151
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Zemlianova K, Bose A, Rinzel J. A biophysical counting mechanism for keeping time. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2022; 116:205-218. [PMID: 35031845 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-021-00915-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability to estimate and produce appropriately timed responses is central to many behaviors including speaking, dancing, and playing a musical instrument. A classical framework for estimating or producing a time interval is the pacemaker-accumulator model in which pulses of a pacemaker are counted and compared to a stored representation. However, the neural mechanisms for how these pulses are counted remain an open question. The presence of noise and stochasticity further complicates the picture. We present a biophysical model of how to keep count of a pacemaker in the presence of various forms of stochasticity using a system of bistable Wilson-Cowan units asymmetrically connected in a one-dimensional array; all units receive the same input pulses from a central clock but only one unit is active at any point in time. With each pulse from the clock, the position of the activated unit changes thereby encoding the total number of pulses emitted by the clock. This neural architecture maps the counting problem into the spatial domain, which in turn translates count to a time estimate. We further extend the model to a hierarchical structure to be able to robustly achieve higher counts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amitabha Bose
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - John Rinzel
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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152
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Time perception in film is modulated by sensory modality and arousal. Atten Percept Psychophys 2022; 84:926-942. [PMID: 35304701 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-022-02464-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Considerable research has shown that the perception of time can be distorted subjectively, but little empirical work has examined what factors affect time perception in film, a naturalistic multimodal stimulus. Here, we explore the effect of sensory modality, arousal, and valence on how participants estimate durations in film. Using behavioral ratings combined with pupillometry in a within-participants design, we analyzed responses to and duration estimates of film clips in three experimental conditions: audiovisual (containing music and sound effects), visual (without music and sound effects), and auditory (music and sound effects without a visual scene). Participants viewed clips from little-known nature documentaries, fiction, animation, and experimental films. They were asked to judge clip duration and to report subjective arousal and valence, as their pupil sizes were recorded. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. Results reveal duration estimates varied between experimental conditions. Clip durations were judged to be shorter than actual durations in all three conditions, with visual-only clips perceived as longer (i.e., less distorted in time) than auditory-only and audiovisual clips. High levels of Composite Arousal (an average of self-reported arousal and pupil size changes) were correlated with longer (more accurate) estimates of duration, particularly in the audiovisual modality. This effect may reflect stimulus complexity or greater cognitive engagement. Increased ratings of valence were correlated with longer estimates of duration. The use of naturalistic, complex stimuli such as film can enhance our understanding of the psychology of time perception.
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153
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Bromazepam increases the error of the time interval judgments and modulates the EEG alpha asymmetry during time estimation. Conscious Cogn 2022; 100:103317. [PMID: 35364385 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2022.103317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study investigated the bromazepam effects in male subjects during the time estimation performance and EEG alpha asymmetry in electrodes associated with the frontal and motor cortex. MATERIAL AND METHODS This is a double-blind, crossover study with a sample of 32 healthy adults under control (placebo) vs. experimental (bromazepam) during visual time-estimation task in combination with electroencephalographic analysis. RESULTS The results demonstrated that the bromazepam increased the relative error in the 4 s, 7 s, and 9 s intervals (p = 0.001). In addition, oral bromazepam modulated the EEG alpha asymmetry in cortical areas during the time judgment (p ≤ 0.025). CONCLUSION The bromazepam decreases the precision of time estimation judgments and modulates the EEG alpha asymmetry, with greater left hemispheric dominance during time perception. Our findings suggest that bromazepam influences internal clock synchronization via the modulation of GABAergic receptors, strongly relating to attention, conscious perception, and behavioral performance.
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154
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A proxy measure of striatal dopamine predicts individual differences in temporal precision. Psychon Bull Rev 2022; 29:1307-1316. [PMID: 35318580 PMCID: PMC9436857 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-022-02077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The perception of time is characterized by pronounced variability across individuals, with implications for a diverse array of psychological functions. The neurocognitive sources of this variability are poorly understood, but accumulating evidence suggests a role for inter-individual differences in striatal dopamine levels. Here we present a pre-registered study that tested the predictions that spontaneous eyeblink rates, which provide a proxy measure of striatal dopamine availability, would be associated with aberrant interval timing (lower temporal precision or overestimation bias). Neurotypical adults (N = 69) underwent resting state eye tracking and completed visual psychophysical interval timing and control tasks. Elevated spontaneous eyeblink rates were associated with poorer temporal precision but not with inter-individual differences in perceived duration or performance on the control task. These results signify a role for striatal dopamine in variability in human time perception and can help explain deficient temporal precision in psychiatric populations characterized by elevated dopamine levels.
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155
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Malpica S, Masia B, Herman L, Wetzstein G, Eagleman DM, Gutierrez D, Bylinskii Z, Sun Q. Larger visual changes compress time: The inverted effect of asemantic visual features on interval time perception. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265591. [PMID: 35316292 PMCID: PMC8939824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Time perception is fluid and affected by manipulations to visual inputs. Previous literature shows that changes to low-level visual properties alter time judgments at the millisecond-level. At longer intervals, in the span of seconds and minutes, high-level cognitive effects (e.g., emotions, memories) elicited by visual inputs affect time perception, but these effects are confounded with semantic information in these inputs, and are therefore challenging to measure and control. In this work, we investigate the effect of asemantic visual properties (pure visual features devoid of emotional or semantic value) on interval time perception. Our experiments were conducted with binary and production tasks in both conventional and head-mounted displays, testing the effects of four different visual features (spatial luminance contrast, temporal frequency, field of view, and visual complexity). Our results reveal a consistent pattern: larger visual changes all shorten perceived time in intervals of up to 3min, remarkably contrary to their effect on millisecond-level perception. Our findings may help alter participants' time perception, which can have broad real-world implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Herman
- Adobe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, United States of America
| | - Gordon Wetzstein
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - David M. Eagleman
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Zoya Bylinskii
- Adobe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, United States of America
| | - Qi Sun
- Adobe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, United States of America
- New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
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156
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Influence of Motor and Cognitive Tasks on Time Estimation. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030404. [PMID: 35326362 PMCID: PMC8946194 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The passing of time can be precisely measured by using clocks, whereas humans’ estimation of temporal durations is influenced by many physical, cognitive and contextual factors, which distort our internal clock. Although it has been shown that temporal estimation accuracy is impaired by non-temporal tasks performed at the same time, no studies have investigated how concurrent cognitive and motor tasks interfere with time estimation. Moreover, most experiments only tested time intervals of a few seconds. In the present study, participants were asked to perform cognitive tasks of different difficulties (look, read, solve simple and hard mathematical operations) and estimate durations of up to two minutes, while walking or sitting. The results show that if observers pay attention only to time without performing any other mental task, they tend to overestimate the durations. Meanwhile, the more difficult the concurrent task, the more they tend to underestimate the time. These distortions are even more pronounced when observers are walking. Estimation biases and uncertainties change differently with durations depending on the task, consistent with a fixed relative uncertainty. Our findings show that cognitive and motor systems interact non-linearly and interfere with time perception processes, suggesting that they all compete for the same resources.
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157
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Sierra F, Poeppel D, Tavano A. Two attentive strategies reducing subjective distortions in serial duration perception. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265415. [PMID: 35298528 PMCID: PMC8929615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans tend to perceptually distort (dilate/shrink) the duration of brief stimuli presented in a sequence when discriminating the duration of a second stimulus (Comparison) from the duration of a first stimulus (Standard). This type of distortion, termed “Time order error” (TOE), is an important window into the determinants of subjective perception. We hypothesized that stimulus durations would be optimally processed, suppressing subjective distortions in serial perception, if the events to be compared fell within the boundaries of rhythmic attentive sampling (4–8 Hz, theta band). We used a two-interval forced choice (2IFC) experimental design, and in three separate experiments tested different Standard durations: 120-ms, corresponding to an 8.33 Hz rhythmic attentive window; 160 ms, corresponding to a 6.25 Hz window; and 200 ms, for a 5 Hz window. We found that TOE, as measured by the Constant Error metric, is sizeable for a 120-ms Standard, is reduced for a 160-ms Standard, and statistically disappears for 200-ms Standard events, confirming our hypothesis. For 120- and 160-ms Standard events, to reduce TOEs it was necessary to increase the interval between the Standard and the Comparison event from sub-second (400, 800 ms) to supra-second (1600, 2000 ms) lags, suggesting that the orienting of attention in time waiting for the Comparison event to onset may work as a back-up strategy to optimize its encoding. Our results highlight the flexible use of two different attentive strategies to optimize subjective time perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklenin Sierra
- Department of Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - David Poeppel
- Department of Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Tavano
- Department of Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
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158
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Cook JR, Li H, Nguyen B, Huang HH, Mahdavian P, Kirchgessner MA, Strassmann P, Engelhardt M, Callaway EM, Jin X. Secondary auditory cortex mediates a sensorimotor mechanism for action timing. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:330-344. [PMID: 35260862 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability to accurately determine when to perform an action is a fundamental brain function and vital to adaptive behavior. The behavioral mechanism and neural circuit for action timing, however, remain largely unknown. Using a new, self-paced action timing task in mice, we found that deprivation of auditory, but not somatosensory or visual input, disrupts learned action timing. The hearing effect was dependent on the auditory feedback derived from the animal's own actions, rather than passive environmental cues. Neuronal activity in the secondary auditory cortex was found to be both correlated with and necessary for the proper execution of learned action timing. Closed-loop, action-dependent optogenetic stimulation of the specific task-related neuronal population within the secondary auditory cortex rescued the key features of learned action timing under auditory deprivation. These results unveil a previously underappreciated sensorimotor mechanism in which the secondary auditory cortex transduces self-generated audiomotor feedback to control action timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Cook
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hao Li
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bella Nguyen
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hsiang-Hsuan Huang
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Payaam Mahdavian
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Megan A Kirchgessner
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrick Strassmann
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Max Engelhardt
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Edward M Callaway
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xin Jin
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Center for Motor Control and Disease, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. .,NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China.
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159
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Encoding time in neural dynamic regimes with distinct computational tradeoffs. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009271. [PMID: 35239644 PMCID: PMC8893702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Converging evidence suggests the brain encodes time in dynamic patterns of neural activity, including neural sequences, ramping activity, and complex dynamics. Most temporal tasks, however, require more than just encoding time, and can have distinct computational requirements including the need to exhibit temporal scaling, generalize to novel contexts, or robustness to noise. It is not known how neural circuits can encode time and satisfy distinct computational requirements, nor is it known whether similar patterns of neural activity at the population level can exhibit dramatically different computational or generalization properties. To begin to answer these questions, we trained RNNs on two timing tasks based on behavioral studies. The tasks had different input structures but required producing identically timed output patterns. Using a novel framework we quantified whether RNNs encoded two intervals using either of three different timing strategies: scaling, absolute, or stimulus-specific dynamics. We found that similar neural dynamic patterns at the level of single intervals, could exhibit fundamentally different properties, including, generalization, the connectivity structure of the trained networks, and the contribution of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Critically, depending on the task structure RNNs were better suited for generalization or robustness to noise. Further analysis revealed different connection patterns underlying the different regimes. Our results predict that apparently similar neural dynamic patterns at the population level (e.g., neural sequences) can exhibit fundamentally different computational properties in regards to their ability to generalize to novel stimuli and their robustness to noise—and that these differences are associated with differences in network connectivity and distinct contributions of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. We also predict that the task structure used in different experimental studies accounts for some of the experimentally observed variability in how networks encode time. The ability to tell time and anticipate when external events will occur are among the most fundamental computations the brain performs. Converging evidence suggests the brain encodes time through changing patterns of neural activity. Different temporal tasks, however, have distinct computational requirements, such as the need to flexibly scale temporal patterns or generalize to novel inputs. To understand how networks can encode time and satisfy different computational requirements we trained recurrent neural networks (RNNs) on two timing tasks that have previously been used in behavioral studies. Both tasks required producing identically timed output patterns. Using a novel framework to quantify how networks encode different intervals, we found that similar patterns of neural activity—neural sequences—were associated with fundamentally different underlying mechanisms, including the connectivity patterns of the RNNs. Critically, depending on the task the RNNs were trained on, they were better suited for generalization or robustness to noise. Our results predict that similar patterns of neural activity can be produced by distinct RNN configurations, which in turn have fundamentally different computational tradeoffs. Our results also predict that differences in task structure account for some of the experimentally observed variability in how networks encode time.
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160
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Rodents monitor their error in self-generated duration on a single trial basis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2108850119. [PMID: 35193973 PMCID: PMC8892352 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108850119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental question in neuroscience is what type of internal representation leads to complex, adaptive behavior. When faced with a deadline, individuals' behavior suggests that they represent the mean and the uncertainty of an internal timer to make near-optimal, time-dependent decisions. Whether this ability relies on simple trial-and-error adjustments or whether it involves richer representations is unknown. Richer representations suggest a possibility of error monitoring, that is, the ability for an individual to assess its internal representation of the world and estimate discrepancy in the absence of external feedback. While rodents show timing behavior, whether they can represent and report temporal errors in their own produced duration on a single-trial basis is unknown. We designed a paradigm requiring rats to produce a target time interval and, subsequently, evaluate its error. Rats received a reward in a given location depending on the magnitude of their timing errors. During the test trials, rats had to choose a port corresponding to the error magnitude of their just-produced duration to receive a reward. High-choice accuracy demonstrates that rats kept track of the values of the timing variables on which they based their decision. Additionally, the rats kept a representation of the mapping between those timing values and the target value, as well as the history of the reinforcements. These findings demonstrate error-monitoring abilities in evaluating self-generated timing in rodents. Together, these findings suggest an explicit representation of produced duration and the possibility to evaluate its relation to the desired target duration.
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161
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Bakhurin KI, Yin HH. Closing the loop on models of interval timing. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:270-271. [PMID: 35260861 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry H Yin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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162
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Otsuka T, Yotsumoto Y. Partially Separable Aspects of Spatial and Temporal Estimations in Virtual Navigation as Revealed by Adaptation. Iperception 2022; 13:20416695221078878. [PMID: 35237401 PMCID: PMC8883378 DOI: 10.1177/20416695221078878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies claim that estimating the magnitude of the spatial and temporal aspects of one's self-motion shows similar characteristics, suggesting shared processing mechanisms between these two dimensions. While the estimation of other magnitude dimensions, such as size, number, and duration, exhibits negative aftereffects after prolonged exposure to the stimulus, it remains to be elucidated whether this could occur similarly in the estimation of the distance travelled and time elapsed during one's self-motion. We sought to fill this gap by examining the effects of adaptation on distance and time estimation using a virtual navigation task. We found that a negative aftereffect occurred in the distance reproduction task after repeated exposure to self-motion with a fixed travel distance. No such aftereffect occurred in the time reproduction task after repeated exposure to self-motion with a fixed elapsed time. Further, the aftereffect in distance reproduction occurred only when the distance of the adapting stimulus was fixed, suggesting that it did not reflect adaptation to time, which varied with distance. The estimation of spatial and temporal aspects of self-motion is thus processed by partially separable mechanisms, with the distance estimation being similar to the estimation of other magnitude dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Otsuka
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Yotsumoto
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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163
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Coelho S, de Mendonça A, Maroco J, Cardoso S, Mello Z, Guerreiro M. Time perspective and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. J Neuropsychol 2022; 16:463-480. [PMID: 35174621 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined time perspective in patients with amnesic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Prior research has shown that aMCI is associated with difficulties in experiencing time duration and succession. However, this line of inquiry has not been extended to time perspective. We examined associations between aMCI and multiple dimensions of time perspective including perceived orientations and relationships among the past, present, and future. METHOD Thirty aMCI patients and thirty-three healthy controls participated. Measures were the Time Orientation Scale (TOS), the Time Relation Scale (TRS), and the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), as well as a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. RESULTS The TRS was associated with aMCI. Patients with aMCI were more likely to perceive that time was unrelated than the healthy older adults. Among patients with aMCI, an unrelated time perspective was associated with poorer performance in executive function measures. However, aMCI was not associated with the TOS or the ZTPI. CONCLUSIONS Patients with aMCI have difficulty in perceiving relationships among the past, present, and future. This could be the consequence of deficits in executive functions. This research suggests that patients with aMCI may have limited understanding for how their current behaviours are related to both their past and future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Coelho
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - João Maroco
- William James Center for Research, ISPA-IU, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Zena Mello
- San Francisco State University, California, USA
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164
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Beracci A, Fabbri M, Martoni M. Morningness-Eveningness Preference, Time Perspective, and Passage of Time Judgments. Cogn Sci 2022; 46:e13109. [PMID: 35166369 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that making accurate passage of time judgments (POTJs) for long-time intervals is an important cognitive ability. Different temporal domains, such as circadian typology (biological time) and time perspective (psychological time), could have an effect on subjective POTJs, but few studies have investigated the reciprocal influences among these temporal domains. The present study is the first systematic attempt to fill this gap. A sample of 222 participants (53.20% females; 19-60 years) filled in the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory for the measurement of time perspective, the reduced version of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ) for chronotypes, and an ad-hoc questionnaire assessing sleep habits during weekdays and the weekend (for social jetlag). The POTJ was measured using a modified version of a pictorial timeline presented at five different moments. Also, participants judged how different temporal expressions were related to the past, present, and future along a 7-point Likert scale. After confirming the association between eveningness and present-hedonism orientation and morningness and future-orientation, we found that evening-types produced higher scores for future expressions. The subjective POTJ expressed in minutes was predicted by Deviation from Balanced Time (DBTP), present-fatalism orientation, and social jetlag. Finally, the rMEQ score, past-positive orientation, and DBTP predicted the difference between subjective and objective POT. The results are discussed offering an explanation in terms of the interconnections between circadian typology, individual time perspective, and the sense of the POT, suggesting the multicomponent nature of the concept of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Beracci
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli
| | - Marco Fabbri
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli
| | - Monica Martoni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna
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165
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Maleninska K, Jandourkova P, Brozka H, Stuchlik A, Nekovarova T. Selective impairment of timing in a NMDA hypofunction animal model of psychosis. Behav Brain Res 2022; 419:113671. [PMID: 34788697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is severe neuropsychiatric disease, which is commonly accompanied not only by positive or negative symptoms, but also by cognitive impairment. To study neuronal mechanisms underlying cognitive distortions and mechanisms underlying schizophrenia, animal pharmacological models of cognitive symptoms are commonly used. Between various cognitive impairments in schizophrenia patients, disturbed time perception has often been reported. Here, we examined temporal and spatial cognition in a modified Carousel maze task in the animal model of schizophrenia induced by non-competitive NMDA-receptor antagonists MK-801. Male Long-Evans rats (n = 18) first learned to avoid the aversive sector on a rotating arena in both dark and light intervals. We verified that during dark, rats used temporal cues, while during light they relied predominantly on spatial cues. We demonstrated that the timing strategy depends on the stable rotation speed of the arena and on the repositioning clues such as aversive stimuli. During testing (both in light and dark intervals), half of the rats received MK-801 and the control half received saline solution. We observed dose-dependent disruptions of both temporal and spatial cognition. Namely, both doses of MK-801 (0.1 and 0.12 mg/kg) significantly impaired timing strategy in the dark and increased locomotor activity. MK-801 dose 0.1 mg/kg, but not 0.12, also impaired spatial avoidance strategy in light. We found that the timing strategy is more sensitive to NMDA antagonist MK-801 than the spatial strategy. To conclude, a modified version of the Carousel maze is a useful and sensitive tool for detecting timing impairments in the MK-801 induced rodent model of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Maleninska
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 25067 Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavla Jandourkova
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Brozka
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Stuchlik
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Tereza Nekovarova
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 25067 Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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166
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Nishioka M, Kamada T, Nakata A, Shiokawa N, Kinoshita A, Hata T. Intra-dorsal striatal acetylcholine M1 but not dopaminergic D1 or glutamatergic NMDA receptor antagonists inhibit consolidation of duration memory in interval timing. Behav Brain Res 2022; 419:113669. [PMID: 34800548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The striatal beat frequency model assumes that striatal medium spiny neurons encode duration via synaptic plasticity. Muscarinic 1 (M1) cholinergic receptors as well as dopamine and glutamate receptors are important for neural plasticity in the dorsal striatum. Therefore, we investigated the effect of inhibiting these receptors on the formation of duration memory. After sufficient training in a peak interval (PI)-20-s procedure, rats were administered a single or mixed infusion of a selective antagonist for the dopamine D1 receptor (SCH23390, 0.5 µg per side), N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)-type glutamate receptor (D-AP5, 3 µg), or M1 receptor (pirenzepine, 10 µg) bilaterally in the dorsal striatum, immediately before initiating a PI-40 s session (shift session). The next day, the rats were tested for new duration memory (40 s) in a session in which no lever presses were reinforced (test session). In the shift session, the performance was comparable irrespective of the drug injected. However, in the test session, the mean peak time (an index of duration memory) of the M1 + NMDA co-blockade group, but not of the D1 + NMDA co-blockade group, was lower than that of the control group (Experiments 1 and 2). In Experiment 3, the effect of the co-blockade of M1 and NMDA receptors was replicated. Moreover, sole blockade of M1 receptors induced the same effect as M1 and NMDA blockade. These results suggest that in the dorsal striatum, the M1 receptor, but not the D1 or NMDA receptors, is involved in the consolidation of duration memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Nishioka
- Graduate School of Psychology, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan.
| | - Taisuke Kamada
- Graduate School of Psychology, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakata
- Faculty of Psychology, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Naoko Shiokawa
- Faculty of Psychology, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Aoi Kinoshita
- Faculty of Psychology, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Toshimichi Hata
- Faculty of Psychology, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan.
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167
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Szelag E, Stanczyk M, Szymaszek A. Sub- and Supra-Second Timing in Auditory Perception: Evidence for Cross-Domain Relationships. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:812533. [PMID: 35095407 PMCID: PMC8791025 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.812533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that there are at least two levels of temporal processing: the sub- and supra-second domains. The relationship between these domains remains unclear. The aim of this study was to test whether performance on the sub-second level is related to that on the supra-second one, or whether these two domains operate independently. Participants were 118 healthy adults (mean age = 23 years). The sub-second level was studied with a temporal-order judgment task and indexed by the Temporal Order Threshold (TOT), on which lower values corresponded to better performance. On the basis of TOT results, the initial sample was classified into two groups characterized by either higher temporal efficiency (HTE) or lower temporal efficiency (LTE). Next, the efficiency of performance on the supra-second level was studied in these two groups using the subjective accentuation task, in which participants listened to monotonous sequences of beats and were asked to mentally accentuate every n-th beat to create individual rhythmic patterns. The extent of temporal integration was assessed on the basis of the number of beats being united and better performance corresponded to longer units. The novel results are differences between groups in this temporal integration. The HTE group integrated beats in significantly longer units than did the LTE group. Moreover, for tasks with higher mental load, the HTE group relied more on a constant time strategy, whereas the LTE group relied more on mental counting, probably because of less efficient temporal integration. These findings provide insight into associations between sub- and supra-second levels of processing and point to a common time keeping system, which is active independently of temporal domain.
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168
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Hashiguchi M, Koike T, Morita T, Harada T, Le Bihan D, Sadato N. Neural substrates of accurate perception of time duration: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuropsychologia 2022; 166:108145. [PMID: 35007617 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Time duration, an essential feature of the physical world, is perceived and cognitively interpreted subjectively. While this perception is deeply connected with arousal and interoceptive signals, the underlying neural mechanisms remain elusive. As the insula is critical for integrating information from the external world with the organism's inner state, we hypothesized that it might have a central role in the perception of time duration and contribute to its estimation accuracy. We conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging study with 27 healthy participants performing temporal duration and pitch bisection tasks that used the same stimuli. By comparison with two referents with short and long duration in the time range of 1 s (close to the heart rate period), or low and high pitch, participants had to decide whether target stimuli were closer in duration or pitch to the referent stimuli. The temporal bisection point between short and long duration perception was obtained through a psychometric response curve analysis for each participant. The deviation between the bisection point and the average of reference stimuli durations was used as a marker of duration accuracy. Duration discrimination-specific activation, contrasted to pitch discrimination, was found in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, bilateral cerebellum, and right anterior insular cortex (AIC), extending to the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), inferior parietal lobule, and frontal pole. The activity in the right AIC and IFG was positively correlated with the accuracy of duration discrimination. The right AIC is known to be related to the reproduction of duration, whereas the right IFG is involved in categorical decisions. Thus, the comparison between the referent durations reproduced in the AIC and the target duration may occur in the right IFG. We conclude that the right AIC and IFG contribute to the accurate perception of temporal duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Hashiguchi
- Department of System Neuroscience, Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan
| | - Takahiko Koike
- Department of System Neuroscience, Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Morita
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Osaka, 565-0781, Japan
| | - Tokiko Harada
- Brain, Mind and KANSEI Sciences Research Center, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Denis Le Bihan
- Department of System Neuroscience, Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan; NeuroSpin, Bâtiment 145, Point Courrier 156. CEA-Saclay Center F91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Norihiro Sadato
- Department of System Neuroscience, Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan.
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169
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Yamashita M, Ohsawa C, Suzuki M, Guo X, Sadakata M, Otsuka Y, Asano K, Abe N, Sekiyama K. Neural Advantages of Older Musicians Involve the Cerebellum: Implications for Healthy Aging Through Lifelong Musical Instrument Training. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:784026. [PMID: 35069154 PMCID: PMC8766763 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.784026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared 30 older musicians and 30 age-matched non-musicians to investigate the association between lifelong musical instrument training and age-related cognitive decline and brain atrophy (musicians: mean age 70.8 years, musical experience 52.7 years; non-musicians: mean age 71.4 years, no or less than 3 years of musical experience). Although previous research has demonstrated that young musicians have larger gray matter volume (GMV) in the auditory-motor cortices and cerebellum than non-musicians, little is known about older musicians. Music imagery in young musicians is also known to share a neural underpinning [the supramarginal gyrus (SMG) and cerebellum] with music performance. Thus, we hypothesized that older musicians would show superiority to non-musicians in some of the abovementioned brain regions. Behavioral performance, GMV, and brain activity, including functional connectivity (FC) during melodic working memory (MWM) tasks, were evaluated in both groups. Behaviorally, musicians exhibited a much higher tapping speed than non-musicians, and tapping speed was correlated with executive function in musicians. Structural analyses revealed larger GMVs in both sides of the cerebellum of musicians, and importantly, this was maintained until very old age. Task-related FC analyses revealed that musicians possessed greater cerebellar-hippocampal FC, which was correlated with tapping speed. Furthermore, musicians showed higher activation in the SMG during MWM tasks; this was correlated with earlier commencement of instrumental training. These results indicate advantages or heightened coupling in brain regions associated with music performance and imagery in musicians. We suggest that lifelong instrumental training highly predicts the structural maintenance of the cerebellum and related cognitive maintenance in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Yamashita
- Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chie Ohsawa
- School of Music, Mukogawa Women’s University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Maki Suzuki
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka, Japan
| | - Xia Guo
- Graduate School of Social and Cultural Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makiko Sadakata
- Institute for Logic, Language and Computation, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yuki Otsuka
- Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kohei Asano
- Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Faculty of Child Care and Education, Osaka University of Comprehensive Children Education, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Abe
- Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sekiyama
- Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kaoru Sekiyama,
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170
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Simon D, Mukaiyama A, Furuike Y, Akiyama S. Slow and temperature-compensated autonomous disassembly of KaiB–KaiC complex. Biophys Physicobiol 2022; 19:1-11. [PMID: 35666689 PMCID: PMC9135616 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bppb-v19.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Simon
- Research Center of Integrative Molecular Systems (CIMoS), Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences
| | - Atsushi Mukaiyama
- Research Center of Integrative Molecular Systems (CIMoS), Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences
| | - Yoshihiko Furuike
- Research Center of Integrative Molecular Systems (CIMoS), Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences
| | - Shuji Akiyama
- Research Center of Integrative Molecular Systems (CIMoS), Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences
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171
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Zheng Q, Wang X, Chiu KY, Shum KKM. Time Perception Deficits in Children and Adolescents with ADHD: A Meta-analysis. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:267-281. [PMID: 33302769 DOI: 10.1177/1087054720978557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prior studies have reported time perception impairment in children and adolescents with ADHD but the results were inconsistent. METHOD The current meta-analysis reviews 27 empirical studies published in English after year 2000 that compared time perception competence among children and adolescents with and without ADHD. RESULTS Results from 1620 participants with ADHD and 1249 healthy controls showed significant timing deficits in ADHD. Children/adolescents with ADHD perceived time less accurately (Hedges' g > 0.40), less precisely (Hedges' g = 0.66) and had higher tendency to overestimate time than their healthy counterparts. Moderator analyses indicated that the discrepancy of time perception between groups was not affected by the type of timing tasks nor the modality of stimuli used in the tasks. Nonetheless, results were moderated by age and gender. CONCLUSION These findings may update current understanding of the underlying neuropsychological deficits in ADHD and provide insight for future research in clinical assessments and treatments for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Que Zheng
- The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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172
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Ivanova E, Panayotova T, Grechenliev I, Peshev B, Kolchakova P, Milanova V. A Complex Combination Therapy for a Complex Disease-Neuroimaging Evidence for the Effect of Music Therapy in Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:795344. [PMID: 35370834 PMCID: PMC8964524 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.795344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a disease characterized by clinical polymorphism: a combination of diverse syndromes defined by differences in structure, course and outcome. The etiology and pathogenesis of this mental disorder is still not completely understood, in spite of the achievements in the fields of neuroscience, genetics, neuroimaging and others. Different treatment strategies have been developed for patients with schizophrenia, but the search for new pharmacological agents continues with the mission of achieving a more effective control over the disease manifestations (positive and negative symptoms), improvement of the patients' social functioning and quality of life. The accumulated clinical experience has revealed that drug treatment and the inclusion in various rehabilitation programs and social skills training shows promising results in these patients. In recent years a plethora of evidence has been compiled regarding the role of music therapy as a possible alternative in the combination treatment of patients with mental disorders, schizophrenia included. Thus, the purpose of this review is to present the reader with a more detailed and science-based account of the beneficial effect of music therapy on the general wellbeing of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. To fulfill our goal, we will focus mainly on the evidence provided by modern neuroimaging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ivanova
- Psychiatric Clinic, Alexandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria.,Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Ivan Grechenliev
- Psychiatric Clinic, Alexandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Bogomil Peshev
- Psychiatric Clinic, Alexandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Vihra Milanova
- Psychiatric Clinic, Alexandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria
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173
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Sawicki J, Hartmann L, Bader R, Schöll E. Modelling the perception of music in brain network dynamics. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 2:910920. [PMID: 36926090 PMCID: PMC10013054 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2022.910920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We analyze the influence of music in a network of FitzHugh-Nagumo oscillators with empirical structural connectivity measured in healthy human subjects. We report an increase of coherence between the global dynamics in our network and the input signal induced by a specific music song. We show that the level of coherence depends crucially on the frequency band. We compare our results with experimental data, which also describe global neural synchronization between different brain regions in the gamma-band range in a time-dependent manner correlated with musical large-scale form, showing increased synchronization just before transitions between different parts in a musical piece (musical high-level events). The results also suggest a separation in musical form-related brain synchronization between high brain frequencies, associated with neocortical activity, and low frequencies in the range of dance movements, associated with interactivity between cortical and subcortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Sawicki
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany.,Institut für Musikpädagogik, Universität der Künste Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz FHNW, Basel, Switzerland.,Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lenz Hartmann
- Institute of Systematic Musicology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Bader
- Institute of Systematic Musicology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eckehard Schöll
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany.,Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany
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174
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Mikhael JG, Gershman SJ. Impulsivity and risk-seeking as Bayesian inference under dopaminergic control. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:465-476. [PMID: 34376813 PMCID: PMC8674258 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bayesian models successfully account for several of dopamine (DA)'s effects on contextual calibration in interval timing and reward estimation. In these models, tonic levels of DA control the precision of stimulus encoding, which is weighed against contextual information when making decisions. When DA levels are high, the animal relies more heavily on the (highly precise) stimulus encoding, whereas when DA levels are low, the context affects decisions more strongly. Here, we extend this idea to intertemporal choice and probability discounting tasks. In intertemporal choice tasks, agents must choose between a small reward delivered soon and a large reward delivered later, whereas in probability discounting tasks, agents must choose between a small reward that is always delivered and a large reward that may be omitted with some probability. Beginning with the principle that animals will seek to maximize their reward rates, we show that the Bayesian model predicts a number of curious empirical findings in both tasks. First, the model predicts that higher DA levels should normally promote selection of the larger/later option, which is often taken to imply that DA decreases 'impulsivity,' and promote selection of the large/risky option, often taken to imply that DA increases 'risk-seeking.' However, if the temporal precision is sufficiently decreased, higher DA levels should have the opposite effect-promoting selection of the smaller/sooner option (higher impulsivity) and the small/safe option (lower risk-seeking). Second, high enough levels of DA can result in preference reversals. Third, selectively decreasing the temporal precision, without manipulating DA, should promote selection of the larger/later and large/risky options. Fourth, when a different post-reward delay is associated with each option, animals will not learn the option-delay contingencies, but this learning can be salvaged when the post-reward delays are made more salient. Finally, the Bayesian model predicts correlations among behavioral phenotypes: Animals that are better timers will also appear less impulsive.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G. Mikhael
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XProgram in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XMD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Samuel J. Gershman
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Psychology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
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175
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Pierce JE, Péron JA. Reward-Based Learning and Emotional Habit Formation in the Cerebellum. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1378:125-140. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-99550-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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176
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Feedback-Based Learning of Timing in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Neurofibromatosis Type 1. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2022; 28:12-21. [PMID: 33573707 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617721000072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) frequently display symptoms resembling those of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Importantly, these disorders are characterised by distinct changes in the dopaminergic system, which plays an important role in timing performance and feedback-based adjustments in timing performance. In a transdiagnostic approach, we examine how far NF1 and ADHD show distinct or comparable profiles of timing performance and feedback-based adjustments in timing. METHOD We examined time estimation and learning processes in healthy control children (HC), children with ADHD with predominantly inattentive symptoms and those with NF1 using a feedback-based time estimation paradigm. RESULTS Healthy controls consistently responded closer to the correct time window than both patient groups, were less variable in their reaction times and displayed intact learning-based adjustments across time. The patient groups did not differ from each other regarding the number of in-time responses. In ADHD patients, the performance was rather unstable across time. No performance changes could be observed in patients with NF1 across the entire task. CONCLUSIONS Children with ADHD and NF1 differ in feedback learning-based adjustments of time estimation processes. ADHD is characterised by behavioural fluctuations during the learning process. These are likely to be associated with inefficiencies in the dopaminergic system. NF1 is characterised by impairments of feedback learning which could be due to various neurotransmitter alterations occurring in addition to deficits in dopamine synthesis. Results show that despite the strong overlap in clinical phenotype and neuropsychological deficits between NF1 and ADHD, the underlying cognitive mechanisms are different.
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177
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Martinez MC, Zold CL, Coletti MA, Murer MG, Belluscio MA. Dorsal striatum coding for the timely execution of action sequences. eLife 2022; 11:74929. [PMID: 36426715 PMCID: PMC9699698 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The automatic initiation of actions can be highly functional. But occasionally these actions cannot be withheld and are released at inappropriate times, impulsively. Striatal activity has been shown to participate in the timing of action sequence initiation and it has been linked to impulsivity. Using a self-initiated task, we trained adult male rats to withhold a rewarded action sequence until a waiting time interval has elapsed. By analyzing neuronal activity we show that the striatal response preceding the initiation of the learned sequence is strongly modulated by the time subjects wait before eliciting the sequence. Interestingly, the modulation is steeper in adolescent rats, which show a strong prevalence of impulsive responses compared to adults. We hypothesize this anticipatory striatal activity reflects the animals’ subjective reward expectation, based on the elapsed waiting time, while the steeper waiting modulation in adolescence reflects age-related differences in temporal discounting, internal urgency states, or explore–exploit balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecilia Martinez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular “Dr. Héctor Maldonado”Buenos AiresArgentina,Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica “Dr. Bernardo Houssay” (IFIBIO-Houssay), Grupo de Neurociencia de SistemasBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Camila Lidia Zold
- Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica “Dr. Bernardo Houssay” (IFIBIO-Houssay), Grupo de Neurociencia de SistemasBuenos AiresArgentina,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Departamento de FisiologíaBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Marcos Antonio Coletti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica “Dr. Bernardo Houssay” (IFIBIO-Houssay), Grupo de Neurociencia de SistemasBuenos AiresArgentina,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Departamento de FisiologíaBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Mario Gustavo Murer
- Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica “Dr. Bernardo Houssay” (IFIBIO-Houssay), Grupo de Neurociencia de SistemasBuenos AiresArgentina,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Departamento de FisiologíaBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Mariano Andrés Belluscio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica “Dr. Bernardo Houssay” (IFIBIO-Houssay), Grupo de Neurociencia de SistemasBuenos AiresArgentina,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Departamento de FisiologíaBuenos AiresArgentina
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178
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Neupärtl N, Tatai F, Rothkopf CA. Naturalistic embodied interactions elicit intuitive physical behaviour in accordance with Newtonian physics. Cogn Neuropsychol 2021; 38:440-454. [PMID: 34877918 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2021.2008890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The success of visuomotor interactions in everyday activities such as grasping or sliding a cup is inescapably governed by the laws of physics. Research on intuitive physics has predominantly investigated reasoning about objects' behaviour involving binary forced choice responses. We investigated how the type of visuomotor response influences participants' beliefs about physical quantities and their lawful relationship implicit in their active behaviour. Participants propelled pucks towards targets positioned at different distances. Analysis with a probabilistic model of interactions showed that subjects adopted the non-linear control prescribed by Newtonian physics when sliding real pucks in a virtual environment even in the absence of visual feedback. However, they used a linear heuristic when viewing the scene on a monitor and interactions were implemented through key presses. These results support the notion of probabilistic internal physics models but additionally suggest that humans can take advantage of embodied, sensorimotor, multimodal representations in physical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Neupärtl
- Institute of Psychology, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Centre for Cognitive Science, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Fabian Tatai
- Institute of Psychology, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Centre for Cognitive Science, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Constantin A Rothkopf
- Institute of Psychology, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Centre for Cognitive Science, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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179
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Katsu N, Okanoya K. Stimulus modality affects the accuracy of rhythm production in rats. Behav Processes 2021; 194:104560. [PMID: 34843924 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Vocal learning species such as humans and parrots show auditory dominance when they synchronize their actions to an external rhythm. However, whether non-vocal-learners show a specific modality dominance in a rhythmic task has scarcely been examined. We predicted that rats, who are nocturnal and known to rely on acoustic communication, would exhibit higher sensitivity to auditory rhythm compared to visual rhythm. We investigated whether performance of a synchronization task by rats differs based on stimulus modality. We trained five rats to press a lever in time to auditory-visual, isochronous stimuli presented at three different tempos. Rats showed a lower correct response rate when auditory stimuli were presented than when visual or auditory-visual stimuli were presented in the 0.5-s inter-onset interval condition. Neither the asynchrony with the stimulus onset, nor the variability of interval production differed significantly based on the stimulus modality. Therefore, contrary to the prediction, they did not show auditory dominance; rather, rats showed poor performance on the task when a visual stimulus was not present. These results are consistent with the gradual audio-motor evolution hypothesis, and suggest that rats share ability for rhythm production, but this might not necessarily depend on auditory modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Katsu
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Okanoya
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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180
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Zhang Q, Abdelmotilib H, Larson T, Keomanivong C, Conlon M, Aldridge GM, Narayanan NS. Cortical alpha-synuclein preformed fibrils do not affect interval timing in mice. Neurosci Lett 2021; 765:136273. [PMID: 34601038 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
One hallmark feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) is Lewy body pathology associated with misfolded alpha-synuclein. Previous studies have shown that striatal injection of alpha-synuclein preformed fibrils (PFF) can induce misfolding and aggregation of native alpha-synuclein in a prion-like manner, leading to cell death and motor dysfunction in mouse models. Here, we tested whether alpha-synuclein PFFs injected into the medial prefrontal cortex results in deficits in interval timing, a cognitive task which is disrupted in human PD patients and in rodent models of PD. We injected PFF or monomers of human alpha-synuclein into the medial prefrontal cortex of mice pre-injected with adeno-associated virus (AAV) coding for overexpression of human alpha-synuclein or control protein. Despite notable medial prefrontal cortical synucleinopathy, we did not observe consistent deficits in fixed-interval timing. These results suggest that cortical alpha-synuclein does not reliably disrupt fixed-interval timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
| | - Hisham Abdelmotilib
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Travis Larson
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Cameron Keomanivong
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Mackenzie Conlon
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Georgina M Aldridge
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
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181
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Verga L, Schwartze M, Stapert S, Winkens I, Kotz SA. Dysfunctional Timing in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Co-occurrence of Cognitive, Motor, and Perceptual Deficits. Front Psychol 2021; 12:731898. [PMID: 34733208 PMCID: PMC8558219 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.731898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Timing is an essential part of human cognition and of everyday life activities, such as walking or holding a conversation. Previous studies showed that traumatic brain injury (TBI) often affects cognitive functions such as processing speed and time-sensitive abilities, causing long-term sequelae as well as daily impairments. However, the existing evidence on timing capacities in TBI is mostly limited to perception and the processing of isolated intervals. It is therefore open whether the observed deficits extend to motor timing and to continuous dynamic tasks that more closely match daily life activities. The current study set out to answer these questions by assessing audio motor timing abilities and their relationship with cognitive functioning in a group of TBI patients (n = 15) and healthy matched controls. We employed a comprehensive set of tasks aiming at testing timing abilities across perception and production and from single intervals to continuous auditory sequences. In line with previous research, we report functional impairments in TBI patients concerning cognitive processing speed and perceptual timing. Critically, these deficits extended to motor timing: The ability to adjust to tempo changes in an auditory pacing sequence was impaired in TBI patients, and this motor timing deficit covaried with measures of processing speed. These findings confirm previous evidence on perceptual and cognitive timing deficits resulting from TBI and provide first evidence for comparable deficits in motor behavior. This suggests basic co-occurring perceptual and motor timing impairments that may factor into a wide range of daily activities. Our results thus place TBI into the wider range of pathologies with well-documented timing deficits (such as Parkinson’s disease) and encourage the search for novel timing-based therapeutic interventions (e.g., employing dynamic and/or musical stimuli) with high transfer potential to everyday life activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Verga
- Research Group Comparative Bioacoustics, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Michael Schwartze
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Sven Stapert
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Zuyderland Medical Centre, Department of Medical Psychology, Sittard, Netherlands
| | - Ieke Winkens
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Limburg Brain Injury Center, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Sonja A Kotz
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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182
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Davison M, Cowie S. Modeling choice across time: Effects of response-reinforcer discriminability. J Exp Anal Behav 2021; 117:36-52. [PMID: 34734651 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This experiment asks whether timing is affected by animals' discrimination of response-reinforcer contingencies, and if so, how this effect can be understood. Six pigeons were trained on a procedure in which concurrent-schedule reinforcer ratios between left and right keys changed at 30 s after the last reinforcer. One stimulus signaled a reinforcer-ratio reversal from 9:1 to 1:9 on that key, and the other stimulus signaled the inverse reversal, with the key on which these stimuli occurred randomized. Across conditions, the physical difference between the stimuli signaling the two responses was varied and the directional changes in the reinforcer ratio signaled by each stimulus were reversed. Choice changed appropriately across time when the two stimuli were discriminable, and points of subjective equality fell with decreasing stimulus difference. A model which assumed that reinforcers obtained in time bins were redistributed across other time bins according to ogivally changing standard deviations, and between response locations according to an ogivally changing redistribution measure, accounted well for the data. This model was shown to be preferable to one in which across-time redistributions were scalar, and across-location redistribution was constant. These results show the critical importance of stimulus-response-reinforcer discriminability to measures of timing.
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183
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Wang Y, Yin X, Zhang Z, Li J, Zhao W, Guo ZV. A cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical channel underlying short-term memory. Neuron 2021; 109:3486-3499.e7. [PMID: 34469773 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Persistent activity underlying short-term memory encodes sensory information or instructs specific future movement and, consequently, has a crucial role in cognition. Despite extensive study, how the same set of neurons respond differentially to form selective persistent activity remains unknown. Here, we report that the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical (CBTC) circuit supports the formation of selective persistent activity in mice. Optogenetic activation or inactivation of the basal ganglia output nucleus substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr)-to-thalamus pathway biased future licking choice, without affecting licking execution. This perturbation differentially affected persistent activity in the frontal cortex and selectively modulated neural trajectory that encodes one choice but not the other. Recording showed that SNr neurons had selective persistent activity distributed across SNr, but with a hotspot in the mediolateral region. Optogenetic inactivation of the frontal cortex also differentially affected persistent activity in the SNr. Together, these results reveal a CBTC channel functioning to produce selective persistent activity underlying short-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China 100084
| | - Xinxin Yin
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China 100084
| | - Zhouzhou Zhang
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084
| | - Jiejue Li
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China 100084
| | - Wenyu Zhao
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China 100084
| | - Zengcai V Guo
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China 100084.
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184
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Domenici N, Inuggi A, Tonelli A, Gori M. A novel Android app to evaluate and enhance auditory and tactile temporal thresholds . ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2021; 2021:5885-5888. [PMID: 34892458 DOI: 10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With this work, we introduce a novel Android app designed to monitor and enhance auditory and tactile temporal sensitivity. To assess the app's reliability, we tested its technical performance evaluating stimuli production's accuracy (i.e., onset, offset, and duration of stimulation). To validate the app with participants we generated temporal intervals, using either sounds or vibratory stimuli, by implementing two versions of a Two-Alternative Forced-Choice (2AFC) task. Auditory and tactile temporal sensitivity of 12 participants was evaluated using this procedure. To investigate whether temporal abilities could be enhanced using the app, participants were then divided into two groups: one group was trained for four days on the auditory temporal task, while the other was trained for four days on the tactile temporal task. Results suggest that the app can i) effectively measure auditory and tactile temporal thresholds and ii) be used to enhance temporal abilities through perceptual learning. The accessibility of the experimental protocols, combined with our findings, fosters the app's involvement in rehabilitation programs, for example, with a specific focus on sensory disabilities that are associated with temporal deficits (e.g., deafness and Parkinson).Clinical Relevance- The current work introduces a novel app that can be used to monitor and improve temporal abilities, in both the auditory and the tactile modalities.
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185
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Tabibzadeh S. CircadiOmic medicine and aging. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 71:101424. [PMID: 34389481 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The earth displays daily, seasonal and annual environmental cycles that have led to evolutionarily adapted ultradian, circadian and infradian rhythmicities in the entire biosphere. All biological organisms must adapt to these cycles that synchronize the function of their circadiome. The objective of this review is to discuss the latest knowledge regarding the role of circadiomics in health and aging. The biological timekeepers are responsive to the environmental cues at microsecond to seasonal time-scales and act with precision of a clock machinery. The robustness of these rhythms is essential to normal daily function of cells, tissues and organs. Mis-alignment of circadian rhythms makes the individual prone to aging, sleep disorders, cancer, diabetes, and neuro-degenerative diseases. Circadian and CircadiOmic medicine are emerging fields that leverage our in-depth understanding of health issues, that arise as a result of disturbances in circadian rhythms, towards establishing better therapeutic approaches in personalized medicine and for geroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Tabibzadeh
- Frontiers in Bioscience Research Institute in Aging and Cancer, 16471 Scientific Way, Irvine, CA 92618, United States.
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186
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Domenici N, Tonelli A, Gori M. Adaptation to high-frequency vibrotactile stimulations fails to affect the clock in young children. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbeha.2021.100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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187
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Bermperidis T, Rai R, Ryu J, Zanotto D, Agrawal SK, Lalwani AK, Torres EB. Optimal time lags from causal prediction model help stratify and forecast nervous system pathology. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20904. [PMID: 34686679 PMCID: PMC8536772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional clinical approaches diagnose disorders of the nervous system using standardized observational criteria. Although aiming for homogeneity of symptoms, this method often results in highly heterogeneous disorders. A standing question thus is how to automatically stratify a given random cohort of the population, such that treatment can be better tailored to each cluster's symptoms, and severity of any given group forecasted to provide neuroprotective therapies. In this work we introduce new methods to automatically stratify a random cohort of the population composed of healthy controls of different ages and patients with different disorders of the nervous systems. Using a simple walking task and measuring micro-fluctuations in their biorhythmic motions, we combine non-linear causal network connectivity analyses in the temporal and frequency domains with stochastic mapping. The methods define a new type of internal motor timings. These are amenable to create personalized clinical interventions tailored to self-emerging clusters signaling fundamentally different types of gait pathologies. We frame our results using the principle of reafference and operationalize them using causal prediction, thus renovating the theory of internal models for the study of neuromotor control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richa Rai
- Psychology Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA
| | - Jihye Ryu
- Neurosurgery Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Damiano Zanotto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, USA
| | - Sunil K Agrawal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Columbia University, New York, USA.,Department of Rehabilitative and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Anil K Lalwani
- New York Presbyterian-Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA.,Division of Otology, Neurotology, and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Torres
- Psychology Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA. .,Rutgers University Center for Cognitive Science (RUCCS), Piscataway, USA. .,Computational Biomedicine Imaging and Modelling, Piscataway, USA.
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188
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Interval timing and midfrontal delta oscillations are impaired in Parkinson's disease patients with freezing of gait. J Neurol 2021; 269:2599-2609. [PMID: 34674006 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10843-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Gait abnormalities and cognitive dysfunction are common in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and get worse with disease progression. Recent evidence has suggested a strong relationship between gait abnormalities and cognitive dysfunction in PD patients and impaired cognitive control could be one of the causes for abnormal gait patterns. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction in PD patients with gait problems are unclear. Here, we collected scalp electroencephalography (EEG) signals during a 7-s interval timing task to investigate the cortical mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction in PD patients with (PDFOG +, n = 34) and without (PDFOG-, n = 37) freezing of gait, as well as control subjects (n = 37). Results showed that the PDFOG + group exhibited the lowest maximum response density at around 7 s compared to PDFOG- and control groups, and this response density peak correlated with gait abnormalities as measured by FOG scores. EEG data demonstrated that PDFOG + had decreased midfrontal delta-band power at the onset of the target cue, which was also correlated with maximum response density and FOG scores. In addition, our classifier performed better at discriminating PDFOG + from PDFOG- and controls with an area under the curve of 0.93 when midfrontal delta power was chosen as a feature. These findings suggest that abnormal midfrontal activity in PDFOG + is related to cognitive dysfunction and describe the mechanistic relationship between cognitive and gait functions in PDFOG + . Overall, these results could advance the development of novel biosignatures and brain stimulation approaches for PDFOG + .
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189
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Similar CNV Neurodynamic Patterns between Sub- and Supra-Second Time Perception. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101362. [PMID: 34679426 PMCID: PMC8534208 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of time psychology, the functional significance of the contingent negative variation (CNV) component in time perception and whether the processing mechanisms of sub- and supra-second are similar or different still remain unclear. In the present study, event-related potential (ERP) technology and classical temporal discrimination tasks were used to explore the neurodynamic patterns of sub- and supra-second time perception. In Experiment 1, the standard interval (SI) was fixed at 500 ms, and the comparison interval (CI) ranged from 200 ms to 800 ms. In Experiment 2, the SI was fixed at 2000 ms, and the CI ranged from 1400 ms to 2600 ms. Participants were required to judge whether the CI was longer or shorter than the SI. The ERP results showed similar CNV activity patterns in the two experiments. Specifically, CNV amplitude would be more negative when the CI was longer or closer to the memorized SI. CNV peak latency increased significantly until the CI reached the memorized SI. We propose that CNV amplitude might reflect the process of temporal comparison, and CNV peak latency might represent the process of temporal decision-making. To our knowledge, it is the first ERP task explicitly testing the two temporal scales, sub- and supra-second timing, in one study. Taken together, the present study reveals a similar functional significance of CNV between sub- and supra-second time perception.
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190
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Abstract
We tend to mentally segment a series of events according to perceptual contextual changes, such that items from a shared context are more strongly associated in memory than items from different contexts. It is also known that timing context provides a scaffold to structure experiences in memory, but its role in event segmentation has not been investigated. We adapted a previous paradigm, which was used to investigate event segmentation using visual contexts, to study the effects of changes in timing contexts on event segmentation in associative memory. In two experiments, we presented lists of 36 items in which the interstimulus intervals (ISIs) changed after a series of six items ranging between 0.5 and 4 s in 0.5 s steps. After each list, participants judged which one of two test items were shown first (temporal order judgment) for items that were either drawn from the same context (within an ISI) or from consecutive contexts (across ISIs). Further, participants judged from memory whether the ISI associated to an item lasted longer than a standard interval (2.25 s) that was not previously shown (temporal source memory). Experiment 2 further included a time-item encoding task. Results revealed an effect of timing context changes in temporal order judgments, with faster responses (Experiment 1) or higher accuracy (Experiment 2) when items were drawn from the same context, as opposed to items drawn from across contexts. Further, in both experiments, we found that participants were well able to provide temporal source memory judgments based on recalled durations. Finally, replicated across experiments, we found subjective duration bias, as estimated by psychometric curve fitting parameters of the recalled durations, correlated negatively with within-context temporal order judgments. These findings show that changes in timing context support event segmentation in associative memory.
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191
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Using adaptive psychophysics to identify the neural network reset time in subsecond interval timing. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:3565-3572. [PMID: 34581840 PMCID: PMC8599254 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
State-dependent network models of sub-second interval timing propose that duration is encoded in states of neuronal populations that need to reset prior to a novel timing operation to maintain optimal timing performance. Previous research has shown that the approximate boundary of this reset interval can be inferred by varying the inter-stimulus interval between two to-be-timed intervals. However, the estimated boundary of this reset interval is broad (250–500 ms) and remains under-specified with implications for the characteristics of state-dependent network dynamics sub-serving interval timing. Here, we probed the interval specificity of this reset boundary by manipulating the inter-stimulus interval between standard and comparison intervals in two sub-second auditory duration discrimination tasks (100 and 200 ms) and a control (pitch) discrimination task using adaptive psychophysics. We found that discrimination thresholds improved with the introduction of a 333 ms inter-stimulus interval relative to a 250 ms inter-stimulus interval in both duration discrimination tasks, but not in the control task. This effect corroborates previous findings of a breakpoint in the discrimination performance for sub-second stimulus interval pairs as a function of an incremental inter-stimulus delay but more precisely localizes the minimal inter-stimulus delay range. These results suggest that state-dependent networks sub-serving sub-second timing require approximately 250–333 ms for the network to reset to maintain optimal interval timing.
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192
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Vo A, Tabrizi NS, Hunt T, Cayanan K, Chitale S, Anderson LG, Tenney S, White AO, Sabariego M, Hales JB. Medial entorhinal cortex lesions produce delay-dependent disruptions in memory for elapsed time. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 185:107507. [PMID: 34474155 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Our memory for time is a fundamental ability that we use to judge the duration of events, put our experiences into a temporal context, and decide when to initiate actions. The medial entorhinal cortex (MEC), with its direct projections to the hippocampus, has been proposed to be the key source of temporal information for hippocampal time cells. However, the behavioral relevance of such temporal firing patterns remains unclear, as most of the paradigms used for the study of temporal processing and time cells are either spatial tasks or tasks for which MEC function is not required. In this study, we asked whether the MEC is necessary for rats to perform a time duration discrimination task (TDD), in which rats were trained to discriminate between 10-s and 20-s delay intervals. After reaching a 90% performance criterion, the rats were assigned to receive an excitotoxic MEC-lesion or sham-lesion surgery. We found that after recovering from surgery, rats with MEC lesions were impaired on the TDD task in comparison to rats with sham lesions, failing to return to criterion performance. Their impairment, however, was specific to the longer, 20-s delay trials. These results indicate that time processing is dependent on MEC neural computations only for delays that exceed 10 s, perhaps because long-term memory resources are needed to keep track of longer time intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Vo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Nina S Tabrizi
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Thomas Hunt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Kayla Cayanan
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Saee Chitale
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA 01075, USA
| | - Lucy G Anderson
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA 01075, USA
| | - Sarah Tenney
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA 01075, USA
| | - André O White
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA 01075, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA 01075, USA
| | - Marta Sabariego
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA 01075, USA.
| | - Jena B Hales
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA.
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193
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The influence of auditory rhythms on the speed of inferred motion. Atten Percept Psychophys 2021; 84:2360-2383. [PMID: 34435321 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-021-02364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present research explored the influence of isochronous auditory rhythms on the timing of movement-related prediction in two experiments. In both experiments, participants observed a moving disc that was visible for a predetermined period before disappearing behind a small, medium, or large occluded area for the remainder of its movement. In Experiment 1, the disc was visible for 1 s. During this period, participants were exposed to either a fast or slow auditory rhythm, or they heard nothing. They were instructed to press a key to indicate when they believed the moving disc had reached a specified location on the other side of the occluded area. The procedure measured the (signed) error in participants' estimate of the time it would take for a moving object to contact a stationary one. The principal results of Experiment 1 were main effects of the rate of the auditory rhythm and of the size of the occlusion on participants' judgments. In Experiment 2, the period of visibility was varied with size of the occlusion area to keep the total movement time constant for all three levels of occlusion. The results replicated the main effect of rhythm found in Experiment 1 and showed a small, significant interaction, but indicated no main effect of occlusion size. Overall, the results indicate that exposure to fast isochronous auditory rhythms during an interval of inferred motion can influence the imagined rate of such motion and suggest a possible role of an internal rhythmicity in the maintenance of temporally accurate dynamic mental representations.
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194
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Bennett MS. Five Breakthroughs: A First Approximation of Brain Evolution From Early Bilaterians to Humans. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:693346. [PMID: 34489649 PMCID: PMC8418099 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.693346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retracing the evolutionary steps by which human brains evolved can offer insights into the underlying mechanisms of human brain function as well as the phylogenetic origin of various features of human behavior. To this end, this article presents a model for interpreting the physical and behavioral modifications throughout major milestones in human brain evolution. This model introduces the concept of a "breakthrough" as a useful tool for interpreting suites of brain modifications and the various adaptive behaviors these modifications enabled. This offers a unique view into the ordered steps by which human brains evolved and suggests several unique hypotheses on the mechanisms of human brain function.
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195
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Bruce RA, Weber MA, Volkman RA, Oya M, Emmons EB, Kim Y, Narayanan NS. Experience-related enhancements in striatal temporal encoding. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:5063-5074. [PMID: 34097793 PMCID: PMC8511940 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Temporal control of action is key for a broad range of behaviors and is disrupted in human diseases such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. A brain structure that is critical for temporal control is the dorsal striatum. Experience and learning can influence dorsal striatal neuronal activity, but it is unknown how these neurons change with experience in contexts which require precise temporal control of movement. We investigated this question by recording from medium spiny neurons (MSNs) via dorsal striatal microelectrode arrays in mice as they gained experience controlling their actions in time. We leveraged an interval timing task optimized for mice which required them to "switch" response ports after enough time had passed without receiving a reward. We report three main results. First, we found that time-related ramping activity and response-related activity increased with task experience. Second, temporal decoding by MSN ensembles improved with experience and was predominantly driven by time-related ramping activity. Finally, we found that a subset of MSNs had differential modulation on error trials. These findings enhance our understanding of dorsal striatal temporal processing by demonstrating how MSN ensembles can evolve with experience. Our results can be linked to temporal habituation and illuminate striatal flexibility during interval timing, which may be relevant for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Austin. Bruce
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Matthew A. Weber
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | | | - Mayu Oya
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Eric B. Emmons
- Department of Biology, Wartburg College, Waverly, IA, 50677
| | - Youngcho Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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196
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Heinrich T, Lappe A, Hanke FD. Beyond the classic sensory systems: Characteristics of the sense of time of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) assessed in a visual temporal discrimination and a bisection task. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:704-714. [PMID: 34268905 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Beyond the classic sensory systems, the sense of time is most likely involved from foraging to navigation. As a prerequisite for assessing the role time is playing in different behavioral contexts, we further characterized the sense of time of a harbor seal in this study. Supra-second time intervals were presented to the seal in a temporal discrimination and a temporal bisection task. During temporal discrimination, the seal needed to discriminate between a standard time interval (STI) and a longer comparison interval. In the bisection task, the seal learnt to discriminate two STIs. Subsequently, it indicated its subjective perception of test time intervals as resembling either the short or long STI more. The seal, although unexperienced regarding timing experiments, learnt both tasks fast. Depending on task, time interval or duration ratio, it achieved a high temporal sensitivity with Weber fractions ranging from 0.11 to 0.26. In the bisection task, the prerequisites for the Scalar Expectancy Theory including a constant Weber fraction, the bisection point lying close to the geometric mean of the STIs, and no significant influence of the STI pair condition on the probability of a long response were met for STIs with a ratio of 1:2, but not with a ratio of 1:4. In conclusion, the harbor seal's sense of time allows precise and complex judgments of time intervals. Cross-species comparisons suggest that principles commonly found to govern timing performance can also be discerned in harbor seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Heinrich
- Neuroethology, University of Rostock, Institute for Biosciences, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Lappe
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Frederike D Hanke
- Neuroethology, University of Rostock, Institute for Biosciences, Rostock, Germany
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197
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Direct Social Perception of Others’ Subjective Time. COGN SYST RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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198
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Ahn JS, Yoon JH, Kim JJ, Park JY. Movement-Related Potentials Associated with Motor Timing Errors as Determined by Internally Cued Movement Onset. Psychiatry Investig 2021; 18:670-678. [PMID: 34265196 PMCID: PMC8328837 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2020.0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accurate motor timing is critical for efficient motor control of behaviors; however, the effect of motor timing abilities on movement-related neural activities has rarely been investigated. The current study aimed to examine the electrophysiological correlates of motor timing errors. METHODS Twenty-two healthy volunteers performed motor timing tasks while their electroencephalographic and electromyographic (EMG) activities were simultaneously recorded. The average of intervals between consecutive EMG onsets was calculated separately for each subject. Motor timing error was calculated as an absolute discrepancy value between the subjects' produced and given time interval. A movement-related potential (MRP) analysis was conducted using readings from Cz electrode. RESULTS Motor timing errors and MRPs were significantly correlated. Our principal finding was that only Bereitschaftpotential (BP) and motor potential (MP), not movement monitoring potential, were significantly attenuated in individuals with motor timing errors. Motor timing error had a significant effect on the amplitude of the late BP and MP. CONCLUSION The findings provide electrophysiological evidence that motor timing errors correlate with the neural processes involved in the generation of self-initiated voluntary movement. Alterations in MRPs reflect central motor control processes and may be indicative of motor timing deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Seon Ahn
- Graduate Program in Cognitive Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Yoon
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Park
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Yongin, Republic of Korea.,Center for Digital Health, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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199
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Pierce JE, Péron J. The basal ganglia and the cerebellum in human emotion. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 15:599-613. [PMID: 32507876 PMCID: PMC7328022 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia (BG) and the cerebellum historically have been relegated to a functional role in producing or modulating motor output. Recent research, however, has emphasized the importance of these subcortical structures in multiple functional domains, including affective processes such as emotion recognition, subjective feeling elicitation and reward valuation. The pathways through the thalamus that connect the BG and cerebellum directly to each other and with extensive regions of the cortex provide a structural basis for their combined influence on limbic function. By regulating cortical oscillations to guide learning and strengthening rewarded behaviors or thought patterns to achieve a desired goal state, these regions can shape the way an individual processes emotional stimuli. This review will discuss the basic structure and function of the BG and cerebellum and propose an updated view of their functional role in human affective processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Pierce
- Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology Laboratory, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julie Péron
- Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology Laboratory, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.,Neuropsychology Unit, Neurology Department, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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Poulin CJ, Fox AE. Preliminary evidence for timing abnormalities in the CNTNAP2 knockout rat. Behav Processes 2021; 190:104449. [PMID: 34175409 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The CNTNAP2 gene has been implicated in several neuropsychological disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia. The CNTNAP2 knockout (KO) rat model, rats without the CNTNAP2 gene, exhibits deficits in social interaction and increases in both repetitive and anxiety-like behaviors. However, deficits in time perception that may underlie several of the neuropsychological disorders implicated have not been investigated. The current study investigated timing in CNTNAP2 KO rats compared to control rats using a discrete-trial temporal bisection task. Results suggested deficits in the timing of relatively long durations in the CNTNAP2 KO rats. This finding is consistent with similar findings previously reported in humans diagnosed with ASD, and is promising for understanding the role that the CNTNAP2 gene may play in timing in certain neuropsychological disorders, and for developing targeted clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole J Poulin
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, St. Lawrence University, United States
| | - Adam E Fox
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, St. Lawrence University, United States.
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