151
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Aquaporins implicated in the cell proliferation and the signaling pathways of cell stemness. Biochimie 2021; 188:52-60. [PMID: 33894294 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are water channel proteins facilitating passive transport of water and other small molecules across biomembranes. Regulation of osmotic homeostasis via AQPs is accompanied by dynamic participation of various cellular signaling pathways. Recently emerging evidence reveals that functional roles of AQPs are further extended from the osmotic regulation via water permeation into the cell proliferation and differentiation. In particular, anomalous expression of AQPs has been demonstrated in various types of cancer cells and cancer stem-like cells and it has been proposed as markers for proliferation and progression of cancer cells. Thus, a more comprehensive view on AQPs could bring a great interest in the cell stemness accompanied by the expression of AQPs. AQPs are broadly expressed across tissues and cells in a cell type- and lineage-specific manner during development via spatiotemporal transcriptional regulation. Moreover, AQPs are expressed in various adult stem cells and cells associated with a stem cell niche as well as cancer stem-like cells. However, the expression and regulatory mechanisms of AQP expression in stem cells have not been well understood. This review highlighted the AQPs expression in stem cell niches/stem cells and the involvement of AQPs in the cell proliferation and signaling pathways associated with cell stemness.
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152
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Patabendige A, Singh A, Jenkins S, Sen J, Chen R. Astrocyte Activation in Neurovascular Damage and Repair Following Ischaemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4280. [PMID: 33924191 PMCID: PMC8074612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient or permanent loss of tissue perfusion due to ischaemic stroke can lead to damage to the neurovasculature, and disrupt brain homeostasis, causing long-term motor and cognitive deficits. Despite promising pre-clinical studies, clinically approved neuroprotective therapies are lacking. Most studies have focused on neurons while ignoring the important roles of other cells of the neurovascular unit, such as astrocytes and pericytes. Astrocytes are important for the development and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier, brain homeostasis, structural support, control of cerebral blood flow and secretion of neuroprotective factors. Emerging data suggest that astrocyte activation exerts both beneficial and detrimental effects following ischaemic stroke. Activated astrocytes provide neuroprotection and contribute to neurorestoration, but also secrete inflammatory modulators, leading to aggravation of the ischaemic lesion. Astrocytes are more resistant than other cell types to stroke pathology, and exert a regulative effect in response to ischaemia. These roles of astrocytes following ischaemic stroke remain incompletely understood, though they represent an appealing target for neurovascular protection following stroke. In this review, we summarise the astrocytic contributions to neurovascular damage and repair following ischaemic stroke, and explore mechanisms of neuroprotection that promote revascularisation and neurorestoration, which may be targeted for developing novel therapies for ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adjanie Patabendige
- Brain Barriers Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2321, Australia;
- Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, and Priority Research Centre for Brain & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2321, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3EA, UK
| | - Ayesha Singh
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Stuart Jenkins
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (S.J.); (J.S.)
- Neural Tissue Engineering: Keele (NTEK), Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Jon Sen
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (S.J.); (J.S.)
- Clinical Informatics and Neurosurgery Fellow, The Cleveland Clinic, 33 Grosvenor Square, London SW1X 7HY, UK
| | - Ruoli Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
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153
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Repeated fluoxetine treatment induces transient and long-term astrocytic plasticity in the medial prefrontal cortex of normal adult rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 107:110252. [PMID: 33484756 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fluoxetine (Flx)-induced neuronal plasticity plays an important role in the effective treatment of depression and mood disorders. It is less understood whether repeated Flx treatment induces astrocytic plasticity that outlasts the presence of the drug in the body. We showed previously that Flx-induced neuronal plasticity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) persisted up to 20 days after the treatment. In this study, adult rats were subjected to a 15-day repeated Flx treatment at a daily dose of 20 mg/kg body weight. Astrocytic metabolites and markers were assessed in the mPFC at day 1 (d1) and day 20 (d20) after the treatment. Significant transient reductions in the concentrations of astrocytic metabolites taurine and myo-inositol and the expressions of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) were observed in the mPFC of Flx-treated rats at d1, which recovered to the control levels at d20. Further, Flx treatment resulted in long-lasting changes in Kir4.1 expression in the mPFC, which remained downregulated at d20. The expression of 5-HT1A receptor in the mPFC of Flx-treated rats was downregulated at d1 but became upregulated at d20. In summary, repeated Flx treatment induces both transient and long-term astrocytic plasticity in the mPFC of adult rats. The changes observed at d1 are consistent with disturbed water homeostasis and astrocytic de-maturation in the mPFC. The persistent changes in the expressions of Kir4.1 and 5-HT1A at d20, presumably of the astrocytic origin, might have contributed to the long-term neurotrophic effects of repeated Flx treatment in the mPFC.
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154
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Turner REF, Gatterer H, Falla M, Lawley JS. High-altitude cerebral edema: its own entity or end-stage acute mountain sickness? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:313-325. [PMID: 33856254 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00861.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) and acute mountain sickness (AMS) are neuropathologies associated with rapid exposure to hypoxia. However, speculation remains regarding the exact etiology of both HACE and AMS and whether they share a common mechanistic pathology. This review outlines the basic principles of HACE development, highlighting how edema could develop from 1) a progression from cytotoxic swelling to ionic edema or 2) permeation of the blood brain barrier (BBB) with or without ionic edema. Thereafter, discussion turns to the available neuroimaging literature in the context of cytotoxic, ionic, or vasogenic edema in both HACE and AMS. Although HACE is clearly caused by an increase in brain water of ionic and/or vasogenic origin, there is very little evidence that this type of edema is present when AMS develops. However, cerebral vasodilation, increased intracranial blood volume, and concomitant intracranial fluid shifts from the extracellular to the intracellular space, as interpreted from changes in diffusion indices within white matter, are observed consistently in persons acutely exposed to hypoxia and with AMS. Therefore, herein we explore the idea that intracellular swelling occurs alongside AMS, and is a critical precursor to extracellular ionic edema formation. We propose that this process produces a subtle modulation of the BBB, which either together with or independent of vasogenic edema provides a transvascular segue from the end-stage of AMS to HACE. Ultimately, this review seeks to shed light on the possible processes underlying HACE pathophysiology, and thus highlights potential avenues for future prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E F Turner
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Hannes Gatterer
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Marika Falla
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences and Centre for Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Justin S Lawley
- Division of Performance Physiology & Prevention, Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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155
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Purohit D, Finkel DA, Malfa A, Liao Y, Ivanova L, Kleinman GM, Hu F, Shah S, Thompson C, Joseph E, Wolin MS, Cairo MS, La Gamma EF, Vinukonda G. Human Cord Blood Derived Unrestricted Somatic Stem Cells Restore Aquaporin Channel Expression, Reduce Inflammation and Inhibit the Development of Hydrocephalus After Experimentally Induced Perinatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:633185. [PMID: 33897371 PMCID: PMC8062878 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.633185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a severe complication of preterm birth associated with cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, and commonly, accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Histologically, IVH leads to subependymal gliosis, fibrosis, and disruption of the ependymal wall. Importantly, expression of aquaporin channels 1 and 4 (AQP1 and AQP4) regulating respectively, secretion and absorption of cerebrospinal fluids is altered with IVH and are associated with development of post hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Human cord blood derived unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs), which we previously demonstrated to reduce the magnitude of hydrocephalus, as having anti-inflammatory, and beneficial behavioral effects, were injected into the cerebral ventricles of rabbit pups 18 h after glycerol-induced IVH. USSC treated IVH pups showed a reduction in ventricular size when compared to control pups at 7 and 14 days (both, P < 0.05). Histologically, USSC treatment reduced cellular infiltration and ependymal wall disruption. In the region of the choroid plexus, immuno-reactivity for AQP1 and ependymal wall AQP4 expression were suppressed after IVH but were restored following USSC administration. Effects were confirmed by analysis of mRNA from dissected choroid plexus and ependymal tissue. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) isoforms, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) mRNA, as well as protein levels, were significantly increased following IVH and restored towards normal with USSC treatment (P < 0.05). The anti-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNA was reduced in IVH, but significantly recovered after USSC injection (P < 0.05). In conclusion, USSCs exerted anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing both TGF-β specific isoforms, CTGF and MMP-9, recovered IL-10, restored aquaporins expression towards baseline, and reduced hydrocephalus. These results support the possibility of the use of USSCs to reduce IVH consequences in prematurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Purohit
- The Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Dina A Finkel
- The Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Ana Malfa
- The Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Yanling Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Larisa Ivanova
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - George M Kleinman
- Department of Pathology, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Furong Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Shetal Shah
- The Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Carl Thompson
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Etlinger Joseph
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Michael S Wolin
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Mitchell S Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Edmund F La Gamma
- The Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Govindaiah Vinukonda
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
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156
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Ferris CF. Rethinking the Conditions and Mechanism for Glymphatic Clearance. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:624690. [PMID: 33897347 PMCID: PMC8060639 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.624690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical studies that form the foundation of the glymphatic system and the clearance of metabolic by-products of unwanted proteins from the brain are reviewed. Concerns are raised about studying glymphatic flow in anesthetized animals and making assumptions about the whole brain based upon data collected from a cranial window on the cortex. A new model is proposed arguing that the flow of cerebral spinal fluid and parenchymal clearance in the perivascular system of unwanted proteins is regulated by circadian changes in brain temperature and blood flow at the level of the microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig F Ferris
- Department Psychology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Translational Neuroimaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
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157
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Prediction of LncRNA-encoded small peptides in glioma and oligomer channel functional analysis using in silico approaches. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248634. [PMID: 33735310 PMCID: PMC7971536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is a lethal malignant brain cancer, and many reports have shown that abnormalities in the behavior of water and ion channels play an important role in regulating tumor proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and differentiation. Recently, new studies have suggested that some long noncoding RNAs containing small open reading frames can encode small peptides and form oligomers for water or ion regulation. However, because the peptides are difficult to identify, their functional mechanisms are far from being clearly understood. In this study, we used bioinformatics methods to identify and evaluate lncRNAs, which may encode small transmembrane peptides in gliomas. Combining ab initio homology modeling, molecular dynamics simulations, and free energy calculations, we constructed a predictive model and predicted the oligomer channel activity of peptides by identifying the lncRNA ORFs. We found that one key hub lncRNA, namely, DLEU1, which contains two smORFs (ORF1 and ORF8), encodes small peptides that form pentameric channels. The mechanics of water and ion (Na+ and Cl-) transport through this pentameric channel were simulated. The potential mean force of the H2O molecules along the two ORF-encoded peptide channels indicated that the energy barrier was different between ORF1 and ORF8. The ORF1-encoded peptide pentamer acted as a self-assembled water channel but not as an ion channel, and the ORF8 permeated neither ions nor water. This work provides new methods and theoretical support for further elucidation of the function of lncRNA-encoded small peptides and their role in cancer. Additionally, this study provides a theoretical basis for drug development.
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158
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Sun JY, Zhao SJ, Wang HB, Hou YJ, Mi QJ, Yang MF, Yuan H, Ni QB, Sun BL, Zhang ZY. Ifenprodil Improves Long-Term Neurologic Deficits Through Antagonizing Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 12:1067-1080. [PMID: 33713028 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00906-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Excessive glutamate leading to excitotoxicity worsens brain damage after SAH and contributes to long-term neurological deficits. The drug ifenprodil is a non-competitive antagonist of GluN1-GluN2B N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, which mediates excitotoxic damage in vitro and in vivo. Here, we show that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glutamate level within 48 h was significantly elevated in aSAH patients who later developed poor outcome. In rat SAH model, ifenprodil can improve long-term sensorimotor and spatial learning deficits. Ifenprodil attenuates experimental SAH-induced neuronal death of basal cortex and hippocampal CA1 area, cellular and mitochondrial Ca2+ overload of basal cortex, blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, and cerebral edema of early brain injury. Using in vitro models, ifenprodil declines the high-concentration glutamate-mediated intracellular Ca2+ increase and cell apoptosis in primary cortical neurons, reduces the high-concentration glutamate-elevated endothelial permeability in human brain microvascular endothelial cell (HBMEC). Altogether, our results suggest ifenprodil improves long-term neurologic deficits through antagonizing glutamate-induced excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.,Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Yingsheng East Road No.2, Taian, 271016, China
| | - Shi-Jun Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, 014040, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Yingsheng East Road No.2, Taian, 271016, China
| | - Ya-Jun Hou
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Yingsheng East Road No.2, Taian, 271016, China
| | - Qiong-Jie Mi
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Yingsheng East Road No.2, Taian, 271016, China
| | - Ming-Feng Yang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Yingsheng East Road No.2, Taian, 271016, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Yingsheng East Road No.2, Taian, 271016, China
| | - Qing-Bin Ni
- Postdoctoral Workstation, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Bao-Liang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Yingsheng East Road No.2, Taian, 271016, China.
| | - Zong-Yong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Yingsheng East Road No.2, Taian, 271016, China.
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159
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Ji C, Yu X, Xu W, Lenahan C, Tu S, Shao A. The role of glymphatic system in the cerebral edema formation after ischemic stroke. Exp Neurol 2021; 340:113685. [PMID: 33676917 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral edema following ischemic stroke is predictive of the severity of the eventual stroke related damage, however the effective treatment is limited. The glymphatic system is a recently identified waste clearance pathway in the brain, found in the paravascular space and mainly composed of astrocytes and their aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels. In this review, we primarily focus on the role of the glymphatic system in the formation of cerebral edema after ischemic stroke. There is still no definite conclusion whether the influx of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the glymphatic system is increased or not after ischemic stroke. However, the reduced interstitial fluid (ISF) clearance after ischemic stroke is definite. Additionally, AQP4 as the most important part of glymphatic system plays a complex bimodal in cerebral edema after ischemic stroke. Most of the research has found that AQP4 deletion in animals reduces cerebral edema after acute ischemic stroke compared with wild type animal models. The mislocalization of astrocytic AQP4 was also presented after ischemic stroke. As the cerebral edema after ischemic stroke is difficult to treat, we discuss several potential treatment targets related to glymphatic system. More studies are needed to explore the role of glymphatic system in the formation of cerebral edema after ischemic stroke and develop probable treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Ji
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xing Yu
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weilin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Sheng Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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160
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Marazuela P, Bonaterra-Pastra A, Faura J, Penalba A, Pizarro J, Pancorbo O, Rodríguez-Luna D, Vert C, Rovira A, Pujadas F, Freijo MM, Tur S, Martínez-Zabaleta M, Cardona Portela P, Vera R, Lebrato-Hernández L, Arenillas JF, Pérez-Sánchez S, Montaner J, Delgado P, Hernández-Guillamon M. Circulating AQP4 Levels in Patients with Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy-Associated Intracerebral Hemorrhage. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10050989. [PMID: 33801197 PMCID: PMC7957864 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10050989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a major cause of lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in elderly patients. Growing evidence suggests a potential role of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) in amyloid-beta-associated diseases, including CAA pathology. Our aim was to investigate the circulating levels of AQP4 in a cohort of patients who had suffered a lobar ICH with a clinical diagnosis of CAA. AQP4 levels were analyzed in the serum of 60 CAA-related ICH patients and 19 non-stroke subjects by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The CAA–ICH cohort was divided according to the time point of the functional outcome evaluation: mid-term (12 ± 18.6 months) and long-term (38.5 ± 32.9 months) after the last ICH. Although no differences were found in AQP4 serum levels between cases and controls, lower levels were found in CAA patients presenting specific hemorrhagic features such as ≥2 lobar ICHs and ≥5 lobar microbleeds detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition, CAA-related ICH patients who presented a long-term good functional outcome had higher circulating AQP4 levels than subjects with a poor outcome or controls. Our data suggest that AQP4 could potentially predict a long-term functional outcome and may play a protective role after a lobar ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Marazuela
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.); (A.B.-P.); (J.F.); (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (P.D.)
| | - Anna Bonaterra-Pastra
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.); (A.B.-P.); (J.F.); (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (P.D.)
| | - Júlia Faura
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.); (A.B.-P.); (J.F.); (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (P.D.)
| | - Anna Penalba
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.); (A.B.-P.); (J.F.); (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (P.D.)
| | - Jesús Pizarro
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.); (A.B.-P.); (J.F.); (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (P.D.)
| | - Olalla Pancorbo
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d’Hebron Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (O.P.); (D.R.-L.)
| | - David Rodríguez-Luna
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d’Hebron Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (O.P.); (D.R.-L.)
| | - Carla Vert
- Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Vall d’Hebron Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (C.V.); (A.R.)
| | - Alex Rovira
- Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Vall d’Hebron Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (C.V.); (A.R.)
| | - Francesc Pujadas
- Dementia Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - M. Mar Freijo
- Neurovascular Group, Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain;
| | - Silvia Tur
- Neurology, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Balearic Islands, Spain;
| | | | - Pere Cardona Portela
- Department of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Rocío Vera
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Juan F. Arenillas
- Stroke Program, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, 47003 Valladolid, Spain;
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.); (A.B.-P.); (J.F.); (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (P.D.)
- Department of Neurology, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, 41009 Sevilla, Spain;
- Stroke Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine of Sevilla, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, University of Sevilla, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pilar Delgado
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.); (A.B.-P.); (J.F.); (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (P.D.)
| | - Mar Hernández-Guillamon
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.); (A.B.-P.); (J.F.); (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (P.D.)
- Correspondence:
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161
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Wang J, Hou Y, Zhang L, Liu M, Zhao J, Zhang Z, Ma Y, Hou W. Estrogen Attenuates Traumatic Brain Injury by Inhibiting the Activation of Microglia and Astrocyte-Mediated Neuroinflammatory Responses. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:1052-1061. [PMID: 33085047 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), which leads to high mortality and morbidity, is a prominent public health problem worldwide. Neuroinflammation involving microglia and astrocyte activation has been demonstrated to play critical role in the secondary injury induced by TBI. A1 astrocytes, which are induced by activated microglia, can directly kill neurons by secreting neurotoxic complement C3. Estrogen has been proved to possess neuroprotective effects, but the effect and underlying mechanism of estrogen on TBI-induced neuroinflammatory injury remain largely unclear. In this study, we constructed an adult male mouse model of TBI and immediately after injury treated the mice with 17β-estradiol (E2) (100 μg/kg, once every day via intraperitoneal injection) for 3 days. We found that E2 treatment significantly alleviated TBI-induced neurological deficits, neuronal injuries, and brain edema and significantly inhibited Iba1 and GFAP expression, which are markers of microglia and astrocyte activation, respectively. E2 treatment also significantly inhibited TLR4 and NF-κB protein expression, and significantly reduced the expression of the proinflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Moreover, E2 treatment significantly decreased the number of complement C3d/GFAP-positive cells and complement C3d protein expression. Taking these results together, we concluded that E2 treatment dramatically alleviates TBI neuroinflammatory injury by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB pathway-mediated microglia and astrocyte activation and neuroinflammation and reducing A1-phenotype neurotoxic astrocyte activation. Our findings indicate that E2 treatment may be a potential therapy strategy for TBI-induced neuroinflammation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yushu Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710001, China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Min Liu
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28, Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jianshuai Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yulong Ma
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28, Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Wugang Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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162
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Asavapanumas N, Tradtrantip L, Verkman AS. Targeting the complement system in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 21:1073-1086. [PMID: 33513036 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1884223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is characterized by central nervous system inflammation and demyelination. In AQP4-IgG seropositive NMOSD, circulating immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies against astrocyte water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) cause tissue injury. Compelling evidence supports a pathogenic role for complement activation following AQP4-IgG binding to AQP4. Clinical studies supported the approval of eculizumab, an inhibitor of C5 cleavage, in AQP4-IgG seropositive NMOSD. AREAS COVERED This review covers in vitro, animal models, and human evidence for complement-dependent and complement-independent tissue injury in AQP4-IgG seropositive NMOSD. Complement targets are discussed, including complement proteins, regulators and anaphylatoxin receptors, and corresponding drug candidates. EXPERT OPINION Though preclinical data support a central pathogenic role of complement activation in AQP4-IgG seropositive NMOSD, they do not resolve the relative contributions of complement-dependent vs. complement-independent disease mechanisms such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, T cell effector mechanisms, and direct AQP4-IgG-induced cellular injury. The best evidence that complement-dependent mechanisms predominate in AQP4-IgG seropositive NMOSD comes from eculizumab clinical data. Various drug candidates targeting distinct complement effector mechanisms may offer improved safety and efficacy. However, notwithstanding the demonstrated efficacy of complement inhibition in AQP4-IgG seropositive NMOSD, the ultimate niche for complement inhibition is not clear given multiple drug options with alternative mechanisms of action.Abbreviations: AAV2, Adeno-associated virus 2; ADCC, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; ANCA, antineutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibody; AQP4, aquaporin-4; AQP4-IgG, AQP4-immunoglobulin G; C1-INH, C1-esterase inhibitor; C3aR, C3a receptor; C4BP, C4 binding protein; C5aR, C5a receptor; CDC, complement-dependent cytotoxicity; CFHR1, complement factor H related 1; CNS, central nervous system; EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; EndoS, endoglycosidase S; FHL-1, factor-H-like protein 1; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; Iba-1, ionized calcium-binding adaptor protein-1; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IVIG, intravenous human immunoglobulin G; MAC, membrane attack complex; MBL, maltose-binding lectin; MBP, myelin basic protein; MOG, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein; NK cell, natural killer cell; NMOSD, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder; OAP, orthogonal arrays of particles; PNH, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithi Asavapanumas
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lukmanee Tradtrantip
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alan S Verkman
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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163
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Sylvain NJ, Salman MM, Pushie MJ, Hou H, Meher V, Herlo R, Peeling L, Kelly ME. The effects of trifluoperazine on brain edema, aquaporin-4 expression and metabolic markers during the acute phase of stroke using photothrombotic mouse model. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183573. [PMID: 33561476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability globally. Edema is a hallmark of stroke resulting from dysregulation of water homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS) and plays the major role in stroke-associated morbidity and mortality. The overlap between cellular and vasogenic edema makes treating this condition complicated, and to date, there is no pathogenically oriented drug treatment for edema. Water balance in the brain is tightly regulated, primarily by aquaporin 4 (AQP4) channels, which are mainly expressed in perivascular astrocytic end-feet. Targeting AQP4 could be a useful therapeutic approach for treating brain edema; however, there is no approved drug for stroke treatment that can directly block AQP4. In this study, we demonstrate that the FDA-approved drug trifluoperazine (TFP) effectively reduces cerebral edema during the early acute phase in post-stroke mice using a photothrombotic stroke model. This effect was combined with an inhibition of AQP4 expression at gene and protein levels. Importantly, TFP does not appear to induce any deleterious changes on brain electrolytes or metabolic markers, including total protein or lipid levels. Our results support a possible role for TFP in providing a beneficial extra-osmotic effect on brain energy metabolism, as indicated by the increase of glycogen levels. We propose that targeting AQP4-mediated brain edema using TFP is a viable therapeutic strategy during the early and acute phase of stroke that can be further investigated during later stages to help in developing novel CNS edema therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Sylvain
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mootaz M Salman
- Medical Sciences Division, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
| | - M Jake Pushie
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Huishu Hou
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Vedashree Meher
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Rasmus Herlo
- Neurotechnology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Lissa Peeling
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Michael E Kelly
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
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164
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Evaluation of AQP4/TRPV4 Channel Co-expression, Microvessel Density, and its Association with Peritumoral Brain Edema in Intracranial Meningiomas. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:1786-1795. [PMID: 33538957 PMCID: PMC8799549 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01801-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Apart from VEGF-A pathway activation, the existence of peritumoral edema (PTBE) in meningiomas has been correlated with the expression levels of water transporter aquaporin 4 (AQP4). A novel cooperation of AQP4 with the transient receptor potential isoform 4 (TRPV4), a polymodal swelling-sensitive cation channel, has been proposed for regulating cell volume in glial cells. We investigated AQP4/TRPV4 channel co-expression in meningiomas along with the neovascularization of tumors and associate with PTBE. Immunohistochemical staining for AQP4 and TRPV4 expression was quantitatively analyzed in semi-serial sections of archival tissue from 174 patients. Microvessel density was expressed as microvessel count (MVC). PTBE was measured and edema index (EI) was assessed in 23 patients, based on magnetic resonance images (MRI) whereas mRNA levels of AQP4 and TRPV4 were evaluated in these patients using quantitative real-time PCR. High AQP4 was associated with lower-tumor grade (p < 0.05). AQP4 and TRPV4 were correlated in benign (WHO, grade I) (p < 0.0001) but not in high-grade (WHO, grades II and III) meningiomas (p > 0.05). AQP4/TRPV4 levels were independent of EI and MVC (p > 0.05). In contrast, EI was correlated to MVC (p = 0.02). AQP4/TRPV4 co-expression was detected in both edematous and non-edematous meningiomas. However, most of tumors with larger edema (EI ≥ 2) demonstrated increased levels of AQP4 and TRPV4. Importantly, peri-meningioma tissue of edematous meningiomas demonstrated significantly increased expression for AQP4 (p = 0.007) but not for TRPV4 (p > 0.05) compared with the main tumor. AQP4 and TRPV4 expression is rather associated with a response to vasogenic edema of meningiomas than with edema formation.
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165
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Kimball E, Schaub J, Quillen S, Keuthan C, Pease ME, Korneva A, Quigley H. The role of aquaporin-4 in optic nerve head astrocytes in experimental glaucoma. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244123. [PMID: 33529207 PMCID: PMC7853498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study aquaporin channel expression in astrocytes of the mouse optic nerve (ON) and the response to IOP elevation in mice lacking aquaporin 4 (AQP4 null). METHODS C57BL/6 (B6) and AQP4 null mice were exposed to bead-induced IOP elevation for 3 days (3D-IOP), 1 and 6 weeks. Mouse ocular tissue sections were immunolabeled against aquaporins 1(AQP1), 4(AQP4), and 9(AQP9). Ocular tissue was imaged to identify normal AQP distribution, ON changes, and axon loss after IOP elevation. Ultrastructure examination, cell proliferation, gene expression, and transport block were also analyzed. RESULTS B6 mice had abundant AQP4 expression in Müller cells, astrocytes of retina and myelinated ON (MON), but minimal AQP4in prelaminar and unmyelinated ON (UON). MON of AQP4 nulls had smaller ON area, smaller axon diameter, higher axon density, and larger proportionate axon area than B6 (all p≤0.05). Bead-injection led to comparable 3D-IOP elevation (p = 0.42) and axonal transport blockade in both strains. In B6, AQP4 distribution was unchanged after 3D-IOP. At baseline, AQP1 and AQP9 were present in retina, but not in UON and this was unaffected after IOP elevation in both strains. In 3D-IOP mice, ON astrocytes and microglia proliferated, more in B6 than AQP4 null. After 6 week IOP elevation, axon loss occurred equally in the two mouse types (24.6%, AQP4 null vs. 23.3%, B6). CONCLUSION Lack of AQP4 was neither protective nor detrimental to the effects of IOP elevation. The minimal presence of AQP4 in UON may be a vital aspect of the regionally specific phenotype of astrocytes in the mouse optic nerve head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kimball
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julie Schaub
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah Quillen
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Casey Keuthan
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mary Ellen Pease
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Arina Korneva
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Harry Quigley
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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166
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Aquaporins in the nervous structures supplying the digestive organs – a review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2020-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of integral membrane proteins which form pores in cell membranes and take part in the transport of water, contributing to the maintenance of water and electrolyte balance and are widely distributed in various tissues and organs. The high expression of AQPs has been described in the digestive system, where large-scale absorption and secretion of fluids occurs. AQPs are also present in the nervous system, but the majority of studies have involved the central nervous system. This paper is a review of the literature concerning relatively little-known issues, i.e. the distribution and functions of AQPs in nervous structures supplying the digestive organs.
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167
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Aboufares El Alaoui A, Jackson M, Fabri M, de Vivo L, Bellesi M. Characterization of Subcellular Organelles in Cortical Perisynaptic Astrocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:573944. [PMID: 33633542 PMCID: PMC7901967 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.573944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Perisynaptic astrocytic processes (PAPs) carry out several different functions, from metabolite clearing to control of neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity. All these functions are likely orchestrated by complex cellular machinery that resides within the PAPs and relies on a fine interplay between multiple subcellular components. However, traditional transmission electron microscopy (EM) studies have found that PAPs are remarkably poor of intracellular organelles, failing to explain how such a variety of PAP functions are achieved in the absence of a proportional complex network of intracellular structures. Here, we use serial block-face scanning EM to reconstruct and describe in three dimensions PAPs and their intracellular organelles in two different mouse cortical regions. We described five distinct organelles, which included empty and full endosomes, phagosomes, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cisternae, distributed within three PAPs categories (branches, branchlets, and leaflets). The majority of PAPs belonged to the leaflets category (~60%), with branchlets representing a minority (~37%). Branches were rarely in contact with synapses (<3%). Branches had a higher density of mitochondria and ER cisternae than branchlets and leaflets. Also, branches and branchlets displayed organelles more frequently than leaflets. Endosomes and phagosomes, which accounted for more than 60% of all the organelles detected, were often associated with the same PAP. Likewise, mitochondria and ER cisternae, representing ~40% of all organelles were usually associated. No differences were noted between the organelle distribution of the somatosensory and the anterior cingulate cortex. Finally, the organelle distribution in PAPs did not largely depend on the presence of a spine apparatus or a pre-synaptic mitochondrion in the synapse that PAPs were enwrapping, with some exceptions regarding the presence of phagosomes and ER cisternae, which were slightly more represented around synapses lacking a spine apparatus and a presynaptic mitochondrion, respectively. Thus, PAPs contain several subcellular organelles that could underlie the diverse astrocytic functions carried out at central synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Aboufares El Alaoui
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy.,School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Molly Jackson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mara Fabri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luisa de Vivo
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Bellesi
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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168
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Wu X, Wu G, Zhang H, Peng X, Huang B, Huang M, Ding J, Mao C, Peng C. MiR-196b Promotes the Invasion and Migration of Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells by Targeting AQP4. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:1533033820985868. [PMID: 33455522 PMCID: PMC8097310 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820985868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: We aimed to investigate the mechanism of the regulatory axis of miR-196b/AQP4
underlying the invasion and migration of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD)
cells. Methods: LUAD miRNA and mRNA expression profiles were downloaded from TCGA database
and then differential analysis was used to identify the target miRNA. Target
gene for the miRNA was obtained via prediction using 3 bioinformatics
databases and intersection with the differentially expressed mRNAs searched
from TCGA-LUAD. Then, qRT-PCR and western blot were used to validate the
expression of miR-196b and AQP4. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was
performed to confirm the targeting relationship between miR-196b and AQP4.
Transwell assay was used to investigate the migration and invasion of LUAD
cells. Results: MiR-196b was screened out by differential and survival analyses, and the
downstream target gene AQP4 was identified. In LUAD, miR-196b was highly
expressed while AQP4 was poorly expressed. Besides, overexpression of
miR-196b promoted cell invasion and migration, while overexpression of AQP4
had negative effects. Moreover, the results of the dual-luciferase reporter
assay suggested that AQP4 was a direct target of miR-196b. In addition, we
also found that overexpressing AQP4 could suppress the promotive effect of
miR-196b on cancer cell invasion and migration. Conclusion: MiR-196b promotes the invasion and migration of LUAD cells by down-regulating
AQP4, which helps us find new molecular targeted therapies for LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Gongzhi Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lishui City People's Hospital, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, China
| | - Huaizhong Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lishui City People's Hospital, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, China
| | - Xuyang Peng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lishui City People's Hospital, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lishui City People's Hospital, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, China
| | - Mingjiang Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lishui City People's Hospital, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, China
| | - Jianyang Ding
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lishui City People's Hospital, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, China
| | - Chaofan Mao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lishui City People's Hospital, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, China
| | - Congxiong Peng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lishui City People's Hospital, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, China
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169
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Álvarez P, Blasco E, Pumarola M, Wessmann A. Aquaporin-4 protein expression in normal canine brains. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:29. [PMID: 33455577 PMCID: PMC7812730 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02745-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is in growing recognition as potential marker for cancer progression, differentiation and therapeutic intervention. No information is available about AQP4 expression in the normal canine brain. The aim of this histopathological study is to confirm the presence of AQP4 by immunohistochemistry technique in a group of non-pathological canine brains and to describe its expression and distribution across the brain. RESULTS Twelve non-pathological canine brains of various ages (ranging from 21 days to 17 years) and breeds were included in the study. Immunohistochemical expression of AQP4 was analyzed using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded brain tissue sections. The findings were correlated between AQP4 expressing cells and astrocytes using glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). AQP4 expression was more marked in the astrocyte foot processes of subpial, perivascular and periventricular surfaces in all specimens. The majority of the canine brain sections (9/12) presented with an AQP4 predilection for white matter tracts. Interestingly, the two youngest dogs (21 days and 3 months old) were characterized by diffuse AQP4 labelling in both grey and white matter tracts. This result may suggest that brain development and ageing may play a role in the AQP4 distribution throughout the canine brain. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to describe immunohistochemical distribution of AQP4 in normal canine brains. The AQP4 expression and distribution in non-pathological canine brains was comparable to other species. Larger studies are needed to substantiate the influence of breed and ageing on AQP4 expression in the normal canine brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Álvarez
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Service, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Ester Blasco
- Unit of Murine and Comparative Pathology (UPMiC), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Pumarola
- Unit of Murine and Comparative Pathology (UPMiC), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) Networking Research, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Annette Wessmann
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Service, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, UK.
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170
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Kidins220 deficiency causes ventriculomegaly via SNX27-retromer-dependent AQP4 degradation. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6411-6426. [PMID: 34002021 PMCID: PMC8760065 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Several psychiatric, neurologic and neurodegenerative disorders present increased brain ventricles volume, being hydrocephalus the disease with the major manifestation of ventriculomegaly caused by the accumulation of high amounts of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The molecules and pathomechanisms underlying cerebral ventricular enlargement are widely unknown. Kinase D interacting substrate of 220 kDa (KIDINS220) gene has been recently associated with schizophrenia and with a novel syndrome characterized by spastic paraplegia, intellectual disability, nystagmus and obesity (SINO syndrome), diseases frequently occurring with ventriculomegaly. Here we show that Kidins220, a transmembrane protein effector of various key neuronal signalling pathways, is a critical regulator of CSF homeostasis. We observe that both KIDINS220 and the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) are markedly downregulated at the ventricular ependymal lining of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) patients. We also find that Kidins220 deficient mice develop ventriculomegaly accompanied by water dyshomeostasis and loss of AQP4 in the brain ventricular ependymal layer and astrocytes. Kidins220 is a known cargo of the SNX27-retromer, a complex that redirects endocytosed plasma membrane proteins (cargos) back to the cell surface, thus avoiding their targeting to lysosomes for degradation. Mechanistically, we show that AQP4 is a novel cargo of the SNX27-retromer and that Kidins220 deficiency promotes a striking and unexpected downregulation of the SNX27-retromer that results in AQP4 lysosomal degradation. Accordingly, SNX27 silencing decreases AQP4 levels in wild-type astrocytes whereas SNX27 overexpression restores AQP4 content in Kidins220 deficient astrocytes. Together our data suggest that the KIDINS220-SNX27-retromer-AQP4 pathway is involved in human ventriculomegaly and open novel therapeutic perspectives.
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171
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Requirement of brain interleukin33 for aquaporin4 expression in astrocytes and glymphatic drainage of abnormal tau. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:5912-5924. [PMID: 33432186 PMCID: PMC8273186 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00992-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Defective aquaporin4 (AQP4)-mediated glymphatic drainage has been linked to tauopathy and amyloid plaque in Alzheimer's disease. We now show that brain interleukin33 (IL33) is required for regulation of AQP4 expression in astrocytes, especially those at neuron-facing membrane domain (n-AQP4). First, IL33-deficient (Il33-/-) mice showed a loss of n-AQP4 after middle age, which coincided with a rapid accumulation of abnormal tau in neurons and a reduction in drainage of abnormal tau to peripheral tissues. Second, injection of recombinant IL33 induced robust expression of AQP4 at perivascular endfoot (p-AQP4) of astrocytes, but not n-AQP4, in Il33-/- brains. Although the increased p-AQP4 greatly accelerated drainage of intracerebroventricularly injected peptides, it did not substantially accelerate drainage of abnormal tau. These results suggest that p-AQP4 drives overall convective flow toward perivenous space, i.e., glymphatics, whereas n-AQP4 may generate an aqueous flow away from neurons to remove neuronal wastes, e.g., abnormal tau. We have previously shown the role of brain IL33 in DNA repair and autophagy in neurons with oxidative stress. Now, we show that IL33 deficiency also impairs glymphatic drainage. Defects in those mechanisms together may lead to chronic neurodegeneration and tauopathy at old age in IL33-deficient mice.
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Hirose M, Asano M, Watanabe-Matsumoto S, Yamanaka K, Abe Y, Yasui M, Tokuda E, Furukawa Y, Misawa H. Stagnation of glymphatic interstitial fluid flow and delay in waste clearance in the SOD1-G93A mouse model of ALS. Neurosci Res 2020; 171:74-82. [PMID: 33316302 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression and mislocalization of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in the SOD1G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have previously been reported. However, how alterations of AQP4 affect interstitial bulk flow in the brain and spinal cord, the so-called glymphatic system, is unclear. Here, we report an enhanced accumulation of disease-associated SOD1 species including SOD1 oligomers in SOD1G93A;AQP4-/- mice compared with SOD1G93A mice during ALS disease progression, as analyzed by sandwich ELISA. By directly injecting SOD1 oligomers into the spinal cord parenchyma, we observed a significantly larger delay in clearance of biotinylated or fluorescent-labeled SOD1 oligomers in AQP4-/- mice than in wild-type mice. Furthermore, when we injected the fluorescent-labeled tracer protein ovalbumin into the cisterna magna and analyzed the tracer distribution in the cervical spinal cord, approximately 35 % processing ability was found to be reduced in SOD1G93A mice compared to wild-type mice. These results suggest that the glymphatic system is abnormal and that waste clearance is delayed in SOD1G93A mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikako Hirose
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Mito Asano
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | | | - Koji Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Abe
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masato Yasui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Eiichi Tokuda
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | | | - Hidemi Misawa
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan.
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173
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Kawaguchi K, Park J, Masaki T, Mezaki Y, Ochi S, Matsuura T. Comprehensive gene expression profiling of human astrocytes treated with a hepatic encephalopathy-inducible factor, alpha 1-antichymotripsin. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 24:100855. [PMID: 33299931 PMCID: PMC7704407 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are major glial cells that play a critical role in brain homeostasis. Abnormalities in astrocytic function, such as hepatic encephalopathy (HE) during acute liver failure, can result in brain death following brain edema and the associated astrocyte swelling. Recently, we have identified alpha 1-antichymotripsin (ACT) to be a biomarker candidate for HE. ACT induces astrocyte swelling by upregulating aquaporin 4 (AQP4); however, the causal connection between these proteins is not clear yet. In this study, we utilized a microarray profile to screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in astrocytes treated with ACT. We then performed Gene Ontology, REACTOME, and the comprehensive resource of mammalian protein complexes (CORUM) enrichment analyses of the identified DEGs. The results of these analyses indicated that the DEGs were enriched in pathways activating adenylate cyclase (AC)-coupled G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and therefore were involved in the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling. These results indicate that ACT may act as a ligand of Gs-GPCRs and subsequently upregulate cAMP. As cAMP is known to upregulate AQP4 in astrocytes, these results suggest that ACT may upregulate AQP4 by activating AC GPCRs and therefore serve as a therapeutic target for acute HE. The expression of AQP4 is induced by alpha 1-antichymotripsin dependent activation of adenylate cyclase. Combination treatment of alpha 1-antichymotripsin and arginine vasopressin enhance the activation of adenylate cyclase. Alpha 1-antichemotripsin might be a therapeutic target for acute hepatic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kawaguchi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Jonghyuk Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Takahiro Masaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Mezaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Sae Ochi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsuura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
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174
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Lee YC, Kao ST, Cheng CY. Acorus tatarinowii Schott extract reduces cerebral edema caused by ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats: involvement in regulation of astrocytic NKCC1/AQP4 and JNK/iNOS-mediated signaling. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:374. [PMID: 33298024 PMCID: PMC7726880 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the Acorus tatarinowii Schott [Shi Chang Pu (SCP)] extract administered at the start of 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), followed by 3 d of reperfusion, and to determine mechanisms involved in anti-edema effects in the penumbra of the cerebral cortex. Method Rats were intraperitoneally administered the SCP extract at a dose of 0.25 g/kg (SCP-0.25 g), 0.5 g/kg (SCP-0.5 g), or 1 g/kg (SCP-1 g) at the start of MCAo. Result SCP-0.5 g and SCP-1 g treatments effectively reduced the cerebral infarct size, ameliorated cerebral edema, reduced blood–brain barrier permeability, and restored neurological function. SCP-0.5 g and SCP-1 g treatments markedly downregulated the levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein, Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter type 1 (NKCC1), aquaporin 4 (AQP4), phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK)/JNK, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), 3-nitrotyrosine, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), and zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) and upregulated ZO-3 expression in the penumbra of the cerebral cortex 3 d after reperfusion. Conclusions SCP-0.5 g and SCP-1 g treatments exert neuroprotective effects against cerebral infarction and cerebral edema partially by mitigating astrocytic swelling and blood–brain barrier disruption. Moreover, the anti-cerebral edema effects of SCP extract treatments are possibly associated with the downregulation of astrocytic NKCC1/AQP4 and JNK/iNOS-mediated ICAM-1/MMP-9 signaling in the penumbra of the cerebral cortex 3 d after reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.,Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital 40447, Taichung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Medicine & Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Shung-Te Kao
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yi Cheng
- School of Post-baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Department of Chinese Medicine, Hui-Sheng Hospital 42056, Taichung, Taiwan.
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175
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Shao X, Jann K, Ma SJ, Yan L, Montagne A, Ringman JM, Zlokovic BV, Wang DJJ. Comparison Between Blood-Brain Barrier Water Exchange Rate and Permeability to Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agent in an Elderly Cohort. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:571480. [PMID: 33328848 PMCID: PMC7733970 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.571480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI using intravenous injection of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) is commonly used for imaging blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Water is an alternative endogenous tracer with limited exchange rate across the BBB. A direct comparison between BBB water exchange rate and BBB permeability to GBCA is missing. The purpose of this study was to directly compare BBB permeability to GBCA (Ktrans and kGad = Ktrans/Vp) and water exchange rate (kw) in a cohort of elderly subjects at risk of cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD). Methods: Ktrans/kGad and kw were measured by DCE-MRI and diffusion prepared pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (DP-pCASL), respectively, at 3 Tesla in 16 elderly subjects (3 male, age = 67.9 ± 3.0 yrs) at risk of cSVD. The test-retest reproducibility of kw measurements was evaluated with repeated scans ~6 weeks apart. Mixed effects linear regression was performed in the whole brain, gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and 6 subcortical brain regions to investigate associations between Ktrans/kGad and test-retest kw. In addition, kw and Ktrans/kGad were compared in normal appearing white matter (NAWM), white matter hyperintensity (WMH) lesions and penumbra. Results: Significant correlation was found between kw and Ktrans only in WM (β = 6.7 × 104, P = 0.036), caudate (β = 8.6 × 104, P = 0.029), and middle cerebral artery (MCA) perforator territory (β = 6.9 × 104, P = 0.009), but not in the whole brain, GM or rest 5 brain regions. Significant correlation was found between kw and kGad in MCA perforator territory (β = 1.5 × 103, P = 0.049), medial-temporal lobe (β = 3.5 × 103, P = 0.032), and hippocampus (β = 3.4 × 103, P = 0.038), but not in the rest brain regions. Good reproducibility of kw measurements (ICC=0.75) was achieved. Ktrans was significantly lower inside WMH than WMH penumbra (16.2%, P = 0.026), and kGad was significantly lower in NAWM than in the WMH penumbra (20.8%, P < 0.001). Conclusion: kw provides a measure of water exchange rate across the BBB with good test-retest reproducibility. The BBB mechanism underlying kw and Ktrans/kGad is likely to be different, as manifested by correlations in only three brain regions for each pair of comparison between kw and Ktrans or kGad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfeng Shao
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), USC Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kay Jann
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), USC Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Samantha J. Ma
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), USC Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lirong Yan
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), USC Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Axel Montagne
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - John M. Ringman
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Danny J. J. Wang
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), USC Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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176
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Verhoog QP, Holtman L, Aronica E, van Vliet EA. Astrocytes as Guardians of Neuronal Excitability: Mechanisms Underlying Epileptogenesis. Front Neurol 2020; 11:591690. [PMID: 33324329 PMCID: PMC7726323 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.591690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are key homeostatic regulators in the central nervous system and play important roles in physiology. After brain damage caused by e.g., status epilepticus, traumatic brain injury, or stroke, astrocytes may adopt a reactive phenotype. This process of reactive astrogliosis is important to restore brain homeostasis. However, persistent reactive astrogliosis can be detrimental for the brain and contributes to the development of epilepsy. In this review, we will focus on physiological functions of astrocytes in the normal brain as well as pathophysiological functions in the epileptogenic brain, with a focus on acquired epilepsy. We will discuss the role of astrocyte-related processes in epileptogenesis, including reactive astrogliosis, disturbances in energy supply and metabolism, gliotransmission, and extracellular ion concentrations, as well as blood-brain barrier dysfunction and dysregulation of blood flow. Since dysfunction of astrocytes can contribute to epilepsy, we will also discuss their role as potential targets for new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quirijn P. Verhoog
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Linda Holtman
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, Netherlands
| | - Erwin A. van Vliet
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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177
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Fujisawa N, Oya S, Yoshida S, Tsuchiya T, Nakamura T, Indo M, Matsui T. A Prospective Randomized Study on the Preventive Effect of Japanese Herbal Kampo Medicine Goreisan for Recurrence of Chronic Subdural Hematoma. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2020; 61:12-20. [PMID: 33208583 PMCID: PMC7812313 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.oa.2020-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) after surgical treatment significantly affects the patients' quality of life, the recurrence rate has not improved in decades. Goreisan, a Japanese herbal Kampo medicine, promotes the hydragogue effect and has been empirically used in the treatment of CSDH in Japan. We conducted a prospective randomized study to investigate whether Goreisan treatment decreases the recurrence rate of CSDH. Between March 2013 and December 2018, a total of 224 patients who underwent initial burr hole surgery for CSDH were randomly assigned to receive Goreisan for 3 months (Group G) or no medication (Group N). The primary endpoint was symptomatic recurrence within 3 months postoperatively, and the secondary endpoint was complications, including the adverse effects of Goreisan. Of 224 randomized patients, 208 were included in the final analysis (104 in Group G and 104 in Group N). The overall recurrence rate was 9.1% (19/208). The recurrence rate of Group G was lower than that of Group N (5.8% vs 12.5%, P = 0.09), but the difference was not statistically significant. However, a significant preventive effect of Goreisan was found in 145 patients with high-risk computed tomography (CT) features, namely, homogeneous and separated types (5.6% vs 17.6%, P = 0.04). Although the present study did not prove the beneficial effect of Goreisan treatment, it suggested the importance of selecting patients with an increased risk of recurrence. A subset of patients whose hematoma showed homogeneous and separated patterns on CT image might benefit from Goreisan treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoaki Fujisawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University
| | - Soichi Oya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University
| | - Shinsuke Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University
| | - Tsukasa Tsuchiya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University
| | - Takumi Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University
| | - Masahiro Indo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University
| | - Toru Matsui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University
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178
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Wang N, Zhang SN, Xing RJ, Liu MQ, Huang CN, Jiang SM, Li T, Yang CS, Yang L, Zhang LJ. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate level in aquaporin-4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a hint on differential diagnosis and possible immunopathogenesis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 47:102629. [PMID: 33232908 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) may be similar to each other in clinical features. The differential diagnosis between them remains challenging in clinical practice. This retrospective study is aimed to describe the difference of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate level between aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-Ab) positive NMOSD and MS, to discuss the possible explanation upon immunopathogenesis and the significance in differential diagnosis. METHOD We retrospectively analysed cerebral biochemical results from 60 AQP4-Ab positive NMOSD and 55 MS Asian patients. To assess the diagnostic ability of cerebrospinal fluid lactate for distinguishing AQP4-Ab positive NMOSD from MS using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS The cerebrospinal fluid lactate level is significantly higher in AQP4-Ab positive NMOSD than in MS based on multiple linear regression (P<0.0001). The differential diagnostic efficacy of cerebrospinal fluid lactate distinguishing AQP4-Ab positive NMOSD from MS reached an area under ROC curve (AUC) of 0.8842 (95% CI 0.82-0.95, P<0.0001), using 1.50 as the diagnostic critical point of the cerebrospinal fluid lactate level, the sensitivity was 88.3%, the specificity was 78.2%. CONCLUSION The cerebrospinal fluid lactate level differs between AQP4-Ab positive NMOSD and MS, which also contributes in differential diagnosis. The distinct patterns of cerebral biochemical results may cast a light on the immunopathogenesis of AQP4-Ab positive NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No.154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No.154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Rong-Jun Xing
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No.154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ming-Qi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No.154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Chen-Na Huang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No.154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Shu-Min Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No.154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No.154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Chun-Sheng Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No.154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No.154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Lin-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No.154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China.
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179
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Pro-Inflammatory Role of AQP4 in Mice Subjected to Intrastriatal Injections of the Parkinsonogenic Toxin MPP. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112418. [PMID: 33167342 PMCID: PMC7694382 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is critically involved in brain water and volume homeostasis and has been implicated in a wide range of pathological conditions. Notably, evidence has been accrued to suggest that AQP4 plays a proinflammatory role by promoting release of astrocytic cytokines that activate microglia and other astrocytes. Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and we have previously shown that astrocytes in substantia nigra (SN) are enriched in AQP4 relative to cortical astrocytes, and that their complement of AQP4 is further increased following treatment with the parkinsonogenic toxin MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine). Here, we investigated the effect of Aqp4 deletion on microglial activation in mice subjected to unilateral intrastriatal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+, the toxic metabolite of MPTP). Our results show that MPP+ injections lead to a pronounced increase in the expression level of microglial activating genes in the ventral mesencephalon of wild type (WT) mice, but not Aqp4−/− mice. We also show, in WT mice, that MPP+ injections cause an upregulation of nigral AQP4 and swelling of astrocytic endfeet. These findings are consistent with the idea that AQP4 plays a pro-inflammatory role in Parkinson’s disease, secondary to the dysregulation of astrocytic volume homeostasis.
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180
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Zhang H, Liu J, Liu Y, Su C, Fan G, Lu W, Feng L. Hypertonic saline improves brain edema resulting from traumatic brain injury by suppressing the NF-κB/IL-1β signaling pathway and AQP4. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:71. [PMID: 32963601 PMCID: PMC7490798 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hypertonic saline (HS) has been extensively applied to treat brain edema in the clinic, the precise mechanism underlying its function remains poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic mechanism of HS in brain edema in terms of aquaporins and inflammatory factors. In the present study, traumatic brain injury (TBI) was established in male adult Sprague-Dawley rats, which were continuously administered 10% HS by intravenous injection for 2 days. In addition, brain edema and brain water content were detected by MRI and wet/dry ratio analysis and histological examination, respectively. Immunohistochemical staining for albumin and western blotting for occludin, zonula occludens-1 and claudin-5 was performed to evaluate the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression was also analyzed using western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, whilst interleukin (IL)-1β and NF-κB levels were measured using ELISA. It was demonstrated that HS treatment significantly reduced brain edema in TBI rats and downregulated AQP4 expression in cerebral cortical tissues around the contusion site. In addition, IL-1β and NF-κB levels were found to be downregulated after 10% HS treatment. Therefore, results from the present study suggested that HS may protect against brain edema induced by TBI by modulating the expression levels of AQP4, NF-κB and IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272111, P.R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272111, P.R. China
| | - Yunzhen Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272111, P.R. China
| | - Chunhai Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272111, P.R. China
| | - Gaoyang Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272111, P.R. China
| | - Wenpeng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272111, P.R. China
| | - Lei Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272111, P.R. China
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181
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Tice C, McDevitt J, Langford D. Astrocytes, HIV and the Glymphatic System: A Disease of Disrupted Waste Management? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:523379. [PMID: 33134185 PMCID: PMC7550659 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.523379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the glial-lymphatic or glymphatic fluid clearance pathway in the rodent brain led researchers to search for a parallel system in humans and to question the implications of this pathway in neurodegenerative diseases. Magnetic resonance imaging studies revealed that several features of the glymphatic system may be present in humans. In both rodents and humans, this pathway promotes the exchange of interstitial fluid (ISF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through the arterial perivascular spaces into the brain parenchyma. This process is facilitated in part by aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels located primarily on astrocytic end feet that abut cerebral endothelial cells of the blood brain barrier. Decreased expression or mislocalization of AQP4 from astrocytic end feet results in decreased interstitial flow, thereby, promoting accumulation of extracellular waste products like hyperphosphorylated Tau (pTau). Accumulation of pTau is a neuropathological hallmark in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is accompanied by mislocalization of APQ4 from astrocyte end feet to the cell body. HIV infection shares many neuropathological characteristics with AD. Similar to AD, HIV infection of the CNS contributes to abnormal aging with altered AQP4 localization, accumulation of pTau and chronic neuroinflammation. Up to 30% of people with HIV (PWH) suffer from HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), and changes in AQP4 may be clinically important as a contributor to cognitive disturbances. In this review, we provide an overview and discussion of the potential contributions of NeuroHIV to glymphatic system functions by focusing on astrocytes and AQP4. Although HAND encompasses a wide range of neurocognitive impairments and levels of neuroinflammation vary among and within PWH, the potential contribution of disruption in AQP4 may be clinically important in some cases. In this review we discuss implications for possible AQP4 disruption on NeuroHIV disease trajectory and how HIV may influence AQP4 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Tice
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jane McDevitt
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Public Health at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dianne Langford
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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182
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Park SH, Lee JY, Jhee KH, Yang SA. Amyloid-ß peptides inhibit the expression of AQP4 and glutamate transporter EAAC1 in insulin-treated C6 glioma cells. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1083-1089. [PMID: 32953460 PMCID: PMC7484518 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytic aquaporin 4 (AQP4) facilitates glutamate clearance via regulation of the glutamate transporter function, involved in the modulation of brain plasticity and cognitive function to prevent neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In in vitro studies, the C6 rat glioma cell line is a widely applied aging model system to investigate changes in glial cells associated with aging or AD. However, the neurotoxicity mechanism whether AQP4 mediate glutamate uptake in Aβ-stimulated C6 cell remain uncertain. In this study, we examined the effects of Aβ on the expression of AQP4, Glu transporters, Glu uptake, and cell viability in insulin-treated C6 cells. Our results showed that the expression of AQP4 mRNA and protein was significantly enhanced by insulin in older cultures (passage 45), and the expression was inhibited by Aβ at 10 μM. In addition, the cell viability and glutamate uptake in Aβ-treated C6 cells were decreased in dose-dependent manners. GFAP showed similar changes in gene and protein expression patterns as AQP4, but no significant alterations were seen in GLAST expression. In C6 cells, the glutamate transport was found to be EAAC1, not GLT-1. EAAC1 expression was decreased by the treatment of Aβ. Taken together, our findings suggest that C6 cells may have astrocytic characteristics, and the astrocytic cytotoxicity induced by Aβ was mediated by reduction of glutamate uptake through AQP4/EAAC1 pathway in C6 cells. This indicates that C6 glioma cells could be used to study the roles of AQP4 on astrocyte function in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Ho Park
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Natural Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yeul Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Natural Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hwan Jhee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Seun-Ah Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
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183
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Can miRNAs Be Considered as Diagnostic and Therapeutic Molecules in Ischemic Stroke Pathogenesis?-Current Status. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186728. [PMID: 32937836 PMCID: PMC7555634 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Clinical manifestations of stroke are long-lasting and causing economic burden on the patients and society. Current therapeutic modalities to treat ischemic stroke (IS) are unsatisfactory due to the intricate pathophysiology and poor functional recovery of brain cellular compartment. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are endogenously expressed small non-coding RNA molecules, which can act as translation inhibitors and play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology associated with IS. Moreover, miRNAs may be used as potential diagnostic and therapeutic tools in clinical practice; yet, the complete role of miRNAs is enigmatic during IS. In this review, we explored the role of miRNAs in the regulation of stroke risk factors viz., arterial hypertension, metabolic disorders, and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, the role of miRNAs were reviewed during IS pathogenesis accompanied by excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and Alzheimer's disease. The functional role of miRNAs is a double-edged sword effect in cerebral ischemia as they could modulate pathological mechanisms associated with risk factors of IS. miRNAs pertaining to IS pathogenesis could be potential biomarkers for stroke; they could help researchers to identify a particular stroke type and enable medical professionals to evaluate the severity of brain injury. Thus, ascertaining the role of miRNAs may be useful in deciphering their diagnostic role consequently it is plausible to envisage a suitable therapeutic modality against IS.
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184
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Kirov SA, Fomitcheva IV, Sword J. Rapid Neuronal Ultrastructure Disruption and Recovery during Spreading Depolarization-Induced Cytotoxic Edema. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:5517-5531. [PMID: 32483593 PMCID: PMC7566686 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Two major pathogenic events that cause acute brain damage during neurologic emergencies of stroke, head trauma, and cardiac arrest are spreading depolarizing waves and the associated brain edema that course across the cortex injuring brain cells. Virtually nothing is known about how spreading depolarization (SD)-induced cytotoxic edema evolves at the ultrastructural level immediately after insult and during recovery. In vivo 2-photon imaging followed by quantitative serial section electron microscopy was used to assess synaptic circuit integrity in the neocortex of urethane-anesthetized male and female mice during and after SD evoked by transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. SD triggered a rapid fragmentation of dendritic mitochondria. A large increase in the density of synapses on swollen dendritic shafts implies that some dendritic spines were overwhelmed by swelling or merely retracted. The overall synaptic density was unchanged. The postsynaptic dendritic membranes remained attached to axonal boutons, providing a structural basis for the recovery of synaptic circuits. Upon immediate reperfusion, cytotoxic edema mainly subsides as affirmed by a recovery of dendritic ultrastructure. Dendritic recuperation from swelling and reversibility of mitochondrial fragmentation suggests that neurointensive care to improve tissue perfusion should be paralleled by treatments targeting mitochondrial recovery and minimizing the occurrence of SDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A Kirov
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ioulia V Fomitcheva
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Jeremy Sword
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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185
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Lu G, Pang C, Chen Y, Wu N, Li J. Aquaporin 4 is involved in chronic pain but not acute pain. Behav Brain Res 2020; 393:112810. [PMID: 32681852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has revealed that spinal glia plays an important role in the processing of pain, particularly chronic pain. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4), the predominant water channel exists in astrocytes, has been proved to modulate astrocytic function and thus participate in many diseases of the central nervous system. However, there is still controversy over whether AQP4 is involved in pain modulation. In the present study, we investigated the effects of AQP4 on pain by examining chronic inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, and thermal, chemical, and mechanical stimuli-induced acute pain in AQP4 knockout mice. In Complete Freund's adjuvant-induced chronic inflammatory pain and spared nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain models, AQP4-/- mice attenuated pain-related behavioral responses compared with AQP4+/+ mice, demonstrating that AQP4 deficiency relieved chronic inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain. In the tail-flick and hot-plate tests, two acute pain models of thermal stimuli, no differences in pain-related behaviors were detected between AQP4+/+ and AQP4-/- mice. In the formalin and capsaicin tests, two models of chemical stimuli-induced acute pain, no differences in the durations of licking the injected hindpaw were found between AQP4+/+ and AQP4-/- mice. In the von Frey hair test, a model of mechanical stimuli-induced acute pain, no significant differences in withdrawal thresholds were found between these two genotypes mice as well. These results indicated that AQP4 deficiency did not affect acute pain induced by thermal, chemical, and mechanical stimuli. Taken together, our findings suggested that AQP4 contributes to chronic pain, but not acute pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyi Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Chong Pang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Jin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
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186
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Xie S, Qin Z, Yin X. Classification mechanism and clinical analysis of perihematomal edema in intracerebral hemorrhage. BRAIN HEMORRHAGES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hest.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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187
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Ren H, Han R, Chen X, Liu X, Wan J, Wang L, Yang X, Wang J. Potential therapeutic targets for intracerebral hemorrhage-associated inflammation: An update. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1752-1768. [PMID: 32423330 PMCID: PMC7446569 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20923551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a subtype of stroke with high mortality and disability but no specific or effective treatment. In the last two decades, much has been learned about the pathologic mechanisms of ICH. It is now known that after ICH onset, immune and inflammatory responses contribute to blood-brain barrier disruption, edema development, and cell death processes, jointly resulting in secondary brain injury. However, the translation of potential therapies from preclinical to clinical success has been disappointing. With the development of new laboratory technology, recent progress has been made in the understanding of ICH pathomechanisms, and promising therapeutic targets have been identified. This review provides an update of recent progress on ICH and describes the prospects for further preclinical studies in this field. Our goal is to discuss new therapeutic targets and directions for the treatment of ICH and promote the effective transformation from preclinical to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ranran Han
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jieru Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Limin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuli Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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188
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Brain Glymphatic/Lymphatic Imaging by MRI and PET. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 54:207-223. [PMID: 33088350 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-020-00665-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Since glymphatic was proposed and meningeal lymphatic was discovered, MRI and even PET were introduced to investigate brain parenchymal interstitial fluid (ISF), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and lymphatic outflow in rodents and humans. Previous findings by ex vivo fluorescent microscopic, and in vivo two-photon imaging in rodents were reproduced using intrathecal contrast (gadobutrol and the similar)-enhanced MRI in rodents and further in humans. On dynamic MRI of meningeal lymphatics, in contrast to rodents, humans use mainly dorsal meningeal lymphatic pathways of ISF-CSF-lymphatic efflux. In mice, ISF-CSF exchange was examined thoroughly using an intra-cistern injection of fluorescent tracers during sleep, aging, and neurodegeneration yielding many details. CSF to lymphatic efflux is across arachnoid barrier cells over the dorsal dura in rodents and in humans. Meningeal lymphatic efflux to cervical lymph nodes and systemic circulation is also well-delineated especially in humans onintrathecal contrast MRI. Sleep- or anesthesia-related changes of glymphatic-lymphatic flow and the coupling of ISF-CSF-lymphatic drainage are major confounders ininterpreting brain glymphatic/lymphatic outflow in rodents. PET imaging in humans should be interpreted based on human anatomy and physiology, different in some aspects, using MRI recently. Based on the summary in this review, we propose non-invasive and longer-term intrathecal SPECT/PET or MRI studies to unravel the roles of brain glymphatic/lymphatic in diseases.
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189
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Inhibition of Aquaporin 4 Decreases Amyloid Aβ40 Drainage Around Cerebral Vessels. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4720-4734. [PMID: 32783141 PMCID: PMC7515968 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is located mainly in the astrocytic end-feet around cerebral blood vessels and regulates ion and water homeostasis in the brain. While deletion of AQP4 is shown to reduce amyloid-β (Aβ) clearance and exacerbate Aβ peptide accumulation in plaques and vessels of Alzheimer's disease mouse models, the mechanism and clearing pathways involved are debated. Here, we investigated how inhibiting the function of AQP4 in healthy male C57BL/6 J mice impacts clearance of Aβ40, the more soluble Aβ isoform. Using two-photon in vivo imaging and visualizing vessels with Sulfurodamine 101 (SR101), we first showed that Aβ40 injected as a ≤ 0.5-μl volume in the cerebral cortex diffused rapidly in parenchyma and accumulated around blood vessels. In animals treated with the AQP4 inhibitor TGN-020, the perivascular Aβ40 accumulation was significantly (P < 0.001) intensified by involving four times more vessels, thus suggesting a generalized clearance defect associated with vessels. Increasing the injecting volume to ≥ 0.5 ≤ 1 μl decreased the difference of Aβ40-positive vessels observed in non-treated and AQP4 inhibitor-treated animals, although the difference was still significant (P = 0.001), suggesting that larger injection volumes could overwhelm intramural vascular clearance mechanisms. While both small and large vessels accumulated Aβ40, for the ≤ 0.5-μl volume group, the average diameter of the Aβ40-positive vessels tended to be larger in control animals compared with TGN-020-treated animals, although the difference was non-significant (P = 0.066). Using histopathology and ultrastructural microscopy, no vascular structural change was observed after a single massive dose of TGN-020. These data suggest that AQP4 deficiency is directly involved in impaired Aβ brain clearance via the peri-/para-vascular routes, and AQP4-mediated vascular clearance might counteract blood-brain barrier abnormalities and age-related vascular amyloidopathy.
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190
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de Laurentis C, Cristaldi P, Arighi A, Cavandoli C, Trezza A, Sganzerla EP, Giussani CG, Di Cristofori A. Role of aquaporins in hydrocephalus: what do we know and where do we stand? A systematic review. J Neurol 2020; 268:4078-4094. [PMID: 32747978 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10122-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glymphatic fluid circulation may be considered the lymphatic system of the brain and the main role of such system seems to be played by aquaporins (AQPs), a family of proteins which regulates water exchange, in particular AQP4 and 1. Alterations of glymphatic fluid circulation through AQPs variations are now emerging as central elements in the pathophysiology of different brain conditions, like hydrocephalus. This systematic review provides an insight about the role of AQPs in hydrocephalus establishment and compensation, investigating their possible role as diagnostic tools or therapeutic targets. METHODS PubMed database was screened searching for the relevant existing literature in English language published until February 29th 2020, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement. RESULTS A total of 40 articles met the inclusion criteria for our systematic analysis. AQP4 resulted the most studied water channel, followed by AQP1. The changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), brain parenchyma and choroid plexus (CP) in different hydrocephalus type were analyzed. Moreover, important pharmacological interactions regarding AQP and molecules or conditions were discussed. A very interesting result is the general consensus on increase of AQP4 in hydrocephalic patients, unless in patients suffering from idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, where AQP4 shows a tendency in reduction. CONCLUSION AQP seem to play a central role in the pathophysiology of hydrocephalus and in its compensation mechanisms. Further studies are required to definitively establish their precise roles and their quantitative changes to allow their utilization as diagnostic tools or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla de Laurentis
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Ospedale San Gerardo, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Monza, Via G. B. Pergolesi 33, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy.,Department of Surgery and Medicine, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Paola Cristaldi
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Ospedale San Gerardo, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Monza, Via G. B. Pergolesi 33, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy.,Department of Surgery and Medicine, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Andrea Arighi
- Unit of Neurology - UOSD Malattie Neurodegenerative, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, MI, Italy.,Dino Ferrari Center - Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Clarissa Cavandoli
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Ospedale San Gerardo, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Monza, Via G. B. Pergolesi 33, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Andrea Trezza
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Ospedale San Gerardo, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Monza, Via G. B. Pergolesi 33, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy
| | - Erik P Sganzerla
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Ospedale San Gerardo, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Monza, Via G. B. Pergolesi 33, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy.,Department of Surgery and Medicine, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Carlo G Giussani
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Ospedale San Gerardo, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Monza, Via G. B. Pergolesi 33, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy.,Department of Surgery and Medicine, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Cristofori
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Ospedale San Gerardo, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Monza, Via G. B. Pergolesi 33, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy.
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191
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Wang T, Xu L, Gao L, Zhao L, Liu XH, Chang YY, Liu YL. Paeoniflorin attenuates early brain injury through reducing oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:959-970. [PMID: 32246322 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00571-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Paeoniflorin is a natural monoterpene glucoside from Paeoniae Radix with neuroprotective properties. However, it is still unclear whether paeoniflorin has neuroprotective effects on subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This study explores the effect of paeoniflorin on early brain injury (EBI) using rat SAH model. We found that paeoniflorin significantly improves neurological deficits, attenuates brain water content and Evans blue extravasation at 72 h after SAH. Paeoniflorin attenuates the oxidative stress following SAH as evidenced by decrease of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), 3-Nitrotyrosine, and 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxy guanosine (8-OHDG) level, increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase activity, and up-regulates the nuclear factor erythroid‑related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase‑1 (HO-1) pathway. Inhibition of microglia activation and neuro-inflammatory response both contributed to paeoniflorin's protective effects. Moreover, paeoniflorin treatment significantly reduces the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, active caspase-3/ neuronal nuclei (NeuN) and TUNEL/DAPI positive cells at 72 h following SAH. Our results indicate that paeoniflorin may attenuate early brain injury after experimental SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tai'an City Central Hospital, No.29 Longtan Road, Tai'an, 271000, Shandong, China.
| | - Ling Xu
- Intensive Care Unit, Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Tai'an City Central Hospital, No.29 Longtan Road, Tai'an, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Xin-Hong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tai'an City Central Hospital, No.29 Longtan Road, Tai'an, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Yan-Yan Chang
- Department of Neurology, Tai'an City Central Hospital, No.29 Longtan Road, Tai'an, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Yun-Lin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tai'an City Central Hospital, No.29 Longtan Road, Tai'an, 271000, Shandong, China.
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192
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Ahad MA, Kumaran KR, Ning T, Mansor NI, Effendy MA, Damodaran T, Lingam K, Wahab HA, Nordin N, Liao P, Müller CP, Hassan Z. Insights into the neuropathology of cerebral ischemia and its mechanisms. Rev Neurosci 2020; 31:521-538. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCerebral ischemia is a result of insufficient blood flow to the brain. It leads to limited supply of oxygen and other nutrients to meet metabolic demands. These phenomena lead to brain damage. There are two types of cerebral ischemia: focal and global ischemia. This condition has significant impact on patient’s health and health care system requirements. Animal models such as transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and permanent occlusion of extracranial vessels have been established to mimic the conditions of the respective type of cerebral ischemia and to further understand pathophysiological mechanisms of these ischemic conditions. It is important to understand the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia in order to identify therapeutic strategies for prevention and treatment. Here, we review the neuropathologies that are caused by cerebral ischemia and discuss the mechanisms that occur in cerebral ischemia such as reduction of cerebral blood flow, hippocampal damage, white matter lesions, neuronal cell death, cholinergic dysfunction, excitotoxicity, calcium overload, cytotoxic oedema, a decline in adenosine triphosphate (ATP), malfunctioning of Na+/K+-ATPase, and the blood-brain barrier breakdown. Altogether, the information provided can be used to guide therapeutic strategies for cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Anuar Ahad
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Kesevan Rajah Kumaran
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Tiang Ning
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Izzati Mansor
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Thenmoly Damodaran
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Kamilla Lingam
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Habibah Abdul Wahab
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- USM-RIKEN Centre for Aging Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Norshariza Nordin
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ping Liao
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Christian P. Müller
- Section of Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zurina Hassan
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
- USM-RIKEN Centre for Aging Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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193
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Wengler K, Ha J, Syritsyna O, Bangiyev L, Coyle PK, Duong TQ, Schweitzer ME, He X. Abnormal blood-brain barrier water exchange in chronic multiple sclerosis lesions: A preliminary study. Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 70:126-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2020.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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194
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Singh S, Bhatt V, Kumar V, Kumawat S, Khatri P, Singla P, Shivaraj S, Nadaf A, Deshmukh R, Sharma TR, Sonah H. Evolutionary Understanding of Aquaporin Transport System in the Basal Eudicot Model Species Aquilegia coerulea. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060799. [PMID: 32604788 PMCID: PMC7355465 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) play a pivotal role in the cellular transport of water and many other small solutes, influencing many physiological and developmental processes in plants. In the present study, extensive bioinformatics analysis of AQPs was performed in Aquilegia coerulea L., a model species belonging to basal eudicots, with a particular focus on understanding the AQPs role in the developing petal nectar spur. A total of 29 AQPs were identified in Aquilegia, and their phylogenetic analysis performed with previously reported AQPs from rice, poplar and Arabidopsis depicted five distinct subfamilies of AQPs. Interestingly, comparative analysis revealed the loss of an uncharacterized intrinsic protein II (XIP-II) group in Aquilegia. The absence of the entire XIP subfamily has been reported in several previous studies, however, the loss of a single clade within the XIP family has not been characterized. Furthermore, protein structure analysis of AQPs was performed to understand pore diversity, which is helpful for the prediction of solute specificity. Similarly, an AQP AqcNIP2-1 was identified in Aquilegia, predicted as a silicon influx transporter based on the presence of features such as the G-S-G-R aromatic arginine selectivity filter, the spacing between asparagine-proline-alanine (NPA) motifs and pore morphology. RNA-seq analysis showed a high expression of tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs) and plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) in the developing petal spur. The results presented here will be helpful in understanding the AQP evolution in Aquilegia and their expression regulation, particularly during floral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Singh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali Punjab 140306, India; (S.S.); (V.K.); (S.K.); (P.K.); (P.S.); (S.M.S.); (R.D.)
| | - Vacha Bhatt
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; (V.B.); (A.N.)
| | - Virender Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali Punjab 140306, India; (S.S.); (V.K.); (S.K.); (P.K.); (P.S.); (S.M.S.); (R.D.)
| | - Surbhi Kumawat
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali Punjab 140306, India; (S.S.); (V.K.); (S.K.); (P.K.); (P.S.); (S.M.S.); (R.D.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Praveen Khatri
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali Punjab 140306, India; (S.S.); (V.K.); (S.K.); (P.K.); (P.S.); (S.M.S.); (R.D.)
| | - Pankaj Singla
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali Punjab 140306, India; (S.S.); (V.K.); (S.K.); (P.K.); (P.S.); (S.M.S.); (R.D.)
| | - S.M. Shivaraj
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali Punjab 140306, India; (S.S.); (V.K.); (S.K.); (P.K.); (P.S.); (S.M.S.); (R.D.)
| | - Altaf Nadaf
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; (V.B.); (A.N.)
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali Punjab 140306, India; (S.S.); (V.K.); (S.K.); (P.K.); (P.S.); (S.M.S.); (R.D.)
| | - Tilak Raj Sharma
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali Punjab 140306, India; (S.S.); (V.K.); (S.K.); (P.K.); (P.S.); (S.M.S.); (R.D.)
- Division of Crop Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi 110001, India
- Correspondence: (T.R.S.); (H.S.); Tel.: +91-172-522-1181 (H.S.)
| | - Humira Sonah
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali Punjab 140306, India; (S.S.); (V.K.); (S.K.); (P.K.); (P.S.); (S.M.S.); (R.D.)
- Correspondence: (T.R.S.); (H.S.); Tel.: +91-172-522-1181 (H.S.)
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195
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Bobermin LD, Roppa RHA, Gonçalves CA, Quincozes-Santos A. Ammonia-Induced Glial-Inflammaging. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3552-3567. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01985-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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196
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Yu B, Zhang J, Li H, Sun X. Silencing of aquaporin1 activates the Wnt signaling pathway to improve cognitive function in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Gene 2020; 755:144904. [PMID: 32540373 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquaporins (AQPs) are water channel proteins robustly presenting in the central nervous system (CNS). Increasing evidence suggests the crucial role of AQP1 in the pathogenesis of CNS injury but scarce data are provided for the potential role of AQP1 in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of AQP1 on cognitive function in a mouse model of AD. METHODS A mouse model of AD was established by using the β-amyloid isoform Aβ1-42, and then assessed by the step-through test and water maze experiment. The expression of AQP1 was quantified in the AD model. The effects of AQP1 on the cognitive function of AD mice and the Wnt signaling pathway were elucidated using gain- and loss-of-function approaches. Furthermore, hippocampal neurons were isolated and treated with Aβ1-42 for in vitro experiments and the effects of the Wnt signaling pathway on hippocampal neuron apoptosis were analyzed with the use of inhibitor or activator of this pathway. RESULTS AQP1 was highly-expressed in the AD mouse model while AQP1 silencing improved cognitive function in AD mice. Besides, silencing of AQP1 exhibited protective effects on hippocampal neurons in AD mice. Furthermore, AQP1 inhibited the Wnt signaling pathway while AQP1 promoted neuronal apoptosis by inhibiting the Wnt signaling pathway, thereby damaging the cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS AQP1 silencing attenuates the cognitive impairment in AD through activation of the Wnt signaling pathway, highlighting a novel therapeutic target against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benshuai Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 117000, PR China; Department of Neurosurgery, Benxi Central Hospital, Benxi 117000, PR China
| | - Junzhu Zhang
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Benxi Central Hospital, Benxi 117000, PR China
| | - Hai Li
- Department of Urology Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 117000, PR China.
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197
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Toft-Bertelsen TL, Larsen BR, Christensen SK, Khandelia H, Waagepetersen HS, MacAulay N. Clearance of activity-evoked K + transients and associated glia cell swelling occur independently of AQP4: A study with an isoform-selective AQP4 inhibitor. Glia 2020; 69:28-41. [PMID: 32506554 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian brain consists of 80% water, which is continuously shifted between different compartments and cellular structures by mechanisms that are, to a large extent, unresolved. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is abundantly expressed in glia and ependymal cells of the mammalian brain and has been proposed to act as a gatekeeper for brain water dynamics, predominantly based on studies utilizing AQP4-deficient mice. However, these mice have a range of secondary effects due to the gene deletion. An efficient and selective AQP4 inhibitor has thus been sorely needed to validate the results obtained in the AQP4-/- mice to quantify the contribution of AQP4 to brain fluid dynamics. In AQP4-expressing Xenopus laevis oocytes monitored by a high-resolution volume recording system, we here demonstrate that the compound TGN-020 is such a selective AQP4 inhibitor. TGN-020 targets the tested species of AQP4 with an IC50 of ~3.5 μM, but displays no inhibitory effect on the other AQPs (AQP1-AQP9). With this tool, we employed rat hippocampal slices and ion-sensitive microelectrodes to determine the role of AQP4 in glia cell swelling following neuronal activity. TGN-020-mediated inhibition of AQP4 did not prevent stimulus-induced extracellular space shrinkage, nor did it slow clearance of the activity-evoked K+ transient. These data, obtained with a verified isoform-selective AQP4 inhibitor, indicate that AQP4 is not required for the astrocytic contribution to the K+ clearance or the associated extracellular space shrinkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Lisberg Toft-Bertelsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brian Roland Larsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie Kjellerup Christensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Himanshu Khandelia
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helle S Waagepetersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a rare and chronic disabling autoimmune astrocytopathy of the central nervous system. Current advances regarding aquaporin-4 antibody function facilitate the understanding of clinical manifestations and imaging findings beyond optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. The current definition of NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD) includes both aquaporin-4-IgG seropositive and seronegative patients who present with characteristic findings. This review will briefly summarize the pathophysiology and the latest NMOSD diagnostic criteria and focus on the NMOSD imaging findings and its differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Che Hung
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC; Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
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199
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Li H, Yang L, Wu Z, Zhou L, Bao Y, Geng D, Quan C, Li Y. Brain MRI features of Chinese Han patients with MOG-antibody disease. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 43:102167. [PMID: 32447248 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The spectrum of imaging features of patients with MOG antibody disease (MOGAD) remains unclear. We aimed to determine the brain MRI features of MOGAD in a Chinese Han cohort and to assess differences in brain MRI features between MOGAD and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs). Methods We retrospectively reviewed the MRI images of 43 patients with MOGAD. As a routine diagnostic approach, all patients underwent serum aquaporin 4 IgG (AQP4-IgG) and MOG-IgG detection via cell-based assays. The topographies and features of brain lesions were independently assessed by two raters. As a comparison, topographies and features of brain lesions were also assessed using neuroimaging characteristics of NMOSDs recommended by the international panel for NMO diagnosis (IPND) in 2015. Results Thirty-five (81.4%) patients were found to have brain lesions. These brain lesions were classified into the following three patterns according to their distributions: (I) lesions involving midline structures and deep gray matte; (II) supratentorial white matter lesions; and (III) cortical gray matter lesions. There were 17 patients whose brain lesions did not fulfill the neuroimaging characteristics of NMOSDs recommended by the 2015 IPND, in which 11 patients had cortical gray matter lesions and/or juxtacortical white matter lesions, four patients had middle cerebral peduncles lesions, and two patients had gray matter lesions and juxtacortical white matter lesions, as well as middle cerebral peduncles lesions. Conclusion MOGAD in this Chinese Han cohort exhibited distinct brain MRI features, especially in terms of cortical gray matter lesions, juxtacortical white matter lesions, and middle cerebral peduncles lesions, which may help to further identify and diagnose patients with MOGAD while they are waiting for serological antibody results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Li
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqin Yang
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Functional and Molecular Medical Imaging, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengyu Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifang Bao
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daoying Geng
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Functional and Molecular Medical Imaging, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Quan
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuxin Li
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Functional and Molecular Medical Imaging, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Takano K, Yamada M. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging evidence for the role of astrocytic aquaporin-4 water channels in glymphatic influx and interstitial solute transport. Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 71:11-16. [PMID: 32446035 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to confirm the hypothesis that aquaporin-4 water channels (AQP4) control solute transition into the brain parenchyma using image analysis of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) dissolved in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (dyMRI) in live rats. Ten male Wistar ST rats were included in the study. Whole-brain dyMRI was performed for approximately 120 min after intrathecal infusion of gadolinium tetraazacyclododecane tetraacetic acid (Gd-DOTA). TGN-020, a specific AQP4 inhibitor, was used to inhibit the function of AQP4 in one group of rats (TGN-020 group, n = 4). The dyMRI after Gd-DOTA infusion in the rat, who were not treated with TGN-020 (control group, n = 6) revealed marked contrast-enhancement over time based on the distribution of the GBCA in the lateral regions of the brain surface, the ventral regions, the regions adjacent to the subarachnoid space, and the deep subcortical region. In contrast, smaller signal enhancement of the same regions in the TGN-020 group indicated poor distribution of the GBCA, suggesting a physiological consequence of the AQP4 inhibition by TGN-020. In this study, a close relationship between the function of AQP4 and the solute dynamics in the CSF was revealed from the distribution pattern of GBCA visualized in dyMRI in the living rat brain by administration of AQP4-selective inhibitor. This finding suggests that AQP4 functions to drive a glymphatic influx to transition molecules dissolved in the CSF from the subarachnoid space into the extracellular space of the brain parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Takano
- Faculty of Radiological Technology, School of Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamada
- Faculty of Radiological Technology, School of Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University, Japan.
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