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Shahbaz S, Bozorgmehr N, Koleva P, Namdar A, Jovel J, Fava RA, Elahi S. CD71+VISTA+ erythroid cells promote the development and function of regulatory T cells through TGF-β. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006649. [PMID: 30550561 PMCID: PMC6310287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface transferrin receptor (CD71+) erythroid cells are abundant in newborns with immunomodulatory properties. Here, we show that neonatal CD71+ erythroid cells express significant levels of V-domain Immunoglobulin (Ig) Suppressor of T Cell Activation (VISTA) and, via constitutive production of transforming growth factor (TGF)- β, play a pivotal role in promotion of naïve CD4+ T cells into regulatory T cells (Tregs). Interestingly, we discovered that CD71+VISTA+ erythroid cells produce significantly higher levels of TGF-β compared to CD71+VISTA− erythroid cells and CD71+ erythroid cells from the VISTA knock-out (KO) mice. As a result, CD71+VISTA+ erythroid cells—compared to CD71+VISTA− and CD71+ erythroid cells from the VISTA KO mice—significantly exceed promotion of naïve CD4+ T cells into induced Tregs (iTreg) via TGF-β in vitro. However, depletion of CD71+ erythroid cells had no significant effects on the frequency of Tregs in vivo. Surprisingly, we observed that the remaining and/or newly generated CD71+ erythroid cells following anti-CD71 antibody administration exhibit a different gene expression profile, evidenced by the up-regulation of VISTA, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and program death ligand-1 (PDL-1), which may account as a compensatory mechanism for the maintenance of Treg population. We also observed that iTreg development by CD71+ erythroid cells is mediated through the inhibition of key signaling molecules phosphorylated protein kinase B (phospho-Akt) and phosphorylated mechanistic target of rapamycin (phospho-mTOR). Finally, we found that elimination of Tregs using forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)-diptheria toxin receptor (DTR) mice resulted in a significant expansion in the frequency of CD71+ erythroid cells in vivo. Collectively, these studies provide a novel, to our knowledge, insight into the cross-talk between CD71+ erythroid cells and Tregs in newborns. Our results highlight the biological role of CD71+ erythroid cells in the neonatal period and possibly beyond. The primary role of the red blood cells is to transport oxygen, but we know relatively little about the other functions they perform. Following maturation, red blood cells exit the bone marrow and enter blood circulation. Their immature counterparts are normally absent or in very low frequency in the blood of healthy adults. However, we showed previously that immature red blood cells are abundant in the spleens of neonatal mice and in human umbilical cord blood and that these cells possess immunological properties. In this report, we studied a subset of neonatal immature red blood cells that express a protein called V-domain Immunoglobulin (Ig) Suppressor of T Cell Activation (VISTA) on their surface. We found that the presence of VISTA enables the cells to repeatedly produce the regulatory cytokine TGF-β. TGF-β induces a subset of naïve lymphocytes—the CD4+ T cells—and converts them into regulatory T cells, also known as Tregs. Tregs modulate and suppress other immune cells. Our studies provide novel insights, to our knowledge, into the immunological role of immature red blood cells in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Shahbaz
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Najmeh Bozorgmehr
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Petya Koleva
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Afshin Namdar
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Juan Jovel
- The Applied Genomics Core, Office of Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Roy A. Fava
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, White River Junction, Vermont, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- * E-mail:
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152
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Eissing M, Ripken L, Schreibelt G, Westdorp H, Ligtenberg M, Netea-Maier R, Netea MG, de Vries IJM, Hoogerbrugge N. PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome and Immune Dysregulation. Transl Oncol 2018; 12:361-367. [PMID: 30504085 PMCID: PMC6277246 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carriers of a pathogenic germline mutations in the PTEN gene, a well-known tumor suppressor gene, are at increased risk of multiple benign and malignant tumors, e.g. breast, thyroid, endometrial and colon cancer. This is called PTEN Hamartomous Tumor Syndrome (PHTS). PHTS patients may also have an increased risk of immunological dysregulation, such as autoimmunity and immune deficiencies. The effects of PTEN on the immune system have been studied in murine knockout models demonstrating that loss of PTEN function leads to dysregulation of the immune response. This results in susceptibility to autoimmunity, impaired B cell class switching with subsequent hypogammaglobulinemia. Additionally, a decreased ability of dendritic cells to prime CD8+ T cells was observed, leading to impaired tumor eradication. Immune dysfunction in PHTS patients has not yet been extensively studied but might be a manageable contributing factor to the increased cancer risk in PHTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Eissing
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lise Ripken
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerty Schreibelt
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Harm Westdorp
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn Ligtenberg
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid1 0, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana Netea-Maier
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 8, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 8, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 8, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 8, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - I Jolanda M de Vries
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 8, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicoline Hoogerbrugge
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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153
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Katsumata H, Ikemiyagi M, Hirai T, Kanzawa T, Ishii R, Miyairi S, Fukuda H, Saiga K, Okumi M, Ishii Y, Yokoo T, Tanabe K. Impact of activated invariant natural killer T cells on the expansion of regulatory T cell precursors in murine thymocytes in vitro. Immunol Lett 2018; 206:41-48. [PMID: 30503823 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance induction is a goal of clinical transplantation to prevent graft rejection without the lifelong use of immunosuppressive drugs. In a series of mouse studies, we previously reported that the establishment of mixed chimerism by treatment with a ligand for invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells with CD40 signal blockade makes it possible to prevent allograft rejection without immunosuppressants, and this approach fails in thymectomized recipient mice. In this study, we showed that iNKT cells in murine thymocyte cultures are indispensable for the expansion of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells as well as CD4+CD25+Foxp3- cells, which contained precursor Tregs (preTregs). After the culture of BALB/c mouse-derived thymocytes in the presence of α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), a representative ligand for iNKT cells, the ratio of CD4+CD25+Foxp3- preTregs to total CD4+CD8- T cells was much higher than that of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells, regardless of anti-CD40 L mAb treatment. The proliferation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3- cells, but not Treg cells, was significantly augmented, and the stability of Treg cells was not affected by α-GalCer. The expansion of thymocyte-derived Tregs was not inhibited by cytokine neutralization. However, in vitro thymus-derived CD4+CD25+Foxp3- cells expressed Foxp3 after IL-2 stimulation in a dose-dependent manner. These results collectively suggest that in vitro thymus-derived Treg cell expansion by α-GalCer treatment was caused by the proliferation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3- preTregs but not existing Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Katsumata
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawadacho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan; Division of Nephrology and hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8471, Japan
| | - Masako Ikemiyagi
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawadacho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Toshihito Hirai
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawadacho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Taichi Kanzawa
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawadacho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Rumi Ishii
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawadacho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miyairi
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawadacho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawadacho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Hironori Fukuda
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawadacho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Kan Saiga
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawadacho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan; Department of Urology, Jyoban Hosipital of Tokiwa Foundation, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Okumi
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawadacho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ishii
- Vaccine Innovation Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub (RCSTI), RIKEN, Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan; REGiMMUNE Corporation, Nihonbashi-Hakozakicho, Chuou-ku, Tokyo, 103-0015, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoo
- Division of Nephrology and hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8471, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tanabe
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawadacho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.
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154
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Shi H, Liu C, Tan H, Li Y, Nguyen TLM, Dhungana Y, Guy C, Vogel P, Neale G, Rankin S, Feng Y, Peng J, Tao W, Chi H. Hippo Kinases Mst1 and Mst2 Sense and Amplify IL-2R-STAT5 Signaling in Regulatory T Cells to Establish Stable Regulatory Activity. Immunity 2018; 49:899-914.e6. [PMID: 30413360 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and downstream transcription factor STAT5 are important for maintaining regulatory T (Treg) cell homeostasis and function. Treg cells can respond to low IL-2 levels, but the mechanisms of STAT5 activation during partial IL-2 deficiency remain uncertain. We identified the serine-threonine kinase Mst1 as a signal-dependent amplifier of IL-2-STAT5 activity in Treg cells. High Mst1 and Mst2 (Mst1-Mst2) activity in Treg cells was crucial to prevent tumor resistance and autoimmunity. Mechanistically, Mst1-Mst2 sensed IL-2 signals to promote the STAT5 activation necessary for Treg cell homeostasis and lineage stability and to maintain the highly suppressive phosphorylated-STAT5+ Treg cell subpopulation. Unbiased quantitative proteomics revealed association of Mst1 with the cytoskeletal DOCK8-LRCHs module. Mst1 deficiency limited Treg cell migration and access to IL-2 and activity of the small GTPase Rac, which mediated downstream STAT5 activation. Collectively, IL-2-STAT5 signaling depends upon Mst1-Mst2 functions to maintain a stable Treg cell pool and immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US
| | - Haiyan Tan
- Department of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US; Proteomics Facility, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US
| | - Yuxin Li
- Department of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US; Proteomics Facility, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US
| | - Thanh-Long M Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US
| | - Yogesh Dhungana
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US
| | - Cliff Guy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US
| | - Geoffrey Neale
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US
| | - Sherri Rankin
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US
| | - Yongqiang Feng
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US
| | - Junmin Peng
- Department of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US; Proteomics Facility, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US
| | - Wufan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US.
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155
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Siu JHY, Surendrakumar V, Richards JA, Pettigrew GJ. T cell Allorecognition Pathways in Solid Organ Transplantation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2548. [PMID: 30455697 PMCID: PMC6230624 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation is unusual in that T cells can recognize alloantigen by at least two distinct pathways: as intact MHC alloantigen on the surface of donor cells via the direct pathway; and as self-restricted processed alloantigen via the indirect pathway. Direct pathway responses are viewed as strong but short-lived and hence responsible for acute rejection, whereas indirect pathway responses are typically thought to be much longer lasting and mediate the progression of chronic rejection. However, this is based on surprisingly scant experimental evidence, and the recent demonstration that MHC alloantigen can be re-presented intact on recipient dendritic cells-the semi-direct pathway-suggests that the conventional view may be an oversimplification. We review recent advances in our understanding of how the different T cell allorecognition pathways are triggered, consider how this generates effector alloantibody and cytotoxic CD8 T cell alloresponses and assess how these responses contribute to early and late allograft rejection. We further discuss how this knowledge may inform development of cellular and pharmacological therapies that aim to improve transplant outcomes, with focus on the use of induced regulatory T cells with indirect allospecificity and on the development of immunometabolic strategies. KEY POINTS Acute allograft rejection is likely mediated by indirect and direct pathway CD4 T cell alloresponses.Chronic allograft rejection is largely mediated by indirect pathway CD4 T cell responses. Direct pathway recognition of cross-dressed endothelial derived MHC class II alloantigen may also contribute to chronic rejection, but the extent of this contribution is unknown.Late indirect pathway CD4 T cell responses will be composed of heterogeneous populations of allopeptide specific T helper cell subsets that recognize different alloantigens and are at various stages of effector and memory differentiation.Knowledge of the precise indirect pathway CD4 T cell responses active at late time points in a particular individual will likely inform the development of alloantigen-specific cellular therapies and will guide immunometabolic modulation.
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156
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Xie R, Chen Y, Qi M, Zhao Z, Zhang J, Xu Z, Xu H, Yuan Y, Nie H, Zhou T, Mao E, Chen E, Fei J. Increased frequency of circulating Tfh cells in patients with acute pancreatitis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:5300-5308. [PMID: 31949610 PMCID: PMC6963031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Considered as true helper cells for B cells in antibody response, Tfh cells are associated with inflammation and immune abnormality. Acute pancreatitis is an acute abdominal disease characterized by inflammatory response and immune disorder. Thus, our objective was to study the frequency of circulating Tfh cells, together with the Tfh cell-related CD4+ T cells and inflammatory factors in patients with acute pancreatitis. We first examined the frequency of circulating Tfh cell subsets by detecting the expression of CXCR5, PD-1, ICOS and IL-21 by flow cytometry analysis. Then we investigated the abundance of helper T cells and Treg cells. In addition, the plasma level of IgA, IgM, and Tfh cell-related inflammatory factor were detected by cytometric bead array. We showed that the frequency of circulating Tfh cells increased significantly in patients of acute pancreatitis, including CD4+CXCR5+ cells, CD4+CXCR5+PD-1+ cells, CD4+CXCR5+ICOS+ cells, and CD4+CXCR5+IL-21+ cells. Also, increases in plasma IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, IL-21 and IgA were observed in patients with acute pancreatitis compared to HCs. This finding indicates that Tfh cells play a vital role in the development and progression of acute pancreatitis that is dependent on IL-6 and IL-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongli Xie
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
- Department of Emergency, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Emergency, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Mengzhi Qi
- Department of Emergency, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yuanyang Yuan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Hong Nie
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Enqiang Mao
- Department of Emergency, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Erzhen Chen
- Department of Emergency, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Jian Fei
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
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157
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Sharabi A, Tsokos MG, Ding Y, Malek TR, Klatzmann D, Tsokos GC. Regulatory T cells in the treatment of disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018; 17:823-844. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2018.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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158
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Priyadharshini B, Loschi M, Newton RH, Zhang JW, Finn KK, Gerriets VA, Huynh A, Rathmell JC, Blazar BR, Turka LA. Cutting Edge: TGF-β and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Signals Modulate Distinct Metabolism of Regulatory T Cell Subsets. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2215-2219. [PMID: 30209190 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Murine Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) differentiated in vitro (induced Tregs [iTregs]) in the presence of anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β rely predominantly upon lipid oxidation to fuel mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Foxp3 expression underlies this metabolic preference, as it suppresses glycolysis and drives oxidative phosphorylation. In this study, we show that in contrast to iTregs, thymic-derived Tregs (tTregs), engage in glycolysis and glutaminolysis at levels comparable to effector T cells despite maintained Foxp3 expression. Interestingly, exposure of tTregs to the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β represses PI3K-mediated mTOR signaling, inhibits glucose transporter and Hk2 expression, and reprograms their metabolism to favor oxidative phosphorylation. Conversely, replicating the effects of inflammation via elevation of PI3K signaling has minimal effects on tTregs but dramatically enhances the glycolysis of normally oxidative iTregs, resulting in reduction of Foxp3 expression. Collectively, these findings suggest both extrinsic and intrinsic factors govern the unique metabolic signature of Treg subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Priyadharshini
- Department of Surgery and Center for Transplantation Sciences; Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Michael Loschi
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Ryan H Newton
- Department of Surgery and Center for Transplantation Sciences; Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Jian-Wen Zhang
- Department of Surgery and Center for Transplantation Sciences; Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129.,Department of Liver Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Kelsey K Finn
- Department of Surgery and Center for Transplantation Sciences; Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Valerie A Gerriets
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; and
| | - Alexandria Huynh
- Department of Surgery and Center for Transplantation Sciences; Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Jeffery C Rathmell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; and
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Laurence A Turka
- Department of Surgery and Center for Transplantation Sciences; Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129; .,Rheos Medicines, Cambridge, MA 02139
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159
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Munn DH, Sharma MD, Johnson TS. Treg Destabilization and Reprogramming: Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2018; 78:5191-5199. [PMID: 30181177 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an important contributor to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. To date, however, they have been difficult to target for therapy. One emerging new aspect of Treg biology is their apparent functional instability in the face of certain acute proinflammatory signals such as IL6 and IFNγ. Under the right conditions, these signals can cause a rapid loss of suppressor activity and reprogramming of the Tregs into a proinflammatory phenotype. In this review, we propose the hypothesis that this phenotypic modulation does not reflect infidelity to the Treg lineage, but rather represents a natural, physiologic response of Tregs during beneficial inflammation. In tumors, however, this inflammation-induced Treg destabilization is actively opposed by dominant stabilizing factors such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and the PTEN phosphatase pathway in Tregs. Under such conditions, tumor-associated Tregs remain highly suppressive and inhibit cross-presentation of tumor antigens released by dying tumor cells. Interrupting these Treg stabilizing pathways can render tumor-associated Tregs sensitive to rapid destabilization during immunotherapy, or during the wave of cell death following chemotherapy or radiation, thus enhancing antitumor immune responses. Understanding the emerging pathways of Treg stabilization and destabilization may reveal new molecular targets for therapy. Cancer Res; 78(18); 5191-9. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Munn
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia. .,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Madhav D Sharma
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Theodore S Johnson
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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160
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Graner MW, Schnell S, Olin MR. Tumor-derived exosomes, microRNAs, and cancer immune suppression. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:505-515. [PMID: 29869058 PMCID: PMC6202205 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0689-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Originally considered to be part of a cellular waste pathway, expansive research into exosomes has shown that these vesicles possess a vast array of functional utilities. As vital transporters of materials for communications between cells, particular interest has been generated in the ability of cancer cells to use exosomes to induce immune suppression, and to establish a thriving microenvironment, ideal for disease progression. Exosomes carry and transfer many types of cargo, including microRNAs (miRNAs; miRs), which are important modulators of messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. These miRNAs have been shown to be noteworthy components of the mechanisms used by tumor-derived exosomes to carry out their functions. Alternatively, research has been expanding into using exosomes and miRNAs as both biomarkers for detecting cancer and disease progression, and as potential treatment tools. Here, we discuss some of the progress that researchers have made related to cancer exosomes, their suppression of the immune system and the importance of the miRNAs they shuttle, along with some of the shortcomings, obstacles, and challenges that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Graner
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Denver, RC2, 12700 E 19th Ave, Room 5125, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Sathya Schnell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MMC 806, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Michael R Olin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MMC 806, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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161
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Sugiura A, Rathmell JC. Metabolic Barriers to T Cell Function in Tumors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:400-407. [PMID: 29311381 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic programs that drive T cell functions are exquisitely sensitive to cell intrinsic and extrinsic factors, allowing T cells to respond in a fine-tuned manner to a variety of immune challenges and conditions. However, many of the factors essential for effector T cell function are perturbed in the tumor microenvironment, where oncogenic mutations drive unrestrained cancer cell growth that leads to excess nutrient consumption, excess waste excretion, and insufficient oxygen delivery. This imposes metabolic constraints on infiltrating cells that result in dysfunction and loss of potential antitumor activity in both naturally occurring as well as tailored T cells introduced as part of immunotherapy. In this review, we highlight the metabolic properties that characterize tumor-infiltrating T cells, the barriers within the metabolic landscape of the tumor microenvironment, and the opportunities and challenges they present in development of new cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Sugiura
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
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162
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Role of mTOR Signaling in Tumor Microenvironment: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082453. [PMID: 30126252 PMCID: PMC6121402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway regulates major processes by integrating a variety of exogenous cues, including diverse environmental inputs in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In recent years, it has been well recognized that cancer cells co-exist and co-evolve with their TME, which is often involved in drug resistance. The mTOR pathway modulates the interactions between the stroma and the tumor, thereby affecting both the tumor immunity and angiogenesis. The activation of mTOR signaling is associated with these pro-oncogenic cellular processes, making mTOR a promising target for new combination therapies. This review highlights the role of mTOR signaling in the characterization and the activity of the TME’s elements and their implications in cancer immunotherapy.
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163
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Mehta MM, Weinberg SE, Steinert EM, Chhiba K, Martinez CA, Gao P, Perlman HR, Bryce P, Hay N, Chandel NS. Hexokinase 2 is dispensable for T cell-dependent immunity. Cancer Metab 2018; 6:10. [PMID: 30140438 PMCID: PMC6098591 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-018-0184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background T cells and cancer cells utilize glycolysis for proliferation. The hexokinase (1–4) family of enzymes catalyze the first step of glycolysis. Hexokinase 2 (HK2) is one of the most highly upregulated metabolic enzymes in both cancer and activated T cells. HK2 is required for the development and/or growth of cancer in several cancer models, but the necessity of HK2 in T cells is not fully understood. The clinical applicability of HK2 inhibition in cancer may be significantly limited by any potential negative effects of HK2 inhibition on T cells. Therefore, we investigated the necessity of HK2 for T cell function. In order to identify additional therapeutic cancer targets, we performed RNA-seq to compare in vivo proliferating T cells to T cell leukemia. Methods HK2 was genetically ablated in mouse T cells using a floxed Hk2 allele crossed to CD4-Cre. CD4+ and CD8+ cells from mice were characterized metabolically and tested in vitro. T cell function in vivo was tested in a mouse model of colitis, Th2-mediated lung inflammation, and viral infection. Treg function was tested by crossing Hk2-floxed mice to FoxP3-Cre mice. Hematopoietic function was tested by deleting HK2 from bone marrow with Vav1-iCre. RNA-seq was used to compare T cells proliferating in response to virus with primary T-ALL leukemia induced with mutant Notch1 expression. Results We unexpectedly report that HK2 is largely dispensable for in vitro T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation. Loss of HK2 does not impair in vivo viral immunity and causes only a small impairment in the development of pathological inflammation. HK2 is not required for Treg function or hematopoiesis in vivo. One hundred sixty-seven metabolic genes were identified as being differentially expressed between T cells and leukemia. Conclusions HK2 is a highly upregulated enzyme in cancer and in T cells. The requirement for HK2 in various cancer models has been described previously. Our finding that T cells are able to withstand the loss of HK2 indicates that HK2 may be a promising candidate for cancer therapy. Furthermore, we identify several other potential metabolic targets in T-ALL leukemia that could spare T cell function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40170-018-0184-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manan M Mehta
- 1Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, McGaw Pavilion, Rm. M-334, 240 East Huron Street, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Samuel E Weinberg
- 1Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, McGaw Pavilion, Rm. M-334, 240 East Huron Street, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Elizabeth M Steinert
- 1Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, McGaw Pavilion, Rm. M-334, 240 East Huron Street, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Krishan Chhiba
- 1Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, McGaw Pavilion, Rm. M-334, 240 East Huron Street, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Carlos Alberto Martinez
- 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Peng Gao
- 3Metabolomics Core Facility, Northwestern University Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Harris R Perlman
- 1Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, McGaw Pavilion, Rm. M-334, 240 East Huron Street, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Paul Bryce
- 1Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, McGaw Pavilion, Rm. M-334, 240 East Huron Street, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Nissim Hay
- 4Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607 USA
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- 1Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, McGaw Pavilion, Rm. M-334, 240 East Huron Street, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
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164
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Yu X, Teng XL, Wang F, Zheng Y, Qu G, Zhou Y, Hu Z, Wu Z, Chang Y, Chen L, Li HB, Su B, Lu L, Liu Z, Sun SC, Zou Q. Metabolic control of regulatory T cell stability and function by TRAF3IP3 at the lysosome. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2463-2476. [PMID: 30115741 PMCID: PMC6122976 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic programs are crucial for regulatory T (T reg) cell stability and function, but the underlying mechanisms that regulate T reg cell metabolism are elusive. Here, we report that lysosomal TRAF3IP3 acts as a pivotal regulator in the maintenance of T reg cell metabolic fitness. T reg-specific deletion of Traf3ip3 impairs T reg cell function, causing the development of inflammatory disorders and stronger antitumor T cell responses in mice. Excessive mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)-mediated hyper-glycolytic metabolism is responsible for the instability of TRAF3IP3-deficient T reg cells. Mechanistically, TRAF3IP3 restricts mTORC1 signaling by recruiting the serine-threonine phosphatase catalytic subunit (PP2Ac) to the lysosome, thereby facilitating the interaction of PP2Ac with the mTORC1 component Raptor. Our results define TRAF3IP3 as a metabolic regulator in T reg cell stability and function and suggest a lysosome-specific mTORC1 signaling mechanism that regulates T reg cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Teng
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feixiang Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhan Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guojun Qu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhilin Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongqiu Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuzhou Chang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua-Bing Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Su
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiduo Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Qiang Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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165
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McDonald-Hyman C, Muller JT, Loschi M, Thangavelu G, Saha A, Kumari S, Reichenbach DK, Smith MJ, Zhang G, Koehn BH, Lin J, Mitchell JS, Fife BT, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Feser CJ, Kirchmeier AK, Osborn MJ, Hippen KL, Kelekar A, Serody JS, Turka LA, Munn DH, Chi H, Neubert TA, Dustin ML, Blazar BR. The vimentin intermediate filament network restrains regulatory T cell suppression of graft-versus-host disease. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4604-4621. [PMID: 30106752 DOI: 10.1172/jci95713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical for maintaining immune homeostasis. However, current Treg immunotherapies do not optimally treat inflammatory diseases in patients. Understanding the cellular processes that control Treg function may allow for the augmentation of therapeutic efficacy. In contrast to activated conventional T cells, in which protein kinase C-θ (PKC-θ) localizes to the contact point between T cells and antigen-presenting cells, in human and mouse Tregs, PKC-θ localizes to the opposite end of the cell in the distal pole complex (DPC). Here, using a phosphoproteomic screen, we identified the intermediate filament vimentin as a PKC-θ phospho target and show that vimentin forms a DPC superstructure on which PKC-θ accumulates. Treatment of mouse Tregs with either a clinically relevant PKC-θ inhibitor or vimentin siRNA disrupted vimentin and enhanced Treg metabolic and suppressive activity. Moreover, vimentin-disrupted mouse Tregs were significantly better than controls at suppressing alloreactive T cell priming in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and GVHD lethality, using a complete MHC-mismatch mouse model of acute GVHD (C57BL/6 donor into BALB/c host). Interestingly, vimentin disruption augmented the suppressor function of PKC-θ-deficient mouse Tregs. This suggests that enhanced Treg activity after PKC-θ inhibition is secondary to effects on vimentin, not just PKC-θ kinase activity inhibition. Our data demonstrate that vimentin is a key metabolic and functional controller of Treg activity and provide proof of principle that disruption of vimentin is a feasible, translationally relevant method to enhance Treg potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron McDonald-Hyman
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,The Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - James T Muller
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Loschi
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,The Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Govindarajan Thangavelu
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,The Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Asim Saha
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,The Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sudha Kumari
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dawn K Reichenbach
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,The Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michelle J Smith
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,The Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Guoan Zhang
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brent H Koehn
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,The Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jiqiang Lin
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jason S Mitchell
- The Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brian T Fife
- The Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Angela Panoskaltsis-Mortari
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Colby J Feser
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew Kemal Kirchmeier
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark J Osborn
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Keli L Hippen
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ameeta Kelekar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jonathan S Serody
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laurence A Turka
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David H Munn
- Department of Pediatrics, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, Saint Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,The Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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166
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Immunometabolism of T cells and NK cells: metabolic control of effector and regulatory function. Inflamm Res 2018; 67:813-828. [PMID: 30066126 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-018-1174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic flux can dictate cell fate, including immune cell effector and regulatory function. The metabolic regulation of cell function is well characterized with respect to effector, memory, and regulatory T cells. This knowledge may allow for manipulation of T cell metabolic pathways that set the stage for more effective T cell therapy. Natural Killer (NK) and T-lymphocytes have complementary roles in the defense against pathogens. However, studies of NK cell metabolism are only beginning to emerge and there is comparatively little knowledge on the metabolic regulation of NK-cell activation and effector function. Given their common lymphoid lineage, effector functions and cellular memory potential our current knowledge on T cell metabolism could inform investigation of metabolic reprogramming in NK cells. In this review, we compare the current knowledge of metabolic regulation in T cell and NK cell development, activation, effector and memory function. Commonalties in glucose transport, hypoxia-inducible factors and mTOR highlight metabolic control points in both cells types. Contrasting the glycolytic and oxidative nodes of metabolic regulation in T cells versus NK cells may provide insight into the contribution of specific immune responses to disease and promote the development of immunotherapeutic approaches targeting both innate and adaptive immune responses.
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167
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Lin S, Wu H, Wang C, Xiao Z, Xu F. Regulatory T Cells and Acute Lung Injury: Cytokines, Uncontrolled Inflammation, and Therapeutic Implications. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1545. [PMID: 30038616 PMCID: PMC6046379 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome/acute lung injury (ALI) was described in 1967. The uncontrolled inflammation is a central issue of the syndrome. The regulatory T cells (Tregs), formerly known as suppressor T cells, are a subpopulation of T cells. Tregs indirectly limits immune inflammation-inflicted tissue damage by employing multiple mechanisms and creating the appropriate immune environment for successful tissue repair. And it plays a central role in the resolution of ALI. Accordingly, for this review, we will focus on Treg populations which are critical for inflammatory immunity of ALI, and the effect of interaction between Treg subsets and cytokines on ALI. And then explore the possibility of cytokines as beneficial factors in inflammation resolution of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Lin
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Center for Cognitive and Neurobiological Imaging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Chuanjiang Wang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhibo Xiao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Xu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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168
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Xie MM, Dent AL. Unexpected Help: Follicular Regulatory T Cells in the Germinal Center. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1536. [PMID: 30013575 PMCID: PMC6036241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are necessary for germinal center (GC) formation and within the GC, provide key signals to B cells for their differentiation into plasmablasts and plasma cells that secrete high-affinity and isotype-switched antibody (Ab). A specialized subset of Foxp3+ T cells termed T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells, also regulate the differentiation of Ab-secreting cells from the GC. Tfr-cell function in the GC is not well understood, however, the dominant paradigm currently is that Tfr cells repress excessive Tfh and GC B cell proliferation and help promote stringent selection of high-affinity B cells. A mouse model where the Bcl6 gene is specifically deleted in Foxp3+ T cells (Bcl6FC mice) allows the study of Tfr cell function with more precision than other approaches. Studies with this model have shown that Tfr cells play a key role in maintaining GC B cell proliferation and Ab levels. Part of the mechanism for this positive "helper" effect of Tfr cells on the GC is Tfr cell-derived IL-10, which can promote B cell growth and entry into the dark zone of the GC. Recent studies on Tfr cells support a new paradigm for Tfr cell function in the GC reaction. Here, we review studies on Tfr cell functions and discuss the evidence that Tfr cells can have a major helper role in the GC-dependent Ab response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Xie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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169
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Dominguez-Villar M, Hafler DA. Regulatory T cells in autoimmune disease. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:665-673. [PMID: 29925983 PMCID: PMC7882196 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the understanding of regulatory T cell (Treg cell) biology has expanded considerably. Key observations have challenged the traditional definition of Treg cells and have provided insight into the underlying mechanisms responsible for the development of autoimmune diseases, with new therapeutic strategies that improve disease outcome. This Review summarizes the newer concepts of Treg cell instability, Treg cell plasticity and tissue-specific Treg cells, and their relationship to autoimmunity. Those three main concepts have changed the understanding of Treg cell biology: how they interact with other immune and non-immune cells; their functions in specific tissues; and the implications of this for the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A Hafler
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CN, USA.
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CN, USA.
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170
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Podojil JR, Chiang MY, Ifergan I, Copeland R, Liu LN, Maloveste S, Langermann S, Liebenson D, Balabanov R, Chi H, Chen L, Vignali DAA, Miller SD. B7-H4 Modulates Regulatory CD4 + T Cell Induction and Function via Ligation of a Semaphorin 3a/Plexin A4/Neuropilin-1 Complex. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:897-907. [PMID: 29898965 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The potent immune regulatory function of an agonistic B7-H4-Ig fusion protein (B7-H4Ig) has been demonstrated in multiple experimental autoimmune models; however, the identity of a functional B7-H4 receptor remained unknown. The biological activity of B7-H4 is associated with decreased inflammatory CD4+ T cell responses as supported by a correlation between B7-H4-expressing tumor-associated macrophages and Foxp3+ T cells within the tumor microenvironment. Recent data indicate that members of the semaphorin (Sema)/plexin/neuropilin (Nrp) family of proteins both positively and negatively modulate immune cell function. In this study, we show that B7-H4 binds the soluble Sema family member Sema3a. Additionally, B7-H4Ig-induced inhibition of inflammatory CD4+ T cell responses is lost in both Sema3a functional mutant mice and mice lacking Nrp-1 expression in Foxp3+ T cells. These findings indicate that B7-H4Ig binds to Sema3a, which acts as a functional bridge to stimulate an Nrp-1/Plexin A4 heterodimer to form a functional immunoregulatory receptor complex resulting in increased levels of phosphorylated PTEN and enhanced regulatory CD4+ T cell number and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Podojil
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Ming-Yi Chiang
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Igal Ifergan
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hongbo Chi
- Immunology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Lieping Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15262; and.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611;
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171
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Sun IH, Oh MH, Zhao L, Patel CH, Arwood ML, Xu W, Tam AJ, Blosser RL, Wen J, Powell JD. mTOR Complex 1 Signaling Regulates the Generation and Function of Central and Effector Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:481-492. [PMID: 29884702 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has emerged as a critical integrator of signals from the immune microenvironment capable of regulating T cell activation, differentiation, and function. The precise role of mTOR in the control of regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation and function is complex. Pharmacologic inhibition and genetic deletion of mTOR promotes the generation of Tregs even under conditions that would normally promote generation of effector T cells. Alternatively, mTOR activity has been observed to be increased in Tregs, and the genetic deletion of the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1)-scaffold protein Raptor inhibits Treg function. In this study, by employing both pharmacologic inhibitors and genetically altered T cells, we seek to clarify the role of mTOR in Tregs. Our studies demonstrate that inhibition of mTOR during T cell activation promotes the generation of long-lived central Tregs with a memory-like phenotype in mice. Metabolically, these central memory Tregs possess enhanced spare respiratory capacity, similar to CD8+ memory cells. Alternatively, the generation of effector Tregs (eTregs) requires mTOR function. Indeed, genetic deletion of Rptor leads to the decreased expression of ICOS and PD-1 on the eTregs. Overall, our studies define a subset of mTORC1hi eTregs and mTORC1lo central Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Im-Hong Sun
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Min-Hee Oh
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Liang Zhao
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Chirag H Patel
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Matthew L Arwood
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Wei Xu
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Ada J Tam
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Richard L Blosser
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Jiayu Wen
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Jonathan D Powell
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
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172
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Wang X, Dong Q, Li Q, Li Y, Zhao D, Sun J, Fu J, Meng F, Lin H, Luan J, Liu B, Wang M, Wang FS, He F, Tang L. Dysregulated Response of Follicular Helper T Cells to Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Promotes HBV Persistence in Mice and Associates With Outcomes of Patients. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:2222-2236. [PMID: 29544722 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Production of neutralizing antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is dysregulated in patients with persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. We investigated mechanisms by which this immune response to the virus is disrupted and whether it can be restored to promote clearance of HBV. METHODS Immune-competent C57BL/6N and C57BL/6J, as well as mice deficient in follicular helper T cells (Tfh-cell-deficient), B cells, or Foxp3+ T-regulatory cells (Treg cell deficient), were given hydrodynamic injections of pAAV/HBV1.2 plasmids. Some mice were given injections of sorted Tfh cells, pan-B cells, Treg cells, or a blocking antibody against CTLA4. Production of antibodies against HBsAg and clearance of HBV were assessed by flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemical analyses. We obtained blood samples from patients with HBV infection and isolated Treg cells. We measured the ability of Treg cells to suppress production of interleukin 21 (IL21) in CD4+ T cells. RESULTS Immune-competent C57BL/6N and C57BL/6J mice transfected with the plasmid encoding HBV had features of viral clearance and viral persistence observed in humans. A Tfh-cell response to HBsAg was required for clearance of HBV and was suppressed by Treg cells in mice with persistent HBV infection. Depletion of Treg cells or inhibition of Treg-cell function (with blocking antibody against CTLA4) restored the Tfh-cell response against HBsAg and clearance of HBV in mice. Impaired Tfh-cell response to HBsAg was observed in blood from patients with chronic HBV infection, responsiveness was restored by depletion of Treg cells or blocking antibody against CTLA4. CONCLUSIONS In studies of HBV-infected mice and blood from patients with chronic HBV infection, we found a Tfh-cell response to HBsAg of to be required for HBV clearance, and that this response was blocked by Treg cells. Inhibiting Treg-cell activity using neutralizing antibody against CTLA4 restored the ability of Tfh cells to clear HBV infection; this approach might be developed for treatment of patients with chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, P.R. China; School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qingyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, P.R. China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Dianyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jinjie Sun
- Air Force General Hospital, PLA, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Junliang Fu
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fanping Meng
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hu Lin
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Luan
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Biao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fuchu He
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, P.R. China; School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
| | - Li Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, P.R. China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, P.R. China.
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173
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Chapman NM, Zeng H, Nguyen TLM, Wang Y, Vogel P, Dhungana Y, Liu X, Neale G, Locasale JW, Chi H. mTOR coordinates transcriptional programs and mitochondrial metabolism of activated T reg subsets to protect tissue homeostasis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2095. [PMID: 29844370 PMCID: PMC5974344 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04392-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells derived from the thymus (tTreg) and periphery (pTreg) have central and distinct functions in immunosuppression, but mechanisms for the generation and activation of Treg subsets in vivo are unclear. Here, we show that mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) unexpectedly supports the homeostasis and functional activation of tTreg and pTreg cells. mTOR signaling is crucial for programming activated Treg-cell function to protect immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis. Treg-specific deletion of mTOR drives spontaneous effector T-cell activation and inflammation in barrier tissues and is associated with reduction in both thymic-derived effector Treg (eTreg) and pTreg cells. Mechanistically, mTOR functions downstream of antigenic signals to drive IRF4 expression and mitochondrial metabolism, and accordingly, deletion of mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) severely impairs Treg-cell suppressive function and eTreg-cell generation. Collectively, our results show that mTOR coordinates transcriptional and metabolic programs in activated Treg subsets to mediate tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Hu Zeng
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Thanh-Long M Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 250, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yogesh Dhungana
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Levine Science Research Center C266, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Geoffrey Neale
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 312, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Levine Science Research Center C266, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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174
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Morel PA. Differential T-cell receptor signals for T helper cell programming. Immunology 2018; 155:63-71. [PMID: 29722021 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon encounter with their cognate antigen, naive CD4 T cells become activated and are induced to differentiate into several possible T helper (Th) cell subsets. This differentiation depends on a number of factors including antigen-presenting cells, cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules. The strength of the T-cell receptor (TCR) signal, related to the affinity of TCR for antigen and antigen dose, has emerged as a dominant factor in determining Th cell fate. Recent studies have revealed that TCR signals of high or low strength do not simply induce quantitatively different signals in the T cells, but rather qualitatively distinct pathways can be induced based on TCR signal strength. This review examines the recent literature in this area and highlights important new developments in our understanding of Th cell differentiation and TCR signal strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope A Morel
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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175
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Katsuyama T, Tsokos GC, Moulton VR. Aberrant T Cell Signaling and Subsets in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1088. [PMID: 29868033 PMCID: PMC5967272 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic multi-organ debilitating autoimmune disease, which mainly afflicts women in the reproductive years. A complex interaction of genetics, environmental factors and hormones result in the breakdown of immune tolerance to "self" leading to damage and destruction of multiple organs, such as the skin, joints, kidneys, heart and brain. Both innate and adaptive immune systems are critically involved in the misguided immune response against self-antigens. Dendritic cells, neutrophils, and innate lymphoid cells are important in initiating antigen presentation and propagating inflammation at lymphoid and peripheral tissue sites. Autoantibodies produced by B lymphocytes and immune complex deposition in vital organs contribute to tissue damage. T lymphocytes are increasingly being recognized as key contributors to disease pathogenesis. CD4 T follicular helper cells enable autoantibody production, inflammatory Th17 subsets promote inflammation, while defects in regulatory T cells lead to unchecked immune responses. A better understanding of the molecular defects including signaling events and gene regulation underlying the dysfunctional T cells in SLE is necessary to pave the path for better management, therapy, and perhaps prevention of this complex disease. In this review, we focus on the aberrations in T cell signaling in SLE and highlight therapeutic advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vaishali R. Moulton
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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176
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Hoefig KP, Heissmeyer V. Posttranscriptional regulation of T helper cell fate decisions. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:2615-2631. [PMID: 29685903 PMCID: PMC6080923 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201708075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hoefig and Heissmeyer review how microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, RNA-binding proteins, and ubiquitin-modifying enzymes regulate T helper cell differentiation downstream of transcription. T helper cell subsets orchestrate context- and pathogen-specific responses of the immune system. They mostly do so by secreting specific cytokines that attract or induce activation and differentiation of other immune or nonimmune cells. The differentiation of T helper 1 (Th1), Th2, T follicular helper, Th17, and induced regulatory T cell subsets from naive T cells depends on the activation of intracellular signal transduction cascades. These cascades originate from T cell receptor and costimulatory receptor engagement and also receive critical input from cytokine receptors that sample the cytokine milieu within secondary lymphoid organs. Signal transduction then leads to the expression of subset-specifying transcription factors that, in concert with other transcription factors, up-regulate downstream signature genes. Although regulation of transcription is important, recent research has shown that posttranscriptional and posttranslational regulation can critically shape or even determine the outcome of Th cell differentiation. In this review, we describe how specific microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, RNA-binding proteins, and ubiquitin-modifying enzymes regulate their targets to skew cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai P Hoefig
- Research Unit Molecular Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Vigo Heissmeyer
- Research Unit Molecular Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany .,Institute for Immunology at the Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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177
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Mizui M, Tsokos GC. Targeting Regulatory T Cells to Treat Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:786. [PMID: 29755456 PMCID: PMC5932391 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are central in integration and maintenance of immune homeostasis. Since breakdown of self-tolerance is a major culprit in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), restoration of the immune tolerance through the manipulation of Tregs can be exploited to treat patients with SLE. New information has revealed that Tregs besides their role in suppressing the immune response are important in tissue protection and regeneration. Expansion of Tregs with low-dose IL-2 represents an approach to control the autoimmune response. Moreover, control of Treg metabolism can be exploited to restore or improve their function. Here, we summarize the function and diversity of Tregs and recent strategies to improve their function in patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Mizui
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - George C Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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178
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Regulatory T cells (Treg) characterized by expression of FOXP3 and strong immunosuppressive activity play a key role in regulating homeostasis in health and disease. Areas covered: Human Treg are highly diverse phenotypically and functionally. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), Treg are reprogrammed by the tumor, acquiring an activated phenotype and enhanced suppressor functions. No unique phenotypic markers for Treg accumulating in human tumors exist. Treg are heterogeneous and use numerous mechanisms to mediate suppression, which either silences anti-tumor immune surveillance or prevents tissue damage by activated T cells. Treg plasticity in the TME endows them with dual functionality. Treg frequency in tumors associates either with poor or improved survival. Treg responses to immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) differ from the restorative effects ICIs induce in other immune cells. Therapies used to silence Treg, including ICIs, are only partly successful. Treg persistence and resistance to depletion are critical for maintaining homeostasis. Expert opinion: Treg emerge as a heterogeneous subset of immunosuppressive T cells, which usually, but not always, favor tumor progression. Treg are also engaged in non-immune activities that benefit the host. Therapeutic silencing of Treg in cancer requires a deeper understanding of Treg activities in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Whiteside
- a Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Otolaryngology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
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179
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Jain S, Stock A, Macian F, Putterman C. A Distinct T Follicular Helper Cell Subset Infiltrates the Brain in Murine Neuropsychiatric Lupus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:487. [PMID: 29593732 PMCID: PMC5859360 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric symptoms in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are not uncommon, yet the mechanisms underlying disease initiation and progression in the brain are incompletely understood. Although the role of T cells in other lupus target organs such as the kidney is well defined, which T cells contribute to the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric SLE is not known. The present study was aimed at characterizing the CD4 T cell populations that are present in the choroid plexus (CP) of MRL/MpJ-faslpr mice, the primary site of brain infiltration in this classic lupus mouse model which exhibits a prominent neurobehavioral phenotype. T cells infiltrating the CP of MRL/MpJ-faslpr mice were characterized and subset identification was done by multiparameter flow cytometry. We found that the infiltrating CD4 T cells are activated and have an effector phenotype. Importantly, CD4 T cells have a T follicular helper cell (TFH) like phenotype, as evidenced by their surface markers and signature cytokine, IL-21. In addition, CD4 TFH cells also secrete significant levels of IFN-γ and express Bcl-6, thereby conforming to a potentially pathogenic T helper population that can drive the disease progression. Interestingly, the regulatory axis comprising CD4 T regulatory cells is diminished. These results suggest that accumulation of CD4 TFH in the brain of MRL/MpJ-faslpr mice may contribute to the neuropsychiatric manifestations of SLE, and point to this T cell subset as a possible novel therapeutic candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Jain
- Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Ariel Stock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Fernando Macian
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Chaim Putterman
- Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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180
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Affiliation(s)
- Krung Phiwpan
- School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao province, Thailand
| | - Xuyu Zhou
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
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181
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Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are a distinct subset of CD4+ T cells. Instead of triggering adaptive immunity, they suppress immune responses. Small numbers of Treg cells reside within lymphoid organs and peripheral tissues, but their contribution to immune tolerance is so significant that defects in Treg cell function cause catastrophic immune disorders. Since they were first discovered 20 years ago, efforts have been made to understand the differences in developmental processes between Treg cells and conventional T cells that determine the ultimate fate of the overall T-cell population. Transcription factor Foxp3 is crucial for Treg cell differentiation, but it is not the whole story. Owing to recent advances in Treg cell research, we are now on the verge of appreciating the comprehensive mechanisms underlying Treg cell generation. Here, we discuss major discoveries, active study topics and remaining questions regarding Treg cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonyong Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Gap Ryol Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Korea
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182
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Li B, Zeng Y, Reeves PM, Ran C, Liu Q, Qu X, Liang Y, Liu Z, Yuan J, Leblanc PR, Ye Z, Sluder AE, Gelfand JA, Brauns TA, Chen H, Poznansky MC. AMD3100 Augments the Efficacy of Mesothelin-Targeted, Immune-Activating VIC-008 in Mesothelioma by Modulating Intratumoral Immunosuppression. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:539-551. [PMID: 29511032 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AMD3100 (plerixafor), a CXCR4 antagonist, has been demonstrated to suppress tumor growth and modulate intratumoral T-cell trafficking. However, the effect of AMD3100 on immunomodulation remains elusive. Here, we explored immunomodulation and antitumor efficacy of AMD3100 in combination with a previously developed mesothelin-targeted, immune-activating fusion protein, VIC-008, in two syngeneic, orthotopic models of malignant mesothelioma in immunocompetent mice. We showed that combination therapy significantly suppressed tumor growth and prolonged animal survival in two mouse models. Tumor control and survival benefit were associated with enhanced antitumor immunity. VIC-008 augmented mesothelin-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in the spleen and lymph nodes and facilitated intratumoral lymphocytic infiltration. However, VIC-008 treatment was associated with increased programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) expression on intratumoral CD8+ T cells, likely due to high CXCL12 in the tumor microenvironment. AMD3100 alone and in combination with VIC-008 modulated immunosuppression in tumors and the immune system through suppression of PD-1 expression on CD8+ T cells and conversion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) into CD4+CD25-Foxp3+IL2+CD40L+ helper-like cells. In mechanistic studies, we demonstrated that AMD3100-driven Treg reprogramming required T cell receptor (TCR) activation and was associated with loss of PTEN due to oxidative inactivation. The combination of VIC-008 augmentation of tumor-specific CD8+ T-cell responses with AMD3100 abrogation of immunosuppression conferred significant benefits for tumor control and animal survival. These data provide new mechanistic insight into AMD3100-mediated immunomodulation and highlight the enhanced antitumor effect of AMD3100 in combination with a tumor antigen-targeted therapy in mouse malignant mesothelioma, which could be clinically relevant to patients with this difficult-to-treat disease. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(5); 539-51. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghao Li
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Orthopaedic Research, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zeng
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick M Reeves
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Qiuyan Liu
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Xiying Qu
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Yingying Liang
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Zhao Liu
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Jianping Yuan
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Pierre R Leblanc
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Zhaoming Ye
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Orthopaedic Research, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ann E Sluder
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A Gelfand
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy A Brauns
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Huabiao Chen
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts.
| | - Mark C Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
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183
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Zhao Z, Zhang X, Su L, Xu L, Zheng Y, Sun J. Fine tuning subsets of CD4+ T cells by low-dosage of IL-2 and a new therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 56:269-276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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184
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Xiao J, Hu CP, He BX, Chen X, Lu XX, Xie MX, Li W, He SY, You SJ, Chen Q. PTEN expression is a prognostic marker for patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57832-57840. [PMID: 27506936 PMCID: PMC5295393 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a known tumor suppressor in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). By performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature, we determined the prognostic value of decreased PTEN expression in patients with NSCLC. We comprehensively and systematically searched through multiple online databases up to May 22, 2016 for NSCLC studies reporting on PTEN expression and patient survival outcome. Several criteria, including the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS), were used to discriminate between studies. In total, 23 eligible studies with a total of 2,505 NSCLC patients were included in our meta-analysis. Our results demonstrated that decreased expression of PTEN correlated with poor overall survival in NSCLC patients and was indicative of a poor prognosis for disease-free survival and progression-free survival in patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xiao
- Department of Geriatrics, Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Cheng-Ping Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Bi-Xiu He
- Department of Geriatrics, Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Lu
- Department of Geriatrics, Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Ming-Xuan Xie
- Department of Geriatrics, Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Shu-Ya He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shao-Jin You
- Laboratory of Cancer Experimental Therapy, Atlanta Research and Educational Foundation (151F), Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Qiong Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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185
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Kalim KW, Yang JQ, Li Y, Meng Y, Zheng Y, Guo F. Reciprocal Regulation of Glycolysis-Driven Th17 Pathogenicity and Regulatory T Cell Stability by Cdc42. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:2313-2326. [PMID: 29440353 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A balance between Th17 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) is important for host immunity and immune tolerance. The underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we have identified Cdc42 as a central regulator of Th17/Treg balance. Deletion of Cdc42 in T cells enhanced Th17 differentiation but diminished induced Treg differentiation and suppressive function. Treg-specific deletion of Cdc42 decreased natural Tregs but increased effector T cells including Th17 cells. Notably, Cdc42-deficient Th17 cells became pathogenic associated with enhanced glycolysis and Cdc42-deficient Tregs became unstable associated with weakened glycolytic signaling. Inhibition of glycolysis in Cdc42-deficient Th17 cells diminished their pathogenicity and restoration of glycolysis in Cdc42-deficient Tregs rescued their instability. Intriguingly, Cdc42 deficiency in T cells led to exacerbated wasting disease in mouse models of colitis and Treg-specific deletion of Cdc42 caused early, fatal lymphoproliferative diseases. In summary, we show that Cdc42 is a bona fide regulator of peripheral tolerance through suppression of Th17 aberrant differentiation/pathogenicity and promotion of Treg differentiation/stability/function involving metabolic signaling and thus Cdc42 pathway might be harnessed in autoimmune disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid W Kalim
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Jun-Qi Yang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229.,Key Laboratory for Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214000, China; and
| | - Yuan Li
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Yan Meng
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229.,Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Fukun Guo
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229;
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186
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Pulido R. PTEN Inhibition in Human Disease Therapy. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020285. [PMID: 29385737 PMCID: PMC6017825 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor PTEN is a major homeostatic regulator, by virtue of its lipid phosphatase activity against phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3], which downregulates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR prosurvival signaling, as well as by its protein phosphatase activity towards specific protein targets. PTEN catalytic activity is crucial to control cell growth under physiologic and pathologic situations, and it impacts not only in preventing tumor cell survival and proliferation, but also in restraining several cellular regeneration processes, such as those associated with nerve injury recovery, cardiac ischemia, or wound healing. In these conditions, inhibition of PTEN catalysis is being explored as a potentially beneficial therapeutic intervention. Here, an overview of human diseases and conditions in which PTEN inhibition could be beneficial is presented, together with an update on the current status of specific small molecule inhibitors of PTEN enzymatic activity, their use in experimental models, and their limitations as research or therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pulido
- Biomarkers in Cancer Unit, Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
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187
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Kato H, Perl A. Blockade of Treg Cell Differentiation and Function by the Interleukin-21-Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Axis Via Suppression of Autophagy in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70:427-438. [PMID: 29161463 DOI: 10.1002/art.40380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) has become a therapeutic target in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In T cells, mTOR plays a central role in lineage specification, including development of regulatory cells (Treg cells). This study sought to investigate whether mTOR is activated within Treg cells and whether this contributes to the depletion and dysfunction of Treg cells in patients with SLE. METHODS Activities of mTOR complexes 1 (mTORC1) and 2 (mTORC2) were examined by quantifying phosphorylation of translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1, S6 kinase, and Akt in SLE patients relative to age- and sex-matched female healthy control subjects. Polarization of Treg cells from naive CD4+ T cells was assessed in the presence of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-17, and IL-21. The suppressor function of sorted CD4+CD25+ Treg cells was measured by determining their impact on the proliferation of autologous CD4+CD25- responder T cells. Treg cell expression of FoxP3, GATA-3, and CTLA-4 was monitored by flow cytometry. Autophagy was assessed using immunoblotting of light chain 3 lipidation. The effect of mTOR blockade was evaluated by testing the impact of rapamycin treatment on Treg cell function. RESULTS SLE Treg cells exhibited increased activities of mTORC1 and mTORC2, whereas autophagy, the expression of GATA-3 and CTLA-4, and the suppressor function of Treg cells were diminished. IL-21, but not IL-6 or IL-17, blocked the development of Treg cells. IL-21 stimulated mTORC1 and mTORC2, and it abrogated the autophagy, differentiation, and function of Treg cells. Moreover, IL-21 constrained the expression of GATA-3 and CTLA-4 selectively in Treg cells. In turn, blockade of mTORC1 by 3-day rapamycin treatment enhanced transforming growth factor β production, while dual blockade of mTORC1 and mTORC2 by 4-week rapamycin treatment induced autophagy, restored the expression of GATA-3 and CTLA-4, and corrected Treg cell function. CONCLUSION IL-21-driven mTOR activation is a pharmacologically targetable checkpoint of the deficient autophagy that underlies Treg cell dysfunction in SLE.
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188
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Fan MY, Turka LA. Immunometabolism and PI(3)K Signaling As a Link between IL-2, Foxp3 Expression, and Suppressor Function in Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:69. [PMID: 29434595 PMCID: PMC5796885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an essential component of immune homeostasis. Modulation of Treg function has been proposed as a means of treating autoimmune conditions and preventing rejection of organ transplants, although achieving this goal will require a detailed understanding of Treg signaling pathways. Signaling within Tregs is known to differ considerably from that observed in other T cell subsets. Of note, Tregs are the only cell type known to constitutively express CD25, the main ligand-binding subunit of the IL-2 receptor. The PI(3)K/Akt/mTOR cascade constitutes a major signaling pathway downstream of IL-2 and is closely tied to cellular metabolism. Due to increasing recognition of the links between cellular fuel usage and immune cell function, the interplay between IL-2 signaling and Treg metabolism represents an important space for exploration and a potential approach for immunomodulation. Here, we discuss how IL-2 may affect Treg metabolism via PI(3)K signaling, as well as the effects of altered metabolism on Treg lineage stability and suppressor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Y Fan
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Program in Immunology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Laurence A Turka
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Program in Immunology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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189
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Pompura SL, Dominguez-Villar M. The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in regulatory T-cell development, stability, and function. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:1065-1076. [PMID: 29357116 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mir0817-349r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is an essential node in mammalian cells that controls cell growth, migration, proliferation, and metabolism. During the last decade, a number of works have demonstrated an important role for the PI3K/AKT pathway in regulatory T cell development, function, and stability. This review summarizes our current knowledge of how the PI3K/AKT pathway regulates thymic and peripheral Treg generation and function, with an emphasis on translation of these observations to therapies targeting Tregs in several pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saige L Pompura
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurology, Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Margarita Dominguez-Villar
- Department of Neurology, Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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190
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Large-scale reduction of tyrosine kinase activities in human monocytes stimulated in vitro with N. meningitidis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0181912. [PMID: 29357362 PMCID: PMC5774972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N. meningitidis induces extensive gene expression changes in human monocytes, suggesting that complex networks of signaling pathways are activated during meningococcal sepsis. These effects are modulated by the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). To further study changes in signal transduction suggested by mRNA data, we used kinase substrate arrays to identify composite kinase activities induced by lysates from a primary human monocyte model system. Cell lysates were prepared from monocytes treated with the following experimental conditions: 106 N. meningitidis/mL, 25 ng/mL IL-10, 106 N. meningitidis/mL in combination with 25 ng/mL IL-10, and vehicle. Lysates were subjected to kinase activity profiling with Tyrosine Kinase PamChip® arrays containing 144 kinase peptide substrates. In our experimental model, we were not able to detect a statistically significant large-scale change in ex vivo array peptide phosphorylation by lysates from monocytes treated for 15 minutes. Targets of the IL-10 anti-inflammatory response were not identified. A profound inhibition of array peptide phosphorylation by monocytes treated for 60 minutes was identified, suggesting low activity of a large number of kinases associated with different signaling pathways and immune cell functions, including STAT3 activity, Nf-κB and VEGF signaling, and PTEN signaling activity. The peptide representing ZBTB16, which was reduced in phosphorylation by lysates from all three experimental conditions, was in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified to be linked to reduced cytokine release and mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-6, and CXCL10. Further studies should investigate changes in tyrosine kinase-mediated signal transduction in human immune cells, in order to evaluate the potential clinical application of kinome profiling in the study of systemic inflammatory responses to pathogens.
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191
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Wawman RE, Bartlett H, Oo YH. Regulatory T Cell Metabolism in the Hepatic Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1889. [PMID: 29358934 PMCID: PMC5766647 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic-derived naturally occurring regulatory T cells (tTreg) are crucial for maintaining peripheral immune homeostasis. They play a crucial role in preventing autoimmunity and maintaining organ transplant without requiring immunosuppression. Cellular metabolism has recently emerged as an important regulator of adaptive immune cell balance between Treg and effector T cells. While the metabolic requirements of conventional T cells are increasingly understood, the role of Treg cellular metabolism is less clear. The continuous exposure of metabolites and nutrients to the human liver via the portal blood flow influences the lineage fitness, function, proliferation, migration, and survival of Treg cells. As cellular metabolism has an impact on its function, it is crucial to understand the metabolic pathways wiring in regulatory T cells. Currently, there are ongoing early phase clinical trials with polyclonal and antigen-specific good manufacturing practice (GMP) Treg therapy to treat autoimmune diseases and organ transplantation. Thus, enhancing immunometabolic pathways of Treg by translational approach with existing or new drugs would utilize Treg cells to their full potential for effective cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Ellen Wawman
- Centre for Liver Research, National Institute of Health Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Bartlett
- Centre for Liver Research, National Institute of Health Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ye Htun Oo
- Centre for Liver Research, National Institute of Health Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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192
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Liang M, Liwen Z, Yun Z, Yanbo D, Jianping C. The Imbalance between Foxp3 +Tregs and Th1/Th17/Th22 Cells in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Autoimmune Hepatitis. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:3753081. [PMID: 30050955 PMCID: PMC6040251 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3753081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is aimed at examining the potential role of regulatory T- (Treg-) Th1-Th17-Th22 cells in the pathogenic process of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). The numbers of Foxp3+Tregs and Th1, Th17, and Th22 cells were measured in 32 AIH patients using flow cytometry. Moreover, a murine model of experimental autoimmune hepatitis (EAH) was also established and used to investigate the function of Treg-Th1-Th17-Th22 cells in disease progression. AIH patients undergoing an active state had significantly decreased numbers of CD3+CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Tregs and increased numbers of CD3+CD4+CD25-Foxp3+T, CD3+CD4+IFN-γ+Th1, CD3+CD4+IL-17+Th17, and CD3+CD4+IL-2+Th22 cells as well as higher levels of Th1/Th17/Th22-type cytokines compared to AIH patients in remission and HC. Additionally, the numbers of CD3+CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Tregs were negatively correlated with the numbers of Th1-Th17-Th22 cells. Also, the serum levels of IL-17A and IL-22 were correlated positively with liver injury (ALT/AST), whereas the serum levels of IL-10 were correlated negatively with hypergammaglobulinaemia (IgG, IgM) in AIH patients. Interestingly, the percentages of spleen Tregs, expression of Foxp3 mRNA, and liver IL-10 levels decreased, whereas the percentages of spleen Th1-Th17-Th22 cells, expression of T-bet/AHR/RORγt mRNA, and liver IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-22 levels increased in the murine model of EAH. Our findings demonstrated that an imbalance between Tregs and Th1-Th17-Th22 cells might contribute to the pathogenic process of AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Liang
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhang Liwen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second People's Hospital of Changzhou, Affiliate Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuang Yun
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ding Yanbo
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Jianping
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
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193
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The Secrets of T Cell Polarization. Oncoimmunology 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-62431-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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194
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Riquelme SA, Hopkins BD, Wolfe AL, DiMango E, Kitur K, Parsons R, Prince A. Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Attaches Tumor Suppressor PTEN to the Membrane and Promotes Anti Pseudomonas aeruginosa Immunity. Immunity 2017; 47:1169-1181.e7. [PMID: 29246444 PMCID: PMC5738266 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor PTEN controls cell proliferation by regulating phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) activity, but the participation of PTEN in host defense against bacterial infection is less well understood. Anti-inflammatory PI3K-Akt signaling is suppressed in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), a disease characterized by hyper-inflammatory responses to airway infection. We found that Ptenl-/- mice, which lack the NH2-amino terminal splice variant of PTEN, were unable to eradicate Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the airways and could not generate sufficient anti-inflammatory PI3K activity, similar to what is observed in CF. PTEN and the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) interacted directly and this interaction was necessary to position PTEN at the membrane. CF patients under corrector-potentiator therapy, which enhances CFTR transport to the membrane, have increased PTEN amounts. These findings suggest that improved CFTR trafficking could enhance P. aeruginosa clearance from the CF airway by activating PTEN-mediated anti-bacterial responses and might represent a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew L Wolfe
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Emily DiMango
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kipyegon Kitur
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ramon Parsons
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alice Prince
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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195
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Essig K, Hu D, Guimaraes JC, Alterauge D, Edelmann S, Raj T, Kranich J, Behrens G, Heiseke A, Floess S, Klein J, Maiser A, Marschall S, Hrabĕ de Angelis M, Leonhardt H, Calkhoven CF, Noessner E, Brocker T, Huehn J, Krug AB, Zavolan M, Baumjohann D, Heissmeyer V. Roquin Suppresses the PI3K-mTOR Signaling Pathway to Inhibit T Helper Cell Differentiation and Conversion of Treg to Tfr Cells. Immunity 2017; 47:1067-1082.e12. [PMID: 29246441 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Roquin proteins preclude spontaneous T cell activation and aberrant differentiation of T follicular helper (Tfh) or T helper 17 (Th17) cells. Here we showed that deletion of Roquin-encoding alleles specifically in regulatory T (Treg) cells also caused the activation of conventional T cells. Roquin-deficient Treg cells downregulated CD25, acquired a follicular Treg (Tfr) cell phenotype, and suppressed germinal center reactions but could not protect from colitis. Roquin inhibited the PI3K-mTOR signaling pathway by upregulation of Pten through interfering with miR-17∼92 binding to an overlapping cis-element in the Pten 3' UTR, and downregulated the Foxo1-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch. Loss of Roquin enhanced Akt-mTOR signaling and protein synthesis, whereas inhibition of PI3K or mTOR in Roquin-deficient T cells corrected enhanced Tfh and Th17 or reduced iTreg cell differentiation. Thereby, Roquin-mediated control of PI3K-mTOR signaling prevents autoimmunity by restraining activation and differentiation of conventional T cells and specialization of Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Essig
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Desheng Hu
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Joao C Guimaraes
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Alterauge
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stephanie Edelmann
- Research Unit Molecular Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Timsse Raj
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jan Kranich
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gesine Behrens
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alexander Heiseke
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefan Floess
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Juliane Klein
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andreas Maiser
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Susan Marschall
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising 85353, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabĕ de Angelis
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising 85353, Germany
| | - Heinrich Leonhardt
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Cornelis F Calkhoven
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Elfriede Noessner
- Immunoanalytics Core Facility, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Thomas Brocker
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anne B Krug
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mihaela Zavolan
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Vigo Heissmeyer
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Research Unit Molecular Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81377 München, Germany.
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196
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mTOR signaling in immune cells and its implications for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2017; 408:182-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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197
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Immunometabolism, pregnancy, and nutrition. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 40:157-174. [PMID: 29071391 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The emerging field of immunometabolism has substantially progressed over the last years and provided pivotal insights into distinct metabolic regulators and reprogramming pathways of immune cell populations in various immunological settings. However, insights into immunometabolic reprogramming in the context of reproduction are still enigmatic. During pregnancy, the maternal immune system needs to actively adapt to the presence of the fetal antigens, i.e., by functional modifications of distinct innate immune cell subsets, the generation of regulatory T cells, and the suppression of an anti-fetal effector T cell response. Considering that metabolic pathways have been shown to affect the functional role of such immune cells in a number of settings, we here review the potential role of immunometabolism with regard to the molecular and cellular mechanisms necessary for successful reproduction. Since immunometabolism holds the potential for a therapeutic approach to alter the course of immune diseases, we further highlight how a targeted metabolic reprogramming of immune cells may be triggered by maternal anthropometric or nutritional aspects.
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198
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Harnessing Advances in T Regulatory Cell Biology for Cellular Therapy in Transplantation. Transplantation 2017; 101:2277-2287. [PMID: 28376037 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular therapy with CD4FOXP3 T regulatory (Treg) cells is a promising strategy to induce tolerance after solid-organ transplantation or prevent graft-versus-host disease after transfer of hematopoietic stem cells. Treg cells currently used in clinical trials are either polyclonal, donor- or antigen-specific. Aside from variations in isolation and expansion protocols, however, most therapeutic Treg cell-based products are much alike. Ongoing basic science work has provided considerable new insight into multiple facets of Treg cell biology, including their stability, homing, and functional specialization; integrating these basic science discoveries with clinical efforts will support the development of next-generation therapeutic Treg cells with enhanced efficacy. In this review, we summarize recent advances in knowledge of how Treg cells home to lymphoid and peripheral tissues, and control antibody production and tissue repair. We also discuss newly appreciated pathways that modulate context-specific Treg cell function and stability. Strategies to improve and tailor Treg cells for cell therapy to induce transplantation tolerance are highlighted.
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199
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Kim HS, Jang SW, Lee W, Kim K, Sohn H, Hwang SS, Lee GR. PTEN drives Th17 cell differentiation by preventing IL-2 production. J Exp Med 2017; 214:3381-3398. [PMID: 29018045 PMCID: PMC5679178 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Th17 cells mediate inflammation and autoimmunity. Although it was known that cytokine IL-2 inhibits Th17 cell differentiation, how it does so was elusive. Using IL-17–specific PTEN-deficient mice, Kim et al. show that phosphatase PTEN inhibits IL-2 production and thus promotes Th17 cell differentiation. T helper 17 (Th17) cells are a CD4+ T cell subset that produces IL-17A to mediate inflammation and autoimmunity. IL-2 inhibits Th17 cell differentiation. However, the mechanism by which IL-2 is suppressed during Th17 cell differentiation remains unclear. Here, we show that phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) is a key factor that regulates Th17 cell differentiation by suppressing IL-2 production. Th17-specific Pten deletion (Ptenfl/flIl17acre) impairs Th17 cell differentiation in vitro and ameliorated symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of Th17-mediated autoimmune disease. Mechanistically, Pten deficiency up-regulates IL-2 and phosphorylation of STAT5, but reduces STAT3 phosphorylation, thereby inhibiting Th17 cell differentiation. PTEN inhibitors block Th17 cell differentiation in vitro and in the EAE model. Thus, PTEN plays a key role in Th17 cell differentiation by blocking IL-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Su Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Woong Jang
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wonyong Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kiwan Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyogon Sohn
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Seok Hwang
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gap Ryol Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea
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Galgani M, De Rosa V, La Cava A, Matarese G. Role of Metabolism in the Immunobiology of Regulatory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 197:2567-75. [PMID: 27638939 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular metabolism is central to cell activity and function. CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) that express the transcription factor FOXP3 play a pivotal role in the maintenance of immune tolerance to self. Recent studies showed that the metabolism and function of Tregs are influenced significantly by local environmental conditions and the availability of certain metabolites. It also was reported that defined metabolic programs associate with Treg differentiation, expression of FOXP3, and phenotype stabilization. This article reviews how metabolism modulates FOXP3 expression and Treg function, what environmental factors are involved, and how metabolic manipulation could alter Treg frequency and function in physiopathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Galgani
- Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80131 Naples, Italy; Unità di NeuroImmunologia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio La Cava
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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