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Hyer MM, Hunter TJ, Katakam J, Wolz T, Glasper ER. Neurogenesis and anxiety-like behavior in male California mice during the mate's postpartum period. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:703-9. [PMID: 26750200 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of postpartum anxiety (PPA) in fathers is limited, despite the negative consequences of anxiety on the father and child. Offspring contact reduces PPA in mothers; however, parallel investigations in fathers has gone unaddressed. Adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) contributes to anxiety regulation and is altered during the postpartum period, yet the effects of fatherhood on the production, or survival, of newborn cells in the DG, and the role of adult neurogenesis in PPA regulation, have not been examined. Using the biparental California mouse (Peromyscus californicus), we examined the relationships among postnatal day, anxiety-like behavior and adult neurogenesis in fathers. We hypothesized that attenuated anxiety-like behavior and enhanced adult neurogenesis would be observed when father-offspring contact was increased. We observed a reduction in anxiety-like behavior on the elevated plus-maze, but only at PND 16, a time of peak pup retrieval. Fatherhood reduced 1-week survival of newborn cells; however, surviving cells were maintained until 2 weeks postpartum. In contrast, non-fathers experienced a significant reduction in the survival of newborn cells between 1 and 2 weeks postpartum. Fatherhood also increased the numbers of newborn cells that expressed a neuronal phenotype. Collectively, these findings suggest that offspring interaction contributes to reductions in anxiety-like behavior and the maintenance of newborn neurons in the DG of fathers. These data contribute to our knowledge of the postpartum affective state in fathers, findings that may contribute to improved health of both the father and offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Hyer
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - T J Hunter
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - J Katakam
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - T Wolz
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - E R Glasper
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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152
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Spontaneously Arising Canine Glioma as a Potential Model for Human Glioma. J Comp Pathol 2016; 154:169-79. [PMID: 26804204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human gliomas are malignant brain tumours that carry a poor prognosis and are composed of a heterogeneous population of cells. There is a paucity of animal models available for study of these tumours and most have been created by genetic modification. Spontaneously arising canine gliomas may provide a model for the characterization of the human tumours. The present study shows that canine gliomas form a range of immunohistochemical patterns that are similar to those described for human gliomas. The in-vitro sphere assay was used to analyze the expansion and differentiation potential of glioma cells taken from the periphery and centre of canine tumours. Samples from the subventricular zone (SVZ) and contralateral parenchyma were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The expansion potential for all of these samples was low and cells from only three cultures were expanded for six passages. These three cultures were derived from high-grade gliomas and the cells had been cryopreserved. Most of the cells obtained from the centre of the tumours formed spheres and were expanded, in contrast to samples taken from the periphery of the tumours. Spheres were also formed and expanded from two areas of apparently unaffected brain parenchyma. The neurogenic SVZ contralateral samples also contained progenitor proliferating cells, since all of them were expanded for three to five passages. Differentiation analysis showed that all cultured spheres were multipotential and able to differentiate towards both neurons and glial cells. Spontaneously arising canine gliomas might therefore constitute an animal model for further characterization of these tumours.
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153
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Kim JY, Choi K, Shaker MR, Lee JH, Lee B, Lee E, Park JY, Lim MS, Park CH, Shin KS, Kim H, Geum D, Sun W. Promotion of Cortical Neurogenesis from the Neural Stem Cells in the Adult Mouse Subcallosal Zone. Stem Cells 2016; 34:888-901. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joo Yeon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Biomedical Science; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Kyuhyun Choi
- Department of Biology; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammed R. Shaker
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Biomedical Science; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Biomedical Science; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Boram Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Biomedical Science; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Eunsoo Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Biomedical Science; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Park
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Lim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute
| | - Chang-Hwan Park
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute
- Department of Microbiology; College of Medicine, Hanyang University; Seoul Korea
| | - Ki Soon Shin
- Department of Biology; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Biomedical Science; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Dongho Geum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Biomedical Science; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
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154
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Bátiz LF, Castro MA, Burgos PV, Velásquez ZD, Muñoz RI, Lafourcade CA, Troncoso-Escudero P, Wyneken U. Exosomes as Novel Regulators of Adult Neurogenic Niches. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 9:501. [PMID: 26834560 PMCID: PMC4717294 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis has been convincingly demonstrated in two regions of the mammalian brain: the sub-granular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) in the hippocampus, and the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles (LV). SGZ newborn neurons are destined to the granular cell layer (GCL) of the DG, while new neurons from the SVZ neurons migrate rostrally into the olfactory bulb (OB). The process of adult neurogenesis persists throughout life and is supported by a pool of neural stem cells (NSCs), which reside in a unique and specialized microenvironment known as "neurogenic niche". Neurogenic niches are structured by a complex organization of different cell types, including the NSC-neuron lineage, glial cells and vascular cells. Thus, cell-to-cell communication plays a key role in the dynamic modulation of homeostasis and plasticity of the adult neurogenic process. Specific cell-cell contacts and extracellular signals originated locally provide the necessary support and regulate the balance between self-renewal and differentiation of NSCs. Furthermore, extracellular signals originated at distant locations, including other brain regions or systemic organs, may reach the niche through the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or the vasculature and influence its nature. The role of several secreted molecules, such as cytokines, growth factors, neurotransmitters, and hormones, in the biology of adult NSCs, has been systematically addressed. Interestingly, in addition to these well-recognized signals, a novel type of intercellular messengers has been identified recently: the extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs, and particularly exosomes, are implicated in the transfer of mRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), proteins and lipids between cells and thus are able to modify the function of recipient cells. Exosomes appear to play a significant role in different stem cell niches such as the mesenchymal stem cell niche, cancer stem cell niche and pre-metastatic niche; however, their roles in adult neurogenic niches remain virtually unexplored. This review focuses on the current knowledge regarding the functional relationship between cellular and extracellular components of the adult SVZ and SGZ neurogenic niches, and the growing evidence that supports the potential role of exosomes in the physiology and pathology of adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Federico Bátiz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Program for Cell Biology and Microscopy, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Maite A Castro
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Program for Cell Biology and Microscopy, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Patricia V Burgos
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Program for Cell Biology and Microscopy, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Zahady D Velásquez
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Rosa I Muñoz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos A Lafourcade
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Troncoso-Escudero
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Ursula Wyneken
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes Santiago, Chile
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155
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McPherson AD, Barrios JP, Luks-Morgan SJ, Manfredi JP, Bonkowsky JL, Douglass AD, Dorsky RI. Motor Behavior Mediated by Continuously Generated Dopaminergic Neurons in the Zebrafish Hypothalamus Recovers after Cell Ablation. Curr Biol 2016; 26:263-269. [PMID: 26774784 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Postembryonic neurogenesis has been observed in several regions of the vertebrate brain, including the dentate gyrus and rostral migratory stream in mammals, and is required for normal behavior [1-3]. Recently, the hypothalamus has also been shown to undergo continuous neurogenesis as a way to mediate energy balance [4-10]. As the hypothalamus regulates multiple functional outputs, it is likely that additional behaviors may be affected by postembryonic neurogenesis in this brain structure. Here, we have identified a progenitor population in the zebrafish hypothalamus that continuously generates neurons that express tyrosine hydroxylase 2 (th2). We develop and use novel transgenic tools to characterize the lineage of th2(+) cells and demonstrate that they are dopaminergic. Through genetic ablation and optogenetic activation, we then show that th2(+) neurons modulate the initiation of swimming behavior in zebrafish larvae. Finally, we find that the generation of new th2(+) neurons following ablation correlates with restoration of normal behavior. This work thus identifies for the first time a population of dopaminergic neurons that regulates motor behavior capable of functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D McPherson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Joshua P Barrios
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sasha J Luks-Morgan
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - John P Manfredi
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Joshua L Bonkowsky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Adam D Douglass
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Richard I Dorsky
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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156
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Seong KJ, Lee HG, Kook MS, Ko HM, Jung JY, Kim WJ. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate rescues LPS-impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis through suppressing the TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway in mice. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 20:41-51. [PMID: 26807022 PMCID: PMC4722190 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2016.20.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal dentate granule neurons are generated from neural stem cells (NSCs) in the mammalian brain, and the fate specification of adult NSCs is precisely controlled by the local niches and environment, such as the subventricular zone (SVZ), dentate gyrus (DG), and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the main polyphenolic flavonoid in green tea that has neuroprotective activities, but there is no clear understanding of the role of EGCG in adult neurogenesis in the DG after neuroinflammation. Here, we investigate the effect and the mechanism of EGCG on adult neurogenesis impaired by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). LPS-induced neuroinflammation inhibited adult neurogenesis by suppressing the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in the DG, which was indicated by the decreased number of Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-, Doublecortin (DCX)- and Neuronal Nuclei (NeuN)-positive cells. In addition, microglia were recruited with activatingTLR4-NF-κB signaling in the adult hippocampus by LPS injection. Treating LPS-injured mice with EGCG restored the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs in the DG, which were decreased by LPS, and EGCG treatment also ameliorated the apoptosis of NSCs. Moreover, pro-inflammatory cytokine production induced by LPS was attenuated by EGCG treatment through modulating the TLR4-NF-κB pathway. These results illustrate that EGCG has a beneficial effect on impaired adult neurogenesis caused by LPSinduced neuroinflammation, and it may be applicable as a therapeutic agent against neurodegenerative disorders caused by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Joo Seong
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.; Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.; Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Hyun-Gwan Lee
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.; Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.; Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Min Suk Kook
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.; Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Ko
- Department of Microbiology, Collage of Medicine, Seonam Universtity, Namwon 55724, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Jung
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.; Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.; Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Won-Jae Kim
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.; Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.; Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
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157
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McEwen BS. Stress-induced remodeling of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. Brain Res 2015; 1645:50-4. [PMID: 26740399 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of steroid hormone receptors in brain regions that mediate virtually every aspect of brain function has broadened the definition of 'neuroendocrinology' to include the reciprocal communication between the brain and the body via hormonal and neural pathways. The brain is the central organ of stress and adaptation to stress because it perceives and determines what is threatening, as well as determining the behavioral and physiological responses to the stressor. The adult and developing brain possess remarkable structural and functional plasticity in response to stress, including neurogenesis leading to neuronal replacement, dendritic remodeling, and synapse turnover. Stress causes an imbalance of neural circuitry subserving cognition, decision-making, anxiety and mood that can alter expression of those behaviors and behavioral states. The two Brain Research papers noted in this review played an important role in triggering these advances. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:50th Anniversary Issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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158
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Jourdon A, Gresset A, Spassky N, Charnay P, Topilko P, Santos R. Prss56, a novel marker of adult neurogenesis in the mouse brain. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:4411-4427. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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159
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MicroRNA-7 Enhances Subventricular Zone Neurogenesis by Inhibiting NLRP3/Caspase-1 Axis in Adult Neural Stem Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:7057-7069. [PMID: 26676570 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9620-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) has been recognized to induce neuroinflammation and to disturb nerve repair process in Parkinson's disease. However, the potential mechanisms underlying α-syn-induced impairment of adult neurogenesis remain unclear. In the present study, A53T mutant α--synuclein transgenic (A53Ttg/tg) mice, caspase-1 knockout mice, and A53Ttg/tg;caspase-1-/- double transgenic mice were used to prepare adult neural stem cells (ANSCs) and to investigate inflammasome-related mechanism for α-syn-impaired neurogenesis in mouse subventricular zone (SVZ). We showed that α-syn inhibited neurogenesis in the SVZ of A53Ttg/tg mice and impaired proliferation and differentiation in ANSCs cultured in vitro, accompanied by reduced microRNA-7 (miR-7) expression levels. We further found that ANSC expressed NLRP3-containing inflammasome and α-syn activated both TLR4/NF-κB and NLRP3/caspase-1 signals in ANSCs. Either Nlrp3 knockdown or Caspase-1 knockout could attenuate the inhibition of proliferation in ANSCs induced by α-syn. Furthermore, we demonstrated that miR-7 post-transcriptionally controlled Nlrp3 expression besides targeting α-syn. Most notably, stereotactic injection of miR-7 mimics into lateral ventricles significantly inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation and improved adult neurogenesis in mouse SVZ. Our study provides a direct link between NLRP3 inflammasome activation and α-syn-impaired neurogenesis in the pathogenesis of α-synucleinopathies.
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160
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Soori M, Lu G, Mason RW. Cathepsin Inhibition Prevents Autophagic Protein Turnover and Downregulates Insulin Growth Factor-1 Receptor-Mediated Signaling in Neuroblastoma. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 356:375-86. [PMID: 26660229 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.229229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the major lysosomal proteases, cathepsins B, D, and L, impairs growth of several cell types but leads to apoptosis in neuroblastoma. The goal of this study was to examine the mechanisms by which enzyme inhibition could cause cell death. Cathepsin inhibition caused cellular accumulation of fragments of the insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor. The fragments were located in dense organelles that were characterized as autophagosomes. This novel discovery provides the first clear link between lysosomal function, autophagy, and IGF-1- mediated cell proliferation. A more in-depth analysis of the IGF1 signaling pathway revealed that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cell-proliferation pathway was impaired in inhibitor treated cells, whereas the Akt cell survival pathway remained functional. Shc, an adapter protein that transmits IGF-1 signaling through the MAPK pathway, was sequestered in autophagosomes; whereas IRS-2, an adapter protein that transmits IGF-1 signaling through the Akt pathway, was unaffected by cathepsin inhibition. Furthermore, Shc was sequestered in autophagosomes as its active form, indicating that autophagy is a key mechanism for downregulating IGF-1-induced cell proliferation. Cathepsin inhibition had a greater effect on autophagic sequestration of the neuronal specific adapter protein, Shc-C, than ubiquitously expressed Shc-A, providing mechanistic support for the enhanced sensitivity of neuronally derived tumor cells. We also observed impaired activation of MAPK by epidermal growth factor treatment in inhibitor-treated cells. The Shc adapter proteins are central to transducing proliferation signaling by a range of receptor tyrosine kinases; consequently, cathepsin inhibition may become an important therapeutic approach for treating neuroblastoma and other tumors of neuronal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoosh Soori
- Department of Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington (M.S., G.L., R.W.M.), and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark (M.S.), Delaware
| | - Guizhen Lu
- Department of Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington (M.S., G.L., R.W.M.), and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark (M.S.), Delaware
| | - Robert W Mason
- Department of Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington (M.S., G.L., R.W.M.), and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark (M.S.), Delaware
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161
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Zhang XM, Cai Y, Wang F, Wu J, Mo L, Zhang F, Patrylo PR, Pan A, Ma C, Fu J, Yan XX. Sp8 expression in putative neural progenitor cells in guinea pig and human cerebrum. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 76:939-55. [PMID: 26585436 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells have been characterized at neurogenic sites in adult mammalian brain with various molecular markers. Here it has been demonstrated that Sp8, a transcription factor typically expressed among mature GABAergic interneurons, also labels putative neural precursors in adult guinea pig and human cerebrum. In guinea pigs, Sp8 immunoreactive (Sp8+) cells were localized largely in the superficial layers of the cortex including layer I, as well as the subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ). Sp8+ cells at the SGZ showed little colocalization with mature and immature neuronal markers, but co-expressed neural stem cell markers including Sox2. Some layer I Sp8+ cells also co-expressed Sox2. The amount of Sp8+ cells in the dentate gyrus was maintained 2 weeks after X-ray irradiation, while that of doublecortin (DCX+) cells was greatly reduced. Mild ischemic insult caused a transient increase of Sp8+ cells in the SGZ and layer I, with the subgranular Sp8+ cells exhibited an increased colabeling for the mitotic marker Ki67 and pulse-chased bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Sp8+ cells in the dentate gyrus showed an age-related decline in guinea pigs, in parallel with the loss of DCX+ cells in the same region. In adult humans, Sp8+ cells exhibited comparable morphological features as seen in guinea pigs, with those at the SGZ and some in cortical layer I co-expressed Sox2. Together, these results suggested that Sp8 may label putative neural progenitors in guinea pig and human cerebrum, with the labeled cells in the SGZ appeared largely not mitotically active under normal conditions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 939-955, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Mei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yan Cai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lin Mo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Peter R Patrylo
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Carbondale, Illinois
| | - Aihua Pan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China
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162
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He X, Deng FJ, Ge JW, Yan XX, Pan AH, Li ZY. Effects of total saponins of Panax notoginseng on immature neuroblasts in the adult olfactory bulb following global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1450-6. [PMID: 26604906 PMCID: PMC4625511 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.165514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The main active components extracted from Panax notoginseng are total saponins. They have been shown to inhibit platelet aggregation, increase cerebral blood flow, improve neurological behavior, decrease infarct volume and promote proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in the hippocampus and lateral ventricles. However, there is a lack of studies on whether total saponins of Panax notoginseng have potential benefits on immature neuroblasts in the olfactory bulb following ischemia and reperfusion. This study established a rat model of global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion using four-vessel occlusion. Rats were administered total saponins of Panax notoginseng at 75 mg/kg intraperitoneally 30 minutes after ischemia then once a day, for either 7 or 14 days. Total saponins of Panax notoginseng enhanced the number of doublecortin (DCX)+ neural progenitor cells and increased co-localization of DCX with neuronal nuclei and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding/DCX+ neural progenitor cells in the olfactory bulb at 7 and 14 days post ischemia. These findings indicate that following global brain ischemia/reperfusion, total saponins of Panax notoginseng promote differentiation of DCX+ cells expressing immature neuroblasts in the olfactory bulb and the underlying mechanism is related to the activation of the signaling pathway of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu He
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China ; Department of Anatomy, Yiyang Medical College, Yiyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Feng-Jun Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Yiyang Medical College, Yiyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jin-Wen Ge
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ai-Hua Pan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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163
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Paredes MF, Sorrells SF, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A. Brain size and limits to adult neurogenesis. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:646-64. [PMID: 26417888 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The walls of the cerebral ventricles in the developing embryo harbor the primary neural stem cells from which most neurons and glia derive. In many vertebrates, neurogenesis continues postnatally and into adulthood in this region. Adult neurogenesis at the ventricle has been most extensively studied in organisms with small brains, such as reptiles, birds, and rodents. In reptiles and birds, these progenitor cells give rise to young neurons that migrate into many regions of the forebrain. Neurogenesis in adult rodents is also relatively widespread along the lateral ventricles, but migration is largely restricted to the rostral migratory stream into the olfactory bulb. Recent work indicates that the wall of the lateral ventricle is highly regionalized, with progenitor cells giving rise to different types of neurons depending on their location. In species with larger brains, young neurons born in these spatially specified domains become dramatically separated from potential final destinations. Here we hypothesize that the increase in size and topographical complexity (e.g., intervening white matter tracts) in larger brains may severely limit the long-term contribution of new neurons born close to, or in, the ventricular wall. We compare the process of adult neuronal birth, migration, and integration across species with different brain sizes, and discuss how early regional specification of progenitor cells may interact with brain size and affect where and when new neurons are added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes F Paredes
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Shawn F Sorrells
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Jose M Garcia-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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164
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Maya-Espinosa G, Collazo-Navarrete O, Millán-Aldaco D, Palomero-Rivero M, Guerrero-Flores G, Drucker-Colín R, Covarrubias L, Guerra-Crespo M. Mouse embryonic stem cell-derived cells reveal niches that support neuronal differentiation in the adult rat brain. Stem Cells 2015; 33:491-502. [PMID: 25267362 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A neurogenic niche can be identified by the proliferation and differentiation of its naturally residing neural stem cells. However, it remains unclear whether "silent" neurogenic niches or regions suitable for neural differentiation, other than the areas of active neurogenesis, exist in the adult brain. Embryoid body (EB) cells derived from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are endowed with a high potential to respond to specification and neuralization signals of the embryo. Hence, to identify microenvironments in the postnatal and adult rat brain with the capacity to support neuronal differentiation, we transplanted dissociated EB cells to conventional neurogenic and non-neurogenic regions. Our results show a neuronal differentiation pattern of EB cells that was dependent on the host region. Efficient neuronal differentiation of EB cells occurred within an adjacent region to the rostral migratory stream. EB cell differentiation was initially patchy and progressed toward an even distribution along the graft by 15-21 days post-transplantation, giving rise mostly to GABAergic neurons. EB cells in the striatum displayed a lower level of neuronal differentiation and derived into a significant number of astrocytes. Remarkably, when EB cells were transplanted to the striatum of adult rats after a local ischemic stroke, increased number of neuroblasts and neurons were observed. Unexpectedly, we determined that the adult substantia nigra pars compacta, considered a non-neurogenic area, harbors a robust neurogenic environment. Therefore, neurally uncommitted cells derived from ESCs can detect regions that support neuronal differentiation within the adult brain, a fundamental step for the development of stem cell-based replacement therapies.
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165
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Daugherty AM, Bender AR, Raz N, Ofen N. Age differences in hippocampal subfield volumes from childhood to late adulthood. Hippocampus 2015; 26:220-8. [PMID: 26286891 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is composed of distinct subfields: the four cornu ammonis areas (CA1-CA4), dentate gyrus (DG), and subiculum. The few in vivo studies of human hippocampal subfields suggest that the extent of age differences in volume varies across subfields during healthy childhood development and aging. However, the associations between age and subfield volumes across the entire lifespan are unknown. Here, we used a high-resolution imaging technique and manually measured hippocampal subfield and entorhinal cortex volumes in a healthy lifespan sample (N = 202), ages 8-82 yrs. The magnitude of age differences in volume varied among the regions. Combined CA1-2 volume evidenced a negative linear association with age. In contrast, the associations between age and volumes of CA3-DG and the entorhinal cortex were negative in mid-childhood and attenuated in later adulthood. Volume of the subiculum was unrelated to age. The different magnitudes and patterns of age differences in subfield volumes may reflect dynamic microstructural factors and have implications for cognitive functions across the lifespan. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Daugherty
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Andrew R Bender
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Naftali Raz
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.,Psychology Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Noa Ofen
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.,Psychology Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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166
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Channeled polymeric scaffolds with polypeptide gel filling for lengthwise guidance of neural cells. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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167
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Ortega-Martínez S. A new perspective on the role of the CREB family of transcription factors in memory consolidation via adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:46. [PMID: 26379491 PMCID: PMC4549561 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is the process by which new neurons are generated in the brains of adults. Since its discovery 50 years ago, adult neurogenesis has been widely studied in the mammalian brain and has provided a new perspective on the pathophysiology of many psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, some of which affect memory. In this regard, adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN), which occurs in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG), has been suggested to play a role in the formation and consolidation of new memories. This process involves many transcription factors, of which cyclic AMP (cAMP)-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) is a well-documented one. In the developing brain, CREB regulates crucial cell stages (e.g., proliferation, differentiation, and survival), and in the adult brain, it participates in neuronal plasticity, learning, and memory. In addition, new evidence supports the hypothesis that CREB may also participate in learning and memory through its involvement in AHN. This review examines the CREB family of transcription factors, including the different members and known signaling pathways. It highlights the role of CREB as a modulator of AHN, which could underlie its function in memory consolidation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Ortega-Martínez
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku Turku, Finland
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168
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Nogueira AB, Nogueira AB, Esteves Veiga JC, Teixeira MJ. Multimodality monitoring, inflammation, and neuroregeneration in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2015; 75:678-89. [PMID: 25050583 PMCID: PMC4224571 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke, including subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The mortality rate of poor-grade SAH ranges from 34% to 52%. In an attempt to improve SAH outcomes, clinical research on multimodality monitoring has been performed, as has basic science research on inflammation and neuroregeneration (which can occur due to injury-induced neurogenesis). Nevertheless, the current literature does not focus on the integrated study of these fields. Multimodality monitoring corresponds to physiological data obtained during clinical management by both noninvasive and invasive methods. Regarding inflammation and neuroregeneration, evidence suggests that, in all types of stroke, a proinflammatory phase and an anti-inflammatory phase occur consecutively; these phases affect neurogenesis, which is also influenced by other pathophysiological features of stroke, such as ischemia, seizures, and spreading depression. OBJECTIVE To assess whether injury-induced neurogenesis is a prognostic factor in poor-grade SAH that can be monitored and modulated. METHODS We propose a protocol for multimodality monitoring-guided hypothermia in poor-grade SAH in which cellular and molecular markers of inflammation and neuroregeneration can be monitored in parallel with clinical and multimodal data. EXPECTED OUTCOMES This study may reveal correlations between markers of inflammation and neurogenesis in blood and cerebrospinal fluid, based on clinical and multimodality monitoring parameters. DISCUSSION This protocol has the potential to lead to new therapies for acute, diffuse, and severe brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano B Nogueira
- *Division of Neurosurgery Clinics, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; ‡Institute of Radiology, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and §Santa Casa Faculty of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
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169
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Pinto JM, Wroblewski KE, Kern DW, Schumm LP, McClintock MK. The Rate of Age-Related Olfactory Decline Among the General Population of Older U.S. Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 70:1435-41. [PMID: 26253908 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related olfactory loss (presbyosmia) is a prevalent sensory impairment with a large public health impact. In cross-sectional analyses, we found striking health disparities in olfactory function among older U.S. adults. Here, we report a 5-year follow-up to determine the magnitude of within-person olfactory decline. METHODS The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP) interviewed a probability sample of home-dwelling older U.S. adults (57-85 years) in 2005-2006 (Wave 1) and reinterviewed them in 2010-2011 (Wave 2), assessing demographics, social life, and health, including olfaction. Odor identification was measured with a 5-item version of the Sniffin' Sticks (0-5 correct). Fourteen hundred and thirty-six respondents provided olfaction data in both waves. Multivariate linear and logistic regression were used to model the association between change in olfactory performance and demographic, health, and psychosocial factors. RESULTS Odor identification declined most rapidly among older individuals (0.25 additional errors per 5 years for each decade of age, p < .001) and in men (0.17 additional errors per 5 years compared to women, p = .005). Among those with perfect scores in Wave 1, African Americans declined more rapidly than Whites (p = .04). Neither socioeconomic status, health conditions, cognition, mental health, alcohol use nor smoking was associated with change in olfaction (p > .05, all). CONCLUSIONS The rate of olfactory decline increases with age and is greater among men than women despite adjusting for differences in psychosocial and health conditions, indicating physiologic factors as drivers. African Americans are more likely to experience initial olfactory decline, consistent with an earlier onset of aging among this subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant M Pinto
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery,
| | | | - David W Kern
- Department of Comparative Human Development and Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Martha K McClintock
- Department of Comparative Human Development and Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Illinois
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170
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McEwen BS, Gray JD, Nasca C. 60 YEARS OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY: Redefining neuroendocrinology: stress, sex and cognitive and emotional regulation. J Endocrinol 2015; 226:T67-83. [PMID: 25934706 PMCID: PMC4515381 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of steroid hormone receptors in brain regions that mediate every aspect of brain function has broadened the definition of 'neuroendocrinology' to include the reciprocal communication between the brain and the body via hormonal and neural pathways. The brain is the central organ of stress and adaptation to stress because it perceives and determines what is threatening, as well as the behavioral and physiological responses to the stressor. The adult and developing brain possess remarkable structural and functional plasticity in response to stress, including neuronal replacement, dendritic remodeling, and synapse turnover. Stress causes an imbalance of neural circuitry subserving cognition, decision-making, anxiety and mood that can alter expression of those behaviors and behavioral states. This imbalance, in turn, affects systemic physiology via neuroendocrine, autonomic, immune and metabolic mediators. In the short term, as for increased fearful vigilance and anxiety in a threatening environment, these changes may be adaptive. But, if the danger passes and the behavioral state persists along with the changes in neural circuitry, such maladaptation may need intervention with a combination of pharmacological and behavioral therapies, as is the case for chronic anxiety and depression. There are important sex differences in the brain responses to stressors that are in urgent need of further exploration. Moreover, adverse early-life experience, interacting with alleles of certain genes, produce lasting effects on brain and body over the life-course via epigenetic mechanisms. While prevention is most important, the plasticity of the brain gives hope for therapies that take into consideration brain-body interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S McEwen
- Laboratory of NeuroendocrinologyThe Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jason D Gray
- Laboratory of NeuroendocrinologyThe Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Carla Nasca
- Laboratory of NeuroendocrinologyThe Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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171
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Quintard H, Heurteaux C, Ichai C. Adult neurogenesis and brain remodelling after brain injury: From bench to bedside? Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2015; 34:239-45. [PMID: 26233283 DOI: 10.1016/j.accpm.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brain trauma and stroke cause important disabilities. The mechanisms involved are now well described, but all therapeutics developed thus far for neuro-protection are currently unsuccessful at improving neurologic prognosis. The recently studied neuro-restorative time following brain injury may point towards a promising therapeutic approach. The purpose of this paper is to explain the mechanisms of this revolutionary concept, give an overview of related knowledge and discuss its transfer into clinical practice. DATA SOURCES AND SYNTHESIS An overview of the neurogenesis concept using MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL databases was carried out in May 2014. The clinicaltrials.gov registry was used to search for ongoing clinical trials in this domain. CONCLUSION The concept of brain remodelling upset fundamental ideas concerning the neurologic system and opened new fields of research. Therapies currently under evaluation hold promising results and could have a real prognostic impact in future years, but the translation of these therapies from the laboratory to the clinic is still far from completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Quintard
- Intensive Care Unit, CHU Nice, 4, rue Pierre-Dévoluy, 06000 Nice, France.
| | - Catherine Heurteaux
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (CNRS), Université de Sophia-Antipolis, 660, route des Lucioles, 06560 Valbonne, France.
| | - Carole Ichai
- Intensive Care Unit, CHU Nice, 4, rue Pierre-Dévoluy, 06000 Nice, France.
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172
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Ransome MI, Boon WC. Testosterone-induced adult neurosphere growth is mediated by sexually-dimorphic aromatase expression. Front Cell Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26217181 PMCID: PMC4491627 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We derived adult neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) from the sub-ventricular zone of male and female mice to examine direct responses to principal sex hormones. In the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) NSPCs of both sexes expressed nestin and sox2, and could be maintained as neurospheres without addition of any sex hormones. The reverse was not observed; neither testosterone (T), 17β-estradiol (E2) nor progesterone (P4) was able to support neurosphere growth in the absence of EGF and FGF2. Ten nanomolar T, E2 or P4 induced nestin(+) cell proliferation within 20 min and enhanced neurosphere growth over 7 days irrespective of sex, which was abolished by Erk inhibition with 20 μM U0126. Maintaining neurospheres with each sex hormone did not affect subsequent neuronal differentiation. However, 10 nM T, E2 or P4 added during differentiation increased βIII tubulin(+) neuron production with E2 being more potent compared to T and P4 in both sexes. Androgen receptor (AR) inhibition with 20 μM flutamide but not aromatase inhibition with 10 μM letrozole reduced basal and T-induced neurosphere growth in females, while only concurrent inhibition of AR and aromatase produced the same effect in males. This sex-specific effect was supported by higher aromatase expression in male neurospheres compared to females measured by Western blot and green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter. Ten micromolar menadione induced oxidative stress, impaired neurosphere growth and up-regulated aromatase expression in both sexes. However, under oxidative stress letrozole significantly exacerbated impaired neurosphere growth in males only. While both E2 and T could prevent oxidative stress-induced growth reduction in both sexes, the effects of T were dependent on innate aromatase activity. We show for the first time that intrinsic androgen and estrogen signaling may impact the capacity of NSPCs to produce neural progenitors under pathological conditions of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark I Ransome
- Steroid Neurobiology Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Wah Chin Boon
- Steroid Neurobiology Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Parkville, VIC, Australia ; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia
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173
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Fernández-Hernández I, Rhiner C. New neurons for injured brains? The emergence of new genetic model organisms to study brain regeneration. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 56:62-72. [PMID: 26118647 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal circuits in the adult brain have long been viewed as static and stable. However, research in the past 20 years has shown that specialized regions of the adult brain, which harbor adult neural stem cells, continue to produce new neurons in a wide range of species. Brain plasticity is also observed after injury. Depending on the extent and permissive environment of neurogenic regions, different organisms show great variability in their capacity to replace lost neurons by endogenous neurogenesis. In Zebrafish and Drosophila, the formation of new neurons from progenitor cells in the adult brain was only discovered recently. Here, we compare properties of adult neural stem cells, their niches and regenerative responses from mammals to flies. Current models of brain injury have revealed that specific injury-induced genetic programs and comparison of neuronal fitness are implicated in brain repair. We highlight the potential of these recently implemented models of brain regeneration to identify novel regulators of stem cell activation and regenerative neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christa Rhiner
- Institute of Cell Biology, IZB, Baltzerstrasse 4, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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174
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Khan MZ, He L. The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids and GPR40 receptor in brain. Neuropharmacology 2015; 113:639-651. [PMID: 26005184 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are found in abundance in the nervous system. They perform significant functions for example boosting synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, inducing antinociception, stimulating gene expression and neuronal activity, preventing apoptosis and neuroinflammation. G-protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), also called free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1), is ubiquitously expressed in various regions of the human brain including the olfactory bulb, midbrain, medulla oblongata, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum and in the spinal cord. GPR40, when binding with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has shown promising therapeutic potential. This review presents current knowledge regarding the pharmacological properties of GPR40 and addresses its functions in brain, with a focus on neurodevelopment & neurogenesis. Furthermore, the demonstration of GPR40 involvement in several neuropathological conditions such as apoptosis, inflammatory pain, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Although the results are encouraging, further research is needed to clarify their role in the treatment of inflammatory pain, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Lipid Sensing G Protein-Coupled Receptors in the CNS'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahid Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ling He
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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175
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Abe H, Tanaka T, Kimura M, Mizukami S, Imatanaka N, Akahori Y, Yoshida T, Shibutani M. Developmental exposure to cuprizone reduces intermediate-stage progenitor cells and cholinergic signals in the hippocampal neurogenesis in rat offspring. Toxicol Lett 2015; 234:180-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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176
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The olfactory bulb and the number of its glomeruli in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Neurosci Res 2015; 93:158-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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177
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Törnblom H, Drossman DA. Centrally targeted pharmacotherapy for chronic abdominal pain. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:455-67. [PMID: 25651186 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic abdominal pain in the context of the functional gastrointestinal disorders departs from a more traditional approach to treating gastrointestinal symptoms. Chronic abdominal pain involves a dysregulation of brain-gut modulation of afferent signaling, so treatments directed toward the gut are not usually sufficient to achieve a clinical response. Rather the methods of treatment depend on re-establishing central pain regulation. PURPOSE A conceptual model of predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors is used to explain how a situation of chronic pain develops and it provides the evidence for central neuron degeneration as relevant to this chain of events. The rationale for centrally targeted medications, in particular antidepressants, is discussed with regard to effects independent of their role in treating psychiatric disorders: with regard to downregulation of afferent pain signals and their potential role in neuron proliferation. Finally, guiding examples of which drug to use and treatment combinations involving multiple drugs, augmentation treatment, are outlined and some brief clinical cases of centrally targeted pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Törnblom
- Department of Internal Medicine & Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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178
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Urbach A, Brueckner J, Witte OW. Cortical spreading depolarization stimulates gliogenesis in the rat entorhinal cortex. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:576-82. [PMID: 25515215 PMCID: PMC4420877 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we showed that cortical spreading depolarizations (CSDs) are a potent trigger of hippocampal neurogenesis. Here, we evaluated CSD-induced cytogenesis in the entorhinal cortex (EC), which provides the major afferent input to the dentate gyrus. Cortical spreading depolarizations were induced by epidural application of 3 mol/L KCl, controls received equimolar NaCl. Cytogenesis was analyzed at different time points thereafter by means of intraperitoneal 5-bromodeoxyuridine injections (day 2, 4, or days 1 to 7) and immunohistochemistry. Recurrent CSD significantly increased numbers of newborn cells in the ipsilateral EC. The majority of these cells expressed glial markers. Microglia proliferation was maximal at day 2, whereas NG2 glia and astrocytes responded for a prolonged period of time (days 2 to 4). Newborn glia remained detectable for 6 weeks after CSD. Whereas we furthermore detected newborn cells immunopositive for doublecortin, a marker for immature neuronal cells, we found no evidence for the generation of new neurons in the EC. Our results indicate that CSD is a potent gliogenic stimulus, leading to rapid and enduring changes in the glial cellular composition of the affected brain tissue. Thus, CSD facilitates ongoing structural remodeling of the directly affected cortex that might contribute to the pathophysiology of CSD-related brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Urbach
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Judith Brueckner
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- 1] Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany [2] Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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179
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Duncan K, Gonzales-Portillo GS, Acosta SA, Kaneko Y, Borlongan CV, Tajiri N. Stem cell-paved biobridges facilitate stem transplant and host brain cell interactions for stroke therapy. Brain Res 2015; 1623:160-5. [PMID: 25770817 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Distinguished by an infarct core encased within a penumbra, stroke remains a primary source of mortality within the United States. While our scientific knowledge regarding the pathology of stroke continues to improve, clinical treatment options for patients suffering from stroke are extremely limited. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the sole FDA-approved drug proven to be helpful following stroke. However, due to the need to administer the drug within 4.5h of stroke onset its usefulness is constrained to less than 5% of all patients suffering from ischemic stroke. One experimental therapy for the treatment of stroke involves the utilization of stem cells. Stem cell transplantation has been linked to therapeutic benefit by means of cell replacement and release of growth factors; however the precise means by which this is accomplished has not yet been clearly delineated. Using a traumatic brain injury model, we recently demonstrated the ability of transplanted mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to form a biobridge connecting the area of injury to the neurogenic niche within the brain. We hypothesize that MSCs may also have the capacity to create a similar biobridge following stroke; thereby forming a conduit between the neurogenic niche and the stroke core and peri-infarct area. We propose that this biobridge could assist and promote interaction of host brain cells with transplanted stem cells and offer more opportunities to enhance the effectiveness of stem cell therapy in stroke. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Cell Interactions In Stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Duncan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Gabriel S Gonzales-Portillo
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Sandra A Acosta
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Yuji Kaneko
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, United States.
| | - Naoki Tajiri
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, United States.
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180
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Multipotent stem cell factor UGS148 is a marker for tanycytes in the adult hypothalamus. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 65:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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181
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Tokarev K, Boender AJ, Claßen GAE, Scharff C. Young, active and well-connected: adult-born neurons in the zebra finch are activated during singing. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:1833-43. [PMID: 25687260 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal replacement in the pallial song control nucleus HVC of adult zebra finches constitutes an interesting case of homeostatic plasticity; in spite of continuous addition and attrition of neurons in ensembles that code song elements, adult song remains remarkably invariant. New neurons migrate into HVC and later synapse with their target, arcopallial song nucleus RA (HVCRA). New HVCRA neurons respond to auditory stimuli (in anaesthetised animals), but whether and when they become functionally active during singing is unknown. We studied this, using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine to birth-date neurons, combined with immunohistochemical detection of immediate-early gene (IEG) expression and retrograde tracer injections into RA to track connectivity. Interestingly, singing was followed by IEG expression in a substantial fraction of new neurons that were not retrogradely labelled from RA, suggesting a possible role in HVC-intrinsic network function. As new HVC neurons matured, the proportion of HVCRA neurons that expressed IEGs after singing increased significantly. Since it was previously shown that singing induces IEG expression in HVC also in deaf birds and that hearing song does not induce IEG expression in HVC, our data provide the first direct evidence that new HVC neurons are engaged in song motor behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Tokarev
- Laboratory of Animal Behavior, Psychology Department, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave. HN 621, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arjen J Boender
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Centre, Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gala A E Claßen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cell Biology, Leibnitz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössler-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Constance Scharff
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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182
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Barger N, Sheley MF, Schumann CM. Stereological study of pyramidal neurons in the human superior temporal gyrus from childhood to adulthood. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:1054-72. [PMID: 25556320 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The association cortex of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) is implicated in complex social and linguistic functions. Thus, reliable methods for quantifying cellular variation in this region could greatly benefit researchers interested in addressing the cellular correlates of typical and atypical function associated with these critical cognitive abilities. To facilitate this task, we first present a general set of cytoarchitectonic criteria targeted specifically toward stereological analyses of thick, Nissl-stained sections for the homotypical cortex of the STG, referred to here as BA22/TA. Second, we use the optical fractionator to estimate pyramidal neuron number and the nucleator for pyramidal somal and nuclear volume. We also investigated the influence of age and sex on these parameters, as well as set a typically developing baseline for future comparisons. In 11 typically developing cases aged 4-48 years, the most distinguishing features of BA22/TA were the presence of distinct granular layers, a prominent, jagged layer IIIc, and a distinctly staining VIa. The average number of neurons was 91 ± 15 million, the volume of pyramidal soma 1,512 µm(3) , and the nuclear volume 348 µm(3) . We found no correlation with age and neuron number. In contrast, pyramidal somal and nuclear volume were both negatively correlated and linearly associated with age in regression analyses. We found no significant sex differences. Overall, the data support the idea that postnatal neuron numbers are relatively stable through development but also suggest that neuronal volume may be subject to important developmental variation. Both measures are critical variables in the study of developmental neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Barger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
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183
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Generation of new neurons in dorsal root Ganglia in adult rats after peripheral nerve crush injury. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:860546. [PMID: 25722894 PMCID: PMC4333329 DOI: 10.1155/2015/860546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The evidence of neurons generated ex novo in sensory ganglia of adult animals is still debated. In the present study, we investigated, using high resolution light microscopy and stereological analysis, the changes in the number of neurons in dorsal root ganglia after 30 days from a crush lesion of the rat brachial plexus terminal branches. Results showed, as expected, a relevant hypertrophy of dorsal root ganglion neurons. In addition, we reported, for the first time in the literature, that neuronal hypertrophy was accompanied by massive neuronal hyperplasia leading to a 42% increase of the number of primary sensory neurons. Moreover, ultrastructural analyses on sensory neurons showed that there was not a relevant neuronal loss as a consequence of the nerve injury. The evidence of BrdU-immunopositive neurons and neural progenitors labeled with Ki67, nanog, nestin, and sox-2 confirmed the stereological evidence of posttraumatic neurogenesis in dorsal root ganglia. Analysis of morphological changes following axonal damage in addition to immunofluorescence characterization of cell phenotype suggested that the neuronal precursors which give rise to the newly generated neurons could be represented by satellite glial cells that actively proliferate after the lesion and are able to differentiate toward the neuronal lineage.
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184
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Sakthiswary R, Raymond AA. Stem cell therapy in neurodegenerative diseases: From principles to practice. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:1822-31. [PMID: 25624807 PMCID: PMC4302533 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.23.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of curative therapies for neurodegenerative diseases has high economic impact and places huge burden on the society. The contribution of stem cells to cure neurodegenerative diseases has been unraveled and explored extensively over the past few years. Beyond substitution of the lost neurons, stem cells act as immunomodulators and neuroprotectors. A large number of preclinical and a small number of clinical studies have shown beneficial outcomes in this context. In this review, we have summarized the current concepts of stem cell therapy in neurodegenerative diseases and the recent advances in this field, particularly between 2010 and 2012. Further studies should be encouraged to resolve the clinical issues and vague translational findings for maximum optimization of the efficacy of stem cell therapy in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalingham Sakthiswary
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Bandar Tun Razak 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azman Ali Raymond
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Bandar Tun Razak 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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185
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Yuan TF, Liang YX, So KF. Occurrence of new neurons in the piriform cortex. Front Neuroanat 2015; 8:167. [PMID: 25653597 PMCID: PMC4301012 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis has been well studied in hippocampus and subventricular zone (SVZ); while this is much less appreciated in other brain regions, including amygdala, hypothalamus, and piriform cortex (PC). The present review aims at summarizing recent advances on the occurrence of new neurons in the PC, their potential origin, and migration route from the SVZ. We further discuss the relevant implications in olfactory dysfunction accompanying the neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti-Fei Yuan
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing, China ; Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China ; Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong China ; The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China ; Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong China ; The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China ; GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University Guangzhou, China
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186
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Abstract
Stroke is a major public health concern. The lack of effective therapies heightens the need for new therapeutic targets. Mammalian brain has the ability to rewire itself to restore lost functionalities. Promoting regenerative repair, including neurogenesis and dendritic remodeling, may offer a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of stroke. Here, we report that interaction of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) with the protein postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) negatively controls regenerative repair after stroke in rats. Dissociating nNOS-PSD-95 coupling in neurons promotes neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs), facilitates the migration of newborn cells into the injured area, and enhances neurite growth of newborn neurons and dendritic spine formation of mature neurons in the ischemic brain of rats. More importantly, blocking nNOS-PSD-95 binding during the recovery stage improves stroke outcome via the promotion of regenerative repair in rats. Histone deacetylase 2 in NSCs may mediate the role of nNOS-PSD-95 association. Thus, nNOS-PSD-95 can serve as a target for regenerative repair after stroke.
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187
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Newman AJ, Hayes SH, Rao AS, Allman BL, Manohar S, Ding D, Stolzberg D, Lobarinas E, Mollendorf JC, Salvi R. Low-cost blast wave generator for studies of hearing loss and brain injury: blast wave effects in closed spaces. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 242:82-92. [PMID: 25597910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Military personnel and civilians living in areas of armed conflict have increased risk of exposure to blast overpressures that can cause significant hearing loss and/or brain injury. The equipment used to simulate comparable blast overpressures in animal models within laboratory settings is typically very large and prohibitively expensive. NEW METHOD To overcome the fiscal and space limitations introduced by previously reported blast wave generators, we developed a compact, low-cost blast wave generator to investigate the effects of blast exposures on the auditory system and brain. RESULTS The blast wave generator was constructed largely from off the shelf components, and reliably produced blasts with peak sound pressures of up to 198dB SPL (159.3kPa) that were qualitatively similar to those produced from muzzle blasts or explosions. Exposure of adult rats to 3 blasts of 188dB peak SPL (50.4kPa) resulted in significant loss of cochlear hair cells, reduced outer hair cell function and a decrease in neurogenesis in the hippocampus. COMPARISON TO EXISTING METHODS Existing blast wave generators are typically large, expensive, and are not commercially available. The blast wave generator reported here provides a low-cost method of generating blast waves in a typical laboratory setting. CONCLUSIONS This compact blast wave generator provides scientists with a low cost device for investigating the biological mechanisms involved in blast wave injury to the rodent cochlea and brain that may model many of the damaging effects sustained by military personnel and civilians exposed to intense blasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Newman
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.
| | - Sarah H Hayes
- Center for Hearing & Deafness, Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.
| | - Abhiram S Rao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.
| | - Brian L Allman
- Center for Hearing & Deafness, Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.
| | - Senthilvelan Manohar
- Center for Hearing & Deafness, Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.
| | - Dalian Ding
- Center for Hearing & Deafness, Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.
| | - Daniel Stolzberg
- Center for Hearing & Deafness, Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.
| | - Edward Lobarinas
- Center for Hearing & Deafness, Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.
| | - Joseph C Mollendorf
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.
| | - Richard Salvi
- Center for Hearing & Deafness, Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.
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188
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Cohen A, Soleiman MT, Talia R, Koob GF, George O, Mandyam CD. Extended access nicotine self-administration with periodic deprivation increases immature neurons in the hippocampus. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:453-63. [PMID: 25059540 PMCID: PMC4297709 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3685-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Limited access nicotine self-administration decreases hippocampal neurogenesis, providing a mechanism for the deleterious effects of nicotine on hippocampal neuronal plasticity. However, recent studies have shown that limited access nicotine self-administration does not exhibit key features of nicotine dependence such as motivational withdrawal and increased motivation for nicotine after deprivation. OBJECTIVES The present study used extended access nicotine self-administration (0.03 mg/kg/infusion, 21 h/day, 4 days) with intermittent periods of deprivation (3 days) for 14 weeks, to test the hypothesis that this model enhances nicotine seeking and produces distinct responses in hippocampal neurogenesis when compared with limited access (1 h/day, 4 days) intake. Animals in the extended access group were either perfused prior to or following their final deprivation period, whereas animals in the limited access group were perfused after their last session. RESULTS Limited- and extended access nicotine self-administration with periodic deprivation did not affect proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitors in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Conversely, extended access nicotine self-administration with periodic deprivation enhanced proliferation and differentiation of hippocampal neural progenitors. Furthermore, in the hippocampus, the number of differentiating NeuroD-labeled cells strongly and positively correlated with enhanced nicotine seeking in rats that experienced extended access nicotine self-administration. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that extended versus limited access to nicotine self-administration differentially affects the generation of new oligodendroglia and new neurons during adulthood. The increases in the number of differentiating cells in extended access nicotine self-administering rats may consequently contribute to aberrant hippocampal neurogenesis and may contribute to maladaptive addiction-like behaviors dependent on the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Cohen
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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189
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Influences of prenatal and postnatal stress on adult hippocampal neurogenesis: the double neurogenic niche hypothesis. Behav Brain Res 2014; 281:309-17. [PMID: 25546722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is involved in learning, memory, and stress, and plays a significant role in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. As an age-dependent process, AHN is largely influenced by changes that occur during the pre- and postnatal stages of brain development, and constitutes an important field of research. This review examines the current knowledge regarding the regulators of AHN and the influence of prenatal and postnatal stress on later AHN. In addition, a hypothesis is presented suggesting that each kind of stress influences a specific neurogenic pool, developmental or postnatal, that later becomes a precursor with important repercussions for AHN. This hypothesis is referred to as "the double neurogenic niche hypothesis." Discovering what receptors, transcription factors, or genes are specifically activated by different stressors is proposed as an essential line of future research in the field. Such knowledge shall constitute an important starting point toward the goal of modifying AHN in neurodegenerative or psychiatric diseases.
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190
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Kokošová N, Tomášová L, Kisková T, Šmajda B. Neuronal Analysis and Behaviour in Prenatally Gamma-Irradiated Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 35:45-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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191
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Batista CEM, Mariano ED, Marie SKN, Teixeira MJ, Morgalla M, Tatagiba M, Li J, Lepski G. Stem cells in neurology--current perspectives. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2014; 72:457-65. [PMID: 24964114 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20140045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Central nervous system (CNS) restoration is an important clinical challenge and stem cell transplantation has been considered a promising therapeutic option for many neurological diseases. OBJECTIVE The present review aims to briefly describe stem cell biology, as well as to outline the clinical application of stem cells in the treatment of diseases of the CNS. METHOD Literature review of animal and human clinical experimental trials, using the following key words: "stem cell", "neurogenesis", "Parkinson", "Huntington", "amyotrophic lateral sclerosis", "traumatic brain injury", "spinal cord injury", "ischemic stroke", and "demyelinating diseases". CONCLUSION Major recent advances in stem cell research have brought us several steps closer to their effective clinical application, which aims to develop efficient ways of regenerating the damaged CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Domingos Mariano
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Matthias Morgalla
- Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marcos Tatagiba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Guilherme Lepski
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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192
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Batailler M, Droguerre M, Baroncini M, Fontaine C, Prevot V, Migaud M. DCX-expressing cells in the vicinity of the hypothalamic neurogenic niche: a comparative study between mouse, sheep, and human tissues. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:1966-85. [PMID: 24288185 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem and precursor cells persist postnatally throughout adulthood and are capable of responding to numerous endogenous and exogenous signals by modifying their proliferation and differentiation. Whereas adult neurogenesis has been extensively studied in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation and in the subventricular zone adjacent to the wall of the lateral ventricles, we and others have recently reported constitutive adult neurogenesis in other brain structures, including the hypothalamus. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry to study the expression of the neuroblast marker doublecortin (DCX), and compared its expression pattern in adult ovine, mouse, and human hypothalamic tissues. Our results indicate that DCX-positive cells resembling immature and developing neurons occur in a wide range of hypothalamic nuclei in all three species, although with different distribution patterns. In addition, the morphology of DCX-positive cells varied depending on their location. DCX-positive cells near the third ventricle had the morphology of very immature neuroblasts, a round shape with no processes, whereas those located deeper in the parenchyma such as in the ventromedial nucleus were fusiform and showed a bipolar morphology. Extending this observation, we showed that among the cohort of immature neurons entering the ventromedial nucleus, some appeared to undergo maturation, as revealed by the partial colocalization of DCX with markers of more mature neurons, e.g., human neuronal protein C and D (HuC/D). This study provides further confirmation of the existence of an adult hypothalamic neurogenic niche and argues for the potential existence of a migratory path within the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Batailler
- INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380, Nouzilly, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7247, F-37380, Nouzilly, France; Université de Tours, F-37041, Tours, France; Institut Français du Cheval et de l'équitation (IFCE), F-37380, Nouzilly, France
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193
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Aimone JB, Li Y, Lee SW, Clemenson GD, Deng W, Gage FH. Regulation and function of adult neurogenesis: from genes to cognition. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:991-1026. [PMID: 25287858 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00004.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus is a notable process due not only to its uniqueness and potential impact on cognition but also to its localized vertical integration of different scales of neuroscience, ranging from molecular and cellular biology to behavior. This review summarizes the recent research regarding the process of adult neurogenesis from these different perspectives, with particular emphasis on the differentiation and development of new neurons, the regulation of the process by extrinsic and intrinsic factors, and their ultimate function in the hippocampus circuit. Arising from a local neural stem cell population, new neurons progress through several stages of maturation, ultimately integrating into the adult dentate gyrus network. The increased appreciation of the full neurogenesis process, from genes and cells to behavior and cognition, makes neurogenesis both a unique case study for how scales in neuroscience can link together and suggests neurogenesis as a potential target for therapeutic intervention for a number of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Aimone
- Cognitive Modeling Group, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Yan Li
- Cognitive Modeling Group, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Star W Lee
- Cognitive Modeling Group, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Gregory D Clemenson
- Cognitive Modeling Group, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Wei Deng
- Cognitive Modeling Group, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Fred H Gage
- Cognitive Modeling Group, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
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194
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Bauernfeind AL, Babbitt CC. The appropriation of glucose through primate neurodevelopment. J Hum Evol 2014; 77:132-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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195
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Bordiuk OL, Smith K, Morin PJ, Semënov MV. Cell proliferation and neurogenesis in adult mouse brain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111453. [PMID: 25375658 PMCID: PMC4222938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis, the formation of new neurons, can be observed in the adult brain of many mammalian species, including humans. Despite significant progress in our understanding of adult neurogenesis, we are still missing data about the extent and location of production of neural precursors in the adult mammalian brain. We used 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) to map the location of proliferating cells throughout the entire adult mouse brain and found that neurogenesis occurs at two locations in the mouse brain. The larger one we define as the main proliferative zone (MPZ), and the smaller one corresponds to the subgranular zone of the hippocampus. The MPZ can be divided into three parts. The caudate migratory stream (CMS) occupies the middle part of the MPZ. The cable of proliferating cells emanating from the most anterior part of the CMS toward the olfactory bulbs forms the rostral migratory stream. The thin layer of proliferating cells extending posteriorly from the CMS forms the midlayer. We have not found any additional aggregations of proliferating cells in the adult mouse brain that could suggest the existence of other major neurogenic zones in the adult mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia L. Bordiuk
- New England Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Bedford Division, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karen Smith
- New England Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Bedford Division, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Morin
- New England Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Bedford Division, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mikhail V. Semënov
- New England Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Bedford Division, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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196
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Patzke N, LeRoy A, Ngubane NW, Bennett NC, Medger K, Gravett N, Kaswera-Kyamakya C, Gilissen E, Chawana R, Manger PR. The distribution of doublecortin-immunopositive cells in the brains of four afrotherian mammals: the Hottentot golden mole (Amblysomus hottentotus), the rock hyrax (Procavia capensis), the eastern rock sengi (Elephantulus myurus) and the four-toed sengi (Petrodromus tetradactylus). BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2014; 84:227-41. [PMID: 25377859 DOI: 10.1159/000367934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian brain is now a widely accepted phenomenon, typically occurring in two forebrain structures: the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone (SVZ). Until recently, the majority of studies have focused on laboratory rodents, and it is under debate whether the process of adult neurogenesis occurs outside of the SGZ and the SVZ in other mammalian species. In the present study, we investigated potential adult neurogenetic sites in the brains of two elephant shrews/sengis, a golden mole and a rock hyrax, all members of the superorder Afrotheria. Doublecortin (DCX) immunoreactivity was used as a proxy to visualise adult neurogenesis, which is expressed in neuronal precursor cells and immature neurons. In all four species, densely packed DCX-positive cells were present in the SVZ, from where cells appear to migrate along the rostral migratory stream towards the olfactory bulb (OB). DCX-immunopositive cells were present in the granular cell layer and the glomerular layer of the OB. In the hippocampus, DCX-immunopositive cells were observed in the SGZ and in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus, with DCX-immunopositive processes extending into the molecular layer. In addition to these well-established adult neurogenic regions, DCX-immunopositive cells were also observed in layer II of the neocortex and the piriform cortex. While the present study reveals a similar pattern of adult neurogenesis to that reported previously in other mammals, further studies are needed to clarify if the cortical DCX-immunopositive cells are newly generated neurons or cells undergoing cortical remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Patzke
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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197
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Efficacy of the selective progesterone receptor agonist Nestorone for chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 276:89-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.08.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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198
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Sun MY, Yetman MJ, Lee TC, Chen Y, Jankowsky JL. Specificity and efficiency of reporter expression in adult neural progenitors vary substantially among nestin-CreER(T2) lines. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:1191-208. [PMID: 24519019 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic lines expressing a controllable form of Cre recombinase have become valuable tools for manipulating gene expression in adult neural progenitors and their progeny. Neural progenitors express several proteins that distinguish them from mature neurons, and the promoters for these genes have been co-opted to produce selective transgene expression within this population. To date, nine CreER(T2) transgenic lines have been designed using the nestin promoter; however, only a subset are capable of eliciting expression within both neurogenic zones of the adult brain. Here we compare three such nestin-CreER(T2) lines to evaluate specificity of expression and efficiency of recombination. Each line was examined by using three different Cre reporter strains that varied in sensitivity. We found that all three nestin-CreER(T2) strains induced reporter expression within the main neurogenic areas, albeit to varying degrees depending on the reporter. Unexpectedly, we found that two of the three lines induced substantial reporter expression outside of neurogenic areas. These lines produced strong labeling in cerebellar granule neurons, with additional expression in the cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and thalamus. Reporter expression in the third nestin-CreER(T2) line was considerably more specific, but was also less efficient, labeling a smaller percentage of the target population than the other two drivers. Our findings suggest that each nestin-CreER(T2) line may best serve different experimental needs, depending on whether specificity or efficiency is of greatest concern. Our study further demonstrates that each new pair of driver and responder lines should be evaluated independently, as both components can significantly influence the resulting expression pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yu Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030
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199
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Slade N, Zorić A, Horvat B, Vukšić M, Kostović I, Poljak L. Suppression of Smad-1 mRNA expression level by Smad-2 likely control dichotomy of NF-κB and Smads mediated activation. Immunobiology 2014; 220:48-53. [PMID: 25261891 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to find out how NF-κB and Smad-mediated signaling influenced the expression of astrogliogenic versus neurogenic markers of brain development in U4C cells which were either enriched (Tg Jak-1) or deprived in Jak-1 molecule (Jak-1 KO). Genetically modified U4C cells were transfected with NF-kB reporter plasmid in order to follow its activation when cells were cotransfected with different combinations of Smads constructs. In wild type cells no significant activation of NF-κB was observed while genetically modified cells exhibited somewhat different pattern of NF-κB activation depending on the Smad constructs combination used. The absence of NF-κB activation in Jak-1 transgenic cells transfected with Smad-1 plus Smad-3 was accompanied by the appearance of apoptotic cells as revealed by DAPI staining. Smad-1 expression was undetectable in Jak-1 transgenic cells and was downregulated in wild type cells upon transfection with Smad-2. The absence of p65 nuclear translocation in Smad-2 transfected cells and the presence of Smad-4 in nucleus of the same cells indicates dichotomy in NF-κB and Smads mediated signaling pathways. The significance of this study is that helps to elucidate the point of collaboration among three different signaling pathways - Jak-1 mediated cytokine signaling, NF-κB and Smads mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Slade
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Rudjer Bošković" Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - A Zorić
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Rudjer Bošković" Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - B Horvat
- INSERM U758, IFR 128 Biosciences Lyon-Gerland, Tony Garnier, Lyon, France
| | - M Vukšić
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Šalata 12, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - I Kostović
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Šalata 12, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - L Poljak
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 12, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Merino JJ, Bellver-Landete V, Oset-Gasque MJ, Cubelos B. CXCR4/CXCR7 Molecular Involvement in Neuronal and Neural Progenitor Migration: Focus in CNS Repair. J Cell Physiol 2014; 230:27-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Joaquín Merino
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Dept II; Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigación; Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM; Madrid Spain
| | - Victor Bellver-Landete
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Dept II; Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); Madrid Spain
| | - María Jesús Oset-Gasque
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Dept II; Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigación; Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM; Madrid Spain
| | - Beatriz Cubelos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid Spain
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