - Karsten Häffner
- Dept of Pediatrics, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerard W Dougherty
- University Children's Hospital Münster, Dept of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Münster, Germany
| | - Heymut Omran
- University Children's Hospital Münster, Dept of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Münster, Germany
| | - Claudius Werner
- University Children's Hospital Münster, Dept of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of cilia structure and function, leading to chronic infections of the respiratory tract, fertility problems and disorders of organ laterality. Making a definitive diagnosis is challenging, utilizing characteristic phenotypes, ciliary functional and ultra-structural defects in addition to newer screening tools such as nasal nitric oxide and genetic testing. There are 21 known PCD causing genes and in the future, comprehensive genetic testing may help diagnosis young infants prior to developing symptoms thus improving survival. Therapy includes surveillance of pulmonary function and microbiology in addition to, airway clearance, antibiotics and early referral to bronchiectasis centers. Standardized care at specialized centers using a multidisciplinary approach is likely to improve outcomes. In conjunction with the PCD foundation and lead investigators and clinicians are developing a network of PCD clinical centers to coordinate the effort in North America and Europe. As the network grows, care and knowledge will undoubtedly improve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J Lobo
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, CB 7020, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - M A Zariwala
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, CB 7020, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - P G Noone
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, CB 7020, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Izumi K, Noon S, Wilkens A, Krantz ID. NKX2.5 mutation identification on exome sequencing in a patient with heterotaxy. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:558-61. [PMID: 25118008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exome sequencing enables us to screen most of the protein coding genes in an unbiased way, this technique represents an ideal tool to identify previously under- or unappreciated phenotypes associated with known disease genes and genetic disorders. Here we present an illustrative case that required exome sequencing to identify a genetic alteration associated with the clinical features. The phenotype of the proband included heterotaxy, double outlet right ventricle, common atrioventricular canal, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, asplenia, failure to thrive and short stature. Exome sequencing demonstrated a frameshift mutation c.397_400del (p.P133GfsTer 42) in NKX2.5. Although a single previous case of heterotaxy was reported in a large familial case of NKX2.5, heterotaxy is not clinically appreciated to be a part of the phenotypic spectrum associated with NKX2.5 mutations. This case report demonstrates the utility of exome sequencing in expanding a phenotypic spectrum of a known Mendelian disorder. We predict that this type of unexpected identification of mutations in known-disease associated genes in patients with atypical or expanded phenotypes will occur with increasing frequency as the use of exome and genome sequencing become more common tools in diagnosing patients with syndromic and non-syndromic foms of structural birth defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Izumi
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Sarah Noon
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alisha Wilkens
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ian D Krantz
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
A novel mutation of the axonemal dynein heavy chain gene 5 (DNAH5) in a Japanese neonate with asplenia syndrome. Med Mol Morphol 2014; 48:116-22. [PMID: 24912412 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-014-0079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asplenia syndrome (Ivemark syndrome) is a complex disorder composed of asplenia, malpositioning of the visceral organs and congenital heart defects. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism of asplenia syndrome, we herein analyzed the fatal case of a male neonate who exhibited three lobes of the left lung, asplenia and complex heart anomalies and died 6 hours after delivery. A whole-exome sequence (WES) analysis followed by Sanger sequence identified a heterozygous single nucleotide change (c.7829A>G) in exon 47 of the axonemal dynein heavy chain gene 5 (DNAH5), which results in the missense mutation of p.Glu2610Gly. This mutation was found only in the neonate, but not in his parents, implying de novo mutation of DNAH5 that codes dynein heavy chain, a component of outer dynein arm. The WES analysis also identified a heterozygous single nucleotide substitution (c.3697C>T) in the axonemal dynein heavy chain gene 7 (DNAH7), resulting in p.Arg1233Cys, and a rare SNP (c.2029G>A, p.Gly677Ser) of the axonemal dynein intermediate chain gene 1 (DNAI1) in the patient and his mother, but not in his father. The mutation of p.Glu2610Gly in DNAH5 is novel and we here present a first Japanese case of asplenia syndrome who exhibited a DNAH5 mutation.
Collapse
|
184
|
Davis EE, Frangakis S, Katsanis N. Interpreting human genetic variation with in vivo zebrafish assays. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1960-1970. [PMID: 24887202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rapid advances and cost erosion in exome and genome analysis of patients with both rare and common genetic disorders have accelerated gene discovery and illuminated fundamental biological mechanisms. The thrill of discovery has been accompanied, however, with the sobering appreciation that human genomes are burdened with a large number of rare and ultra rare variants, thereby posing a significant challenge in dissecting both the effect of such alleles on protein function and also the biological relevance of these events to patient pathology. In an effort to develop model systems that are able to generate surrogates of human pathologies, a powerful suite of tools have been developed in zebrafish, taking advantage of the relatively small (compared to invertebrate models) evolutionary distance of that genome to humans, the orthology of several organs and signaling processes, and the suitability of this organism for medium and high throughput phenotypic screening. Here we will review the use of this model organism in dissecting human genetic disorders; we will highlight how diverse strategies have informed disease causality and genetic architecture; and we will discuss relative strengths and limitations of these approaches in the context of medical genome sequencing. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: From Genome to Function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica E Davis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Stephan Frangakis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Unexpected genetic heterogeneity for primary ciliary dyskinesia in the Irish Traveller population. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:210-7. [PMID: 24824133 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a study of five children from three unrelated Irish Traveller families presenting with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). As previously characterized disorders in the Irish Traveller population are caused by common homozygous mutations, we hypothesised that all three PCD families shared the same recessive mutation. However, exome sequencing showed that there was no pathogenic homozygous mutation common to all families. This finding was supported by histology, which showed that each family has a different type of ciliary defect; transposition defect (family A), nude epithelium (family B) and absence of inner and outer dynein arms (family C). Therefore, each family was analysed independently using homozygosity mapping and exome sequencing. The affected siblings in family A share a novel 1 bp duplication in RSPH4A (NM_001161664.1:c.166dup; p.Arg56Profs*11), a radial-spoke head protein involved in ciliary movement. In family B, we identified three candidate genes (CCNO, KCNN3 and CDKN1C), with a 5-bp duplication in CCNO (NM_021147.3:c.258_262dup; p.Gln88Argfs*8) being the most likely cause of ciliary aplasia. This is the first study to implicate CCNO, a DNA repair gene reported to be involved in multiciliogenesis, in PCD. In family C, we identified a ∼3.5-kb deletion in DYX1C1, a neuronal migration gene previously associated with PCD. This is the first report of a disorder in the relatively small Irish Traveller population to be caused by >1 disease gene. Our study identified at least three different PCD genes in the Irish Traveller population, highlighting that one cannot always assume genetic homogeneity, even in small consanguineous populations.
Collapse
|
186
|
Knowles MR, Ostrowski LE, Leigh MW, Sears PR, Davis SD, Wolf WE, Hazucha MJ, Carson JL, Olivier KN, Sagel SD, Rosenfeld M, Ferkol TW, Dell SD, Milla CE, Randell SH, Yin W, Sannuti A, Metjian HM, Noone PG, Noone PJ, Olson CA, Patrone MV, Dang H, Lee HS, Hurd TW, Gee HY, Otto EA, Halbritter J, Kohl S, Kircher M, Krischer J, Bamshad MJ, Nickerson DA, Hildebrandt F, Shendure J, Zariwala MA. Mutations in RSPH1 cause primary ciliary dyskinesia with a unique clinical and ciliary phenotype. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:707-17. [PMID: 24568568 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201311-2047oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetically heterogeneous recessive disorder of motile cilia, but the genetic cause is not defined for all patients with PCD. OBJECTIVES To identify disease-causing mutations in novel genes, we performed exome sequencing, follow-up characterization, mutation scanning, and genotype-phenotype studies in patients with PCD. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing was performed using NimbleGen capture and Illumina HiSeq sequencing. Sanger-based sequencing was used for mutation scanning, validation, and segregation analysis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We performed exome sequencing on an affected sib-pair with normal ultrastructure in more than 85% of cilia. A homozygous splice-site mutation was detected in RSPH1 in both siblings; parents were carriers. Screening RSPH1 in 413 unrelated probands, including 325 with PCD and 88 with idiopathic bronchiectasis, revealed biallelic loss-of-function mutations in nine additional probands. Five affected siblings of probands in RSPH1 families harbored the familial mutations. The 16 individuals with RSPH1 mutations had some features of PCD; however, nasal nitric oxide levels were higher than in patients with PCD with other gene mutations (98.3 vs. 20.7 nl/min; P < 0.0003). Additionally, individuals with RSPH1 mutations had a lower prevalence (8 of 16) of neonatal respiratory distress, and later onset of daily wet cough than typical for PCD, and better lung function (FEV1), compared with 75 age- and sex-matched PCD cases (73.0 vs. 61.8, FEV1 % predicted; P = 0.043). Cilia from individuals with RSPH1 mutations had normal beat frequency (6.1 ± Hz at 25°C), but an abnormal, circular beat pattern. CONCLUSIONS The milder clinical disease and higher nasal nitric oxide in individuals with biallelic mutations in RSPH1 provides evidence of a unique genotype-phenotype relationship in PCD, and suggests that mutations in RSPH1 may be associated with residual ciliary function.
Collapse
|
187
|
Wain LV, Sayers I, Soler Artigas M, Portelli MA, Zeggini E, Obeidat M, Sin DD, Bossé Y, Nickle D, Brandsma CA, Malarstig A, Vangjeli C, Jelinsky SA, John S, Kilty I, McKeever T, Shrine NRG, Cook JP, Patel S, Spector TD, Hollox EJ, Hall IP, Tobin MD. Whole exome re-sequencing implicates CCDC38 and cilia structure and function in resistance to smoking related airflow obstruction. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004314. [PMID: 24786987 PMCID: PMC4006731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality and, whilst smoking remains the single most important risk factor, COPD risk is heritable. Of 26 independent genomic regions showing association with lung function in genome-wide association studies, eleven have been reported to show association with airflow obstruction. Although the main risk factor for COPD is smoking, some individuals are observed to have a high forced expired volume in 1 second (FEV1) despite many years of heavy smoking. We hypothesised that these "resistant smokers" may harbour variants which protect against lung function decline caused by smoking and provide insight into the genetic determinants of lung health. We undertook whole exome re-sequencing of 100 heavy smokers who had healthy lung function given their age, sex, height and smoking history and applied three complementary approaches to explore the genetic architecture of smoking resistance. Firstly, we identified novel functional variants in the "resistant smokers" and looked for enrichment of these novel variants within biological pathways. Secondly, we undertook association testing of all exonic variants individually with two independent control sets. Thirdly, we undertook gene-based association testing of all exonic variants. Our strongest signal of association with smoking resistance for a non-synonymous SNP was for rs10859974 (P = 2.34 × 10(-4)) in CCDC38, a gene which has previously been reported to show association with FEV1/FVC, and we demonstrate moderate expression of CCDC38 in bronchial epithelial cells. We identified an enrichment of novel putatively functional variants in genes related to cilia structure and function in resistant smokers. Ciliary function abnormalities are known to be associated with both smoking and reduced mucociliary clearance in patients with COPD. We suggest that genetic influences on the development or function of cilia in the bronchial epithelium may affect growth of cilia or the extent of damage caused by tobacco smoke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise V. Wain
- University of Leicester, Department of Health Sciences, Leicester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ian Sayers
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - María Soler Artigas
- University of Leicester, Department of Health Sciences, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. Portelli
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ma'en Obeidat
- University of British Columbia Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Don D. Sin
- University of British Columbia Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - David Nickle
- Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Merck, Rahway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Corry-Anke Brandsma
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Scott A. Jelinsky
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sally John
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Iain Kilty
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tricia McKeever
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nick R. G. Shrine
- University of Leicester, Department of Health Sciences, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Cook
- University of Leicester, Department of Health Sciences, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Shrina Patel
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J. Hollox
- University of Leicester, Department of Genetics, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Ian P. Hall
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin D. Tobin
- University of Leicester, Department of Health Sciences, Leicester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Wallmeier J, Al-Mutairi DA, Chen CT, Loges NT, Pennekamp P, Menchen T, Ma L, Shamseldin HE, Olbrich H, Dougherty GW, Werner C, Alsabah BH, Köhler G, Jaspers M, Boon M, Griese M, Schmitt-Grohé S, Zimmermann T, Koerner-Rettberg C, Horak E, Kintner C, Alkuraya FS, Omran H. Mutations in CCNO result in congenital mucociliary clearance disorder with reduced generation of multiple motile cilia. Nat Genet 2014; 46:646-51. [PMID: 24747639 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Using a whole-exome sequencing strategy, we identified recessive CCNO (encoding cyclin O) mutations in 16 individuals suffering from chronic destructive lung disease due to insufficient airway clearance. Respiratory epithelial cells showed a marked reduction in the number of multiple motile cilia (MMC) covering the cell surface. The few residual cilia that correctly expressed axonemal motor proteins were motile and did not exhibit obvious beating defects. Careful subcellular analyses as well as in vitro ciliogenesis experiments in CCNO-mutant cells showed defective mother centriole generation and placement. Morpholino-based knockdown of the Xenopus ortholog of CCNO also resulted in reduced MMC and centriole numbers in embryonic epidermal cells. CCNO is expressed in the apical cytoplasm of multiciliated cells and acts downstream of multicilin, which governs the generation of multiciliated cells. To our knowledge, CCNO is the first reported gene linking an inherited human disease to reduced MMC generation due to a defect in centriole amplification and migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wallmeier
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany. [2]
| | - Dalal A Al-Mutairi
- 1] Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait. [2]
| | - Chun-Ting Chen
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Niki Tomas Loges
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Petra Pennekamp
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Tabea Menchen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lina Ma
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Hanan E Shamseldin
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heike Olbrich
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Gerard W Dougherty
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Claudius Werner
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Basel H Alsabah
- Zain Hospital for Ear, Nose and Throat, Shuwaikh, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Gabriele Köhler
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Martine Jaspers
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Boon
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthias Griese
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Sabina Schmitt-Grohé
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Theodor Zimmermann
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cordula Koerner-Rettberg
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Horak
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescents, Division of Cardiology and Pulmonology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Chris Kintner
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- 1] Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. [2] Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heymut Omran
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Merveille AC, Battaille G, Billen F, Deleuze S, Fredholm M, Thomas A, Clercx C, Lequarré AS. Clinical findings and prevalence of the mutation associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia in Old English Sheepdogs. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:771-8. [PMID: 24773602 PMCID: PMC4895470 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is generally a recessively inherited disorder characterized by dysfunction of motile cilia. A mutation in a new causative gene (CCDC39) has been identified in the Old English Sheepdog (OES). Objectives To describe the clinical findings and the molecular changes of affected dogs and estimate the worldwide prevalence of the mutation in a large cohort of OES. Animals 578 OES, including 28 affected and 550 clinically healthy dogs. Methods This retrospective study reviewed the data of OES diagnosed with PCD and OES tested for the mutation. Clinical data including results of physical examination and further investigations were obtained on 11/28 dogs. CCDC39 expression was assessed by qRT‐PCR and Western blot analysis in affected dogs and healthy dogs. DNA was extracted on 561/578 dogs and a genetic test by Taqman technology was developed to genotype the CCDC39 mutation in these dogs. Results Clinical findings were recurrent nasal discharge and cough, pyrexia, leucocytosis, and bronchopneumonia. Ultrastructural defects were characterized by central microtubular abnormalities and decreased number of inner dynein arms (IDAs). Molecular analysis revealed a reduced expression of CCDC39 RNA and an absence of CCDC39 protein in affected dogs compared to healthy dogs. The mutation was more frequent in nonrandomly selected European OES population with a higher proportion of carriers (19%) compared to non‐European dogs (7%). Conclusion and Clinical Importance CCDC39 mutation is dispersed in a worldwide population and is responsible for PCD in this breed. Genetic testing might enable control of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A-C Merveille
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
190
|
Gene mutations in primary ciliary dyskinesia related to otitis media. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2014; 14:420. [PMID: 24459089 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-014-0420-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Otitis media with effusion (OME) is the most common cause of conductive hearing loss in children and is strongly associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). Approximately half of the children with PCD require otolaryngology care, posing a major problem in this population. Early diagnosis of PCD is critical in these patients to minimise the collateral damage related to OME. The current gold standard for PCD diagnosis requires determining ciliary structure defects by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or clearly documenting ciliary dysfunction via digital high-speed video microscopy (DHSV). Although both techniques are useful for PCD diagnosis, they have limitations and need to be supported by new methodologies, including genetic analysis of genes related to PCD. In this article, we review classical and recently associated mutations related to ciliary alterations leading to PCD, which can be useful for early diagnosis of the disease and subsequent early management of OME.
Collapse
|
191
|
Ciliary genes are down-regulated in bronchial tissue of primary ciliary dyskinesia patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88216. [PMID: 24516614 PMCID: PMC3916409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare, genetically heterogeneous disease characterized by recurrent respiratory tract infections, sinusitis, bronchiectasis and male infertility. The pulmonary phenotype in PCD is caused by the impaired motility of cilia in the respiratory epithelium, due to ultrastructural defects of these organelles. We hypothesized that defects of multi-protein ciliary complexes should be reflected by gene expression changes in the respiratory epithelium. We have previously found that large group of genes functionally related to cilia share highly correlated expression pattern in PCD bronchial tissue. Here we performed an explorative analysis of differential gene expression in the bronchial tissue from six PCD patients and nine non-PCD controls, using Illumina HumanRef-12 Whole Genome BeadChips. We observed 1323 genes with at least 2-fold difference in the mean expression level between the two groups (t-test p-value <0.05). Annotation analysis showed that the genes down-regulated in PCD biopsies (602) were significantly enriched for terms related to cilia, whereas the up-regulated genes (721) were significantly enriched for terms related to cell cycle and mitosis. We assembled a list of human genes predicted to encode ciliary proteins, components of outer dynein arms, inner dynein arms, radial spokes, and intraflagellar transport proteins. A significant down-regulation of the expression of genes from all the four groups was observed in PCD, compared to non-PCD biopsies. Our data suggest that a coordinated down-regulation of the ciliome genes plays an important role in the molecular pathomechanism of PCD.
Collapse
|
192
|
Bush A, Hogg C. Primary ciliary dyskinesia: recent advances in epidemiology, diagnosis, management and relationship with the expanding spectrum of ciliopathy. Expert Rev Respir Med 2014; 6:663-82. [DOI: 10.1586/ers.12.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
193
|
Ben Khelifa M, Coutton C, Zouari R, Karaouzène T, Rendu J, Bidart M, Yassine S, Pierre V, Delaroche J, Hennebicq S, Grunwald D, Escalier D, Pernet-Gallay K, Jouk PS, Thierry-Mieg N, Touré A, Arnoult C, Ray PF. Mutations in DNAH1, which encodes an inner arm heavy chain dynein, lead to male infertility from multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 94:95-104. [PMID: 24360805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten to fifteen percent of couples are confronted with infertility and a male factor is involved in approximately half the cases. A genetic etiology is likely in most cases yet only few genes have been formally correlated with male infertility. Homozygosity mapping was carried out on a cohort of 20 North African individuals, including 18 index cases, presenting with primary infertility resulting from impaired sperm motility caused by a mosaic of multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF) including absent, short, coiled, bent, and irregular flagella. Five unrelated subjects out of 18 (28%) carried a homozygous variant in DNAH1, which encodes an inner dynein heavy chain and is expressed in testis. RT-PCR, immunostaining, and electronic microscopy were carried out on samples from one of the subjects with a mutation located on a donor splice site. Neither the transcript nor the protein was observed in this individual, confirming the pathogenicity of this variant. A general axonemal disorganization including mislocalization of the microtubule doublets and loss of the inner dynein arms was observed. Although DNAH1 is also expressed in other ciliated cells, infertility was the only symptom of primary ciliary dyskinesia observed in affected subjects, suggesting that DNAH1 function in cilium is not as critical as in sperm flagellum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Ben Khelifa
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 38000, France; Laboratoire AGIM, CNRS FRE3405, Equipe "Andrologie et Génétique," La Tronche 38700, France; Laboratoire de génomique Biomédicale et Oncogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 1002 Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Charles Coutton
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 38000, France; Laboratoire AGIM, CNRS FRE3405, Equipe "Andrologie et Génétique," La Tronche 38700, France; CHU de Grenoble, Hôpital Couple Enfant, Département de Génétique et Procréation, Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Raoudha Zouari
- Clinique des Jasmins, 23, Av. Louis BRAILLE, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Thomas Karaouzène
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 38000, France; Laboratoire AGIM, CNRS FRE3405, Equipe "Andrologie et Génétique," La Tronche 38700, France
| | - John Rendu
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 38000, France; CHU de Grenoble, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie, Département de Biochimie, Toxicologie et Pharmacologie (DBTP), UF de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Grenoble 38000, France; INSERM, U836, Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, La Tronche 38700, France
| | - Marie Bidart
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 38000, France; INSERM, U836, Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, La Tronche 38700, France
| | - Sandra Yassine
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 38000, France; Laboratoire AGIM, CNRS FRE3405, Equipe "Andrologie et Génétique," La Tronche 38700, France
| | - Virginie Pierre
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 38000, France; Laboratoire AGIM, CNRS FRE3405, Equipe "Andrologie et Génétique," La Tronche 38700, France
| | - Julie Delaroche
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 38000, France; INSERM, U836, Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, La Tronche 38700, France
| | - Sylviane Hennebicq
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 38000, France; Laboratoire AGIM, CNRS FRE3405, Equipe "Andrologie et Génétique," La Tronche 38700, France; CHU de Grenoble, Hôpital Couple Enfant, Département de Génétique et Procréation, Laboratoire d'Aide à la Procréation - CECOS, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Didier Grunwald
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 38000, France; INSERM, U836, Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, La Tronche 38700, France
| | - Denise Escalier
- INSERM UMR_S933, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Paris 75012, France
| | - Karine Pernet-Gallay
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 38000, France; INSERM, U836, Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, La Tronche 38700, France
| | - Pierre-Simon Jouk
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1 / CNRS / TIMC-IMAG UMR 5525, Grenoble 38041, France; CHU de Grenoble, Hôpital Couple Enfant, Département de Génétique et Procréation, Service de Génétique Clinique, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Nicolas Thierry-Mieg
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1 / CNRS / TIMC-IMAG UMR 5525, Grenoble 38041, France
| | - Aminata Touré
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris 75014, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris 75014, France
| | - Christophe Arnoult
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 38000, France; Laboratoire AGIM, CNRS FRE3405, Equipe "Andrologie et Génétique," La Tronche 38700, France
| | - Pierre F Ray
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 38000, France; Laboratoire AGIM, CNRS FRE3405, Equipe "Andrologie et Génétique," La Tronche 38700, France; CHU de Grenoble, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie, Département de Biochimie, Toxicologie et Pharmacologie (DBTP), UF de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Grenoble 38000, France.
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Ishikawa H, Ide T, Yagi T, Jiang X, Hirono M, Sasaki H, Yanagisawa H, Wemmer KA, Stainier DY, Qin H, Kamiya R, Marshall WF. TTC26/DYF13 is an intraflagellar transport protein required for transport of motility-related proteins into flagella. eLife 2014; 3:e01566. [PMID: 24596149 PMCID: PMC3936282 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia/flagella are assembled and maintained by the process of intraflagellar transport (IFT), a highly conserved mechanism involving more than 20 IFT proteins. However, the functions of individual IFT proteins are mostly unclear. To help address this issue, we focused on a putative IFT protein TTC26/DYF13. Using live imaging and biochemical approaches we show that TTC26/DYF13 is an IFT complex B protein in mammalian cells and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Knockdown of TTC26/DYF13 in zebrafish embryos or mutation of TTC26/DYF13 in C. reinhardtii, produced short cilia with abnormal motility. Surprisingly, IFT particle assembly and speed were normal in dyf13 mutant flagella, unlike in other IFT complex B mutants. Proteomic and biochemical analyses indicated a particular set of proteins involved in motility was specifically depleted in the dyf13 mutant. These results support the concept that different IFT proteins are responsible for different cargo subsets, providing a possible explanation for the complexity of the IFT machinery. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01566.001.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ishikawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
195
|
Picking up speed: advances in the genetics of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Pediatr Res 2014; 75:158-64. [PMID: 24192704 PMCID: PMC3946436 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2013.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal ciliary axonemal structure and function are linked to the growing class of genetic disorders collectively known as ciliopathies, and our understanding of the complex genetics and functional phenotypes of these conditions has rapidly expanded. While progress in genetics and biology has uncovered numerous cilia-related syndromes, primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) remains the sole genetic disorder of motile cilia dysfunction. The first disease-causing mutation was described just 13 y ago, and since that time, the pace of gene discovery has quickened. These mutations separate into genes that encode axonemal motor proteins, structural and regulatory elements, and cytoplasmic proteins that are involved in assembly and preassembly of ciliary elements. These findings have yielded novel insights into the processes involved in ciliary assembly, structure, and function, which will allow us to better understand the clinical manifestations of PCD. Moreover, advances in techniques for genetic screening and sequencing are improving diagnostic approaches. In this article, we will describe the structure, function, and emerging genetics of respiratory cilia, review the genotype-phenotype relationships of motor ciliopathies, and explore the implications of recent discoveries for diagnostic testing for PCD.
Collapse
|
196
|
Gillard M, Cadieu E, De Brito C, Abadie J, Vergier B, Devauchelle P, Degorce F, Dréano S, Primot A, Dorso L, Lagadic M, Galibert F, Hédan B, Galibert MD, André C. Naturally occurring melanomas in dogs as models for non-UV pathways of human melanomas. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 27:90-102. [PMID: 24112648 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneously occurring melanomas are frequent in dogs. They appear at the same localizations as in humans, i.e. skin, mucosal sites, nail matrix and eyes. They display variable behaviors: tumors at oral localizations are more frequent and aggressive than at other anatomical sites. Interestingly, dog melanomas are associated with strong breed predispositions and overrepresentation of black-coated dogs. Epidemiological analysis of 2350 affected dogs showed that poodles are at high risk of developing oral melanoma, while schnauzers or Beauce shepherds mostly developped cutaneous melanoma. Clinical and histopathological analyses were performed on a cohort of 153 cases with a 4-yr follow-up. Histopathological characterization showed that most canine tumors are intradermal and homologous to human rare morphological melanomas types - 'nevocytoid type' and 'animal type'-. Tumor cDNA sequencing data, obtained from 95 dogs for six genes, relevant to human melanoma classification, detected somatic mutations in oral melanoma, in NRAS and PTEN genes, at human hotspot sites, but not in BRAF. Altogether, these findings support the relevance of the dog model for comparative oncology of melanomas, especially for the elucidation of non-UV induced pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Gillard
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France; Faculté de Médecine, SFR Biosit, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
197
|
Knowles MR, Daniels LA, Davis SD, Zariwala MA, Leigh MW. Primary ciliary dyskinesia. Recent advances in diagnostics, genetics, and characterization of clinical disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013. [PMID: 23796196 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201301-0059ci.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetically heterogeneous recessive disorder of motile cilia that leads to oto-sino-pulmonary diseases and organ laterality defects in approximately 50% of cases. The estimated incidence of PCD is approximately 1 per 15,000 births, but the prevalence of PCD is difficult to determine, primarily because of limitations in diagnostic methods that focus on testing ciliary ultrastructure and function. Diagnostic capabilities have recently benefitted from (1) documentation of low nasal nitric oxide production in PCD and (2) discovery of biallelic mutations in multiple PCD-causing genes. The use of these complementary diagnostic approaches shows that at least 30% of patients with PCD have normal ciliary ultrastructure. More accurate identification of patients with PCD has also allowed definition of a strong clinical phenotype, which includes neonatal respiratory distress in >80% of cases, daily nasal congestion and wet cough starting soon after birth, and early development of recurrent/chronic middle-ear and sinus disease. Recent studies, using advanced imaging and pulmonary physiologic assessments, clearly demonstrate early onset of lung disease in PCD, with abnormal air flow mechanics by age 6-8 years that is similar to cystic fibrosis, and age-dependent onset of bronchiectasis. The treatment of PCD is not standardized, and there are no validated PCD-specific therapies. Most patients with PCD receive suboptimal management, which should include airway clearance, regular surveillance of pulmonary function and respiratory microbiology, and use of antibiotics targeted to pathogens. The PCD Foundation is developing a network of clinical centers, which should improve diagnosis and management of PCD.
Collapse
|
198
|
Knowles MR, Daniels LA, Davis SD, Zariwala MA, Leigh MW. Primary ciliary dyskinesia. Recent advances in diagnostics, genetics, and characterization of clinical disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188:913-22. [PMID: 23796196 PMCID: PMC3826280 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201301-0059ci] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetically heterogeneous recessive disorder of motile cilia that leads to oto-sino-pulmonary diseases and organ laterality defects in approximately 50% of cases. The estimated incidence of PCD is approximately 1 per 15,000 births, but the prevalence of PCD is difficult to determine, primarily because of limitations in diagnostic methods that focus on testing ciliary ultrastructure and function. Diagnostic capabilities have recently benefitted from (1) documentation of low nasal nitric oxide production in PCD and (2) discovery of biallelic mutations in multiple PCD-causing genes. The use of these complementary diagnostic approaches shows that at least 30% of patients with PCD have normal ciliary ultrastructure. More accurate identification of patients with PCD has also allowed definition of a strong clinical phenotype, which includes neonatal respiratory distress in >80% of cases, daily nasal congestion and wet cough starting soon after birth, and early development of recurrent/chronic middle-ear and sinus disease. Recent studies, using advanced imaging and pulmonary physiologic assessments, clearly demonstrate early onset of lung disease in PCD, with abnormal air flow mechanics by age 6-8 years that is similar to cystic fibrosis, and age-dependent onset of bronchiectasis. The treatment of PCD is not standardized, and there are no validated PCD-specific therapies. Most patients with PCD receive suboptimal management, which should include airway clearance, regular surveillance of pulmonary function and respiratory microbiology, and use of antibiotics targeted to pathogens. The PCD Foundation is developing a network of clinical centers, which should improve diagnosis and management of PCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephanie D. Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Margaret W. Leigh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Zebrafish Ciliopathy Screen Plus Human Mutational Analysis Identifies C21orf59 and CCDC65 Defects as Causing Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:672-86. [PMID: 24094744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is caused when defects of motile cilia lead to chronic airway infections, male infertility, and situs abnormalities. Multiple causative PCD mutations account for only 65% of cases, suggesting that many genes essential for cilia function remain to be discovered. By using zebrafish morpholino knockdown of PCD candidate genes as an in vivo screening platform, we identified c21orf59, ccdc65, and c15orf26 as critical for cilia motility. c21orf59 and c15orf26 knockdown in zebrafish and planaria blocked outer dynein arm assembly, and ccdc65 knockdown altered cilia beat pattern. Biochemical analysis in Chlamydomonas revealed that the C21orf59 ortholog FBB18 is a flagellar matrix protein that accumulates specifically when cilia motility is impaired. The Chlamydomonas ida6 mutant identifies CCDC65/FAP250 as an essential component of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex. Analysis of 295 individuals with PCD identified recessive truncating mutations of C21orf59 in four families and CCDC65 in two families. Similar to findings in zebrafish and planaria, mutations in C21orf59 caused loss of both outer and inner dynein arm components. Our results characterize two genes associated with PCD-causing mutations and elucidate two distinct mechanisms critical for motile cilia function: dynein arm assembly for C21orf59 and assembly of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex for CCDC65.
Collapse
|
200
|
Roles of cilia, fluid flow, and Ca2+ signaling in breaking of left-right symmetry. Trends Genet 2013; 30:10-7. [PMID: 24091059 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of left-right (L-R) asymmetry during embryogenesis is a classic problem in developmental biology. It is only since the 1990s, however, that substantial insight into this problem has been achieved by molecular and genetic approaches. Various genes required for L-R asymmetric morphogenesis in vertebrates have now been identified, and many of these genes are required for the formation and motility of cilia. Breaking of L-R symmetry in the mouse embryo occurs in the ventral node, where two types of cilia are present. Whereas centrally located motile cilia generate a leftward fluid flow, peripherally located immotile cilia sense a flow-dependent signal, which is either chemical or mechanical in nature. Although Ca2+ signaling is implicated in flow sensing, the precise mechanism remains unknown. Here we summarize current knowledge of L-R symmetry breaking in vertebrates (focusing on the mouse), with a special emphasis on the roles of cilia, fluid flow, and Ca2+ signaling.
Collapse
|