E-cadherin in contact inhibition and cancer

N-Cadherin Distinguishes Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma from Liver Metastases of Ductal Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas

Carcinomas of the pancreatobiliary system confer an especially unfavorable prognosis. The differential diagnosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) and its subtypes versus liver metastasis of ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (PDAC) is clinically important to allow the best possible therapy. We could previously show that E-cadherin and N-cadherin, transmembrane glycoproteins of adherens junctions, are characteristic features of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. We therefore analyzed E-cadherin and N-cadherin in the embryonally related epithelia of the bile duct and pancreas, as well as in 312 iCCAs, 513 carcinomas of the extrahepatic bile ducts, 228 gallbladder carcinomas, 131 PDACs, and precursor lesions, with immunohistochemistry combined with image analysis, fluorescence microscopy, and immunoblots. In the physiological liver, N-cadherin colocalizes with E-cadherin in small intrahepatic bile ducts, whereas larger bile ducts and pancreatic ducts are positive for E-cadherin but contain decreasing amounts of N-cadherin. N-cadherin was highly expressed in most iCCAs, whereas in PDACs, N-cadherin was negative or only faintly expressed. E- and N-cadherin expression in tumors of the pancreaticobiliary tract recapitulate their expression in their normal tissue counterparts. N-cadherin is a helpful marker for the differential diagnosis between iCCA and PDAC, with a specificity of 96% and a sensitivity of 67% for small duct iCCAs and 50% for large duct iCCAs.

Breast Cancer Metastasis: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide. Metastasis is the leading cause of high mortality in most cancers. Although predicting the early stage of breast cancer before metastasis can increase the survival rate, breast cancer is often discovered or diagnosed after metastasis has occurred. In general, breast cancer has a poor prognosis because it starts as a local disease and can spread to lymph nodes or distant organs, contributing to a significant impediment in breast cancer treatment. Metastatic breast cancer cells acquire aggressive characteristics from the tumor microenvironment (TME) through several mechanisms including epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and epigenetic regulation. Therefore, understanding the nature and mechanism of breast cancer metastasis can facilitate the development of targeted therapeutics focused on metastasis. This review discusses the mechanisms leading to metastasis and the current therapies to improve the early diagnosis and prognosis in patients with metastatic breast cancer.

Role of Yes-Associated Protein in Psoriasis and Skin Tumor Pathogenesis

Psoriasis and skin tumors (such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma) are chronic diseases that endanger physical and mental health, and yet the causes are largely unknown and treatment options limited. The development of targeted drugs requires a better understanding of the exact pathogenesis of these diseases, and Yes-associated protein (YAP), a member of the Hippo signaling pathway, is believed to play an important role. Psoriasis and skin tumors are characterized by excessive cell proliferation, abnormal differentiation, vasodilation, and proliferation. Here, we review the literature related to YAP-associated disease mechanisms and discuss the latest research. YAP regulates cell apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation; inhibits cell density and intercellular contacts and angiogenesis; and maintains the three-dimensional structure of the skin. These mechanisms may be associated with the occurrence and development of psoriasis and skin tumors. The results of recent studies have shown that YAP expression is increased in psoriasis and skin tumors. High expression of YAP in psoriasis and skin tumors may indicate its positive functions in skin inflammation and malignancies and may play an important role in disease pathogenesis. The study of new drugs targeting YAP can provide novel approaches for the treatment of skin diseases.

Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Rationale of Immunotherapy in Peritoneal Metastasis of Advanced Gastric Cancer

Peritoneal metastasis (PM) is one of the most frequent metastasis patterns of gastric cancer (GC), and the prognosis of patients with PM is very dismal. According to Paget’s theory, disseminated free cancer cells are seeded and survive in the abdominal cavity, adhere to the peritoneum, invade the subperitoneal tissue, and proliferate through angiogenesis. In these sequential processes, several key molecules are involved. From a therapeutic point of view, immunotherapy with chemotherapy combination has become the standard of care for advanced GC. Several clinical trials of newer immunotherapy agents are ongoing. Understanding of the molecular process of PM and the potential rationale of immunotherapy for PM treatment is necessary. Beyond understanding of the molecular aspect of PM, many studies have been conducted on the modality of treatment of PM. Notably, intraperitoneal approaches, including chemotherapy or immunotherapy, have been conducted, because systemic treatment of PM has limitations. In this study, we reviewed the molecular mechanisms and immunologic aspects of PM, and intraperitoneal approaches under investigation for treating PM.

Overexpression of ERCC6L correlates with poor prognosis and confers malignant phenotypes of lung adenocarcinoma

Excision repair cross‑complementation group 6 like (ERCC6L) has been reported to be upregulated in a variety of malignant tumors and plays a critical oncogenic role. However, the role and molecular mechanism of ERCC6L in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remain unclear, and were therefore investigated in the present study. Clinical data of patients with LUAD were obtained and bioinformatics analysis was performed to investigate the expression characteristics, prognostic value, and biological function of ERCC6L. In addition, cell function experiments were performed to detect the effect of ERCC6L silencing on the biological behavior of LUAD cells. The results revealed that ERCC6L expression was significantly higher in LUAD tissues vs. normal lung tissues and closely associated with nodal invasion, advanced clinical stage and survival in LUAD. Overexpression of ERCC6L was an independent prognostic biomarker of overall survival, progression‑free interval, and disease‑specific survival in patients with LUAD. DNA amplification and low methylation levels of ERCC6L suggested regulation at both the genetic and epigenetic levels. The most significant positive genes co‑expressed with ERCC6L were mainly enriched in the cell cycle signaling pathway. The major functions of ERCC6L in LUAD cells were positively correlated with the cell cycle, DNA damage, DNA repair, proliferation, invasion and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT). Knockdown of ERCC6L inhibited the proliferative, migratory and invasive abilities of A549 and PC9 cells. It also promoted cell apoptosis, and led to cell cycle arrest in the S phase. ERCC6L may regulate the EMT process through the Wnt/β‑catenin and Wnt/Notch 3 signaling pathways, thus regulating the tumorigenesis and progression of LUAD. The overexpression of ERCC6L may be a biological indicator for the diagnosis and prognosis of LUAD. ERCC6L may be a novel molecular target for the treatment of lung cancer.

In Silico Investigations of Multi-Drug Adaptive Therapy Protocols

The standard of care for cancer patients aims to eradicate the tumor by killing the maximum number of cancer cells using the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of a drug. MTD causes significant toxicity and selects for resistant cells, eventually making the tumor refractory to treatment. Adaptive therapy aims to maximize time to progression (TTP), by maintaining sensitive cells to compete with resistant cells. We explored both dose modulation (DM) protocols and fixed dose (FD) interspersed with drug holiday protocols. In contrast to previous single drug protocols, we explored the determinants of success of two-drug adaptive therapy protocols, using an agent-based model. In almost all cases, DM protocols (but not FD protocols) increased TTP relative to MTD. DM protocols worked well when there was more competition, with a higher cost of resistance, greater cell turnover, and when crowded proliferating cells could replace their neighbors. The amount that the drug dose was changed, mattered less. The more sensitive the protocol was to tumor burden changes, the better. In general, protocols that used as little drug as possible, worked best. Preclinical experiments should test these predictions, especially dose modulation protocols, with the goal of generating successful clinical trials for greater cancer control.

SPARC Induces E-Cadherin Repression and Enhances Cell Migration through Integrin αvβ3 and the Transcription Factor ZEB1 in Prostate Cancer Cells

Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), or osteonectin, is a matricellular protein that modulates interactions between cells and their microenvironment. SPARC is expressed during extracellular matrix remodeling and is abundant in bone marrow and high-grade prostate cancer (PCa). In PCa, SPARC induces changes associated with epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), enhancing migration and invasion and increasing the expression of EMT transcriptional factor Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1), but not Zinc finger protein SNAI1 (Snail) or Zinc finger protein SNAI2 (Slug). It is unknown whether the SPARC-induced downregulation of E-cadherin in PCa cells depends on ZEB1. Several integrins are mediators of SPARC effects in cancer cells. Because integrin signaling can induce EMT programs, we hypothesize that SPARC induces E-cadherin repression through the activation of integrins and ZEB1. Through stable knockdown and the overexpression of SPARC in PCa cells, we demonstrate that SPARC downregulates E-cadherin and increases vimentin, ZEB1, and integrin β3 expression. Knocking down SPARC in PCa cells decreases the tyrosine-925 phosphorylation of FAK and impairs focal adhesion formation. Blocking integrin αvβ3 and silencing ZEB1 revert both the SPARC-induced downregulation of E-cadherin and cell migration enhancement. We conclude that SPARC induces E-cadherin repression and enhances PCa cell migration through the integrin αvβ3/ZEB1 signaling pathway.

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition: The history, regulatory mechanism, and cancer therapeutic opportunities

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a program wherein epithelial cells lose their junctions and polarity while acquiring mesenchymal properties and invasive ability. Originally defined as an embryogenesis event, EMT has been recognized as a crucial process in tumor progression. During EMT, cell–cell junctions and cell–matrix attachments are disrupted, and the cytoskeleton is remodeled to enhance mobility of cells. This transition of phenotype is largely driven by a group of key transcription factors, typically Snail, Twist, and ZEB, through epigenetic repression of epithelial markers, transcriptional activation of matrix metalloproteinases, and reorganization of cytoskeleton. Mechanistically, EMT is orchestrated by multiple pathways, especially those involved in embryogenesis such as TGFβ, Wnt, Hedgehog, and Hippo, suggesting EMT as an intrinsic link between embryonic development and cancer progression. In addition, redox signaling has also emerged as critical EMT modulator. EMT confers cancer cells with increased metastatic potential and drug resistant capacity, which accounts for tumor recurrence in most clinic cases. Thus, targeting EMT can be a therapeutic option providing a chance of cure for cancer patients. Here, we introduce a brief history of EMT and summarize recent advances in understanding EMT mechanisms, as well as highlighting the therapeutic opportunities by targeting EMT in cancer treatment.

The long non-coding RNA T cell leukemia homeobox 1 neighbor enhances signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A phosphorylation to promote colon cancer cell invasion, migration, and metastasis

Colon cancer is among the most prevalent gastrointestinal tumor types. The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) T cell leukemia homeobox 1 neighbor (TLX1NB) is up-regulated in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the functional role of this lncRNA in colon cancer remains unknown. In our study, we investigated the clinical significance of TLX1NB in colon cancer through bioinformatics analysis and explored its role in migration, invasion and metastasis of colon cancer cell with a series of experiments. Firstly, TLX1NB was up-regulated in colon cancer tissues and increased TLX1NB expression was significantly associated with advanced N stages. In wound healing assays and transwell assays, TLX1NB overexpression promoted HCT116 cell migration and invasion while TLX1NB knockdown inhibited SW620 cell migration and invasion. In vivo, TLX1NB knockdown suppressed pulmonary metastasis of SW620 cell and vimentin expression but increased E-cadherin expression. Then, TLX1NB overexpression enhanced signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A (STAT5A) phosphorylation and TLX1NB knockdown suppressed STAT5A phosphorylation. Moreover, the inhibition of STAT5A phosphorylation reversed TLX1NB overexpression-associated increase in HCT116 cell migratory and invasive activity. In conclusion, TLX1NB enhances STAT5A phosphorylation to promote colon cancer cell invasion, migration, and metastasis.

Al-MPS Obstructs EMT in Breast Cancer by Inhibiting Lipid Metabolism via miR-215-5p/SREBP1

Alkali-extractable mycelial polysaccharide (Al-MPS) is a natural macromolecular polymer that has shown anti-hyperlipidemic and antitumor abilities. This study investigates the mechanism by which Al-MPS inhibits lipid metabolism and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer (BC). BC cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) were transfected and/or treated with Al-MPS. CCK-8, Transwell, and scratch assays were used to evaluate the tumorigenic behaviors of BC cells. The expression levels of SREBP1, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Snail, vimentin, FASN, ACLY, and ACECS1 in BC cells were detected by Western blotting. Dual-luciferase reporter and RNA pull-down assays were performed to verify the binding between miR-215-5p and SREBP1 mRNA. Nude mice were injected with MDA-MB-231 cells and treated with Al-MPS. The changes in tumor volume and protein expression were monitored. miR-215-5p was downregulated and SREBP1 was upregulated in BC. Al-MPS increased miR-215-5p expression and inhibited SREBP1 expression, lipid metabolism, and EMT in BC. Inhibition of miR-215-5p or overexpression of SREBP1 promoted the tumorigenic behaviors of BC cells by stimulating lipid metabolism and counteracted the antitumor effect of Al-MPS. SREBP1 was a downstream target of miR-215-5p. In conclusion, Al-MPS inhibits lipid metabolism and EMT in BC via the miR-215-5p/SREBP1 axis. This study supports the application of polysaccharides in cancer treatment and the molecules regulated by Al-MPS may be used as biomarkers or therapeutic targets for BC.

Reconstitution of the full transmembrane cadherin-catenin complex

The dynamic regulation of epithelial adherens junctions relies on all components of the E-cadherin-catenin complex. Previously, the complexes have been partially reconstituted and composed only of α-catenin, β-catenin, and the E-cadherin cytoplasmic domain. However, p120-catenin and the full-length E-cadherin including the extracellular, transmembrane, and intra-cellular domains are vital to the understanding of the relationship between extracellular adhesion and intracellular signaling. Here, we reconstitute the complete and full-length cadherin-catenin complex, including full-length E-cadherin, α-catenin, β-catenin, and p120-catenin, into nanodiscs. We are able to observe the cadherin in nanodiscs by cryo-EM. We also reconstitute α-catenin, β-catenin, and p120-catenin with the E-cadherin cytoplasmic tail alone in order to analyze the affinities of their binding interactions. We find that p120-catenin does not associate strongly with α- or β-catenin and binds much more transiently to the cadherin cytoplasmic tail than does β-catenin. Overall, this work creates many new possibilities for biochemical studies understanding transmembrane signaling of cadherins and the role of p120-catenin in adhesion activation.

Dioscin exhibits protective effects on in vivo and in vitro asthma models via suppressing TGF-β1/Smad2/3 and AKT pathways

Dioscin is a natural product that possesses protective effects on multiple chronic injuries, but its effects on asthma are not fully understood. Herein, we evaluated its effects on asthmatic mice established by ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and challenges and further explored the mechanism. Inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) were analyzed using Diff-Quik staining. OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE)/IgG1 in serum and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 4[IL-4], IL-5, IL-13, and tumor necrosis factor-α) in BALFs and lung tissues were measured using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kits. Hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and immunohistochemistry staining showed histopathological changes in lung tissues. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cells was assessed by immunofluorescence staining. Hydroxyproline content was used to evaluate collagen deposition. Polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were performed to measure messenger RNA and protein expression. We found that dioscin treatment (particularly at the dose of 80 mg/kg) significantly inhibited pulmonary inflammation in asthmatic mice, as evidenced by the decreased serum OVA-specific IgE/IgG1 and the reduced inflammatory cells and cytokines in BALFs and lung tissues. Moreover, dioscin effectively ameliorated the goblet cell hyperplasia, mucus hypersecretion, collagen deposition, and smooth muscle hyperplasia in the airways of asthmatic mice. Mechanistically, dioscin restrained the activated TGF-β1/Smad2/3 and protein kinase B (AKT) signal pathways in lung tissues and potently reversed the TGF-β1-induced EMT and phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and AKT in 16HBE cells. Collectively, dioscin displayed protective effects on OVA-induced asthmatic mice via adjusting TGF-β1/Smad2/3 and AKT signal pathways, supporting the fact that dioscin could be a candidate for chronic asthma prevention in the future.

6‑Gingerol suppresses cell viability, migration and invasion via inhibiting EMT, and inducing autophagy and ferroptosis in LPS‑stimulated and LPS‑unstimulated prostate cancer cells

6-Gingerol is a bioactive compound isolated from Zingiber officinale. 6-Gingerol has been shown to have anticancer effects in numerous types of cancer cell. The mechanisms underlying the anticancer effect of 6-Gingerol in prostate cancer requires investigation. In the present study, the effect on cell viability of 6-Gingerol on LNCaP, PC3 and DU145 prostate cancer cells were determined using the MTT and colony formation assays. 6-Gingerol significantly inhibited cell migration, adhesion and invasion in LPS-stimulated and LPS-unstimulated prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, these changes were accompanied by alterations in the protein expression levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition biomarkers, including E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin and zonula occludens-1. 6-Gingerol also induced autophagy by significantly increasing LC3B-II and Beclin-1 protein expression levels in prostate cancer cells. Combining 6-Gingerol with LY294002, an autophagy inhibitor, significantly increased cell survival in DU145 cells. Furthermore, 6-Gingerol significantly decreased the protein expression levels of glutathione (GSH) peroxidase 4 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in prostate cancer cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were significantly increased but GSH levels were decreased following 6-Gingerol treatment in prostate cancer cells. Co-treatment with the ferroptosis inhibitor, ferrostatin-1, significantly increased cell viability and significantly decreased ROS levels in 6-Gingerol-treated cells. These results suggested that 6-Gingerol may have inhibited prostate cell cancer viability via the regulation of autophagy and ferroptosis. In addition, 6-Gingerol inhibited cell migration, adhesion and invasion via the regulation of EMT-related protein expression levels in LPS-stimulated and LPS-unstimulated prostate cancer cells. In conclusion, 6-Gingerol may induce protective autophagy, autophagic cell death and ferroptosis-mediated cell death in prostate cancer cells. These findings may provide a strategy for the treatment and prevention of prostate cancer.

Mechanical Cues, E-Cadherin Expression and Cell "Sociality" Are Crucial Crossroads in Determining Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cells Behavior

E-cadherin, an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker, is coupled to actin cytoskeleton and distributes cell forces acting on cells. Since YAP transduces mechanical signals involving actin cytoskeleton, we aimed to investigate the relationship between YAP and mechanical cues in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines, characterized by different EMT-related phenotypes, cultured in 2D monolayers and 3D spheroids. We observed that the YAP/p-YAP ratio was reduced in HPAC and MIA PaCa-2 cell lines and remained unchanged in BxPC-3 cells when cultured in a 3D setting. CTGF and CYR61 gene expression were down-regulated in all PDAC 3D compared to 2D cultures, without any significant effect following actin cytoskeleton inhibition by Cytochalasin B (CyB) treatment. Moreover, LATS1 mRNA, indicating the activation of the Hippo pathway, was not influenced by CyB and differed in all PDAC cell lines having different EMT-related phenotype but a similar pattern of CTGF and CYR61 expression. Although the role of YAP modulation in response to mechanical cues in cancer cells remains to be completely elucidated, our results suggest that cell arrangement and phenotype can determine variable outcomes to mechanical stimuli in PDAC cells. Moreover, it is possible to speculate that YAP and Hippo pathways may act as parallel and not exclusive inputs that, converging at some points, may impact cell behavior.

Ophiopogonin‑B targets PTP1B to inhibit the malignant progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating the PI3K/AKT and AMPK signaling pathways

Ophiopogonin‑B (OP‑B) is a bioactive component from the root of Ophiopogon japonicus, which can exert anticancer effects on multiple malignant tumors. The present study aimed to uncover the effects of OP‑B on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the underlying mechanisms. An HCC‑xenografted mouse model was established and subsequently treated with OP‑B (15 and 75 mg/kg) to observe the effects of OP‑B on HCC progression and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) expression in vivo. The HCC cell line MHCC97‑H was transfected with either PTP1B overexpression (Ov)‑PTP1B or empty vector control, and then exposed to different concentrations of OP‑B. Subsequently, PTP1B expression, cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and angiogenesis were evaluated by western blotting, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR, Cell Counting Kit‑8, colony formation, TUNEL staining, wound healing, Transwell and tube formation assays. The expression of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT and adenosine 5'‑monophosphate‑activated protein kinase (AMPK) was also assessed by western blot assay. The results showed that OP‑B inhibited tumor growth and the expression of Ki67, CD31, VEGFA and PTP1B in HCC xenograft model. The expression of PTP1B in HCC cells was also inhibited by OP‑B in a concentration‑dependent manner. Results from the in vitro studies revealed that OP‑B suppressed cell proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis, and promoted apoptosis of HCC cells. However, PTP1B overexpression reversed the effect of OP‑B on HCC cells. PI3K/AKT was inactivated and AMPK was activated by OP‑B exposure in HCC cells, and PTP1B overexpression blocked these effects. In conclusion, OP‑B effectively inhibited the progression of HCC both in vivo and in vitro. These effects may depend on downregulating PTP1B expression, thereby inactivating the PI3K/AKT pathway and activating the AMPK pathway.

miR-888 and E-Cadherin Levels in Ductal Carcinoma Breast Cancer as Possible Cancer-Related Markers

Background: Cancer occurs due to genetic or epigenetic factors. Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among females and is considered one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. Epigenetic biomarkers have proven to be important in cancer management. Methods: E-cadherin gene expression and its associated regulatory microRNA, miR-888, were studied in 60 ductal carcinoma BC patients compared with normal controls using real-time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction. In addition, the association of the gene and microRNA expression with hormone receptors and other clinicopathologic characteristics were assessed. The correlation between plasma and tumor miR-888 expression was studied to evaluate its potential as a marker of noninvasiveness. Results: The results showed a significant increase in expression of miR-888, and a decrease in E-cadherin expression in tumor tissues compared with normal controls. The miR-888 and E-cadherin mRNA levels showed an inverse correlation. The overexpression of miR-888 in both tumor and plasma and downregulation of E-cadherin were particularly prominent when there was nodal involvement and distant metastasis status as we well as being significantly associated with higher disease stages and triple-negative tumor hormone receptor status. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves indicated that overall survival was significantly poor in BC patients with higher miR-888 and lower E-cadherin expression. Conclusions: Our study indicated that elevated eXpression of miR-888 may be a negative prognostic factor in breast cancer.

Bacteroides fragilis Toxin Induces Intestinal Epithelial Cell Secretion of Interleukin-8 by the E-Cadherin/β-Catenin/NF-κB Dependent Pathway

Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) has emerged as a gut microbiome pathogen that can promote colitis associated cancer in humans. ETBF secretes the metalloprotease, B. fragilis toxin (BFT), which can induce ectodomain cleavage of E-cadherin and IL-8 secretion through the β-catenin, NF-κB, and MAPK pathways in intestinal epithelial cells. However, it is still unclear whether E-cadherin cleavage is required for BFT induced IL-8 secretion and the relative contribution of these signaling pathways to IL-8 secretion. Using siRNA knockdown and CRISPR knockout studies, we found that E-cadherin cleavage is required for BFT mediated IL-8 secretion. In addition, genetic ablation of β-catenin indicates that β-catenin is required for the BFT induced increase in transcriptional activity of NF-κB, p65 nuclear localization and early IL-8 secretion. These results suggest that BFT induced β-catenin signaling is upstream of NF-κB activation. However, despite β-catenin gene disruption, BFT still activated the MAPK pathway, suggesting that the BFT induced activation of the MAPK signaling pathway is independent from the E-cadherin/β-catenin/NF-κB pathway. These findings show that E-cadherin and β-catenin play a critical role in acute inflammation following ETBF infection through the inflammatory response to BFT in intestinal epithelial cells.

STING-mediated Syk Signaling Attenuates Tumorigenesis of Colitis‑associated Colorectal Cancer Through Enhancing Intestinal Epithelium Pyroptosis

BACKGROUND

Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) has essential functions in the immune responses and can induce cancer cell apoptosis. However, it is not completely clear how STING plays a role in colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) and whether it can trigger pyroptosis during the tumorigenesis of CAC.

METHODS

To investigate the role of STING-modulated pyroptosis in the development of CAC, STING knockout and Wild type mice were challenged with azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to establish a murine CAC model. STING pharmacological agonist was used to further study the functions of STING signaling in the tumorigenesis. Moreover, STING endogenous ligand was employed to verify the effects of STING in human colon cancer cells.

RESULTS

STING deficiency mice were more susceptible to CAC by reducing pyroptosis of tumor cells, whereas overactivation of STING with the agonist suppressed tumorigenesis of CAC. STING also managed CAC development by modulating tumor cells proliferation, adhesion, and invasion, as well as inflammatory response. The ex vivo studies indicated that STING could induce pyroptosis via spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), and Syk knockdown weakened such pyroptotic tumor cells death. In addition, the visible physical interaction between STING and Syk was observed in colorectal tumor samples of CAC patients.

CONCLUSIONS

STING-mediated Syk signaling may regulate the tumorigenesis of CAC by modulating pyroptosis of tumor cells, and modulation of STING/Syk serves as a novel therapeutic strategy for CAC therapy.

E-cadherin expressions on bladder and its association with cancer progressivity: a retrospective cohort study

Background

Bladder cancer is characterized by high recurrence and progressivity. E-cadherin serves as one of the most important molecules involved in the epithelial cells’ cell-to-cell adherence, suggested to inhibit tumor cell progression. This study aims to investigate the association between the E-cadherin expressions with bladder cancer progressiveness in 3 years.

Methods

This study was a retrospective cohort study involving bladder cancer patients in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta. Diagnosis of bladder cancers was confirmed by histopathological and immunohistochemistry examination between 2011 and 2018, with both grading and staging determined by uropathologists and uro-oncologists. E-cadherin was examined through immunohistochemistry examination at the time of diagnosis. Data on demography, muscle invasion, clinical staging, grade, metastasis, multifocality, and recurrence were obtained from medical records and pathology reports. The association of E-cadherin expression to muscle invasion and non-muscle invasion bladder cancer was evaluated and statistically analyzed. Patients’ survival data were followed up by phone.

Results

Forty bladder cancer patients with a mean age of 60.05 ± 10.3 years were included. Most subjects had high E-cadherin expression (85%), muscle invasion (65%), high grade (65%), no metastasis (87.5%), multifocality (65%), and no recurrence (62.5%). Lower expression of E-cadherin was associated with the higher clinical stage (p < 0.02) and metastasis (p < 0.001). Patients with low E-cadherin expression showed worse cumulative survival than the high one (mean 32 months vs. 25 months, p = 0.13).

Conclusions

Low level of E-cadherin was associated with the higher risk of muscle invasion, clinical staging, histological grade, and risk of metastasis. Meanwhile, patients with the high level of E-cadherin showed a better three-year survival rate.

Bioengineered PLEKHA7 nanodelivery regularly induces behavior alteration and growth retardation of acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most lethal leukemia with an extremely poor prognosis and high relapse rates. In leukemogenesis, adhesion abnormalities can readily guide an imbalance between hematopoietic progenitor cells and bone marrow stromal cells, altering the normal hematopoietic bone marrow microenvironment into leukemic transformation that enhances leukemic proliferation. Here, we have firstly studied the PLEKHA7 expression in leukemic cells to assess their growth capability affected by the restoration of PLEKHA7 in the cells. The efficacy of PLEKHA7-loaded cRGD-mediated PEGylated cationic lipid nanoparticles for efficient PLEKHA7 delivery in leukemic cells as well as the effect of PLEKHA7 on the regulated induction of AML behavior and growth alterations were investigated. PLEKHA7 re-expression diminished colony-forming ability and reinforced the incidence of growth retardation without apoptosis in AML cell lines. PLEKHA7 regulated the restoration of cell surface adhesion and integrity during normal homeostasis. Our findings revealed that PLEKHA7 functions as a behavior and growth modulator in AML. To our knowledge, the role of PLEKHA7 in AML had not been studied previously and our data could be exploited for further mechanistic studies and insights into altering human AML behavior and growth.

Silymarin inhibits the progression of Ehrlich solid tumor via targeting molecular pathways of cell death, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis in female mice

BACKGROUND

Plant-derived phytochemicals have been reported to exert anticancer activity. This study investigated the antitumor role of silymarin (Silybum marianum) (SMN) and its molecular targets in Ehrlich solid tumor xenografts in vivo.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Female Swiss albino mice were divided into three groups (of five animals each) that were engrafted with Ehrlich tumor (ET) cells with or without SMN treatment. The 3rd groups treated with DMSO only vehicle control group. A significant reduction in animal body mass and tumor volume/weight were observed in xenografted mice treated with SMN. SMN modulated oxidative stress in tumors while enhancing the antioxidant levels in mouse serum. SMN activated both mitochondrial and death receptor-related apoptosis pathways and induced cell cycle arrest, marked by a significant downregulation of cyclin D1 in SMN-treated tumors. Significant decreases in RNA content and protein expression levels of Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen were observed in ET cells. Additionally, SMN downregulated vascular endothelial growth factor and nuclear factor-kappa B levels indicating anti-angiogenesis activity of this agent. SMN upregulated the expression of E-cadherin in tumor tissue suggesting, that SMN has potential ability to inhibit metastasis. Tumor tissue from SMN-treated animals showed a remarkable degeneration and reduction in the neoplastic cell density.

CONCLUSIONS

The anticancer effect was associated with apparent apoptosis in neoplastic cells with abundance of multifocal necrotic areas. SMN was found to inhibit ET growth via enhancing apoptosis, inhibition of cell division and reduction in angiogenesis in vivo. Hypothetical scheme of SMN antitumor effects (mechanism of signaling) in solid ET in vivo. SMN anticancer effect may be mediated by molecular mediators that affect proliferation, cell cycle activity, apoptotic pathways, angiogenesis, and metastasis.

CDK4/6 inhibitors induce replication stress to cause long-term cell cycle withdrawal

CDK4/6 inhibitors arrest the cell cycle in G1-phase. They are approved to treat breast cancer and are also undergoing clinical trials against a range of other tumour types. To facilitate these efforts, it is important to understand why a cytostatic arrest in G1 causes long-lasting effects on tumour growth. Here, we demonstrate that a prolonged G1 arrest following CDK4/6 inhibition downregulates replisome components and impairs origin licencing. Upon release from that arrest, many cells fail to complete DNA replication and exit the cell cycle in a p53-dependent manner. If cells fail to withdraw from the cell cycle following DNA replication problems, they enter mitosis and missegregate chromosomes causing excessive DNA damage, which further limits their proliferative potential. These effects are observed in a range of tumour types, including breast cancer, implying that genotoxic stress is a common outcome of CDK4/6 inhibition. This unanticipated ability of CDK4/6 inhibitors to induce DNA damage now provides a rationale to better predict responsive tumour types and effective combination therapies, as demonstrated by the fact that CDK4/6 inhibition induces sensitivity to chemotherapeutics that also cause replication stress.

A Comprehensive View on the Quercetin Impact on Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents the third type of cancer in incidence and second in mortality worldwide, with the newly diagnosed case number on the rise. Among the diagnosed patients, approximately 70% have no hereditary germ-line mutations or family history of pathology, thus being termed sporadic CRC. Diet and environmental factors are to date considered solely responsible for the development of sporadic CRC; therefore; attention should be directed towards the discovery of preventative actions to combat the CRC initiation, promotion, and progression. Quercetin is a polyphenolic flavonoid plant secondary metabolite with a well-characterized antioxidant activity. It has been extensively reported as an anti-carcinogenic agent in the scientific literature, and the modulated targets of quercetin have been also characterized in the context of CRC, mainly in original research publications. In this fairly comprehensive review, we summarize the molecular targets of quercetin reported to date in in vivo and in vitro CRC models, while also giving background information about the signal transduction pathways that it up- and downregulates. Among the most relevant modulated pathways, the Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/AKT, MAPK/Erk, JNK, or p38, p53, and NF-κB have been described. With this work, we hope to encourage further quests in the elucidation of quercetin anti-carcinogenic activity as single agent, as dietary component, or as pharmaconutrient delivered in the form of plant extracts.

BAP31 Regulates Wnt Signaling to Modulate Cell Migration in Lung Cancer

B-cell receptor-associated protein 31 (BAP31) has been shown to overexpress in a wide range type of cancers. The present study aims to investigate the role of BAP31 on migration in lung cancer. Results showed that the migration of BAP31 knockdown cells was weaken than the control cells. Applying TGFβ to treat BAP31 knockdown cells could reduce cell migration. The enhancement on proliferation by TGFβ treatment was downregulated after BAP31 knockdown. The cell death and G0/G1 phase arrest was increased in the cells with TGFβ and BAP31 siRNA treatment when compared with TGFβ treatment alone. Gene expression analysis showed that Bax/Bcl2, MLKL and LC3 was upregulated in the cells with combinatorial treatment of TGFβ and BAP31 siRNA. In addition, BAP31 was shown to regulate multiple signaling pathways, especially for Wnt signaling. It found that BAP31 knockdown cells treated with TGFβ decreased β-catenin cytosolic expression and nuclear localization. Wnt signaling activator BIO could restore the downregulation of proliferation by BAP31 knockdown. This finding suggested that BAP31 regulated cancer cell migration is possibly involved with cell death mechanisms and Wnt signaling.

Cancer Cells Promote Phenotypic Alterations in Hepatocytes at the Edge of Cancer Cell Nests to Facilitate Vessel Co-Option Establishment in Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases

Vessel co-option is correlated with resistance against anti-angiogenic therapy in colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM). Vessel co-opting lesions are characterized by highly motile cancer cells that move toward and along the pre-existing vessels in the surrounding nonmalignant tissue and co-opt them to gain access to nutrients. To access the sinusoidal vessels, the cancer cells in vessel co-opting lesions must displace the hepatocytes and occupy their space. However, the mechanisms underlying this displacement are unknown. Herein, we examined the involvement of apoptosis, autophagy, motility, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathways in hepatocyte displacement by cancer cells. We demonstrate that cancer cells induce the expression of the proteins that are associated with the upregulation of apoptosis, motility, and EMT in adjacent hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo. Accordingly, we observe the upregulation of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and actin-related protein 2/3 (ARP2/3) in adjacent hepatocytes to cancer cell nests, while we notice a downregulation of E-cadherin. Importantly, the knockdown of runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) in cancer cells attenuates the function of cancer cells in hepatocytes alterations in vitro and in vivo. Altogether, our data suggest that cancer cells exploit various mechanisms to displace hepatocytes and access the sinusoidal vessels to establish vessel co-option.

Study of Several Alginate-Based Hydrogels for In Vitro 3D Cell Cultures

Hydrogel, a special system of polymer solutions, can be obtained through the physical/chemical/enzymic crosslinking of polymer chains in a water-based dispersion medium. Different compositions and crosslinking methods endow hydrogel with diverse physicochemical properties. Those hydrogels with suitable physicochemical properties hold manifold functions in biomedical fields, such as cell transplantation, tissue engineering, organ manufacturing, drug releasing and pathological model analysis. In this study, several alginate-based composite hydrogels, including gelatin/alginate (G-A), gelatin/alginate/agarose (G-A-A), fibrinogen/alginate (F-A), fibrinogen/alginate/agarose (F-A-A) and control alginate (A) and alginate/agarose (A-A), were constructed. We researched the advantages and disadvantages of these hydrogels in terms of their microscopic structure (cell living space), water holding capacity, swelling rate, swelling-erosion ratio, mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Briefly, alginate-based hydrogels can be used for three-dimensional (3D) cell culture alone. However, when mixed with other natural polymers in different proportions, a relatively stable network with a good cytocompatibility, mechanical strength and water holding capacity can be formed. The physical and chemical properties of the hydrogels can be adjusted by changing the composition, proportion and cross-linking methods of the polymers. Conclusively, the G-A-A and F-A-A hydrogels are the best hydrogels for the in vitro 3D cell cultures and pathological model construction.

Heterocellular N-cadherin junctions enable nontransformed cells to inhibit the growth of adjacent transformed cells

BACKGROUND

The Src tyrosine kinase phosphorylates effector proteins to induce expression of the podoplanin (PDPN) receptor in order to promote tumor progression. However, nontransformed cells can normalize the growth and morphology of neighboring transformed cells. Transformed cells must escape this process, called "contact normalization", to become invasive and malignant. Contact normalization requires junctional communication between transformed and nontransformed cells. However, specific junctions that mediate this process have not been defined. This study aimed to identify junctional proteins required for contact normalization.

METHODS

Src transformed cells and oral squamous cell carcinoma cells were cultured with nontransformed cells. Formation of heterocellular adherens junctions between transformed and nontransformed cells was visualized by fluorescent microscopy. CRISPR technology was used to produce cadherin deficient and cadherin competent nontransformed cells to determine the requirement for adherens junctions during contact normalization. Contact normalization of transformed cells cultured with cadherin deficient or cadherin competent nontransformed cells was analyzed by growth assays, immunofluorescence, western blotting, and RNA-seq. In addition, Src transformed cells expressing PDPN under a constitutively active exogenous promoter were used to examine the ability of PDPN to override contact normalization.

RESULTS

We found that N-cadherin (N-Cdh) appeared to mediate contact normalization. Cadherin competent cells that expressed N-Cdh inhibited the growth of neighboring transformed cells in culture, while cadherin deficient cells failed to inhibit the growth of these cells. Results from RNA-seq analysis indicate that about 10% of the transcripts affected by contact normalization relied on cadherin mediated communication, and this set of genes includes PDPN. In contrast, cadherin deficient cells failed to inhibit PDPN expression or normalize the growth of adjacent transformed cells. These data indicate that nontransformed cells formed heterocellular cadherin junctions to inhibit PDPN expression in adjacent transformed cells. Moreover, we found that PDPN enabled transformed cells to override the effects of contact normalization in the face of continued N-Cdh expression. Cadherin competent cells failed to normalize the growth of transformed cells expressing PDPN under a constitutively active exogenous promoter.

CONCLUSIONS

Nontransformed cells form cadherin junctions with adjacent transformed cells to decrease PDPN expression in order to inhibit tumor cell proliferation. Cancer begins when a single cell acquires changes that enables them to form tumors. During these beginning stages of cancer development, normal cells surround and directly contact the cancer cell to prevent tumor formation and inhibit cancer progression. This process is called contact normalization. Cancer cells must break free from contact normalization to progress into a malignant cancer. Contact normalization is a widespread and powerful process; however, not much is known about the mechanisms involved in this process. This work identifies proteins required to form contacts between normal cells and cancer cells, and explores pathways by which cancer cells override contact normalization to progress into malignant cancers. Video Abstract.

Implications of Heterogeneity of Epithelial-Mesenchymal States in Acromegaly Therapeutic Pharmacologic Response

Acromegaly is caused by excess growth hormone (GH) produced by a pituitary tumor. First-generation somatostatin receptor ligands (SRLs) are the first-line treatment. Several studies have linked E-cadherin loss and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) with resistance to SRLs. Our aim was to study EMT and its relationship with SRLs resistance in GH-producing tumors. We analyzed the expression of EMT-related genes by RT-qPCR in 57 tumors. The postsurgical response to SRLs was categorized as complete response, partial response, or nonresponse if IGF-1 was normal, had decreased more than 30% without normalization, or neither of those, respectively. Most tumors showed a hybrid and variable EMT expression profile not specifically associated with SRL response instead of a defined epithelial or mesenchymal phenotype. However, high SNAI1 expression was related to invasive and SRL-nonresponsive tumors. RORC was overexpressed in tumors treated with SRLs before surgery, and this increased expression was more prominent in those cases that normalized postsurgical IGF-1 levels under SRL treatment. In conclusion, GH-producing tumors showed a heterogeneous expression pattern of EMT-related genes that would partly explain the heterogeneous response to SRLs. SNAI1 and RORC may be useful to predict response to SRLs and help medical treatment decision making.

Low Energy Status under Methionine Restriction Is Essentially Independent of Proliferation or Cell Contact Inhibition

Nonlimited proliferation is one of the most striking features of neoplastic cells. The basis of cell division is the sufficient presence of mass (amino acids) and energy (ATP and NADH). A sophisticated intracellular network permanently measures the mass and energy levels. Thus, in vivo restrictions in the form of amino acid, protein, or caloric restrictions strongly affect absolute lifespan and age-associated diseases such as cancer. The induction of permanent low energy metabolism (LEM) is essential in this process. The murine cell line L929 responds to methionine restriction (MetR) for a short time period with LEM at the metabolic level defined by a characteristic fingerprint consisting of the molecules acetoacetate, creatine, spermidine, GSSG, UDP-glucose, pantothenate, and ATP. Here, we used mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to investigate the influence of proliferation and contact inhibition on the energy status of cells. Interestingly, the energy status was essentially independent of proliferation or contact inhibition. LC/MS analyses showed that in full medium, the cells maintain active and energetic metabolism for optional proliferation. In contrast, MetR induced LEM independently of proliferation or contact inhibition. These results are important for cell behaviour under MetR and for the optional application of restrictions in cancer therapy.

A Low Dose Combination of Withaferin A and Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Possesses Anti-Metastatic Potential In Vitro: Molecular Targets and Mechanisms

Simple Summary

Cancer therapy suffers from its high cost and high rate of adverse effects and relapse of the disease. Hence, the new (preferably natural), economic and safer therapeutic as well preventive measures have been on demand and have been subject of priority research. We have, earlier, demonstrated anticancer activity in the extracts of Ashwagandha leaves and propolis. A combination of Wi-A (an active anticancer ingredient in Ashwagandha extract) and CAPE (an active anticancer ingredient in propolis) was earlier shown to offer higher and cancer cell-selective cytotoxicity. In the present study, we report an anti-metastasis activity in the low dose combination of Wi-A and CAPE along with its mechanism of action and propose its use in cancer metastasis treatment.

Abstract

Withaferin A (Wi-A) and Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) are the bioactive ingredients of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) and propolis, respectively. Both of these natural compounds have been shown to possess anticancer activity. In the present study, we recruited a low dose of each of these compounds and developed a combination that exhibited remarkably potent anti-migratory and anti-angiogenic activities. Extensive molecular analyses including a cDNA array and expression analyses of the specific gene targets demonstrated that such activities are mediated through their effect on cell adhesion/tight junction proteins (Claudins, E-cadherin), inhibition of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways and the consequent downregulation of EMT-signaling proteins (Vimentin, MMPs, VEGF and VEGFR) that play a critical role in cancer metastasis. The data supported that this novel combination of Wi-A and CAPE (Wi-ACAPE, containing 0.5 µM of Wi-A and 10 µM of CAPE) may be recruited for the treatment of metastatic and aggressive cancers and, hence, warrant further evaluation by recruiting a variety of experimental and clinical metastatic models.

Comparison of Fixation Methods for the Detection of Claudin 1 and E-Cadherin in Breast Cancer Cell Lines by Immunofluorescence

The tight junction membrane protein claudin 1 and the adherens junction protein E-cadherin play critical roles in cell-cell communication and in cell signaling. As a result, their protein levels and distribution in cancer have been a focus of cancer researchers in recent years. The loss of sensitivity to contact inhibition and the establishment of invasive properties in cancer are thought to be a result of the mislocalization of these membrane proteins to the cytoplasm. However, reports on their distribution and levels have been inconsistent. It is therefore critical that the techniques used to determine the cellular localization of these proteins be both consistent and reliable. This study was undertaken to determine the optimal fixation method, methanol or formalin, for the detection of claudin 1 and E-cadherin by immunofluorescence in five different human breast cancer cell lines. Both methods exhibited staining of the cell membrane and cytoplasm, but the strongest and most distinct signals were obtained using methanol fixation. Interestingly, cell-specific differences were also observed that appeared to be associated with levels of claudin 1 and E-cadherin as seen by Western blotting. Therefore, when evaluating cellular localization of the junction proteins claudin 1 and E-cadherin, expression level and cell type differences must be considered.

Multifaceted Interplay between Hormones, Growth Factors and Hypoxia in the Tumor Microenvironment

Hormones and growth factors (GFs) are signaling molecules implicated in the regulation of a variety of cellular processes. They play important roles in both healthy and tumor cells, where they function by binding to specific receptors on target cells and activating downstream signaling cascades. The stages of tumor progression are influenced by hormones and GF signaling. Hypoxia, a hallmark of cancer progression, contributes to tumor plasticity and heterogeneity. Most solid tumors contain a hypoxic core due to rapid cellular proliferation that outgrows the blood supply. In these circumstances, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) play a central role in the adaptation of tumor cells to their new environment, dramatically reshaping their transcriptional profile. HIF signaling is modulated by a variety of factors including hormones and GFs, which activate signaling pathways that enhance tumor growth and metastatic potential and impair responses to therapy. In this review, we summarize the role of hormones and GFs during cancer onset and progression with a particular focus on hypoxia and the interplay with HIF proteins. We also discuss how hypoxia influences the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, considering that a hypoxic environment may act as a determinant of the immune-excluded phenotype and a major hindrance to the success of adoptive cell therapies.

Schisandrin B suppresses osteosarcoma lung metastasis in vivo by inhibiting the activation of the Wnt/β‑catenin and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common malignant bone tumor worldwide and is associated with a poor prognosis, often being accompanied by lung metastasis at an early stage. At present, there are several side-effects associated with the OS clinical treatment of OS, with the treatment effects often being unsatisfactory. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of safe and effective novel drugs for the treatment of OS. Schisandrin B (Sch B) has been previously demonstrated to exhibit antitumor properties. The present study was focused on the effects of Sch B on OS cells (143B, MG63, Saos2 and U2OS) in vitro and in vivo, and also on its possible antitumor mechanisms. In cell experiments, it was revealed that Sch B inhibited OS cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and increased OS cell apoptosis. As regards its biosafety, no notable effects of Sch B on the vitality of normal cells were observed. Mechanistically, it was demonstrated that Sch B blocked OS cell proliferation in the G₁ phase. Subsequently, by using established animal models, it was revealed that Sch B significantly inhibited OS growth and lung metastasis in vivo. In summary, the results of the present study revealed that Sch B inhibited OS cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and promoted apoptosis via the inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, without causing any noticeable toxic effects on healthy cells at the therapeutic concentrations used. These findings suggest that Sch B has potential for use as a novel agent for the clinical treatment of OS.

IMB5036, a novel pyridazinone compound, inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma growth and metastasis

Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers with a high mortality rate due to metastasis and relapse. Purpose Here, we reported a small-molecule pyridazinone compound, designated as IMB5036. Its antitumor activity against HCC and underlying mechanism were studied. Methods In vitro cytotoxicity, apoptosis, DNA breaks, and cell motility assays were performed. Protein expression was analyzed by Western blot and microarray analysis. A xenograft tumor model in athymic mice was used to evaluate the antitumor activity. Results IMB5036 displayed potent cytotoxicity against various HCC cell lines. It caused double DNA breakages and induced cell death via apoptosis. It also significantly inhibited the motility of HCC cells. Western blot showed that IMB5036 induced the up-regulation of E-cadherin, while down-regulation of N-cadherin. The gene expression profile analysis and Western blot assay revealed that IMB5036 down-regulated the expression of Tau protein. Analysis of the TCGA dataset revealed that high expression of Tau decreased the survival rate of HCC patients. In vivo experiments proved that IMB5036 significantly inhibited the growth of HCC xenografts in athymic mice. Conclusions These results collectively demonstrate IMB5036 can be a promising therapeutic candidate for patients with HCC.

Characterization of the first microRNA in human CDH1 that affects cell cycle and apoptosis and indicates breast cancers progression

The E-cadherin protein (Cadherin 1, gene: CDH1), a master regulator of the human epithelial homeostasis, contributes to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) which confers cell migratory features to the cells. The EMT is central to many pathophysiological changes in cancer. Therefore, a better understanding of this regulatory scenario is beneficial for therapeutic regiments. The CDH1 gene is approximately 100 kbp long and consists of 16 exons with a relatively large second intron. Since none microRNA (miRNA) has been identified in CDH1 up to now we screened the CDH1 gene for promising miRNA hairpin structures in silico. Out of the 27 hairpin structures we identified, one stable RNA fold with a promising sequence motive was selected for experimental verification. The exogenous validation of the hairpin sequence was performed by transfection of HEK293T cells and the mature miRNA sequences could be verified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The endogenous expression of the mature miRNA provisionally named CDH1-i2-miR-1 could be confirmed in two normal (HEK293T, HUVEK) and five cancer cell lines (MCF7, MDA-MB-231, SW480, HT-29, A549). The functional characterization by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay showed a suppression of HEK293T cell proliferation. A flow cytometry-based approach showed the ability of CDH1-i2-miR-1 to arrest transfected cells on a G2/M state while annexin staining exemplified an apoptotic effect. BAX and PTEN expression levels were affected following the overexpression with the new miRNA. The in vivo expression level was assessed in 35 breast tumor tissues and their paired nonmalignant marginal part. A fourfold downregulation in the tumor specimens compared to their marginal controls could be observed. It can be concluded that the sequence of the hub gene CDH1 harbors at least one miRNA but eventually even more relevant for the pathophysiology of breast cancer.

Air pollution-regulated E-cadherin mediates contact inhibition of proliferation via the hippo signaling pathways in emphysema

Air pollution has been linked to emphysema in chronic obstruction pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the underlying mechanisms in the development of emphysema due to air pollution remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of components of the Hippo signaling pathway for E-cadherin-mediated contact inhibition of proliferation in the lungs after air pollution exposure. E-Cadherin-mediated contact inhibition of proliferation via the Hippo signaling pathway was investigated in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats whole-body exposed to air pollution, and in alveolar epithelial A549 cells exposed to diesel exhaust particles (DEPs), E-cadherin-knockdown, and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) treatment. Underlying epithelial differentiation, apoptosis, and senescence were also examined, and the interaction network among these proteins was examined. COPD lung sections were used to confirm the observations in rats. Expressions of HMGB1 and E-cadherin were negatively regulated in the lungs and A549 cells by air pollution, and this was confirmed by knockdown of E-cadherin and by treating A549 cells with HMGB1. Depletion of phosphorylated (p)-Yap occurred after exposure to air pollution and E-cadherin-knockdown, which resulted in decreases of SPC and T1α. Exposure to air pollution and E-cadherin-knockdown respectively downregulated p-Sirt1 and increased p53 levels in the lungs and in A549 cells. Moreover, the protein interaction network suggested that E-cadherin is a key activator in regulating Sirt1 and p53, as well as alveolar epithelial cell differentiation by SPC and T1α. Consistently, downregulation of E-cadherin, p-Yap, SPC, and T1α was observed in COPD alveolar regions with particulate matter (PM) deposition. In conclusion, our results indicated that E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell contact directly regulates the Hippo signaling pathway to control differentiation, cell proliferation, and senescence due to air pollution. Exposure to air pollution may initiate emphysema in COPD patients.

Immunoexpression of E-cadherin, CD44 and Claudin 7 in gastric adenocarcinomas

Gastric adenocarcinomas represent frequent malignant tumors in the digestive tract, with a high and constant mortality rate in last decades. The disturbance of the adhesion molecules expression, which normally is essential in maintaining epithelial homeostasis, has a critical role in the initiation and progression of tumors. In this study, we analyzed the immunoexpression of E-cadherin, cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), and Claudin 7 in 58 cases of gastric adenocarcinomas, in relation to the histopathological parameters of the lesions' aggressiveness. Increased E-cadherin immunoexpression was observed in tubular adenocarcinomas, those of low grade and in stages I-III. CD44 presented high scores in discohesive, hepatoid, tubular, and tubulopapillary adenocarcinomas, those of high grade and in advanced stages. Claudin 7 associated increased scores for tubular, tubulopapillary and micropapillary tumors, those of low grade and mainly in stage I. The markers used in the study can be useful for assessing the aggressiveness of gastric adenocarcinomas, in the context of specific adapted therapy.

FNC inhibits non-small cell lung cancer by activating the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway

BACKGROUND

Previously, we published that 4'-azid-2'-deoxy-2'-fluorarabinoside (FNC), a novel cytosine nucleoside analog, has good anti-viral and anti-tumor activity.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to further explore the role and molecular mechanism of FNC in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

METHODS

FNC was tested in the NSCLC H460 cell line, the Lewis mouse model, and the H460 cell xenograft model. The effects of FNC were assessed by cell viability, transwell migration, and wound scratch analyses of cell migration and invasion. Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. Proteins expression was assessed by western blot and immunohistochemistry staining (IHC).

RESULTS

FNC inhibits the proliferation and metastasis of H460 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. FNC treatment showed efficacy and low toxicity in the Lewis mouse lung cancer model as well as in the H460 cell xenograft model. Further, FNC induced H460 cell apoptosis through the activation of the mitochondrial pathway. Notably, FNC inhibited invasion by increasing E-cadherin protein and reducing the protein expression of VEGF, MMP-2, MMP-9, and CD31.

CONCLUSION

FNC inhibits NSCLC by activating the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and regulating the expressions of multiple proteins related to cell adhesion and invasion, highlighting its potential as an NSCLC therapeutic.

Proteomic Screening and Verification of Biomarkers in Different Stages of Mycosis Fungoides: A pilot Study

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; in advanced stages, it can involve multiple organs and has a poor prognosis. Early detection of the disease is still urgent, but there is no optimal therapy for advanced MF. In the present study, quantitative proteomic analyses (label-free quantitation, LFQ) were applied to tissue samples of different stages of MF and tissue samples from controls (eczema patients and healthy donors) to conduct preliminary molecular analysis to clarify the pathogenesis of the disease. Differential protein expression analysis demonstrated that 113 and 305 proteins were associated with the early and advanced stages of MF, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was conducted to determine the potential functions of the proteins, which could be classified into three categories: biological process, cellular component, and molecular function. The results revealed that a series of biological processes, including “initiation of DNA replication” and “nucleosome assembly,” were involved in the disease. Moreover, cellular components, including the “desmosome” and “integrin complex,” may affect the invasion and metastasis of MF via molecular functions, including “integrin binding” and “cadherin binding”. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that “focal adhesion DNA replication,” “Toll-like receptor signalling pathway” and other pathways were also involved. A parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) assay was applied to validate the identified differentially expressed proteins. In conclusion, the above proteomic findings may have great diagnostic and prognostic value in diverse malignancies, especially MF. Nevertheless, further studies are still needed to explore the precise mechanisms of MF.

Discovery of AL-GDa62 as a Potential Synthetic Lethal Lead for the Treatment of Gastric Cancer

Diffuse gastric cancer and lobular breast cancer are aggressive malignancies that are frequently associated with inactivating mutations in the tumor suppressor gene CDH1. Synthetic lethal (SL) vulnerabilities arising from CDH1 dysfunction represent attractive targets for drug development. Recently, SLEC-11 (1) emerged as a SL lead in E-cadherin-deficient cells. Here, we describe our efforts to optimize 1. Overall, 63 analogues were synthesized and tested for their SL activity toward isogenic mammary epithelial CDH1-deficient cells (MCF10A-CDH1^-/-). Among the 26 compounds with greater cytotoxicity, AL-GDa62 (3) was four-times more potent and more selective than 1 with an EC₅₀ ratio of 1.6. Furthermore, 3 preferentially induced apoptosis in CDH1^-/- cells, and Cdh1^-/- mammary and gastric organoids were significantly more sensitive to 3 at low micromolar concentrations. Thermal proteome profiling of treated MCF10A-CDH1^-/- cell protein lysates revealed that 3 specifically inhibits TCOF1, ARPC5, and UBC9. In vitro, 3 inhibited SUMOylation at low micromolar concentrations.

Plant-Derived Chinese Medicine Monomers on Ovarian Cancer via the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway: Review of Mechanisms and Prospects

Ovarian cancer (OC) is a common malignant tumor of the female reproductive system and has a high morbidity and mortality rate. The progression and metastasis of OC are complex and involve multiple signaling pathways. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is closely related to OC, and therefore blocking the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling directly or inhibiting related genes, and molecular targets is of great value in treating OC. Toxicities such as myelotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, genotoxicity, and vasospasm are the major side effects for common anticancer drugs and are well documented. There is, therefore, a need to develop new, effective, safer, and more affordable anticancer drugs from alternative sources. In recent years, plant-derived Chinese medicine monomers have drawn increasing attention due to their high safety, low toxicity, minimal side effects, and antitumor effects. Plant-derived Chinese medicine monomers are effective against multiple targets and can regulate the growth, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and migration of OC as well as reverse drug resistance by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In this review, we summarize and provide mechanisms and prospects for the use of plant-derived Chinese medicines for the prevention and treatment of OC.

The Autophagic Route of E-Cadherin and Cell Adhesion Molecules in Cancer Progression

Simple Summary

A hallmark of carcinoma progression is the loss of epithelial integrity. In this context, the deregulation of adhesion molecules, such as E-cadherin, affects epithelial structures and associates with epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). This, in turn, fosters cancer progression. Autophagy endows cancer cells with the ability to overcome intracellular and environmental stress stimuli, such as anoikis, nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, and drugs. Furthermore, it plays an important role in the degradation of cell adhesion proteins and in EMT. This review focuses on the interplay between the turnover of adhesion molecules, primarily E-cadherin, and autophagy in cancer progression.

Abstract

Cell-to-cell adhesion is a key element in epithelial tissue integrity and homeostasis during embryogenesis, response to damage, and differentiation. Loss of cell adhesion and gain of mesenchymal features, a phenomenon known as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), are essential steps in cancer progression. Interestingly, downregulation or degradation by endocytosis of epithelial adhesion molecules (e.g., E-cadherin) associates with EMT and promotes cell migration. Autophagy is a physiological intracellular degradation and recycling process. In cancer, it is thought to exert a tumor suppressive role in the early phases of cell transformation but, once cells have gained a fully transformed phenotype, autophagy may fuel malignant progression by promoting EMT and conferring drug resistance. In this review, we discuss the crosstalk between autophagy, EMT, and turnover of epithelial cell adhesion molecules, with particular attention to E-cadherin.

The global regulatory logic of organ regeneration: circuitry lessons from skin and its appendages

In organ regeneration, the regulatory logic at a systems level remains largely unclear. For example, what defines the quantitative threshold to initiate regeneration, and when does the regeneration process come to an end? What leads to the qualitatively different responses of regeneration, which restore the original structure, or to repair which only heals a wound? Here we discuss three examples in skin regeneration: epidermal recovery after radiation damage, hair follicle fate choice after chemotherapy damage, and wound-induced feather regeneration. We propose that the molecular regulatory circuitry is of paramount significance in organ regeneration. It is conceivable that defects in these controlling pathways may lead to failed regeneration and/or organ renewal, and understanding the underlying logic could help to identify novel therapeutic strategies.

Dual role of E-cadherin in cancer cells

E-cadherin is the main component of epithelial adherens junctions (AJs), which play a crucial role in the maintenance of stable cell-cell adhesion and overall tissue integrity. Down-regulation of E-cadherin expression has been found in many carcinomas, and loss of E-cadherin is generally associated with poor prognosis in patients. During the last decade, however, numerous studies have shown that E-cadherin is essential for several aspects of cancer cell biology that contribute to cancer progression, most importantly, active cell migration. In this review, we summarize the available data about the input of E-cadherin in cancer progression, focusing on the latest advances in the research of the various roles E-cadherin-based AJs play in cancer cell dissemination. The review also touches upon the "cadherin switching" in cancer cells where N- or P-cadherin replace or are co-expressed with E-cadherin and its influence on the migratory properties of cancer cells.

Culture and establishment of self-renewing human liver 3D organoids with high uric acid for screening antihyperuricemic functional compounds

Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a metabolic disease caused by disorders of purine metabolism, the prevalence of which has increased worldwide. At present, most drugs aimed at lowering uric acid have toxic side effects, and in vitro screening of uric acid-lowering active substances are inefficient. Here, a long-term 3D human liver organoid culture system with high uric acid for screening and evaluating the efficacy of uric acid-lowering functional compounds. This liver organoids can be established from single hepatocytes and grown for multiple months, while retaining key morphological and functional features. Furthermore, establishment of HUA organoids model was verified by antihyperuricemic drugs allopurinol, as well as reported bioactive peptides, which significantly reduced uric acid production in the liver organoids (p < 0.05). The results demonstrated that it has the potential to be used as a rapid and valid in vitro model to screen antihyperuricemic compounds that mimics in vivo cell growth patterns.

TAD1822-7 induces ROS-mediated apoptosis of HER2 positive breast cancer by decreasing E-cadherin in an EphB4 dependent manner

HER2-positive breast cancer (HER2-BC) shows the over-expression of tyrosine kinase receptor EphB4 associated with poor disease prognosis. E-cadherin is found as a survival factor in multiple models of breast cancer by suppressing reactive oxygen-mediated apoptosis. This study confirmed that both HER2 and EphB4 are positively correlated with E-cadherin in HER2-BC. Inhibition of HER2 or EphB4 is discovered to induce ROS-dependent apoptosis by decreasing E-cadherin expression in SKBR3 and MDA-MB-453 cells. TAD1822-7 (TAD), a novel biphenyl urea taspine derivative, exhibits good growth inhibition, apoptosis induction and ROS accumulation effects on SKBR3 and MDA-MB-453 cells. Mechanistic investigation revealed that TAD blockades both EphB4 positive signal transduction and activation of HER2 signal transduction, thereby suppressing E-cadherin/TGF-β/p-Smad2/3 signaling axis to elicit ROS-dependent endogenous mitochondrial apoptosis. Together, these findings not only provide a new approach for HER2-BC therapy but also increase our understanding of the regulating effect of E-cadherin by HER2 and EphB4 in ROS-mediated apoptosis.