151
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Brookshire ENJ, Wurzburger N, Currey B, Menge DNL, Oatham MP, Roberts C. Symbiotic N fixation is sufficient to support net aboveground biomass accumulation in a humid tropical forest. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7571. [PMID: 31110241 PMCID: PMC6527854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43962-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation has been shown to support carbon storage in young regenerating tropical forests, but N-fixing trees can also be strong competitors with non-fixing trees, making it unclear which mechanism drives long term patterns in biomass accretion. Many tropical forests have excess N, but factors such as rising atmospheric CO2 or selective cutting practices might induce additional N demand. Here we combine decades of stem inventory data, in-situ measures of symbiotic N fixation, and simulations of N demand to evaluate demographic and biogeochemical controls on biomass dynamics in legume-rich lowland forests of Trinidad. We document sustained net biomass accumulation and high rates of N fixation in these forests, regardless of the timing of selective timber harvests, including an old growth stand. The biomass accumulation was explained by growth of non-fixing trees, not N-fixing trees, but the total amount of symbiotic N fixation was sufficient to account for most of net above ground N demands, suggesting that N-fixers could contribute to the long-term C sink in these forests via fertilizing non-fixers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N J Brookshire
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA.
| | | | - Bryce Currey
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA
| | - Duncan N L Menge
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Michael P Oatham
- Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Carlton Roberts
- Trinidad Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Fisheries, Forestry Division, Point Fortin, Trinidad and Tobago
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152
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Application of Risk-Based, Adaptive Pathways to Climate Adaptation Planning for Public Conservation Areas in NSW, Australia. CLIMATE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cli7040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Globally, areas of high-quality wildlife habitat of significant environmental value are at risk of permanent damage from climate change. These areas represent social-ecological systems that will require increasing management intervention to maintain their biological and socio-cultural values. Managers of protected areas have begun to recognize the inevitability of ecosystem change and the need to embrace dynamic approaches to intervention. However, significant uncertainty remains about the onset and severity of some impacts, which makes planning difficult. For Indigenous communities, there are intrinsic links between cultural heritage and the conservation of place and biodiversity that need to be better integrated in protected area planning and management. In New South Wales, Australia, management of public conservation reserves and national parks is the responsibility of a State government agency, the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS). This paper describes the outcomes of a participatory planning process with NPWS staff to, firstly, identify the options available, the available ‘tool kit’, to manage biodiversity and cultural heritage in protected areas; secondly, explore how the selection of management actions from the ‘tool kit’ is associated with the level of climate risk to biodiversity or cultural heritage assets; and thirdly, to understand how the form of individual management actions might adapt to changes in climate risk. Combining these three elements into a series of risk-based, adaptive pathways for conservation of biodiversity and cultural heritage is a novel approach that is currently supporting place-based planning for public conservation areas. Incorporation of the trade-offs and synergies in seeking to effectively manage these discrete but related types of values and the implications for conservation practice are discussed.
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153
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Waring BG, Pérez‐Aviles D, Murray JG, Powers JS. Plant community responses to stand‐level nutrient fertilization in a secondary tropical dry forest. Ecology 2019; 100:e02691. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie G. Waring
- Departments of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior and Plant and Microbial Biology University of Minnesota Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Daniel Pérez‐Aviles
- Departments of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior and Plant and Microbial Biology University of Minnesota Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Jessica G. Murray
- Department of Biology and Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah 84321 USA
| | - Jennifer S. Powers
- Departments of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior and Plant and Microbial Biology University of Minnesota Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panamá República de Panamá
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154
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Kou-Giesbrecht S, Menge D. Nitrogen-fixing trees could exacerbate climate change under elevated nitrogen deposition. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1493. [PMID: 30940812 PMCID: PMC6445091 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological nitrogen fixation can fuel CO2 sequestration by forests but can also stimulate soil emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas. Here we use a theoretical model to suggest that symbiotic nitrogen-fixing trees could either mitigate (CO2 sequestration outweighs soil N2O emissions) or exacerbate (vice versa) climate change relative to non-fixing trees, depending on their nitrogen fixation strategy (the degree to which they regulate nitrogen fixation to balance nitrogen supply and demand) and on nitrogen deposition. The model posits that nitrogen-fixing trees could exacerbate climate change globally relative to non-fixing trees by the radiative equivalent of 0.77 Pg C yr−1 under nitrogen deposition rates projected for 2030. This value is highly uncertain, but its magnitude suggests that this subject requires further study and that improving the representation of biological nitrogen fixation in climate models could substantially decrease estimates of the extent to which forests will mitigate climate change. The balance between CO2 sequestration by forests and soil N2O emissions is poorly constrained. Here, the authors use a theoretical model to demonstrate that symbiotic N2-fixing trees can either mitigate climate change or exacerbate it relative to non-fixing trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian Kou-Giesbrecht
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Duncan Menge
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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155
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Holmberg M, Aalto T, Akujärvi A, Arslan AN, Bergström I, Böttcher K, Lahtinen I, Mäkelä A, Markkanen T, Minunno F, Peltoniemi M, Rankinen K, Vihervaara P, Forsius M. Ecosystem Services Related to Carbon Cycling - Modeling Present and Future Impacts in Boreal Forests. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:343. [PMID: 30972088 PMCID: PMC6443878 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Forests regulate climate, as carbon, water and nutrient fluxes are modified by physiological processes of vegetation and soil. Forests also provide renewable raw material, food, and recreational possibilities. Rapid climate warming projected for the boreal zone may change the provision of these ecosystem services. We demonstrate model based estimates of present and future ecosystem services related to carbon cycling of boreal forests. The services were derived from biophysical variables calculated by two dynamic models. Future changes in the biophysical variables were driven by climate change scenarios obtained as results of a sample of global climate models downscaled for Finland, assuming three future pathways of radiative forcing. We introduce continuous monitoring on phenology to be used in model parametrization through a webcam network with automated image processing features. In our analysis, climate change impacts on key boreal forest ecosystem services are both beneficial and detrimental. Our results indicate an increase in annual forest growth of about 60% and an increase in annual carbon sink of roughly 40% from the reference period (1981-2010) to the end of the century. The vegetation active period was projected to start about 3 weeks earlier and end ten days later by the end of the century compared to currently. We found a risk for increasing drought, and a decrease in the number of soil frost days. Our results show a considerable uncertainty in future provision of boreal forest ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuula Aalto
- Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Akujärvi
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Ismo Lahtinen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annikki Mäkelä
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Francesco Minunno
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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156
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Li T, Li H, Zhang Q, Ma Z, Yu L, Lu Y, Niu Z, Sun W, Liu J. Prediction of CH 4 emissions from potential natural wetlands on the Tibetan Plateau during the 21st century. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:498-508. [PMID: 30550913 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The alpine wetlands on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are ecosystems vulnerable to global climate change. It has been recognized that future climate change may have a significant impact on methane (CH4) emissions from the plateau, while less attention has been paid to predicting temporal and spatial variations in CH4 emissions from TP natural wetlands. In this study, we used an integrated model framework based on the CH4MODwetland, TOPMODEL and TEM models to predict CH4 emissions from potential natural wetlands on the TP under IPCC AR5 scenarios from 2006 to 2100. The model estimates suggest that the mean area-weighted CH4 fluxes will increase from 4.45 ± 0.42 g m-2 yr-1 in 2006 to 4.79 ± 0.72, 5.99 ± 0.85 and 11.53 ± 1.33 g m-2 yr-1 under 3 Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios (RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios), respectively, by 2100. The dominant drivers stimulating CH4 emissions are air temperature, precipitation and net primary productivity (NPP). Spatially, CH4 fluxes and emissions showed a decreasing trend from south to north and from east to west. In response to climate change, a total of 0.42 ± 0.06, 0.54 ± 0.09 and 1.01 ± 0.12 Tg yr-1 of CH4 emissions will be emitted from the TP's potential natural wetlands by the end of this century under the RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hailing Li
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zhenfeng Ma
- Sichuan Climate Centre, Chengdu 610071, China
| | - Lingfei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yanyu Lu
- Anhui Climate Center, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zhenguo Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Institute of Remote Sensing Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenjuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Sichuan Climate Centre, Chengdu 610071, China
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157
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Crowther TW, Riggs C, Lind EM, Borer ET, Seabloom EW, Hobbie SE, Wubs J, Adler PB, Firn J, Gherardi L, Hagenah N, Hofmockel KS, Knops JMH, McCulley RL, MacDougall AS, Peri PL, Prober SM, Stevens CJ, Routh D. Sensitivity of global soil carbon stocks to combined nutrient enrichment. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:936-945. [PMID: 30884085 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Soil stores approximately twice as much carbon as the atmosphere and fluctuations in the size of the soil carbon pool directly influence climate conditions. We used the Nutrient Network global change experiment to examine how anthropogenic nutrient enrichment might influence grassland soil carbon storage at a global scale. In isolation, enrichment of nitrogen and phosphorous had minimal impacts on soil carbon storage. However, when these nutrients were added in combination with potassium and micronutrients, soil carbon stocks changed considerably, with an average increase of 0.04 KgCm-2 year-1 (standard deviation 0.18 KgCm-2 year-1 ). These effects did not correlate with changes in primary productivity, suggesting that soil carbon decomposition may have been restricted. Although nutrient enrichment caused soil carbon gains most dry, sandy regions, considerable absolute losses of soil carbon may occur in high-latitude regions that store the majority of the world's soil carbon. These mechanistic insights into the sensitivity of grassland carbon stocks to nutrient enrichment can facilitate biochemical modelling efforts to project carbon cycling under future climate scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Crowther
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Univeritätstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Riggs
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Ave. St, Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - E M Lind
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Ave. St, Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - E T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Ave. St, Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - E W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Ave. St, Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - S E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Ave. St, Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - J Wubs
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - P B Adler
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - J Firn
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Gardens Point Campus, Brisbane Queensland, 40000, Australia
| | - L Gherardi
- School of Life Sciences and Global Drylands Center, Arizona State University, Temple, USA
| | - N Hagenah
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - K S Hofmockel
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.,Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - J M H Knops
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - R L McCulley
- Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - A S MacDougall
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - P L Peri
- Department of Forestry, Agriculture and Water, National University-INTA-CONICET, Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, Patagonia, Argentina
| | - S M Prober
- CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag 5, Wembley, Western Australia, 6913
| | - C J Stevens
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - D Routh
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Univeritätstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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158
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Dong Z, Driscoll CT, Johnson SL, Campbell JL, Pourmokhtarian A, Stoner AMK, Hayhoe K. Projections of water, carbon, and nitrogen dynamics under future climate change in an old-growth Douglas-fir forest in the western Cascade Range using a biogeochemical model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:608-624. [PMID: 30529965 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Statistically downscaled climate change scenarios from four General Circulation Models for two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were applied as inputs to a biogeochemical model, PnET-BGC, to examine potential future dynamics of water, carbon, and nitrogen in an old-growth Douglas-fir forest in the western Cascade Range. Projections show 56% to 77% increases in stomatal conductance throughout the year from 1986-2010 to 2076-2100, and 65% to 104% increases in leaf carbon assimilation between October and June over the same period. However, future dynamics of water and carbon under the RCP scenarios are affected by a 49% to 86% reduction in foliar biomass resulting from severe air temperature and humidity stress to the forest in summer. Important implications of future decreases in foliar biomass include 1) 20% to 71% decreases in annual transpiration which increase soil moisture by 7% to 15% in summer and fall; 2) decreases in photosynthesis by 77% and soil organic matter by 62% under the high radiative forcing scenario; and 3) altered foliar and soil carbon to nitrogen stoichiometry. Potential carbon dioxide fertilization effects on vegetation are projected to 1) amplify decreases in transpiration by 4% to 9% and increases in soil moisture in summer and fall by 1% to 2%; and 2) alleviate decreases in photosynthesis by 4%; while 3) having negligible effects on the dynamics of nitrogen. Our projections suggest that future decrease in transpiration and moderate water holding capacity may mitigate soil moisture stress to the old-growth Douglas-fir forest. Future increases in nitrogen concentration in soil organic matter are projected to alleviate the decrease in net nitrogen mineralization despite a reduction in decomposition of soil organic matter by the end of the century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Dong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
| | - Charles T Driscoll
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Sherri L Johnson
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - John L Campbell
- Northern Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Afshin Pourmokhtarian
- Department of Construction Management, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anne M K Stoner
- Climate Science Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Katharine Hayhoe
- Climate Science Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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159
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Nasto MK, Winter K, Turner BL, Cleveland CC. Nutrient acquisition strategies augment growth in tropical N
2
‐fixing trees in nutrient‐poor soil and under elevated
CO
2. Ecology 2019; 100:e02646. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan K. Nasto
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation University of Montana Missoula Montana 59812 USA
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843‐03092 Balboa Ancón Republic of Panama
| | - Benjamin L. Turner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843‐03092 Balboa Ancón Republic of Panama
| | - Cory C. Cleveland
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation University of Montana Missoula Montana 59812 USA
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160
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Effects of stand age on carbon storage in dragon spruce forest ecosystems in the upper reaches of the Bailongjiang River basin, China. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3005. [PMID: 30816293 PMCID: PMC6395737 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39626-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
At an ecosystem level, stand age has a significant influence on carbon storage (CS). Dragon spruce (Picea asperata Mast.) situated along the upper reaches of the Bailongjiang River in northwest China were categorized into three age classes (29-32 years, Y1; 34-39 years, Y2; 40-46 years, Y3), and age-related differences in total carbon storage (TCS) of the forest ecosystem were investigated for the first time. Results showed that TCS for the Y1, Y2, and the Y3 age groups were 323.64, 240.66 and 174.60 Mg ha-1, respectively. The average TCS of the three age groups was 255.65 Mg C ha-1, with above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, litter, and soil in the top 0.6 m contributing 15.0%, 3.7%, 12.1%, and 69.2%, respectively. CS in soil and TCS of the Y1 age group both significantly exceeded those of the Y3 age group (P < 0.05). Contrary to other recent findings, the present study supports the hypothesis that TCS is likely to decrease as stand age increases. This indicates that natural resource managers should rejuvenate forests by routinely thinning older stands, thereby not only achieving vegetation restoration, but also allowing these stands to create a long-term carbon sink for this important eco-region.
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161
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Nie T, Zhang Z, Qi Z, Chen P, Sun Z, Liu X. Characterizing Spatiotemporal Dynamics of CH₄ Fluxes from Rice Paddies of Cold Region in Heilongjiang Province under Climate Change. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16050692. [PMID: 30813633 PMCID: PMC6427409 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Paddy fields have become a major global anthropogenic CH4 emission source, and climate change affects CH4 emissions from paddy ecosystems by changing crop growth and the soil environment. It has been recognized that Heilongjiang Province has become an important source of CH4 emission due to its dramatically increased rice planting area, while less attention has been paid to characterize the effects of climate change on the spatiotemporal dynamics of CH4 fluxes. In this study, we used the calibrated and validated Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG) model and DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC) model to simulate historical and future CH4 fluxes under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 of four global climate models (GCMs) in Heilongjiang Province. During 1960–2015, the average CH4 fluxes and climatic tendencies were 145.56 kg C/ha and 11.88 kg C/ha/(10a), respectively. Spatially, the CH4 fluxes showed a decreasing trend from west to east, and the climatic tendencies in the northern and western parts were higher. During 2021–2080, the annual average CH4 fluxes under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 were predicted to be 213.46 kg C/ha and 252.19 kg C/ha, respectively, and their spatial distributions were similar to the historical distribution. The average climatic tendencies were 13.40 kg C/ha/(10a) and 29.86 kg C/ha/(10a), respectively, which decreased from west to east. The simulation scenario analysis showed that atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature affected CH4 fluxes by changing soil organic carbon (SOC) content and plant biomass. This study indicated that a paddy ecosystem in a cold region is an important part of China’s greenhouse gas emission inventory in future scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangzhe Nie
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resource Use, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Zhongxue Zhang
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resource Use, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Zhijuan Qi
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resource Use, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resource Use, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Zhongyi Sun
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Xingchao Liu
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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162
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Kolus HR, Huntzinger DN, Schwalm CR, Fisher JB, McKay N, Fang Y, Michalak AM, Schaefer K, Wei Y, Poulter B, Mao J, Parazoo NC, Shi X. Land carbon models underestimate the severity and duration of drought's impact on plant productivity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2758. [PMID: 30808971 PMCID: PMC6391443 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39373-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to accurately predict ecosystem drought response and recovery is necessary to produce reliable forecasts of land carbon uptake and future climate. Using a suite of models from the Multi-scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP), we assessed modeled net primary productivity (NPP) response to, and recovery from, drought events against a benchmark derived from tree ring observations between 1948 and 2008 across forested regions of the US and Europe. We find short lag times (0-6 months) between climate anomalies and modeled NPP response. Although models accurately simulate the direction of drought legacy effects (i.e. NPP decreases), projected effects are approximately four times shorter and four times weaker than observations suggest. This discrepancy between observed and simulated vegetation recovery from drought reveals a potential critical model deficiency. Since productivity is a crucial component of the land carbon balance, models that underestimate drought recovery time could overestimate predictions of future land carbon sink strength and, consequently, underestimate forecasts of atmospheric CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Kolus
- School of Earth and Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 4099, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-5694, USA.
| | - Deborah N Huntzinger
- School of Earth and Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 4099, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-5694, USA
| | | | - Joshua B Fisher
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Nicholas McKay
- School of Earth and Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 4099, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-5694, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Anna M Michalak
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kevin Schaefer
- National Snow and Ice Data Center, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Yaxing Wei
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Benjamin Poulter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - Jiafu Mao
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831-6301, USA
| | - Nicholas C Parazoo
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shi
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831-6301, USA
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163
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Abstract
Although the existence of a large carbon sink in terrestrial ecosystems is well-established, the drivers of this sink remain uncertain. It has been suggested that perturbations to forest demography caused by past land-use change, management, and natural disturbances may be causing a large component of current carbon uptake. Here we use a global compilation of forest age observations, combined with a terrestrial biosphere model with explicit modeling of forest regrowth, to partition the global forest carbon sink between old-growth and regrowth stands over the period 1981-2010. For 2001-2010 we find a carbon sink of 0.85 (0.66-0.96) Pg year-1 located in intact old-growth forest, primarily in the moist tropics and boreal Siberia, and 1.30 (1.03-1.96) Pg year-1 located in stands regrowing after past disturbance. Approaching half of the sink in regrowth stands would have occurred from demographic changes alone, in the absence of other environmental changes. These age-constrained results show consistency with those simulated using an ensemble of demographically-enabled terrestrial biosphere models following an independent reconstruction of historical land use and management. We estimate that forests will accumulate an additional 69 (44-131) Pg C in live biomass from changes in demography alone if natural disturbances, wood harvest, and reforestation continue at rates comparable to those during 1981-2010. Our results confirm that it is not possible to understand the current global terrestrial carbon sink without accounting for the sizeable sink due to forest demography. They also imply that a large portion of the current terrestrial carbon sink is strictly transient in nature.
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164
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Tree-ring isotopes capture interannual vegetation productivity dynamics at the biome scale. Nat Commun 2019; 10:742. [PMID: 30765694 PMCID: PMC6375978 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08634-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Historical and future trends in net primary productivity (NPP) and its sensitivity to global change are largely unknown because of the lack of long-term, high-resolution data. Here we test whether annually resolved tree-ring stable carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotopes can be used as proxies for reconstructing past NPP. Stable isotope chronologies from four sites within three distinct hydroclimatic environments in the eastern United States (US) were compared in time and space against satellite-derived NPP products, including the long-term Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS3g) NPP (1982–2011), the newest high-resolution Landsat NPP (1986–2015), and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS, 2001–2015) NPP. We show that tree-ring isotopes, in particular δ18O, correlate strongly with satellite NPP estimates at both local and large geographical scales in the eastern US. These findings represent an important breakthrough for estimating interannual variability and long-term changes in terrestrial productivity at the biome scale. Historical and future trends in net primary productivity (NPP) and its sensitivity to global change are largely unknown because of the lack of long-term, high-resolution data. Here the authors show that tree-ring isotopes can be used for inferring interannual variability and long-term changes in NPP.
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165
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Sullivan BW, Nifong RL, Nasto MK, Alvarez-Clare S, Dencker CM, Soper FM, Shoemaker KT, Ishida FY, Zaragoza-Castells J, Davidson EA, Cleveland CC. Biogeochemical recuperation of lowland tropical forest during succession. Ecology 2019; 100:e02641. [PMID: 30712256 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
High rates of land conversion and land use change have vastly increased the proportion of secondary forest in the lowland tropics relative to mature forest. As secondary forests recover following abandonment, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) must be present in sufficient quantities to sustain high rates of net primary production and to replenish the nutrients lost during land use prior to secondary forest establishment. Biogeochemical theory and results from individual studies suggest that N can recuperate during secondary forest recovery, especially relative to P. Here, we synthesized 23 metrics of N and P in soil and plants from 45 secondary forest chronosequences located in the wet tropics to empirically explore (1) whether there is a consistent change in nutrients and nutrient cycling processes during secondary succession in the biome; (2) which metrics of N and P in soil and plants recuperate most consistently; (3) if the recuperation of nutrients during succession approaches similar nutrient concentrations and fluxes as those in mature forest in ~100 yr following the initiation of succession; and (4) whether site characteristics, including disturbance history, climate, and soil order are significantly related to nutrient recuperation. During secondary forest succession, nine metrics of N and/or P cycling changed consistently and substantially. In most sites, N concentrations and fluxes in both plants and soil increased during secondary succession, and total P concentrations increased in surface soil. Changes in nutrient concentrations and nutrient cycling processes during secondary succession were similar whether mature forest was included or excluded from the analysis, indicating that nutrient recuperation in secondary forest leads to biogeochemical conditions that are similar to those of mature forest. Further, of the N and P metrics that recuperated, only soil total P and foliar δ15 N were strongly influenced by site characteristics like climate, soils, or disturbance history. Predictable nutrient recuperation across a diverse and productive ecosystem may support future forest growth and could provide a means to quantify successful restoration of ecosystem function in secondary tropical forest beyond biomass or species composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Sullivan
- Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Science and The Global Water Center, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, 89557, USA
| | - Rachel L Nifong
- Water Quality and Ecology Research Unit, National Sedimentation Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Oxford, Mississippi, 38655, USA
| | - Megan K Nasto
- Department of Biology and The Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
| | | | - Camie M Dencker
- Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Science and The Global Water Center, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, 89557, USA
| | - Fiona M Soper
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
| | - Kevin T Shoemaker
- Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Science and The Global Water Center, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, 89557, USA
| | - F Yoko Ishida
- Centre for Tropical, Environmental and Sustainability Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia
| | - Joana Zaragoza-Castells
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Eric A Davidson
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, Maryland, 21532, USA
| | - Cory C Cleveland
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
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166
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Bauters M, Verbeeck H, Rütting T, Barthel M, Bazirake Mujinya B, Bamba F, Bodé S, Boyemba F, Bulonza E, Carlsson E, Eriksson L, Makelele I, Six J, Cizungu Ntaboba L, Boeckx P. Contrasting nitrogen fluxes in African tropical forests of the Congo Basin. ECOL MONOGR 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marijn Bauters
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory - ISOFYS; Department of Green Chemistry and Technology; Ghent University; Coupure Links 653 9000 Gent Belgium
- CAVElab, Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology; Department of Environment; Ghent University; Coupure Links 653 9000 Gent Belgium
| | - Hans Verbeeck
- CAVElab, Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology; Department of Environment; Ghent University; Coupure Links 653 9000 Gent Belgium
| | - Tobias Rütting
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of Gothenburg; Box 460 405 30 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Matti Barthel
- Sustainable Agroecosystems; Department of Environmental Systems Science; ETH Zürich; Tannenstrasse 1 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Basile Bazirake Mujinya
- Laboratory of Soil Science; Department of General Agricultural Sciences; University of Lubumbashi; PO Box 1825 Lubumbashi Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Fernando Bamba
- Faculté d'Agronomie; Université Catholique de Bukavu; Avenue de la Mission, Box 285 Bukavu Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Samuel Bodé
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory - ISOFYS; Department of Green Chemistry and Technology; Ghent University; Coupure Links 653 9000 Gent Belgium
| | - Faustin Boyemba
- Plant Department; Faculty of Science; Université de Kisangani; Kisangani Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Emmanuel Bulonza
- Faculté d'Agronomie; Université Catholique de Bukavu; Avenue de la Mission, Box 285 Bukavu Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Elin Carlsson
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of Gothenburg; Box 460 405 30 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Linnéa Eriksson
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of Gothenburg; Box 460 405 30 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Isaac Makelele
- Faculté d'Agronomie; Université Catholique de Bukavu; Avenue de la Mission, Box 285 Bukavu Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Johan Six
- Sustainable Agroecosystems; Department of Environmental Systems Science; ETH Zürich; Tannenstrasse 1 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Landry Cizungu Ntaboba
- Faculté d'Agronomie; Université Catholique de Bukavu; Avenue de la Mission, Box 285 Bukavu Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory - ISOFYS; Department of Green Chemistry and Technology; Ghent University; Coupure Links 653 9000 Gent Belgium
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167
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Fatichi S, Pappas C, Zscheischler J, Leuzinger S. Modelling carbon sources and sinks in terrestrial vegetation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:652-668. [PMID: 30339280 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 652 I. Introduction 652 II. Discrepancy in predicting the effects of rising [CO2 ] on the terrestrial C sink 655 III. Carbon and nutrient storage in plants and its modelling 656 IV. Modelling the source and the sink: a plant perspective 657 V. Plant-scale water and Carbon flux models 660 VI. Challenges for the future 662 Acknowledgements 663 Authors contributions 663 References 663 SUMMARY: The increase in atmospheric CO2 in the future is one of the most certain projections in environmental sciences. Understanding whether vegetation carbon assimilation, growth, and changes in vegetation carbon stocks are affected by higher atmospheric CO2 and translating this understanding in mechanistic vegetation models is of utmost importance. This is highlighted by inconsistencies between global-scale studies that attribute terrestrial carbon sinks to CO2 stimulation of gross and net primary production on the one hand, and forest inventories, tree-scale studies, and plant physiological evidence showing a much less pronounced CO2 fertilization effect on the other hand. Here, we review how plant carbon sources and sinks are currently described in terrestrial biosphere models. We highlight an uneven representation of complexity between the modelling of photosynthesis and other processes, such as plant respiration, direct carbon sinks, and carbon allocation, largely driven by available observations. Despite a general lack of data on carbon sink dynamics to drive model improvements, ways forward toward a mechanistic representation of plant carbon sinks are discussed, leveraging on results obtained from plant-scale models and on observations geared toward model developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Fatichi
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Stefano Franscini Platz 5, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoforos Pappas
- Département de géographie and Centre d'études nordiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2V 2B8, Canada
| | - Jakob Zscheischler
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Leuzinger
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Wakefield Street 46, 1142, Auckland, New Zealand
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168
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Green JK, Seneviratne SI, Berg AM, Findell KL, Hagemann S, Lawrence DM, Gentine P. Large influence of soil moisture on long-term terrestrial carbon uptake. Nature 2019; 565:476-479. [PMID: 30675043 PMCID: PMC6355256 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0848-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the terrestrial biosphere absorbs about 25 per cent of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, the rate of land carbon uptake remains highly uncertain, leading to uncertainties in climate projections1,2. Understanding the factors that limit or drive land carbon storage is therefore important for improving climate predictions. One potential limiting factor for land carbon uptake is soil moisture, which can reduce gross primary production through ecosystem water stress3,4, cause vegetation mortality5 and further exacerbate climate extremes due to land-atmosphere feedbacks6. Previous work has explored the impact of soil-moisture availability on past carbon-flux variability3,7,8. However, the influence of soil-moisture variability and trends on the long-term carbon sink and the mechanisms responsible for associated carbon losses remain uncertain. Here we use the data output from four Earth system models9 from a series of experiments to analyse the responses of terrestrial net biome productivity to soil-moisture changes, and find that soil-moisture variability and trends induce large CO2 fluxes (about two to three gigatons of carbon per year; comparable with the land carbon sink itself1) throughout the twenty-first century. Subseasonal and interannual soil-moisture variability generate CO2 as a result of the nonlinear response of photosynthesis and net ecosystem exchange to soil-water availability and of the increased temperature and vapour pressure deficit caused by land-atmosphere interactions. Soil-moisture variability reduces the present land carbon sink, and its increase and drying trends in several regions are expected to reduce it further. Our results emphasize that the capacity of continents to act as a future carbon sink critically depends on the nonlinear response of carbon fluxes to soil moisture and on land-atmosphere interactions. This suggests that the increasing trend in carbon uptake rate may not be sustained past the middle of the century and could result in accelerated atmospheric CO2 growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Green
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Sonia I Seneviratne
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexis M Berg
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Stefan Hagemann
- Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - David M Lawrence
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, Terrestrial Sciences, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Pierre Gentine
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- The Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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169
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Graham EB, Crump AR, Kennedy DW, Arntzen E, Fansler S, Purvine SO, Nicora CD, Nelson W, Tfaily MM, Stegen JC. Multi 'omics comparison reveals metabolome biochemistry, not microbiome composition or gene expression, corresponds to elevated biogeochemical function in the hyporheic zone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 642:742-753. [PMID: 29920461 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biogeochemical hotspots are pervasive at terrestrial-aquatic interfaces, particularly within groundwater-surface water mixing zones (hyporheic zones), and they are critical to understanding spatiotemporal variation in biogeochemical cycling. Here, we use multi 'omic comparisons of hotspots to low-activity sediments to gain mechanistic insight into hyporheic zone organic matter processing. We hypothesized that microbiome structure and function, as described by metagenomics and metaproteomics, would distinguish hotspots from low-activity sediments by shifting metabolism towards carbohydrate-utilizing pathways and elucidate discrete mechanisms governing organic matter processing in each location. We also expected these differences to be reflected in the metabolome, whereby hotspot carbon (C) pools and metabolite transformations therein would be enriched in sugar-associated compounds. In contrast to expectations, we found pronounced phenotypic plasticity in the hyporheic zone microbiome that was denoted by similar microbiome structure, functional potential, and expression across sediments with dissimilar metabolic rates. Instead, diverse nitrogenous metabolites and biochemical transformations characterized hotspots. Metabolomes also corresponded more strongly to aerobic metabolism than bulk C or N content only (explaining 67% vs. 42% and 37% of variation respectively), and bulk C and N did not improve statistical models based on metabolome composition alone. These results point to organic nitrogen as a significant regulatory factor influencing hyporheic zone organic matter processing. Based on our findings, we propose incorporating knowledge of metabolic pathways associated with different chemical fractions of C pools into ecosystem models will enhance prediction accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Graham
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | | | | | - Evan Arntzen
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Sarah Fansler
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Carrie D Nicora
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - William Nelson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Malak M Tfaily
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - James C Stegen
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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170
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Huang K, Xia J, Wang Y, Ahlström A, Chen J, Cook RB, Cui E, Fang Y, Fisher JB, Huntzinger DN, Li Z, Michalak AM, Qiao Y, Schaefer K, Schwalm C, Wang J, Wei Y, Xu X, Yan L, Bian C, Luo Y. Enhanced peak growth of global vegetation and its key mechanisms. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1897-1905. [PMID: 30420745 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The annual peak growth of vegetation is critical in characterizing the capacity of terrestrial ecosystem productivity and shaping the seasonality of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The recent greening of global lands suggests an increasing trend of terrestrial vegetation growth, but whether or not the peak growth has been globally enhanced still remains unclear. Here, we use two global datasets of gross primary productivity (GPP) and a satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to characterize recent changes in annual peak vegetation growth (that is, GPPmax and NDVImax). We demonstrate that the peak in the growth of global vegetation has been linearly increasing during the past three decades. About 65% of the NDVImax variation is evenly explained by expanding croplands (21%), rising CO2 (22%) and intensifying nitrogen deposition (22%). The contribution of expanding croplands to the peak growth trend is substantiated by measurements from eddy-flux towers, sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and a global database of plant traits, all of which demonstrate that croplands have a higher photosynthetic capacity than other vegetation types. The large contribution of CO2 is also supported by a meta-analysis of 466 manipulative experiments and 15 terrestrial biosphere models. Furthermore, we show that the contribution of GPPmax to the change in annual GPP is less in the tropics than in other regions. These multiple lines of evidence reveal an increasing trend in the peak growth of global vegetation. The findings highlight the important roles of agricultural intensification and atmospheric changes in reshaping the seasonality of global vegetation growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Huang
- Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem Research, Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianyang Xia
- Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem Research, Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. .,Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yingping Wang
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Terrestrial Biogeochemistry Group, South China Botanic Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anders Ahlström
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Earth System Sstudy confirms the long-term increase incience, School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jiquan Chen
- Center for Global Change and Earth Observations and Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Robert B Cook
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Erqian Cui
- Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem Research, Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joshua B Fisher
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Zhao Li
- Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem Research, Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anna M Michalak
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yang Qiao
- Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem Research, Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kevin Schaefer
- National Snow and Ice Data Center, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Jing Wang
- Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem Research, Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxing Wei
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Xiaoni Xu
- Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem Research, Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Yan
- Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem Research, Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Forest Ecosystem Research and Observation Station in Putuo Island, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyu Bian
- Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem Research, Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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171
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Du E, de Vries W. Nitrogen-induced new net primary production and carbon sequestration in global forests. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1476-1487. [PMID: 30142563 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) deposition and biological N fixation (BNF) are main external N inputs into terrestrial ecosystems. However, few studies have simultaneously quantified the contribution of these two external N inputs to global NPP and consequent C sequestration. Based on literature analysis, we estimated new net primary production (NPP) due to external N inputs from BNF and N deposition and the consequent C sinks in global boreal, temperate and tropical forest biomes via a stoichiometric scaling approach. Nitrogen-induced new NPP is estimated to be 3.48 Pg C yr-1 in global established forests and contributes to a C sink of 1.83 Pg C yr-1. More specifically, the aboveground and belowground new NPP are estimated to be 2.36 and 1.12 Pg C yr-1, while the external N-induced C sinks in wood and soil are estimated to be 1.51 and 0.32 Pg C yr-1, respectively. BNF contributes to a major proportion of N-induced new NPP (3.07 Pg C yr-1) in global forest, and accounts for a C sink of 1.58 Pg C yr-1. Compared with BNF, N deposition only makes a minor contribution to new NPP (0.41 Pg C yr-1) and C sinks (0.25 Pg C yr-1) in global forests. At the biome scale, rates of N-induced new NPP and C sink show an increase from boreal forest towards tropical forest, as mainly driven by an increase of BNF. In contrast, N deposition leads to a larger C sink in temperate forest (0.11 Pg C yr-1) than boreal (0.06 Pg C yr-1) and tropical forest (0.08 Pg C yr-1). Our estimate of total C sink due to N-induced new NPP approximately matches an independent assessment of total C sink in global established forests, suggesting that external N inputs by BNF and atmospheric deposition are key drivers of C sinks in global forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzai Du
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Wim de Vries
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Center, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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172
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Verlinden MS, Ven A, Verbruggen E, Janssens IA, Wallander H, Vicca S. Favorable effect of mycorrhizae on biomass production efficiency exceeds their carbon cost in a fertilization experiment. Ecology 2018; 99:2525-2534. [PMID: 30218450 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Biomass production efficiency (BPE), the ratio of biomass production to photosynthesis, varies greatly among ecosystems and typically increases with increasing nutrient availability. Reduced carbon partitioning to mycorrhizal fungi (i.e., per unit photosynthesis) is the hypothesized underlying mechanism, as mycorrhizal abundance and plant dependence on these symbionts typically decrease with increasing nutrient availability. In a mesocosm experiment with Zea mays, we investigated the effect of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) addition and of mycorrhizal inoculation on BPE. Photosynthesis and respiration were measured at mesocosm scale and at leaf scale. The growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was assessed with ingrowth bags while also making use of the difference in δ13 C between C4 plants and C3 soil. Mesocosms without AMF, that is, with pasteurized soil, were used to further explore the role of AMF. Plant growth, photosynthesis, and BPE were positively affected by P, but not by N addition. AMF biomass also was slightly higher under P addition, but carbon partitioning to AMF was significantly lower than without P addition. Interestingly, in the absence of AMF, plants that did not receive P died prematurely. Our study confirmed the hypothesis that BPE increases with increasing nutrient availability, and that carbon partitioning to AMF plays a key role in this nutrient effect. The comparison of inoculated vs. pasteurized mesocosms further suggested a lower carbon cost of nutrient uptake via AMF than via other mechanisms under nutrient rich conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S Verlinden
- Research Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, BE-2610, Belgium
| | - Arne Ven
- Research Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, BE-2610, Belgium
| | - Erik Verbruggen
- Research Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, BE-2610, Belgium
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Research Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, BE-2610, Belgium
| | - Håkan Wallander
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, 223 62, Sweden
| | - Sara Vicca
- Research Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, BE-2610, Belgium
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173
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Future biomass carbon sequestration capacity of Chinese forests. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2018; 63:1108-1117. [PMID: 36658990 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chinese forests, characterized by relatively young stand age, represent a significant biomass carbon (C) sink over the past several decades. Nevertheless, it is unclear how forest biomass C sequestration capacity in China will evolve as forest age, climate and atmospheric CO2 concentration change continuously. Here, we present a semi-empirical model that incorporates forest age and climatic factors for each forest type to estimate the effects of forest age and climate change on total forest biomass, under three different scenarios based on the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). We estimate that age-related forest biomass C sequestration to be 6.69 Pg C (∼0.17 Pg C a-1) from the 2000s to the 2040s. Climate change induces a rather weak increase in total forest biomass C sequestration (0.52-0.60 Pg C by the 2040s). We show that rising CO2 concentrations could further increase the total forest biomass C sequestration by 1.68-3.12 Pg C in the 2040s across all three scenarios. Overall, the total forest biomass in China would increase by 8.89-10.37 Pg C by the end of 2040s. Our findings highlight the benefits of Chinese afforestation programs, continued climate change and increasing CO2 concentration in sustaining the forest biomass C sink in the near future, and could therefore be useful for designing more realistic climate change mitigation policies such as continuous forestation programs and careful choice of tree species.
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174
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Homyak PM, Blankinship JC, Slessarev EW, Schaeffer SM, Manzoni S, Schimel JP. Effects of altered dry season length and plant inputs on soluble soil carbon. Ecology 2018; 99:2348-2362. [PMID: 30047578 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Soil moisture controls microbial activity and soil carbon cycling. Because microbial activity decreases as soils dry, decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) is thought to decrease with increasing drought length. Yet, microbial biomass and a pool of water-extractable organic carbon (WEOC) can increase as soils dry, perhaps implying microbes may continue to break down SOM even if drought stressed. Here, we test the hypothesis that WEOC increases as soils dry because exoenzymes continue to break down litter, while their products accumulate because they cannot diffuse to microbes. To test this hypothesis, we manipulated field plots by cutting off litter inputs and by irrigating and excluding precipitation inputs to extend or shorten the length of the dry season. We expected that the longer the soils would remain dry, the more WEOC would accumulate in the presence of litter, whereas shortening the length of the dry season, or cutting off litter inputs, would reduce WEOC accumulation. Lastly, we incubated grass roots in the laboratory and measured the concentration of reducing sugars and potential hydrolytic enzyme activities, strictly to understand the mechanisms whereby exoenzymes break down litter over the dry season. As expected, extending dry season length increased WEOC concentrations by 30% above the 108 μg C/g measured in untreated plots, whereas keeping soils moist prevented WEOC from accumulating. Contrary to our hypothesis, excluding plant litter inputs actually increased WEOC concentrations by 40% above the 105 μg C/g measured in plots with plants. Reducing sugars did not accumulate in dry senesced roots in our laboratory incubation. Potential rates of reducing sugar production by hydrolytic enzymes ranged from 0.7 to 10 μmol·g-1 ·h-1 and far exceeded the rates of reducing sugar accumulation (~0.001 μmol·g-1 ·h-1 ). Our observations do not support the hypothesis that exoenzymes continue to break down litter to produce WEOC in dry soils. Instead, we develop the argument that physical processes are more likely to govern short-term WEOC dynamics via slaking of microaggregates that stabilize SOM and through WEOC redistribution when soils wet up, as well as through less understood effects of drought on the soil mineral matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Homyak
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, USA
| | - Joseph C Blankinship
- Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721-0038, USA
| | - Eric W Slessarev
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology and Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, USA
| | - Sean M Schaeffer
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
| | - Stefano Manzoni
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.,Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joshua P Schimel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology and Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, USA
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175
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Patterns of plant carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentration in relation to productivity in China's terrestrial ecosystems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:4033-4038. [PMID: 29666316 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700295114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content regulate productivity and carbon (C) sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems. Estimates of the allocation of N and P content in plant tissues and the relationship between nutrient content and photosynthetic capacity are critical to predicting future ecosystem C sequestration under global change. In this study, by investigating the nutrient concentrations of plant leaves, stems, and roots across China's terrestrial biomes, we document large-scale patterns of community-level concentrations of C, N, and P. We also examine the possible correlation between nutrient content and plant production as indicated by vegetation gross primary productivity (GPP). The nationally averaged community concentrations of C, N, and P were 436.8, 14.14, and 1.11 mg·g-1 for leaves; 448.3, 3.04 and 0.31 mg·g-1 for stems; and 418.2, 4.85, and 0.47 mg·g-1 for roots, respectively. The nationally averaged leaf N and P productivity was 249.5 g C GPP·g-1 N·y-1 and 3,157.9 g C GPP·g-1 P·y-1, respectively. The N and P concentrations in stems and roots were generally more sensitive to the abiotic environment than those in leaves. There were strong power-law relationships between N (or P) content in different tissues for all biomes, which were closely coupled with vegetation GPP. These findings not only provide key parameters to develop empirical models to scale the responses of plants to global change from a single tissue to the whole community but also offer large-scale evidence of biome-dependent regulation of C sequestration by nutrients.
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176
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177
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Sun Z, Wang X, Yamamoto H, Tani H, Zhong G, Yin S, Guo E. Spatial pattern of GPP variations in terrestrial ecosystems and its drivers: Climatic factors, CO2 concentration and land-cover change, 1982–2015. ECOL INFORM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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178
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Tan Q, Wang G, Liu X, Hao T, Tan W. Responses of soil organic carbon turnover to nitrogen deposition are associated with nitrogen input rates: Derived from soil 14C evidences. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:500-507. [PMID: 29604563 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has exerted profound influences on ecosystems. Understanding the effects of N deposition on the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) is important in the studies of global carbon cycle. Although many studies have examined the effects of N deposition on SOC turnover using N addition experiments, the effects were reported to be different across studies. Thus, we lack a predictive understanding of how SOC turnover respond to atmospheric N deposition. The inconsistent results could be associated with ecosystem types and N addition rates. This study mainly wants to confirm the argument that the response of SOC turnover to N deposition is related with N input rates. We conducted a field experiment with multiple N addition levels (0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 g N m-2·yr-1) in Inner Mongolia Grassland, China. To better reveal the responses of SOC turnover to N enrichment, this study measured the soil 14C contents, because it can indicate SOC turnover directly. Compared with the control treatment (0 g N m-2·yr-1), N addition inhibits SOC turnover at the addition rate of 3 g N m-2·yr-1, whereas SOC turnover is not affected when N addition rate was 6, 12, and 24 g N m-2·yr-1. Our results suggest that N input rates affect the responses of SOC turnover to N enrichment. Thus, this study can confirm the argument mentioned above. Based on this study, it should be considered in the climate prediction model that varied atmospheric N deposition levels across regions may have different impacts on local SOC turnover. In addition, we also carried out a soil incubation to compare between the results obtained in incubation and that in 14C measurements. Two results are found to be inconsistent with each other. This indicates that soil respiration from incubation experiments could not comprehensively assess the effects of N deposition on SOC turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Tan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention-control and Remediation, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guoan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention-control and Remediation, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xuejun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention-control and Remediation, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tianxiang Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention-control and Remediation, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenbing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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179
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Wieder WR, Hartman MD, Sulman BN, Wang YP, Koven CD, Bonan GB. Carbon cycle confidence and uncertainty: Exploring variation among soil biogeochemical models. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:1563-1579. [PMID: 29120516 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging insights into factors responsible for soil organic matter stabilization and decomposition are being applied in a variety of contexts, but new tools are needed to facilitate the understanding, evaluation, and improvement of soil biogeochemical theory and models at regional to global scales. To isolate the effects of model structural uncertainty on the global distribution of soil carbon stocks and turnover times we developed a soil biogeochemical testbed that forces three different soil models with consistent climate and plant productivity inputs. The models tested here include a first-order, microbial implicit approach (CASA-CNP), and two recently developed microbially explicit models that can be run at global scales (MIMICS and CORPSE). When forced with common environmental drivers, the soil models generated similar estimates of initial soil carbon stocks (roughly 1,400 Pg C globally, 0-100 cm), but each model shows a different functional relationship between mean annual temperature and inferred turnover times. Subsequently, the models made divergent projections about the fate of these soil carbon stocks over the 20th century, with models either gaining or losing over 20 Pg C globally between 1901 and 2010. Single-forcing experiments with changed inputs, temperature, and moisture suggest that uncertainty associated with freeze-thaw processes as well as soil textural effects on soil carbon stabilization were larger than direct temperature uncertainties among models. Finally, the models generated distinct projections about the timing and magnitude of seasonal heterotrophic respiration rates, again reflecting structural uncertainties that were related to environmental sensitivities and assumptions about physicochemical stabilization of soil organic matter. By providing a computationally tractable and numerically consistent framework to evaluate models we aim to better understand uncertainties among models and generate insights about factors regulating the turnover of soil organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Wieder
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Melannie D Hartman
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Benjamin N Sulman
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Vic., Australia
| | - Charles D Koven
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Gordon B Bonan
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
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180
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Averill C, Waring B. Nitrogen limitation of decomposition and decay: How can it occur? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:1417-1427. [PMID: 29121419 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The availability of nitrogen (N) is a critical control on the cycling and storage of soil carbon (C). Yet, there are conflicting conceptual models to explain how N availability influences the decomposition of organic matter by soil microbial communities. Several lines of evidence suggest that N availability limits decomposition; the earliest stages of leaf litter decay are associated with a net import of N from the soil environment, and both observations and models show that high N organic matter decomposes more rapidly. In direct contrast to these findings, experimental additions of inorganic N to soils broadly show a suppression of microbial activity, which is inconsistent with N limitation of decomposition. Resolving this apparent contradiction is critical to representing nutrient dynamics in predictive ecosystem models under a multitude of global change factors that alter soil N availability. Here, we propose a new conceptual framework, the Carbon, Acidity, and Mineral Protection hypothesis, to understand the effects of N availability on soil C cycling and storage and explore the predictions of this framework with a mathematical model. Our model simulations demonstrate that N addition can have opposing effects on separate soil C pools (particulate and mineral-protected carbon) because they are differentially affected by microbial biomass growth. Moreover, changes in N availability are frequently linked to shifts in soil pH or osmotic stress, which can independently affect microbial biomass dynamics and mask N stimulation of microbial activity. Thus, the net effect of N addition on soil C is dependent upon interactions among microbial physiology, soil mineralogy, and soil acidity. We believe that our synthesis provides a broadly applicable conceptual framework to understand and predict the effect of changes in soil N availability on ecosystem C cycling under global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Averill
- NOAA Climate and Global Change Postdoctoral Fellow, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bonnie Waring
- Biology Department and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
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181
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Wright SJ, Turner BL, Yavitt JB, Harms KE, Kaspari M, Tanner EVJ, Bujan J, Griffin EA, Mayor JR, Pasquini SC, Sheldrake M, Garcia MN. Plant responses to fertilization experiments in lowland, species-rich, tropical forests. Ecology 2018; 99:1129-1138. [PMID: 29460277 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We present a meta-analysis of plant responses to fertilization experiments conducted in lowland, species-rich, tropical forests. We also update a key result and present the first species-level analyses of tree growth rates for a 15-yr factorial nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) experiment conducted in central Panama. The update concerns community-level tree growth rates, which responded significantly to the addition of N and K together after 10 yr of fertilization but not after 15 yr. Our experimental soils are infertile for the region, and species whose regional distributions are strongly associated with low soil P availability dominate the local tree flora. Under these circumstances, we expect muted responses to fertilization, and we predicted species associated with low-P soils would respond most slowly. The data did not support this prediction, species-level tree growth responses to P addition were unrelated to species-level soil P associations. The meta-analysis demonstrated that nutrient limitation is widespread in lowland tropical forests and evaluated two directional hypotheses concerning plant responses to N addition and to P addition. The meta-analysis supported the hypothesis that tree (or biomass) growth rate responses to fertilization are weaker in old growth forests and stronger in secondary forests, where rapid biomass accumulation provides a nutrient sink. The meta-analysis found no support for the long-standing hypothesis that plant responses are stronger for P addition and weaker for N addition. We do not advocate discarding the latter hypothesis. There are only 14 fertilization experiments from lowland, species-rich, tropical forests, 13 of the 14 experiments added nutrients for five or fewer years, and responses vary widely among experiments. Potential fertilization responses should be muted when the species present are well adapted to nutrient-poor soils, as is the case in our experiment, and when pest pressure increases with fertilization, as it does in our experiment. The statistical power and especially the duration of fertilization experiments conducted in old growth, tropical forests might be insufficient to detect the slow, modest growth responses that are to be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Joseph Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843, Balboa, Panama
| | - Benjamin L Turner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843, Balboa, Panama
| | - Joseph B Yavitt
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Kyle E Harms
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Michael Kaspari
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Edmund V J Tanner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843, Balboa, Panama.,Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Jelena Bujan
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Eric A Griffin
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843, Balboa, Panama.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA.,Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland, 21307, USA
| | - Jordan R Mayor
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843, Balboa, Panama.,ICF, P.O. Box 4495, Arcata, California, 95518, USA
| | - Sarah C Pasquini
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - Merlin Sheldrake
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843, Balboa, Panama.,Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Milton N Garcia
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843, Balboa, Panama
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182
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Jiang L, Tian D, Ma S, Zhou X, Xu L, Zhu J, Jing X, Zheng C, Shen H, Zhou Z, Li Y, Zhu B, Fang J. The response of tree growth to nitrogen and phosphorus additions in a tropical montane rainforest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:1064-1070. [PMID: 29126640 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid increase of global nitrogen (N) deposition has greatly altered carbon cycles and functioning of forest ecosystems. Previous studies have focused on changes in carbon dynamics of temperate and subtropical forests through N enrichment experiments; however, the effects of N deposition on tree growth remain inconsistent, especially in tropical forests. Here, we conducted a five-year N addition experiment (0 and 50kgNha-1yr-1) in a tropical montane rain forest in Hainan Island, China, to explore the effects of enhanced N deposition on growth of trees. We also set phosphorus (P) treatment (50kgPha-1yr-1) and N+P treatment (50kgNha-1yr-1+50kgPha-1yr-1) to examine potential P limitation driven by N deposition. Our results showed that N addition has not significantly influenced tree growth, while P addition significantly increased the relative growth rate of small (diameter at breast height, DBH≤10cm) and medium (10<DBH≤20cm) trees. The combined N and P addition accelerated the growth of small trees, but did not affect the growth of medium and large (20cm<DBH) trees. These contrasting effects of N and P addition on tree growth indicate that the tropical montane forest is mainly limited by P, which suggests the importance of P in regulating growth of trees in tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Jiang
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Di Tian
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Suhui Ma
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuli Zhou
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Longchao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jianxiao Zhu
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Jing
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chengyang Zheng
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haihua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zhang Zhou
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 520510, China
| | - Yide Li
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 520510, China
| | - Biao Zhu
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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183
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Lin Y, Karlen SD, Ralph J, King JY. Short-term facilitation of microbial litter decomposition by ultraviolet radiation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:838-848. [PMID: 29017126 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Solar radiation plays an important role in carbon cycling by increasing the decomposition rates of plant litter and soil organic matter (i.e. photodegradation). Previous work suggests that exposure to radiation can facilitate microbial decomposition of litter by altering litter chemistry and consequently litter degradability (i.e. photopriming). However, it remains unclear to what extent photopriming contributes to litter decomposition processes and on what timescale photopriming operates. We conducted laboratory experiments to compare the effects of UV photopriming at two temporal scales (months versus days). In one experiment, we found that four months of UV exposure induced a significant but small (3-4%) mass loss in two of three litter species commonly found in California oak savanna; however, UV exposure did not alter litter degradability as measured by microbial respiration in an incubation experiment. We also found that UV exposure had limited effects on lignin and other cell wall structures, but one month of microbial decomposition (in absence of UV exposure) significantly reduced lignin β-aryl ether inter-unit linkages and acetylated xylans. These results indicate that abiotic photodegradation alone was ineffective at breaking down lignin. In another experiment, litter of a common grass was exposed to either alternating UV radiation and dark conditions or constant darkness for 128days. We found that the alternating UV exposure increased litter CO2 production in both dark and UV phases over that observed in constant darkness. This led to a 35% greater release of CO2 from the alternating UV exposure treatment between days 65 and 128 of the experiment. These results demonstrate that alternating UV exposure with dark conditions is key to enabling photopriming on a timescale of days. Overall, we identify short-term photopriming as a novel mechanism behind photodegradation. Our results also challenge the conventional hypothesis that abiotic processes are primarily responsible for degrading lignin during photodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lin
- Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Steven D Karlen
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - John Ralph
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer Y King
- Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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184
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Dynarski KA, Houlton BZ. Nutrient limitation of terrestrial free-living nitrogen fixation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1050-1061. [PMID: 29165820 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) fixation by free-living bacteria is a primary N input pathway in many ecosystems and sustains global plant productivity. Uncertainty exists over the importance of N, phosphorus (P) and molybdenum (Mo) availability in controlling free-living N fixation rates. Here, we investigate the geographic occurrence and variability of nutrient constraints to free-living N fixation in the terrestrial biosphere. We compiled data from studies measuring free-living N fixation in response to N, P and Mo fertilizers. We used meta-analysis to quantitatively determine the extent to which N, P and Mo stimulate or suppress N fixation, and if environmental variables influence the degree of nutrient limitation of N fixation. Across our compiled dataset, free-living N fixation is suppressed by N fertilization and stimulated by Mo fertilization. Additionally, free-living N fixation is stimulated by P additions in tropical forests. These findings suggest that nutrient limitation is an intrinsic property of the biochemical demands of N fixation, constraining free-living N fixation in the terrestrial biosphere. These findings have implications for understanding the causes and consequences of N limitation in coupled nutrient cycles, as well as modeling and forecasting nutrient controls over carbon-climate feedbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Dynarski
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Benjamin Z Houlton
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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185
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Harden JW, Hugelius G, Ahlström A, Blankinship JC, Bond-Lamberty B, Lawrence CR, Loisel J, Malhotra A, Jackson RB, Ogle S, Phillips C, Ryals R, Todd-Brown K, Vargas R, Vergara SE, Cotrufo MF, Keiluweit M, Heckman KA, Crow SE, Silver WL, DeLonge M, Nave LE. Networking our science to characterize the state, vulnerabilities, and management opportunities of soil organic matter. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:e705-e718. [PMID: 28981192 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Soil organic matter (SOM) supports the Earth's ability to sustain terrestrial ecosystems, provide food and fiber, and retains the largest pool of actively cycling carbon. Over 75% of the soil organic carbon (SOC) in the top meter of soil is directly affected by human land use. Large land areas have lost SOC as a result of land use practices, yet there are compensatory opportunities to enhance productivity and SOC storage in degraded lands through improved management practices. Large areas with and without intentional management are also being subjected to rapid changes in climate, making many SOC stocks vulnerable to losses by decomposition or disturbance. In order to quantify potential SOC losses or sequestration at field, regional, and global scales, measurements for detecting changes in SOC are needed. Such measurements and soil-management best practices should be based on well established and emerging scientific understanding of processes of C stabilization and destabilization over various timescales, soil types, and spatial scales. As newly engaged members of the International Soil Carbon Network, we have identified gaps in data, modeling, and communication that underscore the need for an open, shared network to frame and guide the study of SOM and SOC and their management for sustained production and climate regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer W Harden
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Gustaf Hugelius
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Ahlström
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joseph C Blankinship
- Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ben Bond-Lamberty
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Joint Global Change Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Julie Loisel
- Department of Geography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Avni Malhotra
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Robert B Jackson
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Woods Institute for the Environment and Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephen Ogle
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory and Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Claire Phillips
- USDA-ARS Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Rebecca Ryals
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | - Rodrigo Vargas
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Sintana E Vergara
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - M Francesca Cotrufo
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory and Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Marco Keiluweit
- School of Earth and Sustainability, Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Susan E Crow
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Whendee L Silver
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Marcia DeLonge
- Food and Environment Program, Union of Concerned Scientists, DC, USA
| | - Lucas E Nave
- Biological Station and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Pellston, MI, USA
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186
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Bauters M, Drake TW, Verbeeck H, Bodé S, Hervé-Fernández P, Zito P, Podgorski DC, Boyemba F, Makelele I, Cizungu Ntaboba L, Spencer RGM, Boeckx P. High fire-derived nitrogen deposition on central African forests. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:549-554. [PMID: 29295919 PMCID: PMC5776982 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714597115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is an important determinant of N availability for natural ecosystems worldwide. Increased anthropogenic N deposition shifts the stoichiometric equilibrium of ecosystems, with direct and indirect impacts on ecosystem functioning and biogeochemical cycles. Current simulation data suggest that remote tropical forests still receive low atmospheric N deposition due to a lack of proximate industry, low rates of fossil fuel combustion, and absence of intensive agriculture. We present field-based N deposition data for forests of the central Congo Basin, and use ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry to characterize the organic N fraction. Additionally, we use satellite data and modeling for atmospheric N source apportionment. Our results indicate that these forests receive 18.2 kg N hectare-1 years-1 as wet deposition, with dry deposition via canopy interception adding considerably to this flux. We also show that roughly half of the N deposition is organic, which is often ignored in N deposition measurements and simulations. The source of atmospheric N is predominantly derived from intensive seasonal burning of biomass on the continent. This high N deposition has important implications for the ecology of the Congo Basin and for global biogeochemical cycles more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn Bauters
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory-ISOFYS, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
- CAVElab, Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Travis W Drake
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Geochemistry Group, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - Hans Verbeeck
- CAVElab, Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Samuel Bodé
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory-ISOFYS, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Pedro Hervé-Fernández
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory-ISOFYS, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Hydrology and Water Management, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Phoebe Zito
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Geochemistry Group, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - David C Podgorski
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Geochemistry Group, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - Faustin Boyemba
- Plant Department, Faculty of Science, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Isaac Makelele
- Plant Department, Faculty of Science, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Landry Cizungu Ntaboba
- Faculty of Agronomy, Université Catholique de Bukavu, BP 285 Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Robert G M Spencer
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Geochemistry Group, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory-ISOFYS, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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187
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Yao Y, Wang X, Li Y, Wang T, Shen M, Du M, He H, Li Y, Luo W, Ma M, Ma Y, Tang Y, Wang H, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Zhou G, Piao S. Spatiotemporal pattern of gross primary productivity and its covariation with climate in China over the last thirty years. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:184-196. [PMID: 28727222 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The uncertainties of China's gross primary productivity (GPP) estimates by global data-oriented products and ecosystem models justify a development of high-resolution data-oriented GPP dataset over China. We applied a machine learning algorithm developing a new GPP dataset for China with 0.1° spatial resolution and monthly temporal frequency based on eddy flux measurements from 40 sites in China and surrounding countries, most of which have not been explored in previous global GPP datasets. According to our estimates, mean annual GPP over China is 6.62 ± 0.23 PgC/year during 1982-2015 with a clear gradient from southeast to northwest. The trend of GPP estimated by this study (0.020 ± 0.002 PgC/year2 from 1982 to 2015) is almost two times of that estimated by the previous global dataset. The GPP increment is widely spread with 60% area showing significant increasing trend (p < .05), except for Inner Mongolia. Most ecosystem models overestimated the GPP magnitudes but underestimated the temporal trend of GPP. The monsoon affected eastern China, in particular the area surrounding Qinling Mountain, seems having larger contribution to interannual variability (IAV) of China's GPP than the semiarid northwestern China and Tibetan Plateau. At country scale, temperature is the dominant climatic driver for IAV of GPP. The area where IAV of GPP dominated by temperature is about 42%, while precipitation and solar radiation dominate 31% and 27% respectively over semiarid area and cold-wet area. Such spatial pattern was generally consistent with global GPP dataset, except over the Tibetan Plateau and northeastern forests, but not captured by most ecosystem models, highlighting future research needs to improve the modeling of ecosystem response to climate variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Yao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuhui Wang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miaogen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyuan Du
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Honglin He
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingnian Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Weijun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Mingguo Ma
- Cold and Arid Regions Remote Sensing Observation System Experiment Station, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yaoming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Tang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianzhou Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Guangsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shilong Piao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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188
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Zhang K, Song C, Zhang Y, Dang H, Cheng X, Zhang Q. Global-scale patterns of nutrient density and partitioning in forests in relation to climate. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:536-551. [PMID: 28796923 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of nutrient storage and partitioning in forests is imperative for ecosystem models and ecological theory. Whether the nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) stored in forest biomass and their partitioning patterns vary systematically across climatic gradients remains unknown. Here, we explored the global-scale patterns of nutrient density and partitioning using a newly compiled dataset including 372 forest stands. We found that temperature and precipitation were key factors driving the nutrients stored in living biomass of forests at global scale. The N, K, and Mg stored in living biomass tended to be greater in increasingly warm climates. The mean biomass N density was 577.0, 530.4, 513.2, and 336.7 kg/ha for tropical, subtropical, temperate, and boreal forests, respectively. Around 76% of the variation in biomass N density could be accounted by the empirical model combining biomass density, phylogeny (i.e., angiosperm, gymnosperm), and the interaction of mean annual temperature and precipitation. Climate, stand age, and biomass density significantly affected nutrients partitioning at forest community level. The fractional distribution of nutrients to roots decreased significantly with temperature, suggesting that forests in cold climates allocate greater nutrients to roots. Gymnosperm forests tended to allocate more nutrients to leaves as compared with angiosperm forests, whereas the angiosperm forests distributed more nutrients in stems. The nutrient-based Root:Shoot ratios (R:S), averaged 0.30 for R:SN , 0.36 for R:SP , 0.32 for R:SK , 0.27 for R:SCa , and 0.35 for R:SMg , respectively. The scaling exponents of the relationships describing root nutrients as a function of shoot nutrients were more than 1.0, suggesting that as nutrient allocated to shoot increases, nutrient allocated to roots increases faster than linearly with nutrient in shoot. Soil type significantly affected the total N, P, K, Ca, and Mg stored in living biomass of forests, and the Acrisols group displayed the lowest P, K, Ca, and Mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Conghe Song
- Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yulong Zhang
- Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Haishan Dang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoli Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Quanfa Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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189
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Street LE, Mielke N, Woodin SJ. Phosphorus Availability Determines the Response of Tundra Ecosystem Carbon Stocks to Nitrogen Enrichment. Ecosystems 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-017-0209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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190
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Powers JS, Marín-Spiotta E. Ecosystem Processes and Biogeochemical Cycles in Secondary Tropical Forest Succession. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-022944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Powers
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior and
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Erika Marín-Spiotta
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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191
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Wang R, Goll D, Balkanski Y, Hauglustaine D, Boucher O, Ciais P, Janssens I, Penuelas J, Guenet B, Sardans J, Bopp L, Vuichard N, Zhou F, Li B, Piao S, Peng S, Huang Y, Tao S. Global forest carbon uptake due to nitrogen and phosphorus deposition from 1850 to 2100. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:4854-4872. [PMID: 28513916 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Spatial patterns and temporal trends of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deposition are important for quantifying their impact on forest carbon (C) uptake. In a first step, we modeled historical and future change in the global distributions of the atmospheric deposition of N and P from the dry and wet deposition of aerosols and gases containing N and P. Future projections were compared between two scenarios with contrasting aerosol emissions. Modeled fields of N and P deposition and P concentration were evaluated using globally distributed in situ measurements. N deposition peaked around 1990 in European forests and around 2010 in East Asian forests, and both increased sevenfold relative to 1850. P deposition peaked around 2010 in South Asian forests and increased 3.5-fold relative to 1850. In a second step, we estimated the change in C storage in forests due to the fertilization by deposited N and P (∆Cν dep ), based on the retention of deposited nutrients, their allocation within plants, and C:N and C:P stoichiometry. ∆Cν dep for 1997-2013 was estimated to be 0.27 ± 0.13 Pg C year-1 from N and 0.054 ± 0.10 Pg C year-1 from P, contributing 9% and 2% of the terrestrial C sink, respectively. Sensitivity tests show that uncertainty of ∆Cν dep was larger from P than from N, mainly due to uncertainty in the fraction of deposited P that is fixed by soil. ∆CPdep was exceeded by ∆CNdep over 1960-2007 in a large area of East Asian and West European forests due to a faster growth in N deposition than P. Our results suggest a significant contribution of anthropogenic P deposition to C storage, and additional sources of N are needed to support C storage by P in some Asian tropical forests where the deposition rate increased even faster for P than for N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Goll
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yves Balkanski
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Didier Hauglustaine
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Olivier Boucher
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, IPSL/CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ivan Janssens
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Josep Penuelas
- Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, CSIC, Bellaterra, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Bertrand Guenet
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jordi Sardans
- Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, CSIC, Bellaterra, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Laurent Bopp
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Nicolas Vuichard
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Feng Zhou
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bengang Li
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shilong Piao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shushi Peng
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Huang
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Shu Tao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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192
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Effects of fire frequency on litter decomposition as mediated by changes to litter chemistry and soil environmental conditions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186292. [PMID: 29023560 PMCID: PMC5638519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Litter quality and soil environmental conditions are well-studied drivers influencing decomposition rates, but the role played by disturbance legacy, such as fire history, in mediating these drivers is not well understood. Fire history may impact decomposition directly, through changes in soil conditions that impact microbial function, or indirectly, through shifts in plant community composition and litter chemistry. Here, we compared early-stage decomposition rates across longleaf pine forest blocks managed with varying fire frequencies (annual burns, triennial burns, fire-suppression). Using a reciprocal transplant design, we examined how litter chemistry and soil characteristics independently and jointly influenced litter decomposition. We found that both litter chemistry and soil environmental conditions influenced decomposition rates, but only the former was affected by historical fire frequency. Litter from annually burned sites had higher nitrogen content than litter from triennially burned and fire suppression sites, but this was correlated with only a modest increase in decomposition rates. Soil environmental conditions had a larger impact on decomposition than litter chemistry. Across the landscape, decomposition differed more along soil moisture gradients than across fire management regimes. These findings suggest that fire frequency has a limited effect on litter decomposition in this ecosystem, and encourage extending current decomposition frameworks into disturbed systems. However, litter from different species lost different masses due to fire, suggesting that fire may impact decomposition through the preferential combustion of some litter types. Overall, our findings also emphasize the important role of spatial variability in soil environmental conditions, which may be tied to fire frequency across large spatial scales, in driving decomposition rates in this system.
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193
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Shifting from a fertilization-dominated to a warming-dominated period. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:1438-1445. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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194
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Xu S, Zhou G, Tang X, Wang W, Wang G, Ma K, Han S, Du S, Li S, Yan J, Ma Y. Different spatial patterns of nitrogen and phosphorus resorption efficiencies in China's forests. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10584. [PMID: 28878268 PMCID: PMC5587577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient resorption is an important internal-strategy for plant to retain nutrients. However, the spatial patterns of nitrogen and phosphorus resorption efficiencies (NRE, PRE) in national scales are still unexplored. In this study, we first estimated the magnitudes of NRE and PRE, and explored their spatial patterns across China's forests based on the dataset from a nation-wide field campaign from 2011 to 2015. Mean NRE was estimated to be 35.64% and higher than mean PRE (43.72%). The main effects of forest type and the interactions between climatic zone and land use were significant for both NRE and PRE. In addition, NRE and PRE exhibited different patterns along climatic gradients and nutrient status. Our results can shed light on the nutrient strategies of China's forests under future environmental changes and the results could be used in global biogeochemical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Xu
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Guoyi Zhou
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
| | - Xuli Tang
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Wantong Wang
- College of Tourism, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Genxu Wang
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Shijie Han
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Sheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Shenggong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Junhua Yan
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Youxin Ma
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
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195
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Augusto L, Achat DL, Jonard M, Vidal D, Ringeval B. Soil parent material-A major driver of plant nutrient limitations in terrestrial ecosystems. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:3808-3824. [PMID: 28317232 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Because the capability of terrestrial ecosystems to fix carbon is constrained by nutrient availability, understanding how nutrients limit plant growth is a key contemporary question. However, what drives nutrient limitations at global scale remains to be clarified. Using global data on plant growth, plant nutritive status, and soil fertility, we investigated to which extent soil parent materials explain nutrient limitations. We found that N limitation was not linked to soil parent materials, but was best explained by climate: ecosystems under harsh (i.e., cold and or dry) climates were more N-limited than ecosystems under more favourable climates. Contrary to N limitation, P limitation was not driven by climate, but by soil parent materials. The influence of soil parent materials was the result of the tight link between actual P pools of soils and physical-chemical properties (acidity, P richness) of soil parent materials. Some other ground-related factors (i.e., soil weathering stage, landform) had a noticeable influence on P limitation, but their role appeared to be relatively smaller than that of geology. The relative importance of N limitation versus P limitation was explained by a combination of climate and soil parent material: at global scale, N limitation became prominent with increasing climatic constraints, but this global trend was modulated at lower scales by the effect of parent materials on P limitation, particularly under climates favourable to biological activity. As compared with soil parent materials, atmospheric deposition had only a weak influence on the global distribution of actual nutrient limitation. Our work advances our understanding of the distribution of nutrient limitation at global scale. In particular, it stresses the need to take soil parent materials into account when investigating plant growth response to environment changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Augusto
- UMR 1391 ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - David L Achat
- UMR 1391 ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Mathieu Jonard
- Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - David Vidal
- UMR 1391 ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Bruno Ringeval
- UMR 1391 ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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196
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McLauchlan KK, Gerhart LM, Battles JJ, Craine JM, Elmore AJ, Higuera PE, Mack MC, McNeil BE, Nelson DM, Pederson N, Perakis SS. Centennial-scale reductions in nitrogen availability in temperate forests of the United States. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7856. [PMID: 28798386 PMCID: PMC5552780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08170-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Forests cover 30% of the terrestrial Earth surface and are a major component of the global carbon (C) cycle. Humans have doubled the amount of global reactive nitrogen (N), increasing deposition of N onto forests worldwide. However, other global changes-especially climate change and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations-are increasing demand for N, the element limiting primary productivity in temperate forests, which could be reducing N availability. To determine the long-term, integrated effects of global changes on forest N cycling, we measured stable N isotopes in wood, a proxy for N supply relative to demand, on large spatial and temporal scales across the continental U.S.A. Here, we show that forest N availability has generally declined across much of the U.S. since at least 1850 C.E. with cool, wet forests demonstrating the greatest declines. Across sites, recent trajectories of N availability were independent of recent atmospheric N deposition rates, implying a minor role for modern N deposition on the trajectory of N status of North American forests. Our results demonstrate that current trends of global changes are likely to be consistent with forest oligotrophication into the foreseeable future, further constraining forest C fixation and potentially storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K McLauchlan
- Department of Geography, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA.
| | - L M Gerhart
- Department of Geography, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Hawai'i, Mānoa, Honolulu HI, 96822, USA
| | - J J Battles
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - J M Craine
- Jonah Ventures, LLC, Manhattan, Kansas, 66502, USA
| | - A J Elmore
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Appalachian Laboratory, Frostburg, Maryland, 21532, USA
| | - P E Higuera
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
| | - M C Mack
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011, USA
| | - B E McNeil
- Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, USA
| | - D M Nelson
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Appalachian Laboratory, Frostburg, Maryland, 21532, USA
| | - N Pederson
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, Massachusetts, 01366, USA
| | - S S Perakis
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
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197
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Helbig M, Chasmer LE, Desai AR, Kljun N, Quinton WL, Sonnentag O. Direct and indirect climate change effects on carbon dioxide fluxes in a thawing boreal forest-wetland landscape. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:3231-3248. [PMID: 28132402 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the sporadic permafrost zone of northwestern Canada, boreal forest carbon dioxide (CO2 ) fluxes will be altered directly by climate change through changing meteorological forcing and indirectly through changes in landscape functioning associated with thaw-induced collapse-scar bog ('wetland') expansion. However, their combined effect on landscape-scale net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEELAND ), resulting from changing gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER), remains unknown. Here, we quantify indirect land cover change impacts on NEELAND and direct climate change impacts on modeled temperature- and light-limited NEELAND of a boreal forest-wetland landscape. Using nested eddy covariance flux towers, we find both GPP and ER to be larger at the landscape compared to the wetland level. However, annual NEELAND (-20 g C m-2 ) and wetland NEE (-24 g C m-2 ) were similar, suggesting negligible wetland expansion effects on NEELAND . In contrast, we find non-negligible direct climate change impacts when modeling NEELAND using projected air temperature and incoming shortwave radiation. At the end of the 21st century, modeled GPP mainly increases in spring and fall due to reduced temperature limitation, but becomes more frequently light-limited in fall. In a warmer climate, ER increases year-round in the absence of moisture stress resulting in net CO2 uptake increases in the shoulder seasons and decreases during the summer. Annually, landscape net CO2 uptake is projected to decline by 25 ± 14 g C m-2 for a moderate and 103 ± 38 g C m-2 for a high warming scenario, potentially reversing recently observed positive net CO2 uptake trends across the boreal biome. Thus, even without moisture stress, net CO2 uptake of boreal forest-wetland landscapes may decline, and ultimately, these landscapes may turn into net CO2 sources under continued anthropogenic CO2 emissions. We conclude that NEELAND changes are more likely to be driven by direct climate change rather than by indirect land cover change impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Helbig
- Département de géographie & Centre d'études nordiques, Université de Montréal, 520 Chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H2V 2B8, Canada
| | - Laura E Chasmer
- Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Ankur R Desai
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Natascha Kljun
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA28PP, UK
| | - William L Quinton
- Cold Regions Research Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Oliver Sonnentag
- Département de géographie & Centre d'études nordiques, Université de Montréal, 520 Chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H2V 2B8, Canada
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198
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Huntzinger DN, Michalak AM, Schwalm C, Ciais P, King AW, Fang Y, Schaefer K, Wei Y, Cook RB, Fisher JB, Hayes D, Huang M, Ito A, Jain AK, Lei H, Lu C, Maignan F, Mao J, Parazoo N, Peng S, Poulter B, Ricciuto D, Shi X, Tian H, Wang W, Zeng N, Zhao F. Uncertainty in the response of terrestrial carbon sink to environmental drivers undermines carbon-climate feedback predictions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4765. [PMID: 28684755 PMCID: PMC5500546 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03818-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystems play a vital role in regulating the accumulation of carbon (C) in the atmosphere. Understanding the factors controlling land C uptake is critical for reducing uncertainties in projections of future climate. The relative importance of changing climate, rising atmospheric CO2, and other factors, however, remains unclear despite decades of research. Here, we use an ensemble of land models to show that models disagree on the primary driver of cumulative C uptake for 85% of vegetated land area. Disagreement is largest in model sensitivity to rising atmospheric CO2 which shows almost twice the variability in cumulative land uptake since 1901 (1 s.d. of 212.8 PgC vs. 138.5 PgC, respectively). We find that variability in CO2 and temperature sensitivity is attributable, in part, to their compensatory effects on C uptake, whereby comparable estimates of C uptake can arise by invoking different sensitivities to key environmental conditions. Conversely, divergent estimates of C uptake can occur despite being based on the same environmental sensitivities. Together, these findings imply an important limitation to the predictability of C cycling and climate under unprecedented environmental conditions. We suggest that the carbon modeling community prioritize a probabilistic multi-model approach to generate more robust C cycle projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Huntzinger
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 5694, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011-5694, USA.
| | - A M Michalak
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, USA
| | - C Schwalm
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 5694, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011-5694, USA
- Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA, 02540, USA
| | - P Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, IPSL-LSCE CEA CNRS UVSQ, 91191, Gif sur, Yvette, France
| | - A W King
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Y Fang
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, USA
| | - K Schaefer
- National Snow and Ice Data Center, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Y Wei
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - R B Cook
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - J B Fisher
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - D Hayes
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, Orno, ME, USA
| | - M Huang
- Atmospheric and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - A Ito
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - A K Jain
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - H Lei
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - C Lu
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - F Maignan
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, IPSL-LSCE CEA CNRS UVSQ, 91191, Gif sur, Yvette, France
| | - J Mao
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - N Parazoo
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - S Peng
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, IPSL-LSCE CEA CNRS UVSQ, 91191, Gif sur, Yvette, France
| | - B Poulter
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - D Ricciuto
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - X Shi
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - H Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research and School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - W Wang
- Ames Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - N Zeng
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - F Zhao
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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199
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Sulman BN, Brzostek ER, Medici C, Shevliakova E, Menge DNL, Phillips RP. Feedbacks between plant N demand and rhizosphere priming depend on type of mycorrhizal association. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:1043-1053. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N. Sulman
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Department of Geosciences Princeton University Princeton New Jersey USA
| | | | - Chiara Medici
- Princeton Environmental Institute Princeton University Princeton NJ USA
| | | | - Duncan N. L. Menge
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology Columbia University New York NY USA
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200
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Sun Y, Peng S, Goll DS, Ciais P, Guenet B, Guimberteau M, Hinsinger P, Janssens IA, Peñuelas J, Piao S, Poulter B, Violette A, Yang X, Yin Y, Zeng H. Diagnosing phosphorus limitations in natural terrestrial ecosystems in carbon cycle models. EARTH'S FUTURE 2017; 5:730-749. [PMID: 28989942 PMCID: PMC5606506 DOI: 10.1002/2016ef000472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Most of the Earth System Models (ESMs) project increases in net primary productivity (NPP) and terrestrial carbon (C) storage during the 21st century. Despite empirical evidence that limited availability of phosphorus (P) may limit the response of NPP to increasing atmospheric CO2, none of the ESMs used in the previous Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment accounted for P limitation. We diagnosed from ESM simulations the amount of P need to support increases in carbon uptake by natural ecosystems using two approaches: the demand derived from (1) changes in C stocks and (2) changes in NPP. The C stock-based additional P demand was estimated to range between -31 and 193 Tg P and between -89 and 262 Tg P for Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6 and RCP8.5, respectively, with negative values indicating a P surplus. The NPP-based demand, which takes ecosystem P recycling into account, results in a significantly higher P demand of 648-1606 Tg P for RCP2.6 and 924-2110 Tg P for RCP8.5. We found that the P demand is sensitive to the turnover of P in decomposing plant material, explaining the large differences between the NPP-based demand and C stock-based demand. The discrepancy between diagnosed P demand and actual P availability (potential P deficit) depends mainly on the assumptions about availability of the different soil P forms. Overall, future P limitation strongly depends on both soil P availability and P recycling on ecosystem scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Sino‐French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de 1'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQGif sur YvetteFrance
| | - Shushi Peng
- Sino‐French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Daniel S. Goll
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de 1'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQGif sur YvetteFrance
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de 1'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQGif sur YvetteFrance
| | - Bertrand Guenet
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de 1'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQGif sur YvetteFrance
| | - Matthieu Guimberteau
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de 1'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQGif sur YvetteFrance
- UPMC, CNRS, EPHESorbonne UniversitésParisFrance
| | | | - Ivan A. Janssens
- Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology (PLECO), Department of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology UnitCREAF‐CSIC‐UABCataloniaSpain
- CREAFCataloniaSpain
| | - Shilong Piao
- Sino‐French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Benjamin Poulter
- Institute on Ecosystems and the Department of EcologyMontana State UniversityBozemanMontanaUSA
| | - Aurélie Violette
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de 1'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQGif sur YvetteFrance
| | | | - Yi Yin
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de 1'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQGif sur YvetteFrance
| | - Hui Zeng
- Shenzhen Graduate SchoolPeking UniversityShenzhenChina
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