151
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Abstract
The paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) plays a pivotal role in regulating energy balance, though circuit mechanisms remain obscure. In this issue of Neuron, Li et al. (2019b) identify a circuit involving PVHPDYN neurons that, separately and synergistically with PVHMC4R neurons, controls feeding behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Varela
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Program of Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism (ICSNM), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Program of Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism (ICSNM), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
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152
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State-specific gating of salient cues by midbrain dopaminergic input to basal amygdala. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:1820-1833. [PMID: 31611706 PMCID: PMC6858554 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Basal amygdala (BA) neurons guide associative learning via acquisition of responses to stimuli that predict salient appetitive or aversive outcomes. We examined the learning- and state-dependent dynamics of BA neurons and ventral tegmental area dopamine axons that innervate BA (VTADA➜BA) using two-photon imaging and photometry in behaving mice. BA neurons did not respond to arbitrary visual stimuli, but acquired responses to stimuli that predicted either rewards or punishments. Most VTADA➜BA axons were activated by both rewards and punishments, and acquired responses to cues predicting these outcomes during learning. Responses to cues predicting food rewards in VTADA➜BA axons and BA neurons in hungry mice were strongly attenuated following satiation, while responses to cues predicting unavoidable punishments persisted or increased. Therefore, VTADA➜BA axons may provide a reinforcement signal of motivational salience that invigorates adaptive behaviors by promoting learned responses to appetitive or aversive cues in distinct, intermingled sets of BA excitatory neurons.
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153
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Yan S, Shi R, Li L, Ma S, Zhang H, Ye J, Wang J, Pan J, Wang Q, Jin X, Liu X, Liu Z. Mannan Oligosaccharide Suppresses Lipid Accumulation and Appetite in Western-Diet-Induced Obese Mice Via Reshaping Gut Microbiome and Enhancing Short-Chain Fatty Acids Production. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1900521. [PMID: 31487425 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Obesity is associated with gut microbiome dysbiosis. Mannose oligosaccharide (MOS) has been reported to be a potential prebiotic. The present study is aimed to determine the effects of MOS on western-diet-induced obesity and to uncover the mediating roles of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites. METHODS AND RESULTS Three-month-old male ICR mice are fed with a high-fat and high-fructose diet for 8 weeks. The diet-induced obese mice are then orally administrated with MOS (100 and 200 mg kg-1 d-1 ) for 4 weeks. MOS significantly reduces bodyweight gain, insulin resistance, fatty liver, and inflammatory responses in obese mice. MOS also stimulates lipolysis and inhibits lipogenesis in the adipose tissues. Moreover, MOS restructures the gut microbiome by enhancing the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in obese mice. The microbial metabolite SCFAs are also increased in the feces and serum. Correlation analysis indicates that the appetite suppression and lipid-lowering effects of MOS are highly correlated with the butyrate levels. CONCLUSION MOS suppresses the appetite, which results in less lipid deposition. The lower appetite is likely due to an altered gut microbiome and elevated SCFAs production. MOS may be a potential nutraceutical used in body weight management and gut health improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikai Yan
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Renjie Shi
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Ling Li
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Shaobo Ma
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jin Ye
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jiamin Wang
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Junru Pan
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Qianxu Wang
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xiang Jin
- Xi'an Yuensun Biological Technology Co., Ltd. Pioneering R&D Park, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Xuebo Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
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154
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Üner AG, Keçik O, Quaresma PGF, De Araujo TM, Lee H, Li W, Kim HJ, Chung M, Bjørbæk C, Kim YB. Role of POMC and AgRP neuronal activities on glycaemia in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13068. [PMID: 31506541 PMCID: PMC6736943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49295-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin regulates both feeding and glycaemia primarily through its receptors expressed on agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and pro-opiomelanocortin-expressing (POMC) neurons; however, it is unknown whether activity of these neuronal populations mediates the regulation of these processes. To determine this, we injected Cre-dependent designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) viruses into the hypothalamus of normoglycaemic and diabetic AgRP-ires-cre and POMC-cre mice to chemogenetically activate or inhibit these neuronal populations. Despite robust changes in food intake, activation or inhibition of AgRP neurons did not affect glycaemia, while activation caused significant (P = 0.014) impairment in insulin sensitivity. Stimulation of AgRP neurons in diabetic mice reversed leptin’s ability to inhibit feeding but did not counter leptin’s ability to lower blood glucose levels. Notably, the inhibition of POMC neurons stimulated feeding while decreasing glucose levels in normoglycaemic mice. The findings suggest that leptin’s effects on feeding by AgRP neurons are mediated by changes in neuronal firing, while the control of glucose balance by these cells is independent of chemogenetic activation or inhibition. The firing-dependent glucose lowering mechanism within POMC neurons is a potential target for the development of novel anti-diabetic medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aykut Göktürk Üner
- Department of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Efeler, Aydin, 09010, Turkey
| | - Onur Keçik
- Department of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Paula G F Quaresma
- Department of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Thiago M De Araujo
- Department of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hyon Lee
- Department of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hyun Jeong Kim
- Department of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Michelle Chung
- Department of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Christian Bjørbæk
- Department of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Department of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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155
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Semple E, Shalabi F, Hill JW. Oxytocin Neurons Enable Melanocortin Regulation of Male Sexual Function in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6310-6323. [PMID: 30756300 PMCID: PMC6684847 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1514-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin pathway has been implicated in both metabolism and sexual function. When the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) is knocked out globally, male mice display obesity, low sexual desire, and copulatory difficulties; however, it is unclear whether these phenotypes are interdependent. To elucidate the neuronal circuitry involved in sexual dysfunction in MC4R knockouts, we re-expressed the MC4R in these mice exclusively on Sim1 neurons (tbMC4RSim1 mice) or on a subset of Sim1 neurons, namely oxytocin neurons (tbMC4Roxt mice). The groups were matched at young ages to control for the effects of obesity. Interestingly, young MC4R null mice had no deficits in sexual motivation or erectile function. However, MC4R null mice were found to have an increased latency to reach ejaculation compared to control mice, which was restored in both tbMC4RSim1 and tbMC4Roxt mice. These results indicate that melanocortin signaling via the MC4R on oxytocin neurons is important for normal ejaculation independent of the male's metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Semple
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Firas Shalabi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Jennifer W Hill
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
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156
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Xu Y, Lu Y, Cassidy RM, Mangieri LR, Zhu C, Huang X, Jiang Z, Justice NJ, Xu Y, Arenkiel BR, Tong Q. Identification of a neurocircuit underlying regulation of feeding by stress-related emotional responses. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3446. [PMID: 31371721 PMCID: PMC6671997 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding is known to be profoundly affected by stress-related emotional states and eating disorders are comorbid with psychiatric symptoms and altered emotional responses. The neural basis underlying feeding regulation by stress-related emotional changes is poorly understood. Here, we identify a novel projection from the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) to the ventral lateral septum (LSv) that shows a scalable regulation on feeding and behavioral changes related to emotion. Weak photostimulation of glutamatergic PVH→LSv terminals elicits stress-related self-grooming and strong photostimulation causes fear-related escape jumping associated with respective weak and strong inhibition on feeding. In contrast, inhibition of glutamatergic inputs to LSv increases feeding with signs of reduced anxiety. LSv-projecting neurons are concentrated in rostral PVH. LSv and LSv-projecting PVH neurons are activated by stressors in vivo, whereas feeding bouts were associated with reduced activity of these neurons. Thus, PVH→LSv neurotransmission underlies dynamic feeding by orchestrating emotional states, providing a novel neural circuit substrate underlying comorbidity between eating abnormalities and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhong Xu
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yungang Lu
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ryan M Cassidy
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience of the University of Texas MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Leandra R Mangieri
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience of the University of Texas MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Canjun Zhu
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xugen Huang
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhiying Jiang
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nicholas J Justice
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience of the University of Texas MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yong Xu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin R Arenkiel
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Jan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Qingchun Tong
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Graduate Program in Neuroscience of the University of Texas MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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157
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Mangieri LR, Jiang Z, Lu Y, Xu Y, Cassidy RM, Justice N, Xu Y, Arenkiel BR, Tong Q. Defensive Behaviors Driven by a Hypothalamic-Ventral Midbrain Circuit. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0156-19.2019. [PMID: 31331938 PMCID: PMC6664144 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0156-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) regulates stress, feeding behaviors and other homeostatic processes, but whether PVH also drives defensive states remains unknown. Here we showed that photostimulation of PVH neurons in mice elicited escape jumping, a typical defensive behavior. We mapped PVH outputs that densely terminate in the ventral midbrain (vMB) area, and found that activation of the PVH→vMB circuit produced profound defensive behavioral changes, including escape jumping, hiding, hyperlocomotion, and learned aversion. Electrophysiological recordings showed excitatory postsynaptic input onto vMB neurons via PVH fiber activation, and in vivo studies demonstrated that glutamate transmission from PVH→vMB was required for the evoked behavioral responses. Photostimulation of PVH→vMB fibers induced cFos expression mainly in non-dopaminergic neurons. Using a dual optogenetic-chemogenetic strategy, we further revealed that escape jumping and hiding were partially contributed by the activation of midbrain glutamatergic neurons. Taken together, our work unveils a hypothalamic-vMB circuit that encodes defensive properties, which may be implicated in stress-induced defensive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandra R Mangieri
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience of MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Zhiying Jiang
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yungang Lu
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yuanzhong Xu
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Ryan M Cassidy
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience of MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Nicholas Justice
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience of MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yong Xu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Benjamin R Arenkiel
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Qingchun Tong
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience of MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
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158
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Romanov RA, Alpár A, Hökfelt T, Harkany T. Unified Classification of Molecular, Network, and Endocrine Features of Hypothalamic Neurons. Annu Rev Neurosci 2019; 42:1-26. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral endocrine output relies on either direct or feed-forward multi-order command from the hypothalamus. Efficient coding of endocrine responses is made possible by the many neuronal cell types that coexist in intercalated hypothalamic nuclei and communicate through extensive synaptic connectivity. Although general anatomical and neurochemical features of hypothalamic neurons were described during the past decades, they have yet to be reconciled with recently discovered molecular classifiers and neurogenetic function determination. By interrogating magnocellular as well as parvocellular dopamine, GABA, glutamate, and phenotypically mixed neurons, we integrate available information at the molecular, cellular, network, and endocrine output levels to propose a framework for the comprehensive classification of hypothalamic neurons. Simultaneously, we single out putative neuronal subclasses for which future research can fill in existing gaps of knowledge to rationalize cellular diversity through function-determinant molecular marks in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman A. Romanov
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alán Alpár
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, and SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
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159
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Obri A, Claret M. The role of epigenetics in hypothalamic energy balance control: implications for obesity. Cell Stress 2019; 3:208-220. [PMID: 31309172 PMCID: PMC6612891 DOI: 10.15698/cst2019.07.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite enormous social and scientific efforts, obesity rates continue to increase worldwide. While genetic factors contribute to obesity development, genetics alone cannot explain the current epidemic. Obesity is essentially the consequence of complex genetic-environmental interactions. Evidence suggests that contemporary lifestyles trigger epigenetic changes, which can dysregulate energy balance and thus contribute to obesity. The hypothalamus plays a pivotal role in the regulation of body weight, through a sophisticated network of neuronal systems. Alterations in the activity of these neuronal pathways have been implicated in the pathophysiology of obesity. Here, we review the current knowledge on the central control of energy balance with a focus on recent studies linking epigenetic mechanisms in the hypothalamus to the development of obesity and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Obri
- Neuronal Control of Metabolism Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Claret
- Neuronal Control of Metabolism Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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160
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Reichenbach A, Stark R, Mequinion M, Denis RRG, Goularte JF, Clarke RE, Lockie SH, Lemus MB, Kowalski GM, Bruce CR, Huang C, Schittenhelm RB, Mynatt RL, Oldfield BJ, Watt MJ, Luquet S, Andrews ZB. AgRP Neurons Require Carnitine Acetyltransferase to Regulate Metabolic Flexibility and Peripheral Nutrient Partitioning. Cell Rep 2019; 22:1745-1759. [PMID: 29444428 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AgRP neurons control peripheral substrate utilization and nutrient partitioning during conditions of energy deficit and nutrient replenishment, although the molecular mechanism is unknown. We examined whether carnitine acetyltransferase (Crat) in AgRP neurons affects peripheral nutrient partitioning. Crat deletion in AgRP neurons reduced food intake and feeding behavior and increased glycerol supply to the liver during fasting, as a gluconeogenic substrate, which was mediated by changes to sympathetic output and peripheral fatty acid metabolism in the liver. Crat deletion in AgRP neurons increased peripheral fatty acid substrate utilization and attenuated the switch to glucose utilization after refeeding, indicating altered nutrient partitioning. Proteomic analysis in AgRP neurons shows that Crat regulates protein acetylation and metabolic processing. Collectively, our studies highlight that AgRP neurons require Crat to provide the metabolic flexibility to optimize nutrient partitioning and regulate peripheral substrate utilization, particularly during fasting and refeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Reichenbach
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Romana Stark
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Mathieu Mequinion
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Raphael R G Denis
- Université of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR 8251, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Jeferson F Goularte
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Rachel E Clarke
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah H Lockie
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Moyra B Lemus
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Greg M Kowalski
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, VIC, Australia
| | - Clinton R Bruce
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, VIC, Australia
| | - Cheng Huang
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia; Monash Biomedical Proteomics Facility and Department of Biochemistry, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Ralf B Schittenhelm
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia; Monash Biomedical Proteomics Facility and Department of Biochemistry, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Randall L Mynatt
- Gene Nutrient Interactions Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; Transgenic Core Facility, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Brian J Oldfield
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew J Watt
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Serge Luquet
- Université of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR 8251, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Zane B Andrews
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia.
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161
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Liu C, Li H, Zhou Z, Li J, Chen H, Liu Y, Huang C, Fan S. Protopanaxadiol alleviates obesity in high-fat diet-fed mice via activation of energy-sensing neuron in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 513:1092-1099. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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162
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Baldini G, Phelan KD. The melanocortin pathway and control of appetite-progress and therapeutic implications. J Endocrinol 2019; 241:R1-R33. [PMID: 30812013 PMCID: PMC6500576 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The initial discovery that ob/ob mice become obese because of a recessive mutation of the leptin gene has been crucial to discover the melanocortin pathway to control appetite. In the melanocortin pathway, the fed state is signaled by abundance of circulating hormones such as leptin and insulin, which bind to receptors expressed at the surface of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons to promote processing of POMC to the mature hormone α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). The α-MSH released by POMC neurons then signals to decrease energy intake by binding to melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) expressed by MC4R neurons to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Conversely, in the 'starved state' activity of agouti-related neuropeptide (AgRP) and of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-expressing neurons is increased by decreased levels of circulating leptin and insulin and by the orexigenic hormone ghrelin to promote food intake. This initial understanding of the melanocortin pathway has recently been implemented by the description of the complex neuronal circuit that controls the activity of POMC, AgRP/NPY and MC4R neurons and downstream signaling by these neurons. This review summarizes the progress done on the melanocortin pathway and describes how obesity alters this pathway to disrupt energy homeostasis. We also describe progress on how leptin and insulin receptors signal in POMC neurons, how MC4R signals and how altered expression and traffic of MC4R change the acute signaling and desensitization properties of the receptor. We also describe how the discovery of the melanocortin pathway has led to the use of melanocortin agonists to treat obesity derived from genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Baldini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kevin D. Phelan
- Department of Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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163
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Falls BA, Zhang Y. Insights into the Allosteric Mechanism of Setmelanotide (RM-493) as a Potent and First-in-Class Melanocortin-4 Receptor (MC4R) Agonist To Treat Rare Genetic Disorders of Obesity through an in Silico Approach. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1055-1065. [PMID: 30048591 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human melanocortin-4 receptor (hMC4R) mutations have been implicated as the cause for about 6-8% of all severe obesity cases. Drug-like molecules that are able to rescue the functional activity of mutated receptors are highly desirable to combat genetic obesity among this population of patients. One such molecule is the selective MC4R agonist RM-493 (setmelanotide). While this molecule has been shown to activate mutated receptors with 20-fold higher potency over the endogenous agonist, little is known about its binding mode and how it effectively interacts with hMC4R despite the presence of mutations. In this study, a MC4R homology model was constructed based on the X-ray crystal structure of the adenosine A2A receptor in the active state. Four MC4R mutations commonly found in genetically obese patients and known to effect ligand binding in vitro were introduced into the constructed model. RM-493 was then docked into the wild-type and mutated models in order to better elucidate the possible binding modes for this promising drug candidate and assess how it may be interacting with MC4R to effectively activate receptor polymorphisms. The results reflected the orthosteric interactions of both the endogenous and synthetic ligands with the MC4R, which is supported by the site-directed mutagenesis studies. Meanwhile it helped explain the decremental affinity and potency of these ligands with the receptor polymorphisms. More significantly, our findings indicated that the structural characteristics of RM-493 may allow for enhanced receptor-ligand interactions, particularly through those with the putative allosteric binding sites, which facilitated the ligand to stabilize the active state of native and mutant MC4Rs to maintain reasonably high affinity and potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A. Falls
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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164
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Li MM, Madara JC, Steger JS, Krashes MJ, Balthasar N, Campbell JN, Resch JM, Conley NJ, Garfield AS, Lowell BB. The Paraventricular Hypothalamus Regulates Satiety and Prevents Obesity via Two Genetically Distinct Circuits. Neuron 2019; 102:653-667.e6. [PMID: 30879785 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SIM1-expressing paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) neurons are key regulators of energy balance. Within the PVHSIM1 population, melanocortin-4 receptor-expressing (PVHMC4R) neurons are known to regulate satiety and bodyweight, yet they account for only half of PVHSIM1 neuron-mediated regulation. Here we report that PVH prodynorphin-expressing (PVHPDYN) neurons, which notably lack MC4Rs, function independently and additively with PVHMC4R neurons to account for the totality of PVHSIM1 neuron-mediated satiety. Moreover, PVHPDYN neurons are necessary for prevention of obesity in an independent but equipotent manner to PVHMC4R neurons. While PVHPDYN and PVHMC4R neurons both project to the parabrachial complex (PB), they synaptically engage distinct efferent nodes, the pre-locus coeruleus (pLC), and central lateral parabrachial nucleus (cLPBN), respectively. PB-projecting PVHPDYN neurons, like PVHMC4R neurons, receive input from interoceptive ARCAgRP neurons, respond to caloric state, and are sufficient and necessary to control food intake. This expands the CNS satiety circuitry to include two non-overlapping PVH to hindbrain circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Joseph C Madara
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jennifer S Steger
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michael J Krashes
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nina Balthasar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - John N Campbell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jon M Resch
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nicholas J Conley
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alastair S Garfield
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Bradford B Lowell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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165
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Füredi N, Mikó A, Gaszner B, Feller D, Rostás I, Tenk J, Solymár M, Balaskó M, Pétervári E. Activity of the Hypothalamic Melanocortin System Decreases in Middle-Aged and Increases in Old Rats. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2019; 73:438-445. [PMID: 29099963 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Appearance of middle-aged obesity and aging anorexia both in humans and rodents suggests a role for regulatory alterations. Hypothalamic melanocortin agonist, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) produced in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), reduces body weight via inducing hypermetabolism and anorexia mainly through melanocortin 4 receptors (MC4Rs) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Orexigenic ARC-derived agouti-related protein (AgRP) is an inverse agonist on MC4R in the PVN. Previously, we demonstrated that characteristic age-related shifts in the catabolic effects of α-MSH may contribute both to middle-aged obesity and aging anorexia. Responsiveness to α-MSH decreases in middle-aged rats compared with young adults, whereas in old age it rises again significantly. We hypothesized corresponding age-related dynamics of endogenous melanocortins. Therefore, we quantified mRNA gene expression and peptide or protein level of α-MSH, AgRP, and MC4R in the ARC and PVN of male Wistar rats of five age groups (from young to old). Immunofluorescence and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction were applied. α-MSH and MC4R immunoreactivities in the ARC and PVN declined in middle-aged and increased together with their expressions in aging rats. AgRP gene expression but not its immunoreactivity increased in aging rats. Our results demonstrate that age-dependent changes of endogenous melanocortins contribute to middle-aged obesity and aging anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nóra Füredi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Mikó
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Gaszner
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Diána Feller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Rostás
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Judit Tenk
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Margit Solymár
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Márta Balaskó
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Erika Pétervári
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
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166
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Li C, Navarrete J, Liang-Guallpa J, Lu C, Funderburk SC, Chang RB, Liberles SD, Olson DP, Krashes MJ. Defined Paraventricular Hypothalamic Populations Exhibit Differential Responses to Food Contingent on Caloric State. Cell Metab 2019; 29:681-694.e5. [PMID: 30472090 PMCID: PMC6402975 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the neural framework behind appetite control is fundamental to developing effective therapies to combat the obesity epidemic. The paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) is critical for appetite regulation, yet, the real-time, physiological response properties of PVH neurons to nutrients are unknown. Using a combination of fiber photometry, electrophysiology, immunohistochemistry, and neural manipulation strategies, we determined the population dynamics of four molecularly delineated PVH subsets implicated in feeding behavior: glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (PVHGlp1r), melanocortin-4 receptor (PVHMc4r), oxytocin (PVHOxt), and corticotropin-releasing hormone (PVHCrh). We identified both calorie- and state-dependent sustained activity increases and decreases in PVHGlp1r and PVHCrh populations, respectively, while observing transient bulk changes of PVHMc4r, but no response in PVHOxt, neurons to food. Furthermore, we highlight the role of PVHGlp1r neurons in orchestrating acute feeding behavior, independent of the anti-obesity drug liraglutide, and demonstrate the indispensability of PVHGlp1r and PVHMc4r, but not PVHOxt or PVHCrh neurons, in body weight maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Li
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jovana Navarrete
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jing Liang-Guallpa
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Brown University Graduate Partnerships Program, Providence, RI 02912, USA; National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Chunxia Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Samuel C Funderburk
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Rui B Chang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen D Liberles
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David P Olson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael J Krashes
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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167
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Onaka T, Takayanagi Y. Role of oxytocin in the control of stress and food intake. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12700. [PMID: 30786104 PMCID: PMC7217012 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin neurones in the hypothalamus are activated by stressful stimuli and food intake. The oxytocin receptor is located in various brain regions, including the sensory information-processing cerebral cortex; the cognitive information-processing prefrontal cortex; reward-related regions such as the ventral tegmental areas, nucleus accumbens and raphe nucleus; stress-related areas such as the amygdala, hippocampus, ventrolateral part of the ventromedial hypothalamus and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray; homeostasis-controlling hypothalamus; and the dorsal motor complex controlling intestinal functions. Oxytocin affects behavioural and neuroendocrine stress responses and terminates food intake by acting on the metabolic or nutritional homeostasis system, modulating emotional processing, reducing reward values of food intake, and facilitating sensory and cognitive processing via multiple brain regions. Oxytocin also plays a role in interactive actions between stress and food intake and contributes to adaptive active coping behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Onaka
- Division of Brain and NeurophysiologyDepartment of PhysiologyJichi Medical UniversityShimotsuke‐shiJapan
| | - Yuki Takayanagi
- Division of Brain and NeurophysiologyDepartment of PhysiologyJichi Medical UniversityShimotsuke‐shiJapan
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168
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Sweet and bitter taste stimuli activate VTA projection neurons in the parabrachial nucleus. Brain Res 2019; 1714:99-110. [PMID: 30807736 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated neural projections from the parabrachial nucleus (PBN), a gustatory and visceral processing area in the brainstem, to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the midbrain. The VTA contains a large population of dopaminergic neurons that have been shown to play a role in reward processing. Anterograde neural tracing methods were first used to confirm that a robust projection from the caudal PBN terminates in the dorsal VTA; this projection was larger on the contralateral side. In the next experiment, we combined dual retrograde tracing from the VTA and the gustatory ventral posteromedial thalamus (VPMpc) with taste-evoked Fos protein expression, which labels activated neurons. Mice were stimulated through an intraoral cannula with sucrose, quinine, or water, and PBN sections were processed for immunofluorescent detection of Fos and retrograde tracers. The distribution of tracer-labeled PBN neurons demonstrated that the populations of cells projecting to the VTA or VPMpc are largely independent. Quantification of cells double labeled for Fos and either tracer demonstrated that sucrose and quinine were effective in activating both pathways. These results indicate that information about both appetitive and aversive tastes is delivered to a key midbrain reward interface via direct projections from the PBN.
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169
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Immunoglobulin G modulation of the melanocortin 4 receptor signaling in obesity and eating disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:87. [PMID: 30755592 PMCID: PMC6372612 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) plays a key role in regulation of appetite activated by its main ligand α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in both central and peripheral targets. α-MSH also binds to circulating immunoglobulins (Igs) but the functional significance of such immune complexes (ICs) in MC4R signaling in normal and pathological conditions of altered appetite has remained unknown. To address this question, we analyzed plasma levels, affinity kinetics, and binding epitopes of α-MSH-reactive IgG extracted from plasma samples of female patients with hyperphagic obesity, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, and healthy controls. Ability of α-MSH/IgG IC to bind and activate human MC4R were studied in vitro and to influence feeding behavior in vivo in rodents. We found that α-MSH-reactive IgG were low in obese but increased in anorectic and bulimic patients and displayed different epitope and kinetics of IC formation. Importantly, while α-MSH/IgG IC from all subjects were binding and activating MC4R, the receptor binding affinity was decreased in obesity. Additionally, α-MSH/IgG IC had lower MC4R-mediated cAMP activation threshold as compared with α-MSH alone in all but not obese subjects. Furthermore, the cellular internalization rate of α-MSH/IgG IC by MC4R-expressing cells was decreased in obese but increased in patients with anorexia nervosa. Moreover, IgG from obese patients prevented central anorexigenic effect of α-MSH. These findings reveal that MC4R is physiologically activated by IC formed by α-MSH/IgG and that different levels and molecular properties of α-MSH-reactive IgG underlie biological activity of such IC relevant to altered appetite in obesity and eating disorders.
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170
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Nyamugenda E, Trentzsch M, Russell S, Miles T, Boysen G, Phelan KD, Baldini G. Injury to hypothalamic Sim1 neurons is a common feature of obesity by exposure to high-fat diet in male and female mice. J Neurochem 2019; 149:73-97. [PMID: 30615192 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is essential for regulation of energy homeostasis and metabolism. Feeding hypercaloric, high-fat (HF) diet induces hypothalamic arcuate nucleus injury and alters metabolism more severely in male than in female mice. The site(s) and extent of hypothalamic injury in male and female mice are not completely understood. In the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, single-minded family basic helix-loop helix transcription factor 1 (Sim1) neurons are essential to control energy homeostasis. We tested the hypothesis that exposure to HF diet induces injury to Sim1 neurons in the PVN of male and female mice. Mice expressing membrane-bound enhanced green fluorescent protein (mEGFP) in Sim1 neurons (Sim1-Cre:Rosa-mEGFP mice) were generated to visualize the effects of exposure to HF diet on these neurons. Male and female Sim1-Cre:Rosa-mEGFP mice exposed to HF diet had increased weight, hyperleptinemia, and developed hepatosteatosis. In male and female mice exposed to HF diet, expression of mEGFP was reduced by > 40% in Sim1 neurons of the PVN, an effect paralleled by cell apoptosis and neuronal loss, but not by microgliosis. In the arcuate nucleus of the Sim1-Cre:Rosa-mEGFP male mice, there was decreased alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in proopiomelanocortin neurons projecting to the PVN, with increased cell apoptosis, neuronal loss, and microgliosis. These defects were undetectable in the arcuate nucleus of female mice exposed to the HF diet. Thus, injury to Sim1 neurons of the PVN is a shared feature of exposure to HF diet in mice of both sexes, while injury to proopiomelanocortin neurons in arcuate nucleus is specific to male mice. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Nyamugenda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Marcus Trentzsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Susan Russell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Tiffany Miles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Gunnar Boysen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.,The Winthrop P Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kevin D Phelan
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Giulia Baldini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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171
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Pei H, Patterson CM, Sutton AK, Burnett KH, Myers MG, Olson DP. Lateral Hypothalamic Mc3R-Expressing Neurons Modulate Locomotor Activity, Energy Expenditure, and Adiposity in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2019; 160:343-358. [PMID: 30541071 PMCID: PMC6937456 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The central melanocortin system plays a crucial role in the control of energy balance. Although the decreased energy expenditure and increased adiposity of melanocortin-3 receptor (Mc3R)-null mice suggest the importance of Mc3R-regulated neurons in energy homeostasis, the roles for specific subsets of Mc3R neurons in energy balance have yet to be determined. Because the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) contributes to the control of energy expenditure and feeding, we generated Mc3rcre mice to determine the roles of LHA Mc3R (Mc3RLHA) neurons in energy homeostasis. We found that Mc3RLHA neurons overlap extensively with LHA neuron markers that contribute to the control of energy balance (neurotensin, galanin, and leptin receptor) and project to brain areas involved in the control of feeding, locomotion, and energy expenditure, consistent with potential roles for Mc3RLHA neurons in these processes. Indeed, selective chemogenetic activation of Mc3RLHA neurons increased locomotor activity and augmented refeeding after a fast. Although the ablation of Mc3RLHA neurons did not alter food intake, mice lacking Mc3RLHA neurons displayed decreased energy expenditure and locomotor activity, along with increased body mass and adiposity. Thus, Mc3R neurons lie within LHA neurocircuitry that modulates locomotor activity and energy expenditure and contribute to energy balance control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Pei
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Amy K Sutton
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Korri H Burnett
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Martin G Myers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David P Olson
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Correspondence: David P. Olson, MD, PhD, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall Street, Brehm Tower 6329, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105. E-mail:
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172
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Abstract
Well-being requires the maintenance of energy stores, water, and sodium within permissive zones. The brain, as ringleader, orchestrates their homeostatic control. It senses disturbances, decides what needs to be done next, and then restores balance by altering physiological processes and ingestive drives (i.e., hunger, thirst, and salt appetite). But how the brain orchestrates this control has been unknown until recently — largely because we have lacked the ability to elucidate and then probe the underlying neuronal “wiring diagrams.” This has changed with the advent of new, transformative neuroscientific tools. When targeted to specific neurons, these tools make it possible to selectively map a neuron’s connections, measure its responses to various homeostatic challenges, and experimentally manipulate its activity. This review examines these approaches and then highlights how they are advancing, and in some cases profoundly changing, our understanding of energy, water, and salt homeostasis and the linked ingestive drives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford B Lowell
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and the Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
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173
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Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque JP, Bober J, Zimmer MR, Dietrich MO. Regulation of substrate utilization and adiposity by Agrp neurons. Nat Commun 2019; 10:311. [PMID: 30659173 PMCID: PMC6338802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The type of nutrient utilized by the organism at any given time—substrate utilization—is a critical component of energy metabolism. The neuronal mechanisms involved in the regulation of substrate utilization in mammals are largely unknown. Here, we found that activation of hypothalamic Agrp neurons rapidly altered whole-body substrate utilization, increasing carbohydrate utilization, while decreasing fat utilization. These metabolic changes occurred even in the absence of caloric ingestion and were coupled to increased lipogenesis. Accordingly, inhibition of fatty acid synthase—a key enzyme that mediates lipogenesis—blunted the effects of Agrp neuron activation on substrate utilization. In pair-fed conditions during positive energy balance, activation of Agrp neurons improved metabolic efficiency, and increased weight gain and adiposity. Conversely, ablation of Agrp neurons impaired fat mass accumulation. These results suggest Agrp neurons regulate substrate utilization, contributing to lipogenesis and fat mass accumulation during positive energy balance. Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) producing neurons regulate food intake and metabolic processes in peripheral organs. Here, the authors show that hypothalamic AgRP neurons alter whole body substrate utilization to favour carbohydrate usage and lipid storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, Brady Memorial Laboratory Room 410, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and of Nutrition Josue de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941, Brazil
| | - Jeremy Bober
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, Brady Memorial Laboratory Room 410, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Marcelo R Zimmer
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, Brady Memorial Laboratory Room 410, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035, Brazil
| | - Marcelo O Dietrich
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, Brady Memorial Laboratory Room 410, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA. .,Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035, Brazil. .,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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174
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Kühnen P, Krude H, Biebermann H. Melanocortin-4 Receptor Signalling: Importance for Weight Regulation and Obesity Treatment. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:136-148. [PMID: 30642682 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) - embedded in the leptin-melanocortin pathway - is activated by proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived neuropeptides such as α- and β-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and plays an important role in hypothalamic body-weight regulation. Accordingly, MC4R is a potential drug target to combat obesity. Previous attempts to develop MC4R agonists failed due to ineffectiveness or severe adverse events. Recently, a new generation of MC4R ligands was developed. Specifically, setmelanotide was found to be effective by inducing biased signalling of the MC4R and thereby reducing feelings of hunger and leading to substantial weight loss in patients with POMC or leptin receptor deficiency. This new potential pharmacological treatment option could be beneficial for further groups of obese patients with defects in the leptin-melanocortin signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kühnen
- Institute for Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Heiko Krude
- Institute for Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institute for Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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175
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Nishimura Y, Kasahara K, Shiromizu T, Watanabe M, Inagaki M. Primary Cilia as Signaling Hubs in Health and Disease. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1801138. [PMID: 30643718 PMCID: PMC6325590 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia detect extracellular cues and transduce these signals into cells to regulate proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Here, the function of primary cilia as signaling hubs of growth factors and morphogens is in focus. First, the molecular mechanisms regulating the assembly and disassembly of primary cilia are described. Then, the role of primary cilia in mediating growth factor and morphogen signaling to maintain human health and the potential mechanisms by which defects in these pathways contribute to human diseases, such as ciliopathy, obesity, and cancer are described. Furthermore, a novel signaling pathway by which certain growth factors stimulate cell proliferation through suppression of ciliogenesis is also described, suggesting novel therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Nishimura
- Department of Integrative PharmacologyMie University Graduate School of MedicineTsuMie514‐8507Japan
| | - Kousuke Kasahara
- Department of PhysiologyMie University Graduate School of MedicineTsuMie514‐8507Japan
| | - Takashi Shiromizu
- Department of Integrative PharmacologyMie University Graduate School of MedicineTsuMie514‐8507Japan
| | - Masatoshi Watanabe
- Department of Oncologic PathologyMie University Graduate School of MedicineTsuMie514‐8507Japan
| | - Masaki Inagaki
- Department of PhysiologyMie University Graduate School of MedicineTsuMie514‐8507Japan
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176
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Anderson EJP, Ghamari-Langroudi M, Cakir I, Litt MJ, Chen V, Reggiardo RE, Millhauser GL, Cone RD. Late onset obesity in mice with targeted deletion of potassium inward rectifier Kir7.1 from cells expressing the melanocortin-4 receptor. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12670. [PMID: 30561082 PMCID: PMC6533113 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Energy stores in fat tissue are determined in part by the activity of hypothalamic neurones expressing the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R). Even a partial reduction in MC4R expression levels in mice, rats or humans produces hyperphagia and morbid obesity. Thus, it is of great interest to understand the molecular basis of neuromodulation by the MC4R. The MC4R is a G protein-coupled receptor that signals efficiently through GαS , and this signalling pathway is essential for normal MC4R function in vivo. However, previous data from hypothalamic slice preparations indicated that activation of the MC4R depolarised neurones via G protein-independent regulation of the ion channel Kir7.1. In the present study, we show that deletion of Kcnj13 (ie, the gene encoding Kir7.1) specifically from MC4R neurones produced resistance to melanocortin peptide-induced depolarisation of MC4R paraventricular nucleus neurones in brain slices, resistance to the sustained anorexic effect of exogenously administered melanocortin peptides, late onset obesity, increased linear growth and glucose intolerance. Some MC4R-mediated phenotypes appeared intact, including Agouti-related peptide-induced stimulation of food intake and MC4R-mediated induction of peptide YY release from intestinal L cells. Thus, a subset of the consequences of MC4R signalling in vivo appears to be dependent on expression of the Kir7.1 channel in MC4R cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. J. P. Anderson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - M. Ghamari-Langroudi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - I. Cakir
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - M. J. Litt
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Valerie Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California
| | - Roman E. Reggiardo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California
| | - Glenn L. Millhauser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California
| | - R. D. Cone
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Correspondence: Roger D. Cone, Life Sciences Institute, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109,
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177
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Li H, Liu Y, Liu C, Luo L, Yao Y, Li F, Yin L, Xu L, Tong Q, Huang C, Fan S. Notoginsenoside Fe suppresses diet induced obesity and activates paraventricular hypothalamic neurons. RSC Adv 2019; 9:1290-1298. [PMID: 35518019 PMCID: PMC9059641 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07842d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a major public health challenge worldwide. Energy imbalance between calorie acquisition and consumption is the fundamental cause of obesity. Notoginsenoside Fe is a naturally occurring compound in Panax notoginseng, a herb used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. Here, we evaluated the effect of notoginsenoside Fe on obesity development induced by high-fat diet in C57BL/6 mice. Our results demonstrated that notoginsenoside Fe decreased food intake and body weight, as well as protected liver structure integrity and normal function. Metabolic cage analysis showed that notoginsenoside Fe also promoted resting metabolic rate. In addition, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) injection of notoginsenoside Fe induced C-Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVH) but not the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus. These results suggest that Fe may reduce body weight through the activation of energy-sensing neurons in the hypothalamus. Notoginsenoside Fe, a naturally occurring compound in Panax notoginseng, significantly reduces body weight, promotes metabolic rate, and suppresses food intake through activating C-Fos expression in PVH in high-fat diet induced obese mice.![]()
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178
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Suyama S, Yada T. New insight into GABAergic neurons in the hypothalamic feeding regulation. J Physiol Sci 2018; 68:717-722. [PMID: 30003408 PMCID: PMC10717766 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-018-0622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of study have suggested that GABA in the hypothalamic feeding center plays a role in promoting food intake. Recent studies revealed that not only NPY/AgRP neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) that co-express GABA but also other GABAergic neurons act as an orexigenic. Here, we review the progress of studies on hypothalamic GABAergic neurons distributed in ARC, dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), and lateral hypothalamus (LH). Three advanced technologies have been applied and greatly contributed to the recent progress. Optogenetic (and chemogenetic) approaches map input and output pathways of particular subpopulations of GABAergic neurons. In vivo Ca2+ imaging using GRIN lens and GCaMP can correlate the activity of GABAergic neuron subpopulations with feeding behavior. Single-cell RNA-seq approach clarifies precise transcriptional profiles of GABAergic neuron subpopulations. These approaches have shown diversity of GABAergic neurons and the subpopulation-dependent role in feeding regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigetomo Suyama
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 320-0498, Japan.
| | - Toshihiko Yada
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 320-0498, Japan.
- Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, 1-5-6 Minatojimaminamimachi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
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179
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Qualls-Creekmore E, Münzberg H. Modulation of Feeding and Associated Behaviors by Lateral Hypothalamic Circuits. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3631-3642. [PMID: 30215694 PMCID: PMC6195675 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Our ability to modulate and observe neuronal activity in defined neurons in freely moving animals has revolutionized neuroscience research in recent years. Findings in the lateral hypothalamus (LHA) highlighted the existence of many neuronal circuits that regulate distinct phenotypes of feeding behavior, emotional valence, and locomotor activity. Several of these neuronal circuits do not fit into a common model of neuronal integration and highlight the need to improve working models for complex behaviors. This review will specifically focus on recent literature that distinguishes LHA circuits based on their molecular and anatomical characteristics and studies their role in feeding, associated behaviors (e.g., arousal and locomotion), and emotional states (e.g., emotional valences).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Qualls-Creekmore
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Heike Münzberg
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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180
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Aldosterone-sensitive HSD2 neurons in mice. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 224:387-417. [PMID: 30343334 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sodium deficiency elevates aldosterone, which in addition to epithelial tissues acts on the brain to promote dysphoric symptoms and salt intake. Aldosterone boosts the activity of neurons that express 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD2), a hallmark of aldosterone-sensitive cells. To better characterize these neurons, we combine immunolabeling and in situ hybridization with fate mapping and Cre-conditional axon tracing in mice. Many cells throughout the brain have a developmental history of Hsd11b2 expression, but in the adult brain one small brainstem region with a leaky blood-brain barrier contains HSD2 neurons. These neurons express Hsd11b2, Nr3c2 (mineralocorticoid receptor), Agtr1a (angiotensin receptor), Slc17a6 (vesicular glutamate transporter 2), Phox2b, and Nxph4; many also express Cartpt or Lmx1b. No HSD2 neurons express cholinergic, monoaminergic, or several other neuropeptidergic markers. Their axons project to the parabrachial complex (PB), where they intermingle with AgRP-immunoreactive axons to form dense terminal fields overlapping FoxP2 neurons in the central lateral subnucleus (PBcL) and pre-locus coeruleus (pLC). Their axons also extend to the forebrain, intermingling with AgRP- and CGRP-immunoreactive axons to form dense terminals surrounding GABAergic neurons in the ventrolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTvL). Sparse axons target the periaqueductal gray, ventral tegmental area, lateral hypothalamic area, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, and central nucleus of the amygdala. Dual retrograde tracing revealed that largely separate HSD2 neurons project to pLC/PB or BSTvL. This projection pattern raises the possibility that a subset of HSD2 neurons promotes the dysphoric, anorexic, and anhedonic symptoms of hyperaldosteronism via AgRP-inhibited relay neurons in PB.
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181
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Bruschetta G, Kim JD, Diano S, Chan LF. Overexpression of melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein 2 (MRAP2) in adult paraventricular MC4R neurons regulates energy intake and expenditure. Mol Metab 2018; 18:79-87. [PMID: 30352741 PMCID: PMC6308034 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein 2 (MRAP2) has a critical role in energy homeostasis. Although MRAP2 has been shown to regulates a number of GPCRs involved in metabolism, the key neurons responsible for the phenotype of gross obesity in MRAP2 deficient animals are unclear. Furthermore, to date, all the murine MRAP2 models involve the prenatal deletion of MRAP2. Methods To target Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R)-expressing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), we performed stereotaxic surgery using AAV to selectively overexpress MRAP2 postnatally in adult Mc4r-cre mice. We assessed energy homeostasis, glucose metabolism, core body temperature, and response to MC3R/MC4R agonist MTII. Results Mc4r-crePVN-MRAP2 female mice on a standard chow diet had less age-related weight gain and improved glucose/insulin profile compared to control Mc4r-crePVN-GFP mice. These changes were associated with a reduction in food intake and increased energy expenditure. In contrast, Mc4r-crePVN-MRAP2 male mice showed no improvement on a chow diet, but improvement of energy and glucose metabolism was observed following high fat diet (HFD) feeding. In addition, an increase in core body temperature was found in both females fed on standard chow diet and males fed on HFD. Mc4r-crePVN-MRAP2 female and male mice showed increased neuronal activation in the PVN compared to controls, with further increase in neuronal activation post MTII treatment in females. Conclusions Our data indicate a site-specific role for MRAP2 in PVN MC4R-expressing neurons in potentiating MC4R neuronal activation at baseline conditions in the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. Postnatal overexpression of MRAP2 regulates energy balance, thermogenesis and glucose metabolism. Overexpression of MRAP2 in MC4R expressing neurons increases PVN neuronal activation. There is a sex difference in extent of metabolic protection, with a more marked lean phenotype in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bruschetta
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jung Dae Kim
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Sabrina Diano
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - Li F Chan
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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182
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Abstract
Chemogenetic technologies enable selective pharmacological control of specific cell populations. An increasing number of approaches have been developed that modulate different signaling pathways. Selective pharmacological control over G protein-coupled receptor signaling, ion channel conductances, protein association, protein stability, and small molecule targeting allows modulation of cellular processes in distinct cell types. Here, we review these chemogenetic technologies and instances of their applications in complex tissues in vivo and ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Atasoy
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Regenerative-Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University , Istanbul , Turkey ; and Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Ashburn, Virginia
| | - Scott M Sternson
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Regenerative-Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University , Istanbul , Turkey ; and Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Ashburn, Virginia
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183
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184
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Idelevich A, Baron R. Brain to bone: What is the contribution of the brain to skeletal homeostasis? Bone 2018; 115:31-42. [PMID: 29777919 PMCID: PMC6110971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The brain, which governs most, if not all, physiological functions in the body, from the complexities of cognition, learning and memory, to the regulation of basal body temperature, heart rate and breathing, has long been known to affect skeletal health. In particular, the hypothalamus - located at the base of the brain in close proximity to the medial eminence, where the blood-brain-barrier is not as tight as in other regions of the brain but rather "leaky", due to fenestrated capillaries - is exposed to a variety of circulating body cues, such as nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids), and hormones (insulin, glucagon, leptin, adiponectin) [1-3].Information collected from the body via these peripheral cues is integrated by hypothalamic sensing neurons and glial cells [4-7], which express receptors for these nutrients and hormones, transforming these cues into physiological outputs. Interestingly, many of the same molecules, including leptin, adiponectin and insulin, regulate both energy and skeletal homeostasis. Moreover, they act on a common set of hypothalamic nuclei and their residing neurons, activating endocrine and neuronal systems, which ultimately fine-tune the body to new physiological states. This review will focus exclusively on the brain-to-bone pathway, highlighting the most important anatomical sites within the brain, which are known to affect bone, but not covering the input pathways and molecules informing the brain of the energy and bone metabolic status, covered elsewhere [8-10]. The discussion in each section will present side by side the metabolic and bone-related functions of hypothalamic nuclei, in an attempt to answer some of the long-standing questions of whether energy is affected by bone remodeling and homeostasis and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Idelevich
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Endocrine Unit MGH, Division of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roland Baron
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Endocrine Unit MGH, Division of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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185
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Qin C, Li J, Tang K. The Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus: Development, Function, and Human Diseases. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3458-3472. [PMID: 30052854 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), located in the ventral diencephalon adjacent to the third ventricle, is a highly conserved brain region present in species from zebrafish to humans. The PVH is composed of three main types of neurons, magnocellular, parvocellular, and long-projecting neurons, which play imperative roles in the regulation of energy balance and various endocrinological activities. In this review, we focus mainly on recent findings about the early development of the hypothalamus and the PVH, the functions of the PVH in the modulation of energy homeostasis and in the hypothalamus-pituitary system, and human diseases associated with the PVH, such as obesity, short stature, hypertension, and diabetes insipidus. Thus, the investigations of the PVH will benefit not only understanding of the development of the central nervous system but also the etiology of and therapy for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qin
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiaheng Li
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ke Tang
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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186
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Grinevich V, Stoop R. Interplay between Oxytocin and Sensory Systems in the Orchestration of Socio-Emotional Behaviors. Neuron 2018; 99:887-904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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187
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Luo SX, Huang J, Li Q, Mohammad H, Lee CY, Krishna K, Kok AMY, Tan YL, Lim JY, Li H, Yeow LY, Sun J, He M, Grandjean J, Sajikumar S, Han W, Fu Y. Regulation of feeding by somatostatin neurons in the tuberal nucleus. Science 2018; 361:76-81. [PMID: 29976824 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar4983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The tuberal nucleus (TN) is a surprisingly understudied brain region. We found that somatostatin (SST) neurons in the TN, which is known to exhibit pathological or cytological changes in human neurodegenerative diseases, play a crucial role in regulating feeding in mice. GABAergic tuberal SST (TNSST) neurons were activated by hunger and by the hunger hormone, ghrelin. Activation of TNSST neurons promoted feeding, whereas inhibition reduced it via projections to the paraventricular nucleus and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Ablation of TNSST neurons reduced body weight gain and food intake. These findings reveal a previously unknown mechanism of feeding regulation that operates through orexigenic TNSST neurons, providing a new perspective for understanding appetite changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Xinwei Luo
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667
| | - Ju Huang
- Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China 200025
| | - Qin Li
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667.,Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China 430071
| | - Hasan Mohammad
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667
| | - Chun-Yao Lee
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667
| | - Kumar Krishna
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Alison Maun-Yeng Kok
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667
| | - Yu Lin Tan
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667
| | - Joy Yi Lim
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667
| | - Hongyu Li
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667
| | - Ling Yun Yeow
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China 200025
| | - Miao He
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China 200032
| | - Joanes Grandjean
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667
| | - Sreedharan Sajikumar
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Weiping Han
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667
| | - Yu Fu
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667. .,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
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188
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Thompson KJ, Khajehali E, Bradley SJ, Navarrete JS, Huang XP, Slocum S, Jin J, Liu J, Xiong Y, Olsen RHJ, Diberto JF, Boyt KM, Pina MM, Pati D, Molloy C, Bundgaard C, Sexton PM, Kash TL, Krashes MJ, Christopoulos A, Roth BL, Tobin AB. DREADD Agonist 21 Is an Effective Agonist for Muscarinic-Based DREADDs in Vitro and in Vivo. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2018; 1:61-72. [PMID: 30868140 PMCID: PMC6407913 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.8b00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
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Chemogenetic tools such as designer
receptors exclusively activated
by designer drugs (DREADDs) are routinely used to modulate neuronal
and non-neuronal signaling and activity in a relatively noninvasive
manner. The first generation of DREADDs were templated from the human
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor family and are relatively insensitive
to the endogenous agonist acetylcholine but instead are activated
by clozapine-N-oxide (CNO). Despite the undisputed
success of CNO as an activator of muscarinic DREADDs, it has been
known for some time that CNO is subject to a low rate of metabolic
conversion to clozapine, raising the need for alternative chemical
actuators of muscarinic-based DREADDs. Here we show that DREADD agonist 21 (C21) (11-(1-piperazinyl)-5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine)
is a potent and selective agonist at both excitatory (hM3Dq) and inhibitory
(hM4Di) DREADDs and has excellent bioavailability, pharmacokinetic
properties, and brain penetrability. We also show that C21-induced
activation of hM3Dq and hM4Di in vivo can modulate
bidirectional feeding in defined circuits in mice. These results indicate
that C21 represents an alternative to CNO for in vivo studies where metabolic conversion of CNO to clozapine is a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Thompson
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Elham Khajehali
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sophie J Bradley
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jovana S Navarrete
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.,National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Xi Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina NC2751, United States
| | - Samuel Slocum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina NC2751, United States
| | - Jian Jin
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029, United States
| | - Jing Liu
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029, United States
| | - Yan Xiong
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029, United States
| | - Reid H J Olsen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina NC2751, United States
| | - Jeffrey F Diberto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina NC2751, United States
| | - Kristen M Boyt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina NC2751, United States
| | - Melanie M Pina
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina NC2751, United States
| | - Dipanwita Pati
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina NC2751, United States
| | - Colin Molloy
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Christoffer Bundgaard
- Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Co., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas L Kash
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina NC2751, United States
| | - Michael J Krashes
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.,National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina NC2751, United States
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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189
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Dodd GT, Lee-Young RS, Brüning JC, Tiganis T. TCPTP Regulates Insulin Signaling in AgRP Neurons to Coordinate Glucose Metabolism With Feeding. Diabetes 2018; 67:1246-1257. [PMID: 29712668 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin regulates glucose metabolism by eliciting effects on peripheral tissues as well as the brain. Insulin receptor (IR) signaling inhibits AgRP-expressing neurons in the hypothalamus to contribute to the suppression of hepatic glucose production (HGP) by insulin, whereas AgRP neuronal activation attenuates brown adipose tissue (BAT) glucose uptake. The tyrosine phosphatase TCPTP suppresses IR signaling in AgRP neurons. Hypothalamic TCPTP is induced by fasting and degraded after feeding. Here we assessed the influence of TCPTP in AgRP neurons in the control of glucose metabolism. TCPTP deletion in AgRP neurons (Agrp-Cre;Ptpn2fl/fl ) enhanced insulin sensitivity, as assessed by the increased glucose infusion rates, and reduced HGP during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps, accompanied by increased [14C]-2-deoxy-d-glucose uptake in BAT and browned white adipose tissue. TCPTP deficiency in AgRP neurons promoted the intracerebroventricular insulin-induced repression of hepatic gluconeogenesis in otherwise unresponsive food-restricted mice, yet had no effect in fed/satiated mice where hypothalamic TCPTP levels are reduced. The improvement in glucose homeostasis in Agrp-Cre;Ptpn2fl/fl mice was corrected by IR heterozygosity (Agrp-Cre;Ptpn2fl/fl ;Insrfl/+ ), causally linking the effects on glucose metabolism with the IR signaling in AgRP neurons. Our findings demonstrate that TCPTP controls IR signaling in AgRP neurons to coordinate HGP and brown/beige adipocyte glucose uptake in response to feeding/fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garron T Dodd
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert S Lee-Young
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Metabolic Phenotyping Facility, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Plank Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- National Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Metabolic Phenotyping Facility, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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190
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Najam SS, Zglinicki B, Vinnikov IA, Konopka W. MicroRNAs in the hypothalamic control of energy homeostasis. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:173-177. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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191
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Abstract
Organisms evolving toward greater complexity were selected across aeons to use energy and resources efficiently. Efficiency depended on prediction at every stage: first a clock to predict the planet's statistical regularities; then a brain to predict bodily needs and compute commands that dynamically adjust the flows of energy and nutrients. Predictive regulation (allostasis) frugally matches resources to needs and thus forms a core principle of our design. Humans, reaching a pinnacle of cognitive complexity, eventually produced a device (the steam engine) that converted thermal energy to work and were suddenly awash in resources. Today boundless consumption in many nations challenges all our regulatory mechanisms, causing obesity, diabetes, drug addiction and their sequelae. So far we have sought technical solutions, such as drugs, to treat complex circuits for metabolism, appetites and mood. Here I argue for a different approach which starts by asking: why does our regulatory system, which evolution tuned for small satisfactions, now constantly demand 'more'?
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sterling
- Department of NeurosciencePerelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
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192
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Reichenbach A, Stark R, Mequinion M, Lockie SH, Lemus MB, Mynatt RL, Luquet S, Andrews ZB. Carnitine acetyltransferase (Crat) in hunger-sensing AgRP neurons permits adaptation to calorie restriction. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201800634R. [PMID: 29932868 PMCID: PMC6219829 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800634r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hunger-sensing agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons ensure survival by adapting metabolism and behavior to low caloric environments. This adaption is accomplished by consolidating food intake, suppressing energy expenditure, and maximizing fat storage (nutrient partitioning) for energy preservation. The intracellular mechanisms responsible are unknown. Here we report that AgRP carnitine acetyltransferase (Crat) knockout (KO) mice exhibited increased fatty acid utilization and greater fat loss after 9 d of calorie restriction (CR). No differences were seen in mice with ad libitum food intake. Eleven days ad libitum feeding after CR resulted in greater food intake, rebound weight gain, and adiposity in AgRP Crat KO mice compared with wild-type controls, as KO mice act to restore pre-CR fat mass. Collectively, this study highlights the importance of Crat in AgRP neurons to regulate nutrient partitioning and fat mass during chronically reduced caloric intake. The increased food intake, body weight gain, and adiposity in KO mice after CR also highlights the detrimental and persistent metabolic consequence of impaired substrate utilization associated with CR. This finding may have significant implications for postdieting weight management in patients with metabolic diseases.-Reichenbach, A., Stark, R., Mequinion, M., Lockie, S. H., Lemus, M. B., Mynatt, R. L., Luquet, S., Andrews, Z. B. Carnitine acetyltransferase (Crat) in hunger-sensing AgRP neurons permits adaptation to calorie restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Reichenbach
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Romana Stark
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mathieu Mequinion
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah H. Lockie
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Moyra B. Lemus
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Randall L. Mynatt
- Gene Nutrient Interactions Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- Transgenic Core Facility, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA; and
| | - Serge Luquet
- Université of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionelle et Adaptative, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche 8251, Paris, France
| | - Zane B. Andrews
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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193
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Nakamura K, Nakamura Y. Hunger and Satiety Signaling: Modeling Two Hypothalamomedullary Pathways for Energy Homeostasis. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1700252. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoya466‐8550Japan
- PRESTOJapan Science and Technology AgencyKawaguchiSaitama332‐0012Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nakamura
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoya466‐8550Japan
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194
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Podyma B, Sun H, Wilson EA, Carlson B, Pritikin E, Gavrilova O, Weinstein LS, Chen M. The stimulatory G protein G sα is required in melanocortin 4 receptor-expressing cells for normal energy balance, thermogenesis, and glucose metabolism. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:10993-11005. [PMID: 29794140 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Central melanocortin 4 receptors (MC4Rs) stimulate energy expenditure and inhibit food intake. MC4Rs activate the G protein Gsα, but whether Gsα mediates all MC4R actions has not been established. Individuals with Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO), who have heterozygous Gsα-inactivating mutations, only develop obesity when the Gsα mutation is present on the maternal allele because of tissue-specific genomic imprinting. Furthermore, evidence in mice implicates Gsα imprinting within the central nervous system (CNS) in this disorder. In this study, we examined the effects of Gsα in MC4R-expressing cells on metabolic regulation. Mice with homozygous Gsα deficiency in MC4R-expressing cells (MC4RGsKO) developed significant obesity with increased food intake and decreased energy expenditure, along with impaired insulin sensitivity and cold-induced thermogenesis. Moreover, the ability of the MC4R agonist melanotan-II (MTII) to stimulate energy expenditure and to inhibit food intake was impaired in MC4RGsKO mice. MTII failed to stimulate the secretion of the anorexigenic hormone peptide YY (PYY) from enteroendocrine L cells, a physiological response mediated by MC4R-Gsα signaling, even though baseline PYY levels were elevated in these mice. In Gsα heterozygotes, mild obesity and reduced energy expenditure were present only in mice with a Gsα deletion on the maternal allele in MC4R-expressing cells, whereas food intake was unaffected. These results demonstrate that Gsα signaling in MC4R-expressing cells is required for controlling energy balance, thermogenesis, and peripheral glucose metabolism. They further indicate that Gsα imprinting in MC4R-expressing cells contributes to obesity in Gsα knockout mice and probably in individuals with Albright hereditary osteodystrophy as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Sun
- From the Metabolic Diseases Branch and
| | | | | | | | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core Laboratory, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | - Min Chen
- From the Metabolic Diseases Branch and
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195
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Palmiter RD. The Parabrachial Nucleus: CGRP Neurons Function as a General Alarm. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:280-293. [PMID: 29703377 PMCID: PMC5929477 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The parabrachial nucleus (PBN), which is located in the pons and is dissected by one of the major cerebellar output tracks, is known to relay sensory information (visceral malaise, taste, temperature, pain, itch) to forebrain structures including the thalamus, hypothalamus, and extended amygdala. The availability of mouse lines expressing Cre recombinase selectively in subsets of PBN neurons and viruses for Cre-dependent gene expression is beginning to reveal the connectivity and functions of PBN component neurons. This review focuses on PBN neurons expressing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRPPBN) that play a major role in regulating appetite and transmitting real or potential threat signals to the extended amygdala. The functions of other specific PBN neuronal populations are also discussed. This review aims to encourage investigation of the numerous unanswered questions that are becoming accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Palmiter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Departments of Biochemistry and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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196
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Hankir MK, Seyfried F, Miras AD, Cowley MA. Brain Feeding Circuits after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:218-237. [PMID: 29475578 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic surgical procedures, such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), uniquely reprogram feeding behavior and body weight in obese subjects. Clinical neuroimaging and animal studies are only now beginning to shed light on some of the underlying central mechanisms. We present here the roles of key brain neurotransmitter/neuromodulator systems in food choice, value, and intake at various stages after RYGB. In doing so, we elaborate on how known signals emanating from the reorganized gut, including peptide hormones and microbiota products, impinge on newly mapped homeostatic and hedonic brain feeding circuits. Continued progress in the rapidly evolving field of metabolic surgery will inform the design of more effective weight-loss compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed K Hankir
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Bavaria 97080, Germany; German Research Foundation Collaborative Research Center in Obesity Mechanisms, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony 04103, Germany.
| | - Florian Seyfried
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Bavaria 97080, Germany
| | - Alexander D Miras
- Department of Investigative Science, Imperial College London Academic Healthcare Centre, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Michael A Cowley
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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197
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Morselli LL, Claflin KE, Cui H, Grobe JL. Control of Energy Expenditure by AgRP Neurons of the Arcuate Nucleus: Neurocircuitry, Signaling Pathways, and Angiotensin. Curr Hypertens Rep 2018; 20:25. [PMID: 29556733 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-018-0824-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Here, we review the current understanding of the functional neuroanatomy of neurons expressing Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and the angiotensin 1A receptor (AT1A) within the arcuate nucleus (ARC) in the control of energy balance. RECENT FINDINGS The development and maintenance of obesity involves suppression of resting metabolic rate (RMR). RMR control is integrated via AgRP and proopiomelanocortin neurons within the ARC. Their projections to other hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic nuclei contribute to RMR control, though relatively little is known about the contributions of individual projections and the neurotransmitters involved. Recent studies highlight a role for AT1A, localized to AgRP neurons, but the specific function of AT1A within these cells remains unclear. AT1A functions within AgRP neurons to control RMR, but additional work is required to clarify its role within subpopulations of AgRP neurons projecting to distinct second-order nuclei, and the molecular mediators of its signaling within these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L Morselli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., 2-307 BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kristin E Claflin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., 2-307 BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Huxing Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., 2-307 BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Hypertension Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Obesity Research & Education Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Justin L Grobe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., 2-307 BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Center for Hypertension Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Obesity Research & Education Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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198
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Understanding melanocortin-4 receptor control of neuronal circuits: Toward novel therapeutics for obesity syndrome. Pharmacol Res 2018; 129:10-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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199
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The Association between Obesity-Risk Genes and Gestational Weight Gain Is Modified by Dietary Intake in African American Women. J Nutr Metab 2018; 2018:5080492. [PMID: 29686896 PMCID: PMC5852892 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5080492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-risk genes have been associated with dietary intake, appetite regulation, and gestational weight gain (GWG). The purpose of this study was to examine whether dietary intake including total energy intake and macronutrients modify or mediate the association between obesity-risk genes and GWG. An observational study was conducted with 85 African American pregnant women. Sociodemographic, medical, and lifestyle factors and dietary recalls were collected during pregnancy. Seven obesity-risk genetic variants were genotyped. Regression analyses with bootstrapping methods were used to examine the moderation and mediation effects of dietary intake. The mean GWG was 14.2 kg, and 55.3% of the women gained above the Institute of Medicine GWG guidelines. A nominally significant association was found between rs17782313 (close to MC4R) and percentage of energy intake from fat (P=0.043). A variant downstream of KCTD15 (rs11084753) was nominally significantly related to GWG (P=0.023). There was a significant interaction between the KCTD15 polymorphism and dietary fat intake (P=0.048). Women with the AG genotype gained more weight during pregnancy with more dietary fat consumption. In conclusion, our results indicate that dietary macronutrients, especially fat intake, may modify the effect of the KCTD15 gene on GWG. Improved knowledge of gene-diet interactions can facilitate the development of personalized interventions.
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200
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Overlapping Brain Circuits for Homeostatic and Hedonic Feeding. Cell Metab 2018; 27:42-56. [PMID: 29107504 PMCID: PMC5762260 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Central regulation of food intake is a key mechanism contributing to energy homeostasis. Many neural circuits that are thought to orchestrate feeding behavior overlap with the brain's reward circuitry both anatomically and functionally. Manipulation of numerous neural pathways can simultaneously influence food intake and reward. Two key systems underlying these processes-those controlling homeostatic and hedonic feeding-are often treated as independent. Homeostatic feeding is necessary for basic metabolic processes and survival, while hedonic feeding is driven by sensory perception or pleasure. Despite this distinction, their functional and anatomical overlap implies considerable interaction that is often overlooked. Here, we argue that the neurocircuits controlling homeostatic feeding and hedonic feeding are not completely dissociable given the current data and urge researchers to assess behaviors extending beyond food intake in investigations of the neural control of feeding.
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