151
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Zhang SF, Zhang Z, Kong XB, Wang HB, Liu F. Dynamic Changes in Chemosensory Gene Expression during the Dendrolimus punctatus Mating Process. Front Physiol 2018; 8:1127. [PMID: 29375398 PMCID: PMC5767605 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The insect chemosensory system is pivotal for interactions with their environments, and moths have especially sensitive olfaction. Exploration of the connection between the plasticity of olfactory-guided and molecular level pathways in insects is important for understanding the olfactory recognition mechanisms of insects. The pine caterpillar moth, Dendrolimus punctatus Walker, is a dominant conifer defoliator in China, and mating is the priority for adults of this species, during which sex pheromone recognition and oviposition site location are the main activities; these activities are all closely related to chemosensory genes. Thus, we aimed to identify chemosensory related genes and monitor the spectrum of their dynamic expression during the entire mating process in D. punctatus. In this study, we generated transcriptome data from male and female adult D. punctatus specimens at four mating stages: eclosion, calling, copulation, and post-coitum. These data were analyzed using bioinformatics tools to identify the major olfactory-related gene families and determine their expression patterns during mating. Levels of odorant binding proteins (OBPs), chemosensory proteins (CSPs), and odorant receptors (ORs) were closely correlated with mating behavior. Comparison with ORs from other Dendrolimus and Lepidoptera species led to the discovery of a group of ORs specific to Dendrolimus. Furthermore, we identified several genes encoding OBPs and ORs that were upregulated after mating in females; these genes may mediate the location of host plants for oviposition via plant-emitted volatiles. This work will facilitate functional research into D. punctatus chemosensory genes, provide information about the relationship between chemosensory genes and important physiological activities, and promote research into the mechanisms underlying insect olfactory recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, China
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152
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Heerema JL, Helbing CC, Pyle GG. Use of electro-olfactography to measure olfactory acuity in the North American bullfrog (Lithobates (Rana) catesbeiana) tadpole. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 147:643-647. [PMID: 28926819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Olfaction is an important sense for aquatic organisms because it provides information about their surroundings, including nearby food, mates, and predators. Electro-olfactography (EOG) is an electrophysiological technique that measures the response of olfactory tissue to olfactory stimuli, and responses are indicative of olfactory acuity. Previous studies have used this technique on a variety of species including frogs, salamanders, daphniids and, most extensively, fish. In the present study, we introduce a novel modified EOG method for use on Lithobates (Rana) catesbeiana tadpoles. Responses to a number of olfactory stimuli including amino acids, an algal extract (Spirulina), and taurocholic acid were tested, as measured by EOG. Tadpoles exhibited consistent and reliable responses to L-alanine and Spirulina extract. Tadpoles also exhibited concentration-dependent responses to Spirulina extract. These findings indicate that tadpole EOG is a viable electrophysiology technique that can be used in future research to study olfactory physiology and impairment in tadpoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody L Heerema
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 6T5.
| | - Caren C Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2.
| | - Greg G Pyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 6T5.
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153
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Son M, Park TH. The bioelectronic nose and tongue using olfactory and taste receptors: Analytical tools for food quality and safety assessment. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 36:371-379. [PMID: 29289691 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Food intake is the primary method for obtaining energy and component materials in the human being. Humans evaluate the quality of food by combining various facets of information, such as an item of food's appearance, smell, taste, and texture in the mouth. Recently, bioelectronic noses and tongues have been reported that use human olfactory and taste receptors as primary recognition elements, and nanoelectronics as secondary signal transducers. Bioelectronic sensors that mimic human olfaction and gustation have sensitively and selectively detected odor and taste molecules from various food samples, and have been applied to food quality assessment. The portable and multiplexed bioelectronic nose and tongue are expected to be used as next-generation analytical tools for rapid on-site monitoring of food quality. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the bioelectronic nose and tongue using olfactory and taste receptors, and discuss the potential applications and future perspectives in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manki Son
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tai Hyun Park
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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154
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Mazur J, Roy K, Kanwar JR. Recent advances in nanomedicine and survivin targeting in brain cancers. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 13:105-137. [PMID: 29161215 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain cancer is a highly lethal disease, especially devastating toward both the elderly and children. This cancer has no therapeutics available to combat it, predominately due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) preventing treatments from maintaining therapeutic levels within the brain. Recently, nanoparticle technology has entered the forefront of cancer therapy due to its ability to deliver therapeutic effects while potentially passing physiological barriers. Key nanoparticles for brain cancer treatment include glutathione targeted PEGylated liposomes, gold nanoparticles, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and nanoparticle-albumin bound drugs, with these being discussed throughout this review. Recently, the survivin protein has gained attention as it is over-expressed in a majority of tumors. This review will briefly discuss the properties of survivin, while focusing on how both nanoparticles and survivin-targeting treatments hold potential as brain cancer therapies. This review may provide useful insight into new brain cancer treatment options, particularly survivin inhibition and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Mazur
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biomedical Research, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (CMMR), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong VIC 3217, Australia
| | - Kislay Roy
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biomedical Research, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (CMMR), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong VIC 3217, Australia
| | - Jagat R Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biomedical Research, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (CMMR), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong VIC 3217, Australia
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155
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Conditional Deletion of Ric-8b in Olfactory Sensory Neurons Leads to Olfactory Impairment. J Neurosci 2017; 37:12202-12213. [PMID: 29118104 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0943-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory system can discriminate a vast number of odorants. This ability derives from the existence of a large family of odorant receptors expressed in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons. Odorant receptors signal through the olfactory-specific G-protein subunit, Gαolf. Ric-8b, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, interacts with Gαolf and can amplify odorant receptor signal transduction in vitro To explore the function of Ric-8b in vivo, we generated a tissue specific knock-out mouse by crossing OMP-Cre transgenic mice to Ric-8b floxed mice. We found that olfactory-specific Ric-8b knock-out mice of mixed sex do not express the Gαolf protein in the olfactory epithelium. We also found that in these mice, the mature olfactory sensory neuron layer is reduced, and that olfactory sensory neurons show increased rate of cell death compared with wild-type mice. Finally, behavioral tests showed that the olfactory-specific Ric-8b knock-out mice show an impaired sense of smell, even though their motivation and mobility behaviors remain normal.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Ric-8b is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) expressed in the olfactory epithelium and in the striatum. Ric-8b interacts with the olfactory Gαolf subunit, and can amplify odorant signaling through odorant receptors in vitro However, the functional significance of this GEF in the olfactory neurons in vivo remains unknown. We report that deletion of Ric-8b in olfactory sensory neurons prevents stable expression of Gαolf. In addition, we demonstrate that olfactory neurons lacking Ric-8b (and consequently Gαolf) are more susceptible to cell death. Ric-8b conditional knock-out mice display impaired olfactory guided behavior. Our results reveal that Ric-8b is essential for olfactory function, and suggest that it may also be essential for Gαolf-dependent functions in the brain.
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156
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Yang K, Huang LQ, Ning C, Wang CZ. Two single-point mutations shift the ligand selectivity of a pheromone receptor between two closely related moth species. eLife 2017; 6:29100. [PMID: 29063835 PMCID: PMC5673308 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Male moths possess highly sensitive and selective olfactory systems that detect sex pheromones produced by their females. Pheromone receptors (PRs) play a key role in this process. The PR HassOr14b is found to be tuned to (Z)-9-hexadecenal, the major sex-pheromone component, in Helicoverpa assulta. HassOr14b is co-localized with HassOr6 or HassOr16 in two olfactory sensory neurons within the same sensilla. As HarmOr14b, the ortholog of HassOr14b in the closely related species Helicoverpa armigera, is tuned to another chemical (Z)-9-tetradecenal, we study the amino acid residues that determine their ligand selectivity. Two amino acids located in the transmembrane domains F232I and T355I together determine the functional difference between the two orthologs. We conclude that species-specific changes in the tuning specificity of the PRs in the two Helicoverpa moth species could be achieved with just a few amino acid substitutions, which provides new insights into the evolution of closely related moth species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling-Qiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen-Zhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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157
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Grabe V, Sachse S. Fundamental principles of the olfactory code. Biosystems 2017; 164:94-101. [PMID: 29054468 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sensory coding represents a basic principle of all phyla in nature: species attempt to perceive their natural surroundings and to make sense of them. Ultimately, sensory coding is the only way to allow a species to make the kinds of crucial decisions that lead to a behavioral response. In this manner, animals are able to detect numerous parameters, ranging from temperature and humidity to light and sound to volatile or non-volatile chemicals. Most of these environmental cues represent a clearly defined stimulus array that can be described along a single physical parameter, such as wavelength or frequency; odorants, in contrast, cannot. The odor space encompasses an enormous and nearly infinite number of diverse stimuli that cannot be classified according to their positions along a single dimension. Hence, the olfactory system has to encode and translate the vast odor array into an accurate neural map in the brain. In this review, we will outline the relevant steps of the olfactory code and describe its progress along the olfactory pathway, i.e., from the peripheral olfactory organs to the first olfactory center in the brain and then to the higher processing areas where the odor perception takes place, enabling an organism to make odor-guided decisions. We will focus mainly on studies from the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster, but we will also indicate similarities to and differences from the olfactory system of other invertebrate species as well as of the vertebrate world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit Grabe
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of EvolutionaryNeuroethology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Silke Sachse
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of EvolutionaryNeuroethology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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158
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Vizueta J, Frías-López C, Macías-Hernández N, Arnedo MA, Sánchez-Gracia A, Rozas J. Evolution of Chemosensory Gene Families in Arthropods: Insight from the First Inclusive Comparative Transcriptome Analysis across Spider Appendages. Genome Biol Evol 2017; 9:178-196. [PMID: 28028122 PMCID: PMC5381604 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike hexapods and vertebrates, in chelicerates, knowledge of the specific molecules involved in chemoreception comes exclusively from the comparative analysis of genome sequences. Indeed, the genomes of mites, ticks and spiders contain several genes encoding homologs of some insect membrane receptors and small soluble chemosensory proteins. Here, we conducted for the first time a comprehensive comparative RNA-Seq analysis across different body structures of a chelicerate: the nocturnal wandering hunter spider Dysdera silvatica Schmidt 1981. Specifically, we obtained the complete transcriptome of this species as well as the specific expression profile in the first pair of legs and the palps, which are thought to be the specific olfactory appendages in spiders, and in the remaining legs, which also have hairs that have been morphologically identified as chemosensory. We identified several ionotropic (Ir) and gustatory (Gr) receptor family members exclusively or differentially expressed across transcriptomes, some exhibiting a distinctive pattern in the putative olfactory appendages. Furthermore, these IRs were the only known olfactory receptors identified in such structures. These results, integrated with an extensive phylogenetic analysis across arthropods, uncover a specialization of the chemosensory gene repertoire across the body of D. silvatica and suggest that some IRs likely mediate olfactory signaling in chelicerates. Noticeably, we detected the expression of a gene family distantly related to insect odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), suggesting that this gene family is more ancient than previously believed, as well as the expression of an uncharacterized gene family encoding small globular secreted proteins, which appears to be a good chemosensory gene family candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Vizueta
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Frías-López
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Macías-Hernández
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel A Arnedo
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Sánchez-Gracia
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Rozas
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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159
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Lombardo F, Salvemini M, Fiorillo C, Nolan T, Zwiebel LJ, Ribeiro JM, Arcà B. Deciphering the olfactory repertoire of the tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:770. [PMID: 29020917 PMCID: PMC5637092 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is a highly invasive species and competent vector of several arboviruses (e.g. dengue, chikungunya, Zika) and parasites (e.g. dirofilaria) of public health importance. Compared to other mosquito species, Ae. albopictus females exhibit a generalist host seeking as well as a very aggressive biting behaviour that are responsible for its high degree of nuisance. Several complex mosquito behaviours such as host seeking, feeding, mating or oviposition rely on olfactory stimuli that target a range of sensory neurons localized mainly on specialized head appendages such as antennae, maxillary palps and the mouthparts. RESULTS With the aim to describe the Ae. albopictus olfactory repertoire we have used RNA-seq to reveal the transcriptome profiles of female antennae and maxillary palps. Male heads and whole female bodies were employed as reference for differential expression analysis. The relative transcript abundance within each tissue (TPM, transcripts per kilobase per million) and the pairwise differential abundance in the different tissues (fold change values and false discovery rates) were evaluated. Contigs upregulated in the antennae (620) and maxillary palps (268) were identified and relative GO and PFAM enrichment profiles analysed. Chemosensory genes were described: overall, 77 odorant binding proteins (OBP), 82 odorant receptors (OR), 60 ionotropic receptors (IR) and 30 gustatory receptors (GR) were identified by comparative genomics and transcriptomics. In addition, orthologs of genes expressed in the female/male maxillary palps and/or antennae and involved in thermosensation (e.g. pyrexia and arrestin1), mechanosensation (e.g. piezo and painless) and neuromodulation were classified. CONCLUSIONS We provide here the first detailed transcriptome of the main Ae. albopictus sensory appendages, i.e. antennae and maxillary palps. A deeper knowledge of the olfactory repertoire of the tiger mosquito will help to better understand its biology and may pave the way to design new attractants/repellents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Lombardo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Salvemini
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Fiorillo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Tony Nolan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - José M. Ribeiro
- NIAID, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIH, Rockville, 20852 MD USA
| | - Bruno Arcà
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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160
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MyD88 is an essential component of retinoic acid-induced differentiation in human pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cells. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1975-1986. [PMID: 28885616 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) is downregulated during all-trans retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation of pluripotent NTera2 human embryonal carcinoma cells (hECCs), whereas its maintained expression is associated with RA differentiation resistance in nullipotent 2102Ep hECCs. MyD88 is the main adapter for toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling, where it determines the secretion of chemokines and cytokines in response to pathogens. In this study, we report that loss of MyD88 is essential for RA-facilitated differentiation of hECCs. Functional analysis using a specific MyD88 peptide inhibitor (PepInh) demonstrated that high MyD88 expression in the self-renewal state inhibits the expression of a specific set of HOX genes. In NTera2 cells, MyD88 is downregulated during RA-induced differentiation, a mechanism that could be broadly replicated by MyD88 PepInh treatment of 2102Ep cells. Notably, MyD88 inhibition transitioned 2102Ep cells into a stable, self-renewing state that appears to be primed for differentiation upon addition of RA. At a molecular level, MyD88 inhibition combined with RA treatment upregulated HOX, RA signalling and TLR signalling genes. These events permit differentiation through a standard downregulation of Oct4-Sox2-Nanog mechanism. In line with its role in regulating secretion of specific proteins, conditioned media experiments demonstrated that differentiated (MyD88 low) NTera2 cell media was sufficient to differentiate NTera2 cells. Protein array analysis indicated that this was owing to secretion of factors known to regulate angiogenesis, neurogenesis and all three branches of TGF-β Superfamily signalling. Collectively, these data offer new insights into RA controlled differentiation of pluripotent cells, with notable parallels to the ground state model of embryonic stem cell self-renewal. These data may provide insights to facilitate improved differentiation protocols for regenerative medicine and differentiation-therapies in cancer treatment.
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161
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Calbiague VM, Olivares J, Olivares E, Schmachtenberg O. The Chilean Recluse Spider (Araneae: Sicariidae) Displays Behavioral Responses to Conspecific Odors, but Not to Several General Odorants. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:1435-1439. [PMID: 28499023 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Spiders of the family Sicariidae pose a serious threat to affected populations, and Loxosceles laeta (Nicolet) is considered the most venomous species. Development of nontoxic olfaction-based spider repellents or traps is hindered by a current lack of knowledge regarding olfactory system function in arachnids. In the present study, general plant odorants and conspecific odors were tested for behavioral responses in L. laeta. Although general odorants triggered neither attraction nor aversion, conspecific odor of the opposite sex caused aversion in females, and attraction in males. These results support the presence of a specific olfactory system for the detection of conspecifics in L. laeta, but suggest the absence of a broadly tuned system for general odorant detection in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Manuel Calbiague
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jesus Olivares
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Erick Olivares
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Oliver Schmachtenberg
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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162
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Type 3 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor is dispensable for sensory activation of the mammalian vomeronasal organ. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10260. [PMID: 28860523 PMCID: PMC5579292 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09638-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction in sensory neurons of the mammalian vomeronasal organ (VNO) involves the opening of the canonical transient receptor potential channel Trpc2, a Ca2+-permeable cation channel that is activated by diacylglycerol and inhibited by Ca2+-calmodulin. There has been a long-standing debate about the extent to which the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and type 3 InsP3 receptor (InsP3R3) are involved in the opening of Trpc2 channels and in sensory activation of the VNO. To address this question, we investigated VNO function of mice carrying a knockout mutation in the Itpr3 locus causing a loss of InsP3R3. We established a new method to monitor Ca2+ in the endoplasmic reticulum of vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) by employing the GFP-aequorin protein sensor erGAP2. We also performed simultaneous InsP3 photorelease and Ca2+ monitoring experiments, and analysed Ca2+ dynamics, sensory currents, and action potential or field potential responses in InsP3R3-deficient VSNs. Disruption of Itpr3 abolished or minimized the Ca2+ transients evoked by photoactivated InsP3, but there was virtually no effect on sensory activation of VSNs. Therefore, InsP3R3 is dispensable for primary chemoelectrical transduction in mouse VNO. We conclude that InsP3R3 is not required for gating of Trpc2 in VSNs.
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163
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Eyun SI, Soh HY, Posavi M, Munro JB, Hughes DS, Murali SC, Qu J, Dugan S, Lee SL, Chao H, Dinh H, Han Y, Doddapaneni H, Worley KC, Muzny DM, Park EO, Silva JC, Gibbs RA, Richards S, Lee CE. Evolutionary History of Chemosensory-Related Gene Families across the Arthropoda. Mol Biol Evol 2017; 34:1838-1862. [PMID: 28460028 PMCID: PMC5850775 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory-related gene (CRG) families have been studied extensively in insects, but their evolutionary history across the Arthropoda had remained relatively unexplored. Here, we address current hypotheses and prior conclusions on CRG family evolution using a more comprehensive data set. In particular, odorant receptors were hypothesized to have proliferated during terrestrial colonization by insects (hexapods), but their association with other pancrustacean clades and with independent terrestrial colonizations in other arthropod subphyla have been unclear. We also examine hypotheses on which arthropod CRG family is most ancient. Thus, we reconstructed phylogenies of CRGs, including those from new arthropod genomes and transcriptomes, and mapped CRG gains and losses across arthropod lineages. Our analysis was strengthened by including crustaceans, especially copepods, which reside outside the hexapod/branchiopod clade within the subphylum Pancrustacea. We generated the first high-resolution genome sequence of the copepod Eurytemora affinis and annotated its CRGs. We found odorant receptors and odorant binding proteins present only in hexapods (insects) and absent from all other arthropod lineages, indicating that they are not universal adaptations to land. Gustatory receptors likely represent the oldest chemosensory receptors among CRGs, dating back to the Placozoa. We also clarified and confirmed the evolutionary history of antennal ionotropic receptors across the Arthropoda. All antennal ionotropic receptors in E. affinis were expressed more highly in males than in females, suggestive of an association with male mate-recognition behavior. This study is the most comprehensive comparative analysis to date of CRG family evolution across the largest and most speciose metazoan phylum Arthropoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-il Eyun
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Ho Young Soh
- Faculty of Marine Technology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Korea
| | - Marijan Posavi
- Center of Rapid Evolution (CORE) and Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - James B. Munro
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Shwetha C. Murali
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Jiaxin Qu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Shannon Dugan
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Sandra L. Lee
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Hsu Chao
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Huyen Dinh
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Yi Han
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Kim C. Worley
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Donna M. Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Eun-Ok Park
- Fisheries Science Institute, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Korea
| | - Joana C. Silva
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Stephen Richards
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Carol Eunmi Lee
- Center of Rapid Evolution (CORE) and Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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164
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Simultaneous Loss of NCKX4 and CNG Channel Desensitization Impairs Olfactory Sensitivity. J Neurosci 2017; 37:110-119. [PMID: 28053034 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2527-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrate olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), Ca2+ plays key roles in both mediating and regulating the olfactory response. Ca2+ enters OSN cilia during the response through the olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel and stimulates a depolarizing chloride current by opening the olfactory Ca2+-activated chloride channel to amplify the response. Ca2+ also exerts negative regulation on the olfactory transduction cascade, through mechanisms that include reducing the CNG current by desensitizing the CNG channel via Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM), to reduce the response. Ca2+ is removed from the cilia primarily by the K+-dependent Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 4 (NCKX4), and the removal of Ca2+ leads to closure of the chloride channel and response termination. In this study, we investigate how two mechanisms conventionally considered negative regulatory mechanisms of olfactory transduction, Ca2+ removal by NCKX4, and desensitization of the CNG channel by Ca2+/CaM, interact to regulate the olfactory response. We performed electro-olfactogram (EOG) recordings on the double-mutant mice, NCKX4-/-;CNGB1ΔCaM, which are simultaneously lacking NCKX4 (NCKX4-/-) and Ca2+/CaM-mediated CNG channel desensitization (CNGB1ΔCaM). Despite exhibiting alterations in various response attributes, including termination kinetics and adaption properties, OSNs in either NCKX4-/- mice or CNGB1ΔCaM mice show normal resting sensitivity, as determined by their unchanged EOG response amplitude. We found that OSNs in NCKX4-/-;CNGB1ΔCaM mice displayed markedly reduced EOG amplitude accompanied by alterations in other response attributes. This study suggests that what are conventionally considered negative regulatory mechanisms of olfactory transduction also play a role in setting the resting sensitivity in OSNs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sensory receptor cells maintain high sensitivity at rest. Although the mechanisms responsible for setting the resting sensitivity of sensory receptor cells are not well understood, it has generally been assumed that the sensitivity is set primarily by how effectively the components in the activation cascade of sensory transduction can be stimulated. Our findings in mouse olfactory sensory neurons suggest that mechanisms that are primarily responsible for terminating the olfactory response are also critical for proper resting sensitivity.
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165
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Tick Haller's Organ, a New Paradigm for Arthropod Olfaction: How Ticks Differ from Insects. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071563. [PMID: 28718821 PMCID: PMC5536051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are the vector of many human and animal diseases; and host detection is critical to this process. Ticks have a unique sensory structure located exclusively on the 1st pairs of legs; the fore-tarsal Haller’s organ, not found in any other animals, presumed to function like the insect antennae in chemosensation but morphologically very different. The mechanism of tick chemoreception is unknown. Utilizing next-generation sequencing and comparative transcriptomics between the 1st and 4th legs (the latter without the Haller’s organ), we characterized 1st leg specific and putative Haller’s organ specific transcripts from adult American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis. The analysis suggested that the Haller’s organ is involved in olfaction, not gustation. No known odorant binding proteins like those found in insects, chemosensory lipocalins or typical insect olfactory mechanisms were identified; with the transcriptomic data only supporting a possible olfactory G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signal cascade unique to the Haller’s organ. Each component of the olfactory GPCR signal cascade was identified and characterized. The expression of GPCR, Gαo and β-arrestin transcripts identified exclusively in the 1st leg transcriptome, and putatively Haller’s organ specific, were examined in unfed and blood-fed adult female and male D. variabilis. Blood feeding to repletion in adult females down-regulated the expression of all three chemosensory transcripts in females but not in males; consistent with differences in post-feeding tick behavior between sexes and an expected reduced chemosensory function in females as they leave the host. Data are presented for the first time of the potential hormonal regulation of tick chemosensation; behavioral assays confirmed the role of the Haller’s organ in N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) repellency but showed no role for the Haller’s organ in host attachment. Further research is needed to understand the potential role of the GPCR cascade in olfaction.
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166
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Abstract
Fertilization is exceptionally complex and, depending on the species, happens in entirely different environments. External fertilizers in aquatic habitats, like marine invertebrates or fish, release their gametes into the seawater or freshwater, whereas sperm from most internal fertilizers like mammals cross the female genital tract to make their way to the egg. Various chemical and physical cues guide sperm to the egg. Quite generally, these cues enable signaling pathways that ultimately evoke a cellular Ca2+ response that modulates the waveform of the flagellar beat and, hence, the swimming path. To cope with the panoply of challenges to reach and fertilize the egg, sperm from different species have developed their own unique repertoire of signaling molecules and mechanisms. Here, we review the differences and commonalities for sperm sensory signaling in marine invertebrates (sea urchin), fish (zebrafish), and mammals (mouse, human).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Wachten
- Minerva Max Planck Research Group, Molecular Physiology, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan F Jikeli
- Minerva Max Planck Research Group, Molecular Physiology, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - U Benjamin Kaupp
- Department Molecular Sensory Systems, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), 53175 Bonn, Germany
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167
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Experimental evaluation of the generalized vibrational theory of G protein-coupled receptor activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5595-5600. [PMID: 28500275 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618422114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, an alternative theory concerning the method by which olfactory proteins are activated has garnered attention. This theory proposes that the activation of olfactory G protein-coupled receptors occurs by an inelastic electron tunneling mechanism that is mediated through the presence of an agonist with an appropriate vibrational state to accept the inelastic portion of the tunneling electron's energy. In a recent series of papers, some suggestive theoretical evidence has been offered that this theory may be applied to nonolfactory G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including those associated with the central nervous system (CNS). [Chee HK, June OS (2013) Genomics Inform 11(4):282-288; Chee HK, et al. (2015) FEBS Lett 589(4):548-552; Oh SJ (2012) Genomics Inform 10(2):128-132]. Herein, we test the viability of this idea, both by receptor affinity and receptor activation measured by calcium flux. This test was performed using a pair of well-characterized agonists for members of the 5-HT2 class of serotonin receptors, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) and N,N-dimethyllysergamide (DAM-57), and their respective deuterated isotopologues. No evidence was found that selective deuteration affected either the binding affinity or the activation by the selected ligands for the examined members of the 5-HT2 receptor class.
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168
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Cilia- and Flagella-Associated Protein 69 Regulates Olfactory Transduction Kinetics in Mice. J Neurosci 2017; 37:5699-5710. [PMID: 28495971 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0392-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals detect odorous chemicals through specialized olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) that transduce odorants into neural electrical signals. We identified a novel and evolutionarily conserved protein, cilia- and flagella-associated protein 69 (CFAP69), in mice that regulates olfactory transduction kinetics. In the olfactory epithelium, CFAP69 is enriched in OSN cilia, where olfactory transduction occurs. Bioinformatic analysis suggests that a large portion of CFAP69 can form Armadillo-type α-helical repeats, which may mediate protein-protein interactions. OSNs lacking CFAP69, remarkably, displayed faster kinetics in both the on and off phases of electrophysiological responses at both the neuronal ensemble level as observed by electroolfactogram and the single-cell level as observed by single-cell suction pipette recordings. In single-cell analysis, OSNs lacking CFAP69 showed faster response integration and were able to fire APs more faithfully to repeated odor stimuli. Furthermore, both male and female mutant mice that specifically lack CFAP69 in OSNs exhibited attenuated performance in a buried food pellet test when a background of the same odor to the food pellet was present even though they should have better temporal resolution of coding olfactory stimulation at the peripheral. Therefore, the role of CFAP69 in the olfactory system seems to be to allow the olfactory transduction machinery to work at a precisely regulated range of response kinetics for robust olfactory behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sensory receptor cells are generally thought to evolve to respond to sensory cues as fast as they can. This idea is consistent with mutational analyses in various sensory systems, where mutations of sensory receptor cells often resulted in reduced response size and slowed response kinetics. Contrary to this idea, we have found that there is a kinetic "damper" present in the olfactory transduction cascade of the mouse that slows down the response kinetics and, by doing so, it reduces the peripheral temporal resolution in coding odor stimuli and allows for robust olfactory behavior. This study should trigger a rethinking of the significance of the intrinsic speed of sensory transduction and the pattern of the peripheral coding of sensory stimuli.
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169
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Schultzhaus JN, Saleem S, Iftikhar H, Carney GE. The role of the Drosophila lateral horn in olfactory information processing and behavioral response. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 98:29-37. [PMID: 27871975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Animals must rapidly and accurately process environmental information to produce the correct behavioral responses. Reactions to previously encountered as well as to novel but biologically important stimuli are equally important, and one understudied region in the insect brain plays a role in processing both types of stimuli. The lateral horn is a higher order processing center that mainly processes olfactory information and is linked via olfactory projection neurons to another higher order learning center, the mushroom body. This review focuses on the lateral horn of Drosophila where most functional studies have been performed. We discuss connectivity between the primary olfactory center, the antennal lobe, and the lateral horn and mushroom body. We also present evidence for the lateral horn playing roles in innate behavioral responses by encoding biological valence to novel odor cues and in learned responses to previously encountered odors by modulating neural activity within the mushroom body. We describe how these processes contribute to acceptance or avoidance of appropriate or inappropriate mates and food, as well as the identification of predators. The lateral horn is a sexually dimorphic and plastic region of the brain that modulates other regions of the brain to ensure that insects produce rapid and effective behavioral responses to both novel and learned stimuli, yet multiple gaps exist in our knowledge of this important center. We anticipate that future studies on olfactory processing, learning, and innate behavioral responses will include the lateral horn in their examinations, leading to a more comprehensive understanding of olfactory information relay and resulting behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna N Schultzhaus
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-3258, United States
| | - Sehresh Saleem
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-3258, United States
| | - Hina Iftikhar
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-3258, United States
| | - Ginger E Carney
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-3258, United States.
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170
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Zhu G, Wang L, Tang W, Wang X, Wang C. Identification of olfactory receptor genes in the Japanese grenadier anchovy Coilia nasus. Genes Genomics 2017; 39:521-532. [PMID: 28458780 PMCID: PMC5387026 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-017-0517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Olfaction is essential for fish to detect odorant elements in the environment and plays a critical role in navigating, locating food and detecting predators. Olfactory function is produced by the olfactory transduction pathway and is activated by olfactory receptors (ORs) through the binding of odorant elements. Recently, four types of olfactory receptors have been identified in vertebrate olfactory epithelium, including main odorant receptors (MORs), vomeronasal type receptors (VRs), trace-amine associated receptors (TAARs) and formyl peptide receptors (FPRs). It has been hypothesized that migratory fish, which have the ability to perform spawning migration, use olfactory cues to return to natal rivers. Therefore, obtaining OR genes from migratory fish will provide a resource for the study of molecular mechanisms that underlie fish spawning migration behaviors. Previous studies of OR genes have mainly focused on genomic data, however little information has been gained at the transcript level. In this study, we identified the OR genes of an economically important commercial fish Coilia nasus through searching for olfactory epithelium transcriptomes. A total of 142 candidate MOR, 52 V2R/OlfC, 32 TAAR and two FPR putative genes were identified. In addition, through genomic analysis we identified several MOR genes containing introns, which is unusual for vertebrate MOR genes. The transcriptome-scale mining strategy proved to be fruitful in identifying large sets of OR genes from species whose genome information is unavailable. Our findings lay the foundation for further research into the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the spawning migration behavior in C. nasus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Zhu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangjiang Wang
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC USA
| | - Wenqiao Tang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Wang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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171
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Kinoshita N, Nagasato C, Motomura T. Chemotactic movement in sperm of the oogamous brown algae, Saccharina japonica and Fucus distichus. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:547-555. [PMID: 27108001 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0974-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In oogamous species of brown algae such as Saccharina japonica and Fucus distichus, the sperm possess an unusual long posterior flagellum, which oscillates actively and produces a propulsive force during swimming. In this study, we quantitatively analyzed the effect of chemotactic responses on sperm swimming and flagellar waveforms by high-speed video recordings. We found that the thigmotactic response to the chemo-attractant was not enhanced during chemotactic swimming and that the swimming velocity of sperm did not decrease. As concentration of the chemo-attractant decreased, the sperm performed drastic U-turn movements, which was caused by a rapid and large bend of the posterior flagellum. Unilateral bending of the posterior flagellum when sensing a decrease in the concentration of the chemo-attractant may be a common response in male gametes during fertilization of brown algae both oogamous and isogamous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Chikako Nagasato
- Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran, 051-0013, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Taizo Motomura
- Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran, 051-0013, Hokkaido, Japan.
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172
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Ngoc PCT, Greenhalgh R, Dermauw W, Rombauts S, Bajda S, Zhurov V, Grbić M, Van de Peer Y, Van Leeuwen T, Rouzé P, Clark RM. Complex Evolutionary Dynamics of Massively Expanded Chemosensory Receptor Families in an Extreme Generalist Chelicerate Herbivore. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:3323-3339. [PMID: 27797949 PMCID: PMC5203786 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While mechanisms to detoxify plant produced, anti-herbivore compounds have been associated with plant host use by herbivores, less is known about the role of chemosensory perception in their life histories. This is especially true for generalists, including chelicerate herbivores that evolved herbivory independently from the more studied insect lineages. To shed light on chemosensory perception in a generalist herbivore, we characterized the chemosensory receptors (CRs) of the chelicerate two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, an extreme generalist. Strikingly, T. urticae has more CRs than reported in any other arthropod to date. Including pseudogenes, 689 gustatory receptors were identified, as were 136 degenerin/Epithelial Na+ Channels (ENaCs) that have also been implicated as CRs in insects. The genomic distribution of T. urticae gustatory receptors indicates recurring bursts of lineage-specific proliferations, with the extent of receptor clusters reminiscent of those observed in the CR-rich genomes of vertebrates or C. elegans Although pseudogenization of many gustatory receptors within clusters suggests relaxed selection, a subset of receptors is expressed. Consistent with functions as CRs, the genomic distribution and expression of ENaCs in lineage-specific T. urticae expansions mirrors that observed for gustatory receptors. The expansion of ENaCs in T. urticae to > 3-fold that reported in other animals was unexpected, raising the possibility that ENaCs in T. urticae have been co-opted to fulfill a major role performed by unrelated CRs in other animals. More broadly, our findings suggest an elaborate role for chemosensory perception in generalist herbivores that are of key ecological and agricultural importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Cao Thi Ngoc
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Wannes Dermauw
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephane Rombauts
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sabina Bajda
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Zhurov
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Miodrag Grbić
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Bioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre Rouzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard M Clark
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah .,Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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173
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Tsitoura P, Iatrou K. Positive Allosteric Modulation of Insect Olfactory Receptor Function by ORco Agonists. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:275. [PMID: 28018173 PMCID: PMC5145856 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect olfactory receptors (ORs) are heteromeric ligand-gated cation channels composed of a common olfactory receptor subunit (ORco) and a variable subunit (ORx) of as yet unknown structures and undetermined stoichiometries. In this study, we examined the allosteric modulation exerted on Anopheles gambiae heteromeric ORx/ORco olfactory receptors in vitro by a specific class of ORco agonists (OAs) comprising ORcoRAM2 and VUAA1. High OA concentrations produced stronger functional responses in cells expressing heteromeric receptor channels relative to cells expressing ORco alone. These OA-induced responses of ORx/ORco channels were also notably much stronger than those obtained upon administration of ORx-specific ligands to the same receptors. Most importantly, small concentrations of OAs were found to act as strong potentiators of ORx/ORco function, increasing dramatically both the efficacy and potency of ORx-specific odorants. These results suggest that insect heteromeric ORs are highly dynamic complexes adopting different conformations that change in a concerted fashion as a result of the interplay between the subunits of the oligomeric assemblies, and that allosteric modulation may constitute an important element in the modulation and fining tuning of olfactory reception function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kostas Iatrou
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”Athens, Greece
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174
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Zhang B, Zhang W, Nie RE, Li WZ, Segraves KA, Yang XK, Xue HJ. Comparative transcriptome analysis of chemosensory genes in two sister leaf beetles provides insights into chemosensory speciation. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 79:108-118. [PMID: 27836740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Divergence in chemosensory traits has been posited as an important component of chemosensory speciation in insects. In particular, chemosensory genes expressed in the peripheral sensory neurons are likely to influence insect behaviors such as preference for food, oviposition sites, and mates. Despite their key role in insect behavior and potentially speciation, the underlying genetic basis for divergence in chemosensory traits remains largely unexplored. One way to ascertain the role of chemosensory genes in speciation is to make comparisons of these genes across closely related species to detect the genetic signatures of divergence. Here, we used high throughput transcriptome analysis to compare chemosensory genes of the sister leaf beetles species Pyrrhalta maculicollis and P. aenescens, whose sexual isolation and host plant preference are mediated by divergent chemical signals. Although there was low overall divergence between transcriptome profiles, there were a number of genes that were differentially expressed between the species. Furthermore, we also detected two chemosensory genes under positive selection, one of which that was also differentially expressed between the species, suggesting a possible role for these genes in chemical-based premating reproductive isolation and host use. Combined with the available chemical and ecological work in this system, further studies of the divergent chemosensory genes presented here will provide insight into the process of chemosensory speciation among Pyrrhalta beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Rui-E Nie
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wen-Zhu Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kari A Segraves
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States; Archbold Biological Station, 123 Main Drive, Venus, FL 33960, United States.
| | - Xing-Ke Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Huai-Jun Xue
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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175
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Abstract
The olfactory system removes correlations in natural odors using a network of inhibitory neurons in the olfactory bulb. It has been proposed that this network integrates the response from all olfactory receptors and inhibits them equally. However, how such global inhibition influences the neural representations of odors is unclear. Here, we study a simple statistical model of the processing in the olfactory bulb, which leads to concentration-invariant, sparse representations of the odor composition. We show that the inhibition strength can be tuned to obtain sparse representations that are still useful to discriminate odors that vary in relative concentration, size, and composition. The model reveals two generic consequences of global inhibition: (i) odors with many molecular species are more difficult to discriminate and (ii) receptor arrays with heterogeneous sensitivities perform badly. Comparing these predictions to experiments will help us to understand the role of global inhibition in shaping normalized odor representations in the olfactory bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zwicker
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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176
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Morphological and Transcriptomic Analysis of a Beetle Chemosensory System Reveals a Gnathal Olfactory Center. BMC Biol 2016; 14:90. [PMID: 27751175 PMCID: PMC5067906 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0304-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum is an emerging insect model organism representing the largest insect order, Coleoptera, which encompasses several serious agricultural and forest pests. Despite the ecological and economic importance of beetles, most insect olfaction studies have so far focused on dipteran, lepidopteran, or hymenopteran systems. RESULTS Here, we present the first detailed morphological description of a coleopteran olfactory pathway in combination with genome-wide expression analysis of the relevant gene families involved in chemoreception. Our study revealed that besides the antennae, also the mouthparts are highly involved in olfaction and that their respective contribution is processed separately. In this beetle, olfactory sensory neurons from the mouthparts project to the lobus glomerulatus, a structure so far only characterized in hemimetabolous insects, as well as to a so far non-described unpaired glomerularly organized olfactory neuropil in the gnathal ganglion, which we term the gnathal olfactory center. The high number of functional odorant receptor genes expressed in the mouthparts also supports the importance of the maxillary and labial palps in olfaction of this beetle. Moreover, gustatory perception seems equally distributed between antenna and mouthparts, since the number of expressed gustatory receptors is similar for both organs. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis of the T. castaneum chemosensory system confirms that olfactory and gustatory perception are not organotopically separated to the antennae and mouthparts, respectively. The identification of additional olfactory processing centers, the lobus glomerulatus and the gnathal olfactory center, is in contrast to the current picture that in holometabolous insects all olfactory inputs allegedly converge in the antennal lobe. These findings indicate that Holometabola have evolved a wider variety of solutions to chemoreception than previously assumed.
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177
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Andersson MN, Corcoran JA, Zhang DD, Hillbur Y, Newcomb RD, Löfstedt C. A Sex Pheromone Receptor in the Hessian Fly Mayetiola destructor (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:212. [PMID: 27656130 PMCID: PMC5013046 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor Say (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), is a pest of wheat and belongs to a group of gall-inducing herbivores. This species has a unique life history and several ecological features that differentiate it from other Diptera such as Drosophila melanogaster and blood-feeding mosquitoes. These features include a short, non-feeding adult life stage (1-2 days) and the use of a long-range sex pheromone produced and released by adult females. Sex pheromones are detected by members of the odorant receptor (OR) family within the Lepidoptera, but no receptors for similar long-range sex pheromones have been characterized from the Diptera. Previously, 122 OR genes have been annotated from the Hessian fly genome, with many of them showing sex-biased expression in the antennae. Here we have expressed, in HEK293 cells, five MdesORs that display male-biased expression in antennae, and we have identified MdesOR115 as a Hessian fly sex pheromone receptor. MdesOR115 responds primarily to the sex pheromone component (2S,8E,10E)-8,10-tridecadien-2-yl acetate, and secondarily to the corresponding Z,E-isomer. Certain sensory neuron membrane proteins (i.e., SNMP1) are important for responses of pheromone receptors in flies and moths. The Hessian fly genome is unusual in that it encodes six SNMP1 paralogs, of which five are expressed in antennae. We co-expressed each of the five antennal SNMP1 paralogs together with each of the five candidate sex pheromone receptors from the Hessian fly and found that they do not influence the response of MdesOR115, nor do they confer responsiveness in any of the non-responsive ORs to any of the sex pheromone components identified to date in the Hessian fly. Using Western blots, we detected protein expression of MdesOrco, all MdesSNMPs, and all MdesORs except for MdesOR113, potentially explaining the lack of response from this OR. In conclusion, we report the first functional characterization of an OR from the Cecidomyiidae, extending the role of ORs as long-range sex pheromone detectors from the Lepidoptera into the Diptera.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ylva Hillbur
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Richard D Newcomb
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd Auckland, New Zealand
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178
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Zhang X, Gaudry Q. Functional integration of a serotonergic neuron in the Drosophila antennal lobe. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27572257 PMCID: PMC5030083 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin plays a critical role in regulating many behaviors that rely on olfaction and recently there has been great effort in determining how this molecule functions in vivo. However, it remains unknown how serotonergic neurons that innervate the first olfactory relay respond to odor stimulation and how they integrate synaptically into local circuits. We examined the sole pair of serotonergic neurons that innervates the Drosophila antennal lobe (the first olfactory relay) to characterize their physiology, connectivity, and contribution to pheromone processing. We report that nearly all odors inhibit these cells, likely through connections made reciprocally within the antennal lobe. Pharmacological and immunohistochemical analyses reveal that these neurons likely release acetylcholine in addition to serotonin and that exogenous and endogenous serotonin have opposing effects on olfactory responses. Finally, we show that activation of the entire serotonergic network, as opposed to only activation of those fibers innervating the antennal lobe, may be required for persistent serotonergic modulation of pheromone responses in the antennal lobe. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16836.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
| | - Quentin Gaudry
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
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179
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Presynaptic GABA Receptors Mediate Temporal Contrast Enhancement in Drosophila Olfactory Sensory Neurons and Modulate Odor-Driven Behavioral Kinetics. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0080-16. [PMID: 27588305 PMCID: PMC4994068 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0080-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrast enhancement mediated by lateral inhibition within the nervous system enhances the detection of salient features of visual and auditory stimuli, such as spatial and temporal edges. However, it remains unclear how mechanisms for temporal contrast enhancement in the olfactory system can enhance the detection of odor plume edges during navigation. To address this question, we delivered to Drosophila melanogaster flies pulses of high odor intensity that induce sustained peripheral responses in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). We use optical electrophysiology to directly measure electrical responses in presynaptic terminals and demonstrate that sustained peripheral responses are temporally sharpened by the combined activity of two types of inhibitory GABA receptors to generate contrast-enhanced voltage responses in central OSN axon terminals. Furthermore, we show how these GABA receptors modulate the time course of innate behavioral responses after odor pulse termination, demonstrating an important role for temporal contrast enhancement in odor-guided navigation.
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180
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Olender T, Keydar I, Pinto JM, Tatarskyy P, Alkelai A, Chien MS, Fishilevich S, Restrepo D, Matsunami H, Gilad Y, Lancet D. The human olfactory transcriptome. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:619. [PMID: 27515280 PMCID: PMC4982115 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2960-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfaction is a versatile sensory mechanism for detecting thousands of volatile odorants. Although molecular basis of odorant signaling is relatively well understood considerable gaps remain in the complete charting of all relevant gene products. To address this challenge, we applied RNAseq to four well-characterized human olfactory epithelial samples and compared the results to novel and published mouse olfactory epithelium as well as 16 human control tissues. RESULTS We identified 194 non-olfactory receptor (OR) genes that are overexpressed in human olfactory tissues vs. CONTROLS The highest overexpression is seen for lipocalins and bactericidal/permeability-increasing (BPI)-fold proteins, which in other species include secreted odorant carriers. Mouse-human discordance in orthologous lipocalin expression suggests different mammalian evolutionary paths in this family. Of the overexpressed genes 36 have documented olfactory function while for 158 there is little or no previous such functional evidence. The latter group includes GPCRs, neuropeptides, solute carriers, transcription factors and biotransformation enzymes. Many of them may be indirectly implicated in sensory function, and ~70 % are over expressed also in mouse olfactory epithelium, corroborating their olfactory role. Nearly 90 % of the intact OR repertoire, and ~60 % of the OR pseudogenes are expressed in the olfactory epithelium, with the latter showing a 3-fold lower expression. ORs transcription levels show a 1000-fold inter-paralog variation, as well as significant inter-individual differences. We assembled 160 transcripts representing 100 intact OR genes. These include 1-4 short 5' non-coding exons with considerable alternative splicing and long last exons that contain the coding region and 3' untranslated region of highly variable length. Notably, we identified 10 ORs with an intact open reading frame but with seemingly non-functional transcripts, suggesting a yet unreported OR pseudogenization mechanism. Analysis of the OR upstream regions indicated an enrichment of the homeobox family transcription factor binding sites and a consensus localization of a specific transcription factor binding site subfamily (Olf/EBF). CONCLUSIONS We provide an overview of expression levels of ORs and auxiliary genes in human olfactory epithelium. This forms a transcriptomic view of the entire OR repertoire, and reveals a large number of over-expressed uncharacterized human non-receptor genes, providing a platform for future discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsviya Olender
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Ifat Keydar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jayant M Pinto
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pavlo Tatarskyy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anna Alkelai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ming-Shan Chien
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Department of Neurobiology, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Simon Fishilevich
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Diego Restrepo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Neuroscience Program, and Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hiroaki Matsunami
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Department of Neurobiology, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yoav Gilad
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Doron Lancet
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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181
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Im S, Moon C. Transcriptional regulatory network during development in the olfactory epithelium. BMB Rep 2016; 48:599-608. [PMID: 26303973 PMCID: PMC4911201 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2015.48.11.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration, a process of reconstitution of the entire tissue, occurs throughout life in the olfactory epithelium (OE). Regeneration of OE consists of several stages: proliferation of progenitors, cell fate determination between neuronal and non-neuronal lineages, their differentiation and maturation. How the differentiated cell types that comprise the OE are regenerated, is one of the central questions in olfactory developmental neurobiology. The past decade has witnessed considerable progress regarding the regulation of transcription factors (TFs) involved in the remarkable regenerative potential of OE. Here, we review current state of knowledge of the transcriptional regulatory networks that are powerful modulators of the acquisition and maintenance of developmental stages during regeneration in the OE. Advance in our understanding of regeneration will not only shed light on the basic principles of adult plasticity of cell identity, but may also lead to new approaches for using stem cells and reprogramming after injury or degenerative neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeungYeong Im
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Cheil Moon
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 42988, Korea
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182
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Zhang SF, Kong XB, Wang HB, Zhou G, Yu JX, Liu F, Zhang Z. Sensory and immune genes identification and analysis in a widely used parasitoid wasp Trichogramma dendrolimi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:417-429. [PMID: 26940718 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is one of the preponderant egg parasitoids of Dendrolimus spp., which are important defoliators of coniferous forests. This parasitoid wasp has been widely released to control pine caterpillar and other lepidopteran pests, but its control efficiency needs to be improved. Sensory systems are crucial for T. dendrolimi to locate hosts, and immunity is probably involved after egg deposition in the host cavity; however, few reports have focused on the molecular mechanism of olfactory detection and survival of T. dendrolimi. It is necessary to identify these genes before further functional research is conducted. In this study, we assembled and analyzed the transcriptome of T. dendrolimi using next-generation sequencing technology. The sequencing and assembly resulted in 38 565 contigs with N50 of 3422 bp. Sequence comparison indicate that T. dendrolimi sequences are very similar to those of another parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis. Then the olfactory, vision, and immune-related gene families were identified, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with these genes from T. dendrolimi and other model insect species. Furthermore, phylogenetic tree with odorant binding proteins of T. dendrolimi and their host Dendrolimus was constructed to determine whether convergent evolution exists. These genes can be valid targets for further gene function research. The present study may help us to understand host location and survival mechanisms of T. dendrolimi and to use them more efficiently for pest control in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Fang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Bo Kong
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, China
| | - Jin-Xiu Yu
- Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, China
| | - Fu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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183
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184
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Zhu G, Tang W, Wang L, Wang C, Wang X. Identification of a uniquely expanded V1R (ORA) gene family in the Japanese grenadier anchovy ( Coilia nasus). MARINE BIOLOGY 2016; 163:126. [PMID: 27340293 PMCID: PMC4853444 DOI: 10.1007/s00227-016-2896-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies have suggested that olfaction plays an important role in fish migration. Fish use several distinct families of olfactory receptors to detect environmental odorants, including MORs (main olfactory receptors), V1Rs (vomeronasal type-1 receptors), V2Rs (vomeronasal type-2 receptors), TAARs (trace amine-associated receptors), and FPRs (formyl peptide receptors). The V1Rs have been reported to detect pheromones, and a pheromone hypothesis for the spawning migration of anadromous fish has been proposed. Examining whether Coilia nasus relies on V1R-mediated olfaction for spawning migration is important for understanding the molecular basis of spawning migration behavior. Here, we explored the V1R gene family in anadromous C. nasus. Six V1R genes previously reported in other teleost fish were successfully identified. Interestingly, we detected the largest V1R repertoire in teleost fish from C. nasus and identified a species-specific expansion event of V1R3 gene that has previously been detected as single-copy genes in other teleost fish. The V1R loci were found to be populated with repetitive sequences, especially in the expanded V1R3 genes. Additionally, the divergence of V1R3 genetic structures in different populations of C. nasus indicates the copy number variation (CNV) in V1R3 gene among individuals of C. nasus. Most of the putative C. nasus V1R genes were expressed primarily in the olfactory epithelium, consistent with the role of the gene products as functional olfactory receptors. Significant differences in the expression levels of V1R genes were detected between the anadromous and non-anadromous C. nasus. This study represents a first step in the elucidation of the olfactory communication system of C. nasus at the molecular level. Our results indicate that some V1R genes may be involved in the spawning migration of C. nasus, and the study provides new insights into the spawning migration and genome evolution of C. nasus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Zhu
- />College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqiao Tang
- />College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangjiang Wang
- />Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina USA
| | - Cong Wang
- />College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- />College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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185
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Odorant receptors of Drosophila are sensitive to the molecular volume of odorants. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25103. [PMID: 27112241 PMCID: PMC4844992 DOI: 10.1038/srep25103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Which properties of a molecule define its odor? This is a basic yet unanswered question regarding the olfactory system. The olfactory system of Drosophila has a repertoire of approximately 60 odorant receptors. Molecules bind to odorant receptors with different affinities and activate them with different efficacies, thus providing a combinatorial code that identifies odorants. We hypothesized that the binding affinity of an odorant-receptor pair is affected by their relative sizes. The maximum affinity can be attained when the molecular volume of an odorant matches the volume of the binding pocket. The affinity drops to zero when the sizes are too different, thus obscuring the effects of other molecular properties. We developed a mathematical formulation of this hypothesis and verified it using Drosophila data. We also predicted the volume and structural flexibility of the binding site of each odorant receptor; these features significantly differ between odorant receptors. The differences in the volumes and structural flexibilities of different odorant receptor binding sites may explain the difference in the scents of similar molecules with different sizes.
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186
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Derby CD, Kozma MT, Senatore A, Schmidt M. Molecular Mechanisms of Reception and Perireception in Crustacean Chemoreception: A Comparative Review. Chem Senses 2016; 41:381-98. [PMID: 27107425 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjw057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes our present knowledge of chemoreceptor proteins in crustaceans, using a comparative perspective to review these molecules in crustaceans relative to other metazoan models of chemoreception including mammals, insects, nematodes, and molluscs. Evolution has resulted in unique expansions of specific gene families and repurposing of them for chemosensation in various clades, including crustaceans. A major class of chemoreceptor proteins across crustaceans is the Ionotropic Receptors, which diversified from ionotropic glutamate receptors in ancient protostomes but which are not present in deuterostomes. Representatives of another major class of chemoreceptor proteins-the Grl/GR/OR family of ionotropic 7-transmembrane receptors-are diversified in insects but to date have been reported in only one crustacean species, Daphnia pulex So far, canonic 7-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors, the principal chemoreceptors in vertebrates and reported in a few protostome clades, have not been identified in crustaceans. More types of chemoreceptors are known throughout the metazoans and might well be expected to be discovered in crustaceans. Our review also provides a comparative coverage of perireceptor events in crustacean chemoreception, including molecules involved in stimulus acquisition, stimulus delivery, and stimulus removal, though much less is known about these events in crustaceans, particularly at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adriano Senatore
- Present address: Biology Department, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
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187
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Ahmed T, Zhang T, Wang Z, He K, Bai S. Gene set of chemosensory receptors in the polyembryonic endoparasitoid Macrocentrus cingulum. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24078. [PMID: 27090020 PMCID: PMC4835793 DOI: 10.1038/srep24078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are extremely successful animals whose odor perception is very prominent due to their sophisticated olfactory system. The main chemosensory organ, antennae play a critical role in detecting odor in ambient environment before initiating appropriate behavioral responses. The antennal chemosensory receptor genes families have been suggested to be involved in olfactory signal transduction pathway as a sensory neuron response. The Macrocentrus cingulum is deployed successfully as a biological control agent for corn pest insects from the Lepidopteran genus Ostrinia. In this research, we assembled antennal transcriptomes of M. cingulum by using next generation sequencing to identify the major chemosensory receptors gene families. In total, 112 olfactory receptors candidates (79 odorant receptors, 20 gustatory receptors, and 13 ionotropic receptors) have been identified from the male and female antennal transcriptome. The sequences of all of these transcripts were confirmed by RT-PCR, and direct DNA sequencing. Expression profiles of gustatory receptors in olfactory and non-olfactory tissues were measured by RT-qPCR. The sex-specific and sex-biased chemoreceptors expression patterns suggested that they may have important functions in sense detection which behaviorally relevant to odor molecules. This reported result provides a comprehensive resource of the foundation in semiochemicals driven behaviors at molecular level in polyembryonic endoparasitoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tofael Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory for the Biology of the Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.,Bangladesh Sugarcrop Research Institute, Ishurdi-6620, Pabna, Bangladesh
| | - Tiantao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Biology of the Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for the Biology of the Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kanglai He
- State Key Laboratory for the Biology of the Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuxiong Bai
- State Key Laboratory for the Biology of the Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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188
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Singh NK, Eliash N, Stein I, Kamer Y, Ilia Z, Rafaeli A, Soroker V. Identification and gene-silencing of a putative odorant receptor transcription factor in Varroa destructor: possible role in olfaction. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 25:181-190. [PMID: 26801167 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor is one of the major threats to apiculture. Using a behavioural choice bioassay, we determined that phoretic mites were more successful in reaching a bee than reproductive mites, suggesting an energy trade-off between reproduction and host selection. We used both chemo-ecological and molecular strategies to identify the regulation of the olfactory machinery of Varroa and its association with reproduction. We focused on transcription regulation. Using primers designed to the conserved DNA binding region of transcription factors, we identified a gene transcript in V. destructor homologous to the pheromone receptor transcription factor (PRTF) gene of Pediculus humanus corporis. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) revealed that this PRTF-like gene transcript is expressed in the forelegs at higher levels than in the body devoid of forelegs. Subsequent comparative qPCR analysis showed that transcript expression was significantly higher in the phoretic as compared to the reproductive stage. Electrophysiological and behavioural studies revealed a reduction in the sensitivity of PRTF RNA interference-silenced mites to bee headspace, consistent with a reduction in the mites' ability to reach a host. In addition, vitellogenin expression was stimulated in PRTF-silenced mites to similar levels as found in reproductive mites. These data shed light upon the regulatory mechanism of host chemosensing in V. destructor.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Singh
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - N Eliash
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
- Institute of Agroecology and Plant Health, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - I Stein
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Y Kamer
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Z Ilia
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - A Rafaeli
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - V Soroker
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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189
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Li J, Zhang L, Wang X. AN ODORANT-BINDING PROTEIN INVOLVED IN PERCEPTION OF HOST PLANT ODORANTS IN LOCUST Locusta migratoria. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 91:221-229. [PMID: 26864243 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Locusts, Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae), are extremely destructive agricultural pests, but very little is known of their molecular aspects of perception to host plant odorants including related odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), though several OBPs have been identified in locust. To elucidate the function of LmigOBP1, the first OBP identified from locust, RNA interference was employed in this study to silence LmigOBP1, which was achieved by injection of dsRNA targeting LmigOBP1 into the hemolymph of male nymphs. Compared with LmigOBP1 normal nymphs, LmigOBP1 knockdown nymphs significantly decreased food (maize leaf, Zea mays) consumption and electro-antennography responses to five maize leaf volatiles, ((Z)-3-hexenol, linalool, nonanal, decanal, and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate). These suggest that LmigOBP1 is involved in perception of host plant odorants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Key Lab for Biological Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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190
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Mukherjee S, Jansen V, Jikeli JF, Hamzeh H, Alvarez L, Dombrowski M, Balbach M, Strünker T, Seifert R, Kaupp UB, Wachten D. A novel biosensor to study cAMP dynamics in cilia and flagella. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27003291 PMCID: PMC4811770 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular messenger cAMP regulates multiple cellular functions, including signaling in cilia and flagella. The cAMP dynamics in these subcellular compartments are ill-defined. We introduce a novel FRET-based cAMP biosensor with nanomolar sensitivity that is out of reach for other sensors. To measure cAMP dynamics in the sperm flagellum, we generated transgenic mice and reveal that the hitherto methods determining total cAMP levels do not reflect changes in free cAMP levels. Moreover, cAMP dynamics in the midpiece and principal piece of the flagellum are distinctively different. The sole cAMP source in the flagellum is the soluble adenylate cyclase (SACY). Although bicarbonate-dependent SACY activity requires Ca2+, basal SACY activity is suppressed by Ca2+. Finally, we also applied the sensor to primary cilia. Our new cAMP biosensor features unique characteristics that allow gaining new insights into cAMP signaling and unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying ciliary function in vitro and in vivo. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14052.001 Cells can change the way they grow, move or develop in response to information from their environment. This information is first detected at the surface of the cell and then the information is relayed around the interior of the cell by signaling molecules known as “second messengers”. A molecule called cAMP is a well-known second messenger that is involved in many different signaling pathways. Therefore, the levels of cAMP in specific areas of the cell need to be precisely regulated to enable different signaling pathways to be activated at specific times and locations. Some cells have hair-like structures called cilia or flagella on their surface. Cilia and flagella are able to move the fluid that surrounds the cells or even move the cells themselves. The second messenger cAMP plays an essential role in making cilia move, but it is challenging to analyze the dynamics of cAMP – that this, how the levels of this molecule change over time – in these structures. The levels of cAMP in live cells can only be measured using fluorescent biosensors. Introducing these biosensors into specific cell structures is difficult and they are not sensitive enough to respond to low levels of cAMP. Furthermore, it is difficult to measure cAMP activity inside such tiny structures using these biosensors. Mukherjee, Jansen, Jikeli et al. now address some of these challenges by creating a new cAMP biosensor that has several unique features. Most importantly, it can respond to very low levels of cAMP, making it more sensitive than previous biosensors. Mukherjee et al. test this new biosensor in the flagella of sperm cells from mice, which reveals how the production of cAMP is regulated in the flagellum. The new biosensor also shows that different parts of the flagellum can have different cAMP dynamics. In the future, this new biosensor could be used to study cAMP in other structures and compartments within cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14052.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatanik Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular Sensory Systems, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vera Jansen
- Minerva Max Planck Research Group, Molecular Physiology, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan F Jikeli
- Minerva Max Planck Research Group, Molecular Physiology, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hussein Hamzeh
- Minerva Max Planck Research Group, Molecular Physiology, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luis Alvarez
- Department of Molecular Sensory Systems, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marco Dombrowski
- Minerva Max Planck Research Group, Molecular Physiology, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Melanie Balbach
- Department of Molecular Sensory Systems, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Timo Strünker
- Department of Molecular Sensory Systems, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany.,Centrum für Reproduktionsmedizin und Andrologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Reinhard Seifert
- Department of Molecular Sensory Systems, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - U Benjamin Kaupp
- Department of Molecular Sensory Systems, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wachten
- Minerva Max Planck Research Group, Molecular Physiology, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
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191
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Eyun SI, Moriyama H, Hoffmann FG, Moriyama EN. Molecular Evolution and Functional Divergence of Trace Amine-Associated Receptors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151023. [PMID: 26963722 PMCID: PMC4786312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) are a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily and are known to be expressed in olfactory sensory neurons. A limited number of molecular evolutionary studies have been done for TAARs so far. To elucidate how lineage-specific evolution contributed to their functional divergence, we examined 30 metazoan genomes. In total, 493 TAAR gene candidates (including 84 pseudogenes) were identified from 26 vertebrate genomes. TAARs were not identified from non-vertebrate genomes. An ancestral-type TAAR-like gene appeared to have emerged in lamprey. We found four therian-specific TAAR subfamilies (one eutherian-specific and three metatherian-specific) in addition to previously known nine subfamilies. Many species-specific TAAR gene duplications and losses contributed to a large variation of TAAR gene numbers among mammals, ranging from 0 in dolphin to 26 in flying fox. TAARs are classified into two groups based on binding preferences for primary or tertiary amines as well as their sequence similarities. Primary amine-detecting TAARs (TAAR1-4) have emerged earlier, generally have single-copy orthologs (very few duplication or loss), and have evolved under strong functional constraints. In contrast, tertiary amine-detecting TAARs (TAAR5-9) have emerged more recently and the majority of them experienced higher rates of gene duplications. Protein members that belong to the tertiary amine-detecting TAAR group also showed the patterns of positive selection especially in the area surrounding the ligand-binding pocket, which could have affected ligand-binding activities and specificities. Expansions of the tertiary amine-detecting TAAR gene family may have played important roles in terrestrial adaptations of therian mammals. Molecular evolution of the TAAR gene family appears to be governed by a complex, species-specific, interplay between environmental and evolutionary factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-il Eyun
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, United States of America
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, United States of America
| | - Hideaki Moriyama
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, United States of America
| | - Federico G. Hoffmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology and Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing, and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, United States of America
| | - Etsuko N. Moriyama
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, United States of America
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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192
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Mukunda L, Miazzi F, Sargsyan V, Hansson BS, Wicher D. Calmodulin Affects Sensitization of Drosophila melanogaster Odorant Receptors. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:28. [PMID: 26903813 PMCID: PMC4751262 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flying insects have developed a remarkably sensitive olfactory system to detect faint and turbulent odor traces. This ability is linked to the olfactory receptors class of odorant receptors (ORs), occurring exclusively in winged insects. ORs form heteromeric complexes of an odorant specific receptor protein (OrX) and a highly conserved co-receptor protein (Orco). The ORs form ligand gated ion channels that are tuned by intracellular signaling systems. Repetitive subthreshold odor stimulation of olfactory sensory neurons sensitizes insect ORs. This OR sensitization process requires Orco activity. In the present study we first asked whether OR sensitization can be monitored with heterologously expressed OR proteins. Using electrophysiological and calcium imaging methods we demonstrate that D. melanogaster OR proteins expressed in CHO cells show sensitization upon repeated weak stimulation. This was found for OR channels formed by Orco as well as by Or22a or Or56a and Orco. Moreover, we show that inhibition of calmodulin (CaM) action on OR proteins, expressed in CHO cells, abolishes any sensitization. Finally, we investigated the sensitization phenomenon using an ex vivo preparation of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) expressing Or22a inside the fly's antenna. Using calcium imaging, we observed sensitization in the dendrites as well as in the soma. Inhibition of calmodulin with W7 disrupted the sensitization within the outer dendritic shaft, whereas the sensitization remained in the other OSN compartments. Taken together, our results suggest that CaM action is involved in sensitizing the OR complex and that this mechanisms accounts for the sensitization in the outer dendrites, whereas further mechanisms contribute to the sensitization observed in the other OSN compartments. The use of heterologously expressed OR proteins appears to be suitable for further investigations on the mechanistic basis of OR sensitization, while investigations on native neurons are required to study the presently unknown additional mechanisms involved in OSN sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha Mukunda
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena, Germany
| | - Fabio Miazzi
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena, Germany
| | - Vardanush Sargsyan
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena, Germany
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena, Germany
| | - Dieter Wicher
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena, Germany
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193
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Marchal S, Bregeras O, Puaux D, Gervais R, Ferry B. Rigorous Training of Dogs Leads to High Accuracy in Human Scent Matching-To-Sample Performance. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146963. [PMID: 26863620 PMCID: PMC4749222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human scent identification is based on a matching-to-sample task in which trained dogs are required to compare a scent sample collected from an object found at a crime scene to that of a suspect. Based on dogs’ greater olfactory ability to detect and process odours, this method has been used in forensic investigations to identify the odour of a suspect at a crime scene. The excellent reliability and reproducibility of the method largely depend on rigor in dog training. The present study describes the various steps of training that lead to high sensitivity scores, with dogs matching samples with 90% efficiency when the complexity of the scents presented during the task in the sample is similar to that presented in the in lineups, and specificity reaching a ceiling, with no false alarms in human scent matching-to-sample tasks. This high level of accuracy ensures reliable results in judicial human scent identification tests. Also, our data should convince law enforcement authorities to use these results as official forensic evidence when dogs are trained appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Marchal
- Division of the Technical and Scientific Police (DTSP), Central Direction of the Judicial Police, Central Service of the Judicial Identity, Forensic Section, 31 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, F-69134, Ecully, Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Bregeras
- Division of the Technical and Scientific Police (DTSP), Central Direction of the Judicial Police, Central Service of the Judicial Identity, Forensic Section, 31 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, F-69134, Ecully, Cedex, France
| | - Didier Puaux
- Division of the Technical and Scientific Police (DTSP), Central Direction of the Judicial Police, Central Service of the Judicial Identity, Forensic Section, 31 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, F-69134, Ecully, Cedex, France
| | - Rémi Gervais
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon— UMR CNRS 5292 — INSERM U 1028 — Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 50 avenue Tony Garnier, F-69366, Lyon, France
| | - Barbara Ferry
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon— UMR CNRS 5292 — INSERM U 1028 — Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 50 avenue Tony Garnier, F-69366, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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194
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Latorre-Estivalis JM, de Oliveira ES, Beiral Esteves B, Santos Guimarães L, Neves Ramos M, Lorenzo MG. Patterns of expression of odorant receptor genes in a Chagas disease vector. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 69:71-81. [PMID: 26003917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Rhodnius prolixus is a triatomine bug acting as a relevant vector of Chagas disease for which the genome sequence has been recently made available. Based on this information, a set of olfactory (ORs) and ionotropic receptor (IRs) genes potentially related to olfactory processes was characterized, and the expression patterns along bug development and in different structures potentially involved in promoting chemosensory-mediated behaviors were studied. For this, diverse bioinformatic procedures were used to validate gene models analyzing their structural and functional features and designing specific primers. Evolutionary relationships among R. prolixus olfactory coreceptors (RproOrco, RproIR25a, RproIR8a and RproIR76b) and their orthologues from other insects were shown to have mostly good bootstrap support values in phylogenetic trees. Moreover, antennal expression was confirmed for most genes included in the study. Both ORs and IRs showed antennal expression along the whole development of bugs of this species, with few exceptional receptors showing gradually increasing expression or expression restricted to the antennae of adult bugs. Finally, the expression of most of the selected genes was confirmed in other structures, such as rostri, tarsi, tibial pads and genitalia, which are potentially involved in promoting chemosensory-mediated behaviors. These results are discussed in terms of their relevance to advance in the understanding of the molecular bases of triatomine behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Latorre-Estivalis
- Vector Behavior and Pathogen Interaction Group, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR) - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Emerson Soares de Oliveira
- Vector Behavior and Pathogen Interaction Group, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR) - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Barbara Beiral Esteves
- Vector Behavior and Pathogen Interaction Group, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR) - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Letícia Santos Guimarães
- Vector Behavior and Pathogen Interaction Group, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR) - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marina Neves Ramos
- Vector Behavior and Pathogen Interaction Group, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR) - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Gustavo Lorenzo
- Vector Behavior and Pathogen Interaction Group, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR) - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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195
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Dong J, Song Y, Li W, Shi J, Wang Z. Identification of Putative Chemosensory Receptor Genes from the Athetis dissimilis Antennal Transcriptome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147768. [PMID: 26812239 PMCID: PMC4727905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfaction plays a crucial role in insect population survival and reproduction. Identification of the genes associated with the olfactory system, without the doubt will promote studying the insect chemical communication system. In this study, RNA-seq technology was used to sequence the antennae transcriptome of Athetis dissimilis, an emerging crop pest in China with limited genomic information, with the purpose of identifying the gene set involved in olfactory recognition. Analysis of the transcriptome of female and male antennae generated 13.74 Gb clean reads in total from which 98,001 unigenes were assembled, and 25,930 unigenes were annotated. Total of 60 olfactory receptors (ORs), 18 gustatory receptors (GRs), and 12 ionotropic receptors (IRs) were identified by Blast and sequence similarity analyzes. One obligated olfactory receptor co-receptor (Orco) and four conserved sex pheromone receptors (PRs) were annotated in 60 ORs. Among the putative GRs, five genes (AdisGR1, 6, 7, 8 and 94) clustered in the sugar receptor family, and two genes (AdisGR3 and 93) involved in CO2 detection were identified. Finally, AdisIR8a.1 and AdisIR8a.2 co-receptors were identified in the group of candidate IRs. Furthermore, expression levels of these chemosensory receptor genes in female and male antennae were analyzed by mapping the Illumina reads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Dong
- Forestry College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Yueqin Song
- Forestry College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Wenliang Li
- Forestry College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for the Biology of the Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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196
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Zhou CX, Min SF, Yan-Long T, Wang MQ. Analysis of antennal transcriptome and odorant binding protein expression profiles of the recently identified parasitoid wasp, Sclerodermus sp. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2015; 16:10-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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197
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Tromelin
- CNRS; UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
- INRA; UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
- Université de Bourgogne; UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
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198
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Ben-Shaul Y. Extracting Social Information from Chemosensory Cues: Consideration of Several Scenarios and Their Functional Implications. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:439. [PMID: 26635515 PMCID: PMC4653286 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Across all sensory modalities, stimuli can vary along multiple dimensions. Efficient extraction of information requires sensitivity to those stimulus dimensions that provide behaviorally relevant information. To derive social information from chemosensory cues, sensory systems must embed information about the relationships between behaviorally relevant traits of individuals and the distributions of the chemical cues that are informative about these traits. In simple cases, the mere presence of one particular compound is sufficient to guide appropriate behavior. However, more generally, chemosensory information is conveyed via relative levels of multiple chemical cues, in non-trivial ways. The computations and networks needed to derive information from multi-molecule stimuli are distinct from those required by single molecule cues. Our current knowledge about how socially relevant information is encoded by chemical blends, and how it is extracted by chemosensory systems is very limited. This manuscript explores several scenarios and the neuronal computations required to identify them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoram Ben-Shaul
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hebrew University Medical School Jerusalem, Israel
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199
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Carraher C, Dalziel J, Jordan MD, Christie DL, Newcomb RD, Kralicek AV. Towards an understanding of the structural basis for insect olfaction by odorant receptors. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 66:31-41. [PMID: 26416146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Insects have co-opted a unique family of seven transmembrane proteins for odour sensing. Odorant receptors are believed to have evolved from gustatory receptors somewhere at the base of the Hexapoda and have expanded substantially to become the dominant class of odour recognition elements within the Insecta. These odorant receptors comprise an obligate co-receptor, Orco, and one of a family of highly divergent odorant "tuning" receptors. The two subunits are thought to come together at some as-yet unknown stoichiometry to form a functional complex that is capable of both ionotropic and metabotropic signalling. While there are still no 3D structures for these proteins, site-directed mutagenesis, resonance energy transfer, and structural modelling efforts, all mainly on Drosophila odorant receptors, are beginning to inform hypotheses of their structures and how such complexes function in odour detection. Some of the loops, especially the second extracellular loop that has been suggested to form a lid over the binding pocket, and the extracellular regions of some transmembrane helices, especially the third and to a less extent the sixth and seventh, have been implicated in ligand recognition in tuning receptors. The possible interaction between Orco and tuning receptor subunits through the final intracellular loop and the adjacent transmembrane helices is thought to be important for transducing ligand binding into receptor activation. Potential phosphorylation sites and a calmodulin binding site in the second intracellular loop of Orco are also thought to be involved in regulating channel gating. A number of new methods have recently been developed to express and purify insect odorant receptor subunits in recombinant expression systems. These approaches are enabling high throughput screening of receptors for agonists and antagonists in cell-based formats, as well as producing protein for the application of biophysical methods to resolve the 3D structure of the subunits and their complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm Carraher
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Julie Dalziel
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Melissa D Jordan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - David L Christie
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Richard D Newcomb
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew V Kralicek
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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200
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Baud O, Yuan S, Veya L, Filipek S, Vogel H, Pick H. Exchanging ligand-binding specificity between a pair of mouse olfactory receptor paralogs reveals odorant recognition principles. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14948. [PMID: 26449412 PMCID: PMC4598832 DOI: 10.1038/srep14948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A multi-gene family of ~1000 G protein-coupled olfactory receptors (ORs) constitutes the molecular basis of mammalian olfaction. Due to the lack of structural data its remarkable capacity to detect and discriminate thousands of odorants remains poorly understood on the structural level of the receptor. Using site-directed mutagenesis we transferred ligand specificity between two functionally related ORs and thereby revealed amino acid residues of central importance for odorant recognition and discrimination of the two receptors. By exchanging two of three residues, differing at equivalent positions of the putative odorant binding site between the mouse OR paralogs Olfr73 (mOR-EG) and Olfr74 (mOR-EV), we selectively changed ligand preference but remarkably also signaling activation strength in both ORs. Computer modeling proposed structural details at atomic resolution how the very same odorant molecule might interact with different contact residues to induce different functional responses in two related receptors. Our findings provide a mechanistic explanation of how the olfactory system distinguishes different molecular aspects of a given odorant molecule, and unravel important molecular details of the combinatorial encoding of odorant identity at the OR level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Baud
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Shuguang Yuan
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Luc Veya
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Slawomir Filipek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Horst Vogel
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Horst Pick
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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