151
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Hao J, Yuan L, Ye C, Chao D, Davey K, Guo Z, Qiao SZ. Boosting Zinc Electrode Reversibility in Aqueous Electrolytes by Using Low-Cost Antisolvents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7366-7375. [PMID: 33440043 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Antisolvent addition has been widely studied in crystallization in the pharmaceutical industries by breaking the solvation balance of the original solution. Here we report a similar antisolvent strategy to boost Zn reversibility via regulation of the electrolyte on a molecular level. By adding for example methanol into ZnSO4 electrolyte, the free water and coordinated water in Zn2+ solvation sheath gradually interact with the antisolvent, which minimizes water activity and weakens Zn2+ solvation. Concomitantly, dendrite-free Zn deposition occurs via change in the deposition orientation, as evidenced by in situ optical microscopy. Zn reversibility is significantly boosted in antisolvent electrolyte of 50 % methanol by volume (Anti-M-50 %) even under harsh environments of -20 °C and 60 °C. Additionally, the suppressed side reactions and dendrite-free Zn plating/stripping in Anti-M-50 % electrolyte significantly enhance performance of Zn/polyaniline coin and pouch cells. We demonstrate this low-cost strategy can be readily generalized to other solvents, indicating its practical universality. Results will be of immediate interest and benefit to a range of researchers in electrochemistry and energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Hao
- School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Libei Yuan
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Chao Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Dongliang Chao
- School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Kenneth Davey
- School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Zaiping Guo
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Shi-Zhang Qiao
- School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
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152
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Hao J, Yuan L, Ye C, Chao D, Davey K, Guo Z, Qiao S. Boosting Zinc Electrode Reversibility in Aqueous Electrolytes by Using Low‐Cost Antisolvents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Hao
- School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Libei Yuan
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials Australian Institute for Innovative Materials University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Chao Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Dongliang Chao
- School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Kenneth Davey
- School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Zaiping Guo
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials Australian Institute for Innovative Materials University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Shi‐Zhang Qiao
- School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
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153
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Exploring beyond clinical routine SARS-CoV-2 serology using MultiCoV-Ab to evaluate endemic coronavirus cross-reactivity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1152. [PMID: 33608538 PMCID: PMC7896075 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-20973-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is a benchmark for immunity and detailed analysis is required to understand the manifestation and progression of COVID-19, monitor seroconversion within the general population, and support vaccine development. The majority of currently available commercial serological assays only quantify the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response against individual antigens, limiting our understanding of the immune response. To overcome this, we have developed a multiplex immunoassay (MultiCoV-Ab) including spike and nucleocapsid proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and the endemic human coronaviruses. Compared to three broadly used commercial in vitro diagnostic tests, our MultiCoV-Ab achieves a higher sensitivity and specificity when analyzing a well-characterized sample set of SARS-CoV-2 infected and uninfected individuals. We find a high response against endemic coronaviruses in our sample set, but no consistent cross-reactive IgG response patterns against SARS-CoV-2. Here we show a robust, high-content-enabled, antigen-saving multiplex assay suited to both monitoring vaccination studies and facilitating epidemiologic screenings for humoral immunity towards pandemic and endemic coronaviruses.
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154
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Mahallawi W, Alzahrani M, Alahmadey Z. Durability of the humoral immune response in recovered COVID-19 patients. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:2802-2806. [PMID: 33613046 PMCID: PMC7884256 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The immunological factors involved in protection against the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 are insufficiently defined and understood. However, previous knowledge pertaining to the related SARS virus and other human coronaviruses may prove useful. Population-based serosurveys measuring anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies may provide a pattern for estimating infection degrees and observing the development of the epidemic. In this study, we aimed to investigate the persistence of antibody against the SARS-CoV-2 in recovered patients in Al Madinah region of Saudi Arabia. Materials and methods A total of 150 recovered COVID-19 patients participated in this study. All the patients tested positive for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, using qualitative RT-PCR. An ELISA was used to measure anti-Spike (S) IgG antibodies in serum samples and screen for their persistence at various time points post-infection. Results The patients were categorized as asymptomatic (27.3%), mild (28%) and moderate (44.7%) according to the disease severity. Amongst them, 35.3% were females (n = 53) and 64.7% were males (n = 97). Significant anti-S IgG antibody levels were observed among the different groups, with the patients in moderate group exhibiting the highest levels followed by the mild group; while the lowest levels were detected among the asymptomatic. There was a significant positive correlation between the patients’ age and anti-S IgG antibody concentrations (Pearson r = 0.45; p < 0.001). Conclusion Our findings provide a solid evidence to support the use of an anti-S IgG ELISA as a diagnostic tool to indicate SARS-CoV-2 infection. IgG seropositivity was sustained in recovered patients up to a hundred days' post-infection, the latest time point for antibody measurement in our study. Ours is the first report in Saudi Arabia to investigate the durability of humoral immune response in recovered COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Mahallawi
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Alzahrani
- Mohammad Alzahrani, Islamic University in Madinah, Medical Centre, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziab Alahmadey
- Ziab Alahmadey, Ministry of Health, Ohud Hospital, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
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155
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Qi H, Ma M, Hu C, Xu ZW, Wu FL, Wang N, Lai DY, Li Y, Zhang H, Jiang HW, Meng QF, Guo S, Kang Y, Zhao X, Li H, Tao SC. Antibody Binding Epitope Mapping (AbMap) of Hundred Antibodies in a Single Run. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100059. [PMID: 33109704 PMCID: PMC8027275 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies play essential roles in both diagnostics and therapeutics. Epitope mapping is essential to understand how an antibody works and to protect intellectual property. Given the millions of antibodies for which epitope information is lacking, there is a need for high-throughput epitope mapping. To address this, we developed a strategy, Antibody binding epitope Mapping (AbMap), by combining a phage displayed peptide library with next-generation sequencing. Using AbMap, profiles of the peptides bound by 202 antibodies were determined in a single test, and linear epitopes were identified for >50% of the antibodies. Using spike protein (S1 and S2)-enriched antibodies from the convalescent serum of one COVID-19 patient as the input, both linear and potentially conformational epitopes of spike protein specific antibodies were identified. We defined peptide-binding profile of an antibody as the binding capacity (BiC). Conceptually, the BiC could serve as a systematic and functional descriptor of any antibody. Requiring at least one order of magnitude less time and money to map linear epitopes than traditional technologies, AbMap allows for high-throughput epitope mapping and creates many possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingliang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuansheng Hu
- Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan-Lin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; School of Agriculture, Lu Dong University, Yantai, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan-Yun Lai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hainan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - He-Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Feng Meng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yani Kang
- Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hua Li
- Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Sheng-Ce Tao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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156
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Djukic T, Mladenovic M, Stanic-Vucinic D, Radosavljevic J, Smiljanic K, Sabljic L, Devic M, Cujic D, Vasovic T, Simovic A, Radomirovic M, Cirkovic Velickovic T. Expression, purification and immunological characterization of recombinant nucleocapsid protein fragment from SARS-CoV-2. Virology 2021; 557:15-22. [PMID: 33582454 PMCID: PMC7871913 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Serological testing is important method for diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Nucleocapsid (N) protein is the most abundant virus derived protein and strong immunogen. We aimed to find its efficient, low-cost production. SARS-CoV-2 recombinant fragment of nucleocapsid protein (rfNP; 58-419 aa) was expressed in E. coli in soluble form, purified and characterized biochemically and immunologically. Purified rfNP has secondary structure of full-length recombinant N protein, with high percentage of disordered structure (34.2%) and of β-sheet (40.7%). rfNP was tested in immunoblot using sera of COVID-19 convalescent patients. ELISA was optimized with sera of RT-PCR confirmed positive symptomatic patients and healthy individuals. IgG detection sensitivity was 96% (47/50) and specificity 97% (67/68), while IgM detection was slightly lower (94% and 96.5%, respectively). Cost-effective approach for soluble recombinant N protein fragment production was developed, with reliable IgG and IgM antibodies detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Djukic
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Mladenovic
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Stanic-Vucinic
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Radosavljevic
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Smiljanic
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Sabljic
- University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy - INEP, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Devic
- University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy - INEP, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danica Cujic
- University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy - INEP, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Vasovic
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Simovic
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Radomirovic
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanja Cirkovic Velickovic
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia; Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea; Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent, Belgium; Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia.
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157
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Aggarwal S, Acharjee A, Mukherjee A, Baker MS, Srivastava S. Role of Multiomics Data to Understand Host-Pathogen Interactions in COVID-19 Pathogenesis. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:1107-1132. [PMID: 33426872 PMCID: PMC7805606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human infectious diseases are contributed equally by the host immune system's efficiency and any pathogens' infectivity. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the coronavirus strain causing the respiratory pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To understand the pathobiology of SARS-CoV-2, one needs to unravel the intricacies of host immune response to the virus, the viral pathogen's mode of transmission, and alterations in specific biological pathways in the host allowing viral survival. This review critically analyzes recent research using high-throughput "omics" technologies (including proteomics and metabolomics) on various biospecimens that allow an increased understanding of the pathobiology of SARS-CoV-2 in humans. The altered biomolecule profile facilitates an understanding of altered biological pathways. Further, we have performed a meta-analysis of significantly altered biomolecular profiles in COVID-19 patients using bioinformatics tools. Our analysis deciphered alterations in the immune response, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism and other pathways that cumulatively result in COVID-19 disease, including symptoms such as hyperglycemic and hypoxic sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Aggarwal
- Department of Biosciences and
Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Bombay, Mumbai 400076,
India
| | - Arup Acharjee
- Department of Biosciences and
Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Bombay, Mumbai 400076,
India
| | - Amrita Mukherjee
- Department of Biosciences and
Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Bombay, Mumbai 400076,
India
| | - Mark S. Baker
- Department of Biomedical Science,
Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie
University, Sydney 2109,
Australia
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and
Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Bombay, Mumbai 400076,
India
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158
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Qi H, Ma M, Lai D, Li Y, Zhang F, Tao SC. Assessment and comparison of recombinant proteins from different sources for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection by using protein microarray. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:262-264. [PMID: 33347529 PMCID: PMC7799237 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Qi
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mingliang Ma
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Danyun Lai
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yang Li
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fucheng Zhang
- Research and Development Department, Company ABclonal, Inc., Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Sheng-ce Tao
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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159
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Wu J, Shi Y, Pan X, Wu S, Hou R, Zhang Y, Zhong T, Tang H, Du W, Wang L, Wo J, Mu J, Qiu Y, Yang K, Zhang LK, Ye BC, Qi N. SARS-CoV-2 ORF9b inhibits RIG-I-MAVS antiviral signaling by interrupting K63-linked ubiquitination of NEMO. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108761. [PMID: 33567255 PMCID: PMC7857071 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a current global health threat caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Emerging evidence indicates that SARS-CoV-2 elicits a dysregulated immune response and a delayed interferon (IFN) expression in patients, which contribute largely to the viral pathogenesis and development of COVID-19. However, underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Here, we report the activation and repression of the innate immune response by SARS-CoV-2. We show that SARS-CoV-2 RNA activates the RIG-I-MAVS-dependent IFN signaling pathway. We further uncover that ORF9b immediately accumulates and antagonizes the antiviral type I IFN response during SARS-CoV-2 infection on primary human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells. ORF9b targets the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) essential modulator NEMO and interrupts its K63-linked polyubiquitination upon viral stimulation, thereby inhibiting the canonical IκB kinase alpha (IKKα)/β/γ-NF-κB signaling and subsequent IFN production. Our findings thus unveil the innate immunosuppression by ORF9b and provide insights into the host-virus interplay during the early stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Institute of Engineering Biology and Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yuheng Shi
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
| | - Xiaoyan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Institute of Engineering Biology and Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Ruixia Hou
- Institute of Engineering Biology and Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Institute of Engineering Biology and Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Tiansheng Zhong
- Institute of Engineering Biology and Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Institute of Engineering Biology and Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Wei Du
- Institute of Engineering Biology and Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Luying Wang
- Institute of Engineering Biology and Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Jing Wo
- Institute of Engineering Biology and Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Jingfang Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Lei-Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
| | - Bang-Ce Ye
- Institute of Engineering Biology and Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Nan Qi
- Institute of Engineering Biology and Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
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160
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Koteswara Rao V. Point of Care Diagnostic Devices for Rapid Detection of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-nCoV19) Pandemic: A Review. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2020.593619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are recognized as causative agents of human diseases worldwide. In Wuhan, China, an outbreak of Severe acute respiratory syndrome novel Coronavirus (SARS-nCoV-2) was reported at the end of December 2019, causing 63 million COVID cases and 1.3 million deaths globally by 2 December, 2020. The transmission risk forecasts and the SARS-nCoV-2 epidemic pattern are progressive. Unfortunately, there is no specific FDA approved drugs or vaccines available currently to treat SARS-nCoV-2. In response to nCoV-2 spread, the rapid detection is crucial for estimating the severity of the disease and treatment of patients. Currently, there are several RT-PCR based diagnostic kits available for SARS-nCoV-2 detection, which are time-consuming, expensive, need advanced equipment facilities and trained personnel. The cost of diagnosis and the unavailability of sufficient test kits may prevent to check community transmission. Furthermore, expanding the testing facilities in asymptomatic cases in hotspots require more Point of Care (PoC) devices. Therefore, fast, inexpensive, and reliable methods of detection of SARS-nCoV-2 virus infection in humans is urgently required. The rapid and easy-to-use devices will facilitate onsite testing. In this review, nucleic acid assays, serological assays, multiplex assays, and PoC devices are discussed to understand various diagnostic approaches to reduce the spread and mortality rate in the future. Aptamer based detection is most specific, inexpensive and rapid detection of SARS-nCoV-2 without laboratory tools. To the best of our knowledge more than 900 SARS-nCoV-2 test kits are in pipeline, among 395 test kits are molecular bested test kits and only few test kits are developed using Aptamer technology https://www.finddx.org/covid-19/pipeline/.
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161
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Sinegubova MV, Orlova NA, Kovnir SV, Dayanova LK, Vorobiev II. High-level expression of the monomeric SARS-CoV-2 S protein RBD 320-537 in stably transfected CHO cells by the EEF1A1-based plasmid vector. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0242890. [PMID: 33529230 PMCID: PMC7853477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The spike (S) protein is one of the three proteins forming the coronaviruses' viral envelope. The S protein of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has a spatial structure similar to the S proteins of other mammalian coronaviruses, except for a unique receptor-binding domain (RBD), which is a significant inducer of host immune response. Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 RBD is widely used as a highly specific minimal antigen for serological tests. Correct exposure of antigenic determinants has a significant impact on the accuracy of such tests-the antigen has to be correctly folded, contain no potentially antigenic non-vertebrate glycans, and, preferably, should have a glycosylation pattern similar to the native S protein. Based on the previously developed p1.1 vector, containing the regulatory sequences of the Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha gene (EEF1A1) from Chinese hamster, we created two expression constructs encoding SARS-CoV-2 RBD with C-terminal c-myc and polyhistidine tags. RBDv1 contained a native viral signal peptide, RBDv2 -human tPA signal peptide. We transfected a CHO DG44 cell line, selected stably transfected cells, and performed a few rounds of methotrexate-driven amplification of the genetic cassette in the genome. For the RBDv2 variant, a high-yield clonal producer cell line was obtained. We developed a simple purification scheme that consistently yielded up to 30 mg of RBD protein per liter of the simple shake flask cell culture. Purified proteins were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in reducing and non-reducing conditions and gel filtration; for RBDv2 protein, the monomeric form content exceeded 90% for several series. Deglycosylation with PNGase F and mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of N-glycosylation. The antigen produced by the described technique is suitable for serological tests and subunit vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Sinegubova
- Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda A. Orlova
- Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Sergey V. Kovnir
- Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lutsia K. Dayanova
- Laboratory of Glycoproteins Biotechnology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan I. Vorobiev
- Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Glycoproteins Biotechnology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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162
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Lei Q, Li Y, Hou H, Wang F, Ouyang Z, Zhang Y, Lai D, Banga Ndzouboukou J, Xu Z, Zhang B, Chen H, Xue J, Lin X, Zheng Y, Yao Z, Wang X, Yu C, Jiang H, Zhang H, Qi H, Guo S, Huang S, Sun Z, Tao S, Fan X. Antibody dynamics to SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic COVID-19 infections. Allergy 2021; 76:551-561. [PMID: 33040337 PMCID: PMC7675426 DOI: 10.1111/all.14622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The missing asymptomatic COVID-19 infections have been overlooked because of the imperfect sensitivity of the nucleic acid testing (NAT). Globally understanding the humoral immunity in asymptomatic carriers will provide scientific knowledge for developing serological tests, improving early identification, and implementing more rational control strategies against the pandemic. MEASURE Utilizing both NAT and commercial kits for serum IgM and IgG antibodies, we extensively screened 11 766 epidemiologically suspected individuals on enrollment and 63 asymptomatic individuals were detected and recruited. Sixty-three healthy individuals and 51 mild patients without any preexisting conditions were set as controls. Serum IgM and IgG profiles were further probed using a SARS-CoV-2 proteome microarray, and neutralizing antibody was detected by a pseudotyped virus neutralization assay system. The dynamics of antibodies were analyzed with exposure time or symptoms onset. RESULTS A combination test of NAT and serological testing for IgM antibody discovered 55.5% of the total of 63 asymptomatic infections, which significantly raises the detection sensitivity when compared with the NAT alone (19%). Serum proteome microarray analysis demonstrated that asymptomatics mainly produced IgM and IgG antibodies against S1 and N proteins out of 20 proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Different from strong and persistent N-specific antibodies, S1-specific IgM responses, which evolved in asymptomatic individuals as early as the seventh day after exposure, peaked on days from 17 days to 25 days, and then disappeared in two months, might be used as an early diagnostic biomarker. 11.8% (6/51) mild patients and 38.1% (24/63) asymptomatic individuals did not produce neutralizing antibody. In particular, neutralizing antibody in asymptomatics gradually vanished in two months. CONCLUSION Our findings might have important implications for the definition of asymptomatic COVID-19 infections, diagnosis, serological survey, public health, and immunization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology School of Basic Medicine Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yang Li
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Hong‐yan Hou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zhu‐qing Ouyang
- Department of Pathogen Biology School of Basic Medicine Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yandi Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology School of Basic Medicine Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Dan‐yun Lai
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Jo‐Lewis Banga Ndzouboukou
- Department of Pathogen Biology School of Basic Medicine Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zhao‐wei Xu
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hong Chen
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Jun‐biao Xue
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Xiao‐song Lin
- Department of Pathogen Biology School of Basic Medicine Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yun‐xiao Zheng
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Zong‐jie Yao
- Department of Pathogen Biology School of Basic Medicine Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Xue‐ning Wang
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Cai‐zheng Yu
- Department of Public Health Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - He‐wei Jiang
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Hai‐nan Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Huan Qi
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Shu‐juan Guo
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Sheng‐hai Huang
- Department of Microbiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Anhui Medical University Hefei China
| | - Zi‐yong Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Sheng‐ce Tao
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Xiong‐lin Fan
- Department of Pathogen Biology School of Basic Medicine Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
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163
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Mohamadian M, Chiti H, Shoghli A, Biglari S, Parsamanesh N, Esmaeilzadeh A. COVID-19: Virology, biology and novel laboratory diagnosis. J Gene Med 2021; 23:e3303. [PMID: 33305456 PMCID: PMC7883242 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At the end of December 2019, a novel coronavirus tentatively named SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, a central city in China, was announced by the World Health Organization. SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus that has become a major public health concern after the outbreak of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoV (SARS-CoV) in 2002 and 2012, respectively. As of 29 October 2020, the total number of COVID-19 cases had reached over 44 million worldwide, with more than 1.17 million confirmed deaths. DISCUSSION SARS-CoV-2 infected patients usually present with severe viral pneumonia. Similar to SARS-CoV, the virus enters respiratory tract cells via the angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor 2. The structural proteins play an essential role in budding the virus particles released from different host cells. To date, an approved vaccine or treatment option of a preventive character to avoid severe courses of COVID-19 is still not available. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, we provide a brief review of the general biological features of CoVs and explain the pathogenesis, clinical symptoms and diagnostic approaches regarding monitoring future infectivity and prevent emerging COVID-19 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Mohamadian
- Department of Molecular MedicineBirjand University of Medical SciencesBirjandIran
- Cellular and Molecular Research CenterBirjand University of Medical SciencesBirjandIran
| | - Hossein Chiti
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research CenterZanjan University of Medical SciencesZanjanIran
| | - Alireza Shoghli
- Social Determinants of Health Research CenterZanjan University of Medical SciencesZanjanIran
| | - Sajjad Biglari
- School of MedicineZanjan University of Medical SciencesZanjanIran
| | - Negin Parsamanesh
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research CenterZanjan University of Medical SciencesZanjanIran
| | - Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of ImmunologyZanjan University of Medical ScienceZanjanIran
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research CenterZanjan University of Medical ScienceZanjanIran
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164
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Batty CJ, Heise MT, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Vaccine formulations in clinical development for the prevention of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 169:168-189. [PMID: 33316346 PMCID: PMC7733686 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to an unprecedented effort toward the development of an effective and safe vaccine. Aided by extensive research efforts into characterizing and developing countermeasures towards prior coronavirus epidemics, as well as recent developments of diverse vaccine platform technologies, hundreds of vaccine candidates using dozens of delivery vehicles and routes have been proposed and evaluated preclinically. A high demand coupled with massive effort from researchers has led to the advancement of at least 31 candidate vaccines in clinical trials, many using platforms that have never before been approved for use in humans. This review will address the approach and requirements for a successful vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the background of the myriad of vaccine platforms currently in clinical trials for COVID-19 prevention, and a summary of the present results of those trials. It concludes with a perspective on formulation problems which remain to be addressed in COVID-19 vaccine development and antigens or adjuvants which may be worth further investigation.
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165
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Wong NA, Saier MH. The SARS-Coronavirus Infection Cycle: A Survey of Viral Membrane Proteins, Their Functional Interactions and Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1308. [PMID: 33525632 PMCID: PMC7865831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel epidemic strain of Betacoronavirus that is responsible for the current viral pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a global health crisis. Other epidemic Betacoronaviruses include the 2003 SARS-CoV-1 and the 2009 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), the genomes of which, particularly that of SARS-CoV-1, are similar to that of the 2019 SARS-CoV-2. In this extensive review, we document the most recent information on Coronavirus proteins, with emphasis on the membrane proteins in the Coronaviridae family. We include information on their structures, functions, and participation in pathogenesis. While the shared proteins among the different coronaviruses may vary in structure and function, they all seem to be multifunctional, a common theme interconnecting these viruses. Many transmembrane proteins encoded within the SARS-CoV-2 genome play important roles in the infection cycle while others have functions yet to be understood. We compare the various structural and nonstructural proteins within the Coronaviridae family to elucidate potential overlaps and parallels in function, focusing primarily on the transmembrane proteins and their influences on host membrane arrangements, secretory pathways, cellular growth inhibition, cell death and immune responses during the viral replication cycle. We also offer bioinformatic analyses of potential viroporin activities of the membrane proteins and their sequence similarities to the Envelope (E) protein. In the last major part of the review, we discuss complement, stimulation of inflammation, and immune evasion/suppression that leads to CoV-derived severe disease and mortality. The overall pathogenesis and disease progression of CoVs is put into perspective by indicating several stages in the resulting infection process in which both host and antiviral therapies could be targeted to block the viral cycle. Lastly, we discuss the development of adaptive immunity against various structural proteins, indicating specific vulnerable regions in the proteins. We discuss current CoV vaccine development approaches with purified proteins, attenuated viruses and DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Wong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Milton H. Saier
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
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166
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Murrell I, Forde D, Zelek W, Tyson L, Chichester L, Palmer N, Jones R, Morgan BP, Moore C. Temporal development and neutralising potential of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in hospitalised COVID-19 patients: An observational cohort study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245382. [PMID: 33497420 PMCID: PMC7837461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody responses are important in the control of viral respiratory infection in the human host. What is not clear for SARS-CoV-2 is how rapidly this response occurs, or when antibodies with protective capability evolve. Hence, defining the events of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion and the time frame for the development of antibodies with protective potential may help to explain the different clinical presentations of COVID-19. Furthermore, accurate descriptions of seroconversion are needed to inform the best use of serological assays for diagnostic testing and serosurveillance studies. Here, we describe the humoral responses in a cohort of hospitalised COVID-19 patients (n = 19) shortly following the onset of symptoms. Commercial and 'in-house' serological assays were used to measure IgG antibodies against different SARS-CoV-2 structural antigens-Spike (S) S1 sub-unit and Nucleocapsid protein (NP)-and to assess the potential for virus neutralisation mediated specifically by inhibition of binding between the viral attachment protein (S protein) and cognate receptor (ACE-2). Antibody response kinetics varied amongst the cohort, with patients seroconverting within 1 week, between 1-2 weeks, or after 2 weeks, following symptom onset. Anti-NP IgG responses were generally detected earlier, but reached maximum levels slower, than anti-S1 IgG responses. The earliest IgG antibodies produced by all patients included those that recognised the S protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) and were capable of inhibiting binding to ACE-2. These data revealed events and patterns of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion that may be important predictors of the outcome of infection and guide the delivery of clinical services in the COVID-19 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa Murrell
- Wales Specialist Virology Centre, Public Health Wales Microbiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Donall Forde
- Wales Specialist Virology Centre, Public Health Wales Microbiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Wioleta Zelek
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Tyson
- Wales Specialist Virology Centre, Public Health Wales Microbiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Chichester
- Wales Specialist Virology Centre, Public Health Wales Microbiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Nicki Palmer
- Wales Specialist Virology Centre, Public Health Wales Microbiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Jones
- Wales Specialist Virology Centre, Public Health Wales Microbiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - B. Paul Morgan
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Moore
- Wales Specialist Virology Centre, Public Health Wales Microbiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
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167
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Li Y, Lai DY, Lei Q, Xu ZW, Wang F, Hou H, Chen L, Wu J, Ren Y, Ma ML, Zhang B, Chen H, Yu C, Xue JB, Zheng YX, Wang XN, Jiang HW, Zhang HN, Qi H, Guo SJ, Zhang Y, Lin X, Yao Z, Pang P, Shi D, Wang W, Yang X, Zhou J, Sheng H, Sun Z, Shan H, Fan X, Tao SC. Systematic evaluation of IgG responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-derived peptides for monitoring COVID-19 patients. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:621-631. [PMID: 33483707 PMCID: PMC7821179 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Serological tests play an essential role in monitoring and combating the COVID-19 pandemic. Recombinant spike protein (S protein), especially the S1 protein, is one of the major reagents used for serological tests. However, the high cost of S protein production and possible cross-reactivity with other human coronaviruses pose unavoidable challenges. By taking advantage of a peptide microarray with full spike protein coverage, we analyzed 2,434 sera from 858 COVID-19 patients, 63 asymptomatic patients and 610 controls collected from multiple clinical centers. Based on the results, we identified several S protein-derived 12-mer peptides that have high diagnostic performance. In particular, for monitoring the IgG response, one peptide (aa 1148–1159 or S2–78) exhibited a sensitivity (95.5%, 95% CI 93.7–96.9%) and specificity (96.7%, 95% CI 94.8–98.0%) comparable to those of the S1 protein for the detection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 cases. Furthermore, the diagnostic performance of the S2–78 (aa 1148–1159) IgG was successfully validated by ELISA in an independent sample cohort. A panel of four peptides, S1–93 (aa 553–564), S1–97 (aa 577–588), S1–101 (aa 601–612) and S1–105 (aa 625–636), that likely will avoid potential cross-reactivity with sera from patients infected by other coronaviruses was constructed. The peptides identified in this study may be applied independently or in combination with the S1 protein for accurate, affordable, and accessible COVID-19 diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Yun Lai
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao-Wei Xu
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyan Hou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingyun Chen
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Jiaoxiang Wu
- Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Ren
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Ming-Liang Ma
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Caizheng Yu
- Department of Public Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun-Biao Xue
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Xiao Zheng
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Ning Wang
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - He-Wei Jiang
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Nan Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Qi
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Juan Guo
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yandi Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaosong Lin
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zongjie Yao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengfei Pang
- Center for Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Dawei Shi
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Foshan Fourth People's Hospital, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Foshan Fourth People's Hospital, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Huiming Sheng
- Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyong Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Shan
- Center for Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China.
| | - Xionglin Fan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Sheng-Ce Tao
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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168
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Guthmiller JJ, Stovicek O, Wang J, Changrob S, Li L, Halfmann P, Zheng NY, Utset H, Stamper CT, Dugan HL, Miller WD, Huang M, Dai YN, Nelson CA, Hall PD, Jansen M, Shanmugarajah K, Donington JS, Krammer F, Fremont DH, Joachimiak A, Kawaoka Y, Tesic V, Madariaga ML, Wilson PC. SARS-CoV-2 Infection Severity Is Linked to Superior Humoral Immunity against the Spike. mBio 2021; 12:e02940-20. [PMID: 33468695 PMCID: PMC7845638 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02940-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently causing a global pandemic. The antigen specificity of the antibody response mounted against this novel virus is not understood in detail. Here, we report that subjects with a more severe SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibit a larger antibody response against the spike and nucleocapsid protein and epitope spreading to subdominant viral antigens, such as open reading frame 8 and nonstructural proteins. Subjects with a greater antibody response mounted a larger memory B cell response against the spike, but not the nucleocapsid protein. Additionally, we revealed that antibodies against the spike are still capable of binding the D614G spike mutant and cross-react with the SARS-CoV-1 receptor binding domain. Together, this study reveals that subjects with a more severe SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibit a greater overall antibody response to the spike and nucleocapsid protein and a larger memory B cell response against the spike.IMPORTANCE With the ongoing pandemic, it is critical to understand how natural immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 develops. We have identified that subjects with more severe COVID-19 disease mount a more robust and neutralizing antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Subjects who mounted a larger response against the spike also mounted antibody responses against other viral antigens, including the nucleocapsid protein and ORF8. Additionally, this study reveals that subjects with more severe disease mount a larger memory B cell response against the spike. These data suggest that subjects with more severe COVID-19 disease are likely better protected from reinfection with SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna J Guthmiller
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Olivia Stovicek
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jiaolong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Siriruk Changrob
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter Halfmann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nai-Ying Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Henry Utset
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Haley L Dugan
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - William D Miller
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ya-Nan Dai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christopher A Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Paige D Hall
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Maud Jansen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Vera Tesic
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Patrick C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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169
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Mitsunaga T, Seki Y, Yoshioka M, Suzuki I, Akita K, Mashiko S, Uzura M, Takeda S, Sekine A, Mashiko K. Comparison of the Diagnostic Value of Immunochromatography Kits in Corona Virus Disease 2019 Patients: A Prospective Pilot Study. JMA J 2021; 4:32-40. [PMID: 33575501 PMCID: PMC7872781 DOI: 10.31662/jmaj.2020-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The spread of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is a serious problem all over the world. Several immunochromatography kits of the antibody for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been developed, but it is still unclear which kits have high diagnostic value. This study aims to evaluate the accuracy rate for antibody detection of each immunochromatography kit and reveal which kit has a high diagnostic value for antibody detection. Methods: This study was carried out between 1 August 2020 and 14 October 2020 at the Association of EISEIKAI Medical and Healthcare Corporation Minamitama Hospital. Patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and approximately 30 days after symptom onset were included as the positive group. The serum SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were analysed using seven immunochromatography kits. Results: Twenty samples (Positive group: 10 patients, Negative group: 10 healthy medical workers) were included in this study. The median age of the patients was 44 years, and the median duration from symptom onset was 30.5 days in the positive group. The accuracy rates for IgM/IgG detection were: 90.0%/100% in Kit A; 50.0%/95.0% in Kit B; 55.0%/65.0% in Kit C; 60.0%/55.0% in Kit D; 50.0%/80.0% in Kit E; 80.0%/90.0% in Kit F; and 90.0%/100% in Kit G. Conclusions: Our study showed that there is a variation of accuracy rates between immunochromatography kits for antibodies of SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 IgG/IgM RAPID TEST CASSETTE (Hangzhou Biotest Biotech Co., Ltd., China) and Nadal COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test (BioServUK Ltd., UK: United Kingdom) have high accuracy rates for both IgM and IgG detection. Evidence from large population studies of immunochromatography kits is needed to clarify the details of diagnostic value for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Mitsunaga
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Association of EISEIKAI Medical and Healthcare Corporation Minamitama Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Seki
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Association of EISEIKAI Medical and Healthcare Corporation Minamitama Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Cardiology, Association of EISEIKAI Medical and Healthcare Corporation Minamitama Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Association of EISEIKAI Medical and Healthcare Corporation Minamitama Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masakata Yoshioka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Association of EISEIKAI Medical and Healthcare Corporation Minamitama Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ippei Suzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Association of EISEIKAI Medical and Healthcare Corporation Minamitama Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumi Akita
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Association of EISEIKAI Medical and Healthcare Corporation Minamitama Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Syunsuke Mashiko
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Uzura
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takeda
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Sekine
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Mashiko
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Association of EISEIKAI Medical and Healthcare Corporation Minamitama Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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170
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Hodge CD, Rosenberg DJ, Wilamowski M, Joachimiak A, Hura GL, Hammel M. Rigid monoclonal antibodies improve detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.01.13.426597. [PMID: 33469584 PMCID: PMC7814821 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.13.426597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are the basis of treatments and diagnostics for pathogens and other biological phenomena. We conducted a structural characterization of mAbs against the N-terminal domain of nucleocapsid protein (NP NTD ) from SARS-CoV-2 using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Our solution-based results distinguished the mAbs' flexibility and how this flexibility impacts the assembly of multiple mAbs on an antigen. By pairing two mAbs that bind different epitopes on the NP NTD , we show that flexible mAbs form a closed sandwich-like complex. With rigid mAbs, a juxtaposition of the Fabs is prevented, enforcing a linear arrangement of the mAb pair, which facilitates further mAb polymerization. In a modified sandwich ELISA, we show the rigid mAb-pairings with linear polymerization led to increased NP NTD detection sensitivity. These enhancements can expedite the development of more sensitive and selective antigen-detecting point-of-care lateral flow devices (LFA), key for early diagnosis and epidemiological studies of SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis D Hodge
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J Rosenberg
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mateusz Wilamowski
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Greg L Hura
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michal Hammel
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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171
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Chen M, Qin R, Jiang M, Yang Z, Wen W, Li J. Clinical applications of detecting IgG, IgM or IgA antibody for the diagnosis of COVID-19: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 104:415-422. [PMID: 33450372 PMCID: PMC7833601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a devastating impact worldwide, and timely detection and quarantine of infected patients are critical to prevent spread of disease. Serological antibody testing is an important diagnostic method used increasingly in clinics, although its clinical application is still under investigation. Methods A meta-analysis was conducted to compare the diagnostic performance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 antibody tests in patients with COVID-19. The test results analysed included: (1) IgM-positive but IgG-negative (IgM+IgG−); (2) IgG-positive but IgM-negative (IgG+IgM−); (3) both IgM-positive and IgG-positive (IgM+IgG+); (4) IgM-positive without IgG information (IgM+IgG+/−); (5) IgG-positive without IgM information (IgG+IgM+/−); (6) either IgM-positive or IgG-positive (IgM+ or IgG+); and (7) IgA-positive (IgA+). Results Sixty-eight studies were included. Pooled sensitivities for IgM+IgG−, IgG+IgM−, IgM+IgG+, IgM+IgG+/−, IgG+IgM+/−, and IgM+ or IgG+ were 6%, 7%, 53%, 68%, 73% and 79% respectively. Pooled specificities ranged from 98% to 100%. IgA+ had a pooled sensitivity of 78% but a relatively low specificity of 88%. Tests conducted 2 weeks after symptom onset showed better diagnostic accuracy than tests conducted earlier. Chemiluminescence immunoassay and detection of S protein as the antigen could offer more accurate diagnostic results. Discussion These findings support the supplemental role of serological antibody tests in the diagnosis of COVID-19. However, their capacity to diagnose COVID-19 early in the disease course could be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Rundong Qin
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Mei Jiang
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhaowei Yang
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Weiping Wen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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172
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Development and Validation of a Multiplex, Bead-based Assay to Detect Antibodies Directed Against SARS-CoV-2 Proteins. Transplantation 2021; 105:79-89. [PMID: 33273320 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplant recipients who develop COVID-19 may be at increased risk for morbidity and mortality. Determining the status of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in both candidates and recipients will be important to understand the epidemiology and clinical course of COVID-19 in this population. While there are multiple tests to detect antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, their performance is variable. Tests vary according to their platforms and the antigenic targets which make interpretation of the results challenging. Furthermore, for some assays, sensitivity and specificity are less than optimal. Additionally, currently available serological tests do not exclude the possibility that positive responses are due to cross reactive antibodies to community coronaviruses rather than SARS-CoV-2. METHODS This study describes the development and validation of a high-throughput multiplex antibody detection assay. RESULTS The multiplex assay has the capacity to identify, simultaneously, patient responses to 5 SARS-CoV-2 proteins, namely, the full spike protein, 3 individual domains of the spike protein (S1, S2, and receptor binding domain), and the nucleocapsid protein. The antibody response to the above proteins are SARS-CoV-2-specific, as antibodies against 4 common coronaviruses do not cross-react. CONCLUSIONS This new assay provides a novel tool to interrogate the spectrum of immune responses to SAR-CoV-2 and is uniquely suitable for use in the transplant setting. Test configuration is essentially identical to the single antigen bead assays used in the majority of histocompatibility laboratories around the world and could easily be implemented into routine screening of transplant candidates and recipients.
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173
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de Assis RR, Jain A, Nakajima R, Jasinskas A, Felgner J, Obiero JM, Norris PJ, Stone M, Simmons G, Bagri A, Irsch J, Schreiber M, Buser A, Holbro A, Battegay M, Hosimer P, Noesen C, Adenaiye O, Tai S, Hong F, Milton DK, Davies DH, Contestable P, Corash LM, Busch MP, Felgner PL, Khan S. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19 convalescent blood using a coronavirus antigen microarray. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6. [PMID: 33397903 PMCID: PMC7782488 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The current practice for diagnosis of COVID-19, based on SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing of pharyngeal or respiratory specimens in a symptomatic patient at high epidemiologic risk, likely underestimates the true prevalence of infection. Serologic methods can more accurately estimate the disease burden by detecting infections missed by the limited testing performed to date. Here, we describe the validation of a coronavirus antigen microarray containing immunologically significant antigens from SARS-CoV-2, in addition to SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, common human coronavirus strains, and other common respiratory viruses. A comparison of antibody profiles detected on the array from control sera collected prior to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic versus convalescent blood specimens from virologically confirmed COVID-19 cases demonstrates near complete discrimination of these two groups, with improved performance from use of antigen combinations that include both spike protein and nucleoprotein. This array can be used as a diagnostic tool, as an epidemiologic tool to more accurately estimate the disease burden of COVID-19, and as a research tool to correlate antibody responses with clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael R de Assis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Aarti Jain
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rie Nakajima
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Algis Jasinskas
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jiin Felgner
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Joshua M Obiero
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Philip J Norris
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Graham Simmons
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Martin Schreiber
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Andreas Buser
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Holbro
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Manuel Battegay
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Oluwasanmi Adenaiye
- Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sheldon Tai
- Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Filbert Hong
- Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Donald K Milton
- Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - D Huw Davies
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Michael P Busch
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Philip L Felgner
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Saahir Khan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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174
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Hodge CD, Rosenberg DJ, Grob P, Wilamowski M, Joachimiak A, Hura GL, Hammel M. Rigid monoclonal antibodies improve detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. MAbs 2021; 13:1905978. [PMID: 33843452 PMCID: PMC8043170 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1905978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are the basis of treatments and diagnostics for pathogens and other biological phenomena. We conducted a structural characterization of mAbs against the N-terminal domain of nucleocapsid protein (NPNTD) from SARS-CoV-2 using small-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Our solution-based results distinguished the mAbs' flexibility and how this flexibility affects the assembly of multiple mAbs on an antigen. By pairing two mAbs that bind different epitopes on the NPNTD, we show that flexible mAbs form a closed sandwich-like complex. With rigid mAbs, a juxtaposition of the antigen-binding fragments is prevented, enforcing a linear arrangement of the mAb pair, which facilitates further mAb polymerization. In a modified sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we show that rigid mAb-pairings with linear polymerization led to increased NPNTD detection sensitivity. These enhancements can expedite the development of more sensitive and selective antigen-detecting point-of-care lateral flow devices, which are critical for early diagnosis and epidemiological studies of SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis D. Hodge
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel. J. Rosenberg
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Grob
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mateusz Wilamowski
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Greg L. Hura
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Michal Hammel
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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175
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Liu Y, Tan Y, Fu Q, Lin M, He J, He S, Yang M, Chen S, Zhou J. Reciprocating-flowing on-a-chip enables ultra-fast immunobinding for multiplexed rapid ELISA detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibody. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 176:112920. [PMID: 33418184 PMCID: PMC7834412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide epidemic of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has led to a strong demand for highly efficient immunobinding to achieve rapid and accurate on-site detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. However, hour-scale time-consumption is usually required to ensure the adequacy of immunobinding on expensive large instruments in hospitals, and the common false negative or positive results often occur in rapid on-site immunoassay (e.g. immunochromatography). We solved this dilemma by presenting a reciprocating-flowing immunobinding (RF-immunobinding) strategy. RF-immunobinding enabled the antibodies in fluid contacting with the corresponding immobilized antigens on substrate repeatedly during continuous reciprocating-flowing, to achieve adequate immunobinding within 60 s. This strategy was further developed into an immunoassay method for the serological detection of 13 suspected COVID-19 patients. We obtained a 100% true negative and true positive rate and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 4.14 pg/mL. Our strategy also can be a potential support for other areas related to immunorecognition, such as proteomics, immunopharmacology and immunohistochemistry. Our strategy that can reach saturation within 60 s may be the fastest immunobinding. Two-step reciprocating-flowing enzyme linked immunosorbent assay needs 5 min only. This ultra-fast immunobinding will speed up many on-site COVID-19 immunoassays. Easy fabrication and pressure control allow portable test in less-developed regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiren Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yayin Tan
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Quanying Fu
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Maoren Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Jinxu He
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Suhua He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Shoudeng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China.
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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176
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Di Natale C, La Manna S, De Benedictis I, Brandi P, Marasco D. Perspectives in Peptide-Based Vaccination Strategies for Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Pandemic. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:578382. [PMID: 33343349 PMCID: PMC7744882 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.578382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
At the end of December 2019, an epidemic form of respiratory tract infection now named COVID-19 emerged in Wuhan, China. It is caused by a newly identified viral pathogen, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which can cause severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. On January 30, 2020, due to the rapid spread of infection, COVID-19 was declared as a global health emergency by the World Health Organization. Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses belonging to the family of Coronaviridae, which are able to infect birds, humans and other mammals. The majority of human coronavirus infections are mild although already in 2003 and in 2012, the epidemics of SARS-CoV and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), respectively, were characterized by a high mortality rate. In this regard, many efforts have been made to develop therapeutic strategies against human CoV infections but, unfortunately, drug candidates have shown efficacy only into in vitro studies, limiting their use against COVID-19 infection. Actually, no treatment has been approved in humans against SARS-CoV-2, and therefore there is an urgent need of a suitable vaccine to tackle this health issue. However, the puzzled scenario of biological features of the virus and its interaction with human immune response, represent a challenge for vaccine development. As expected, in hundreds of research laboratories there is a running out of breath to explore different strategies to obtain a safe and quickly spreadable vaccine; and among others, the peptide-based approach represents a turning point as peptides have demonstrated unique features of selectivity and specificity toward specific targets. Peptide-based vaccines imply the identification of different epitopes both on human cells and virus capsid and the design of peptide/peptidomimetics able to counteract the primary host-pathogen interaction, in order to induce a specific host immune response. SARS-CoV-2 immunogenic regions are mainly distributed, as well as for other coronaviruses, across structural areas such as spike, envelope, membrane or nucleocapsid proteins. Herein, we aim to highlight the molecular basis of the infection and recent peptide-based vaccines strategies to fight the COVID-19 pandemic including their delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Di Natale
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterial for Health Care (CABHC), Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB) and Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Dei Materiali e Della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara La Manna
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Paola Brandi
- Centro Nacional De Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniela Marasco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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177
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Forni D, Cagliani R, Pontremoli C, Mozzi A, Pozzoli U, Clerici M, Sironi M. Antigenic variation of SARS-CoV-2 in response to immune pressure. Mol Ecol 2020; 30:3548-3559. [PMID: 33289207 PMCID: PMC7753431 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the bat viruses most closely related to SARS-CoV-2 indicated that the virus probably required limited adaptation to spread in humans. Nonetheless, since its introduction in human populations, SARS-CoV-2 must have been subject to the selective pressure imposed by the human immune system. We exploited the availability of a large number of high-quality SARS-CoV-2 genomes, as well as of validated epitope predictions, to show that B cell epitopes in the spike glycoprotein (S) and in the nucleocapsid protein (N) have higher diversity than nonepitope positions. Similar results were obtained for other human coronaviruses and for sarbecoviruses sampled in bats. Conversely, in the SARS-CoV-2 population, epitopes for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were not more variable than nonepitope positions. A significant reduction in epitope variability was instead observed for some of the most immunogenic proteins (S, N, ORF8 and ORF3a). Analysis over longer evolutionary time frames indicated that this effect is not due to differential constraints. These data indicate that SARS-CoV-2 evolves to elude the host humoral immune response, whereas recognition by T cells is not actively avoided by the virus. However, we also found a trend of lower diversity of T cell epitopes for common cold coronaviruses, indicating that epitope conservation per se is not directly linked to disease severity. We suggest that conservation serves to maintain epitopes that elicit tolerizing T cell responses or induce T cells with regulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Forni
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEABioinformaticsBosisio PariniItaly
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEABioinformaticsBosisio PariniItaly
| | - Chiara Pontremoli
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEABioinformaticsBosisio PariniItaly
| | - Alessandra Mozzi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEABioinformaticsBosisio PariniItaly
| | - Uberto Pozzoli
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEABioinformaticsBosisio PariniItaly
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and TransplantationUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUSIRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEABioinformaticsBosisio PariniItaly
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178
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Hosseini A, Pandey R, Osman E, Victorious A, Li F, Didar T, Soleymani L. Roadmap to the Bioanalytical Testing of COVID-19: From Sample Collection to Disease Surveillance. ACS Sens 2020; 5:3328-3345. [PMID: 33124797 PMCID: PMC7605339 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has led to a global pandemic with tremendous mortality, morbidity, and economic loss. The current lack of effective vaccines and treatments places tremendous value on widespread screening, early detection, and contact tracing of COVID-19 for controlling its spread and minimizing the resultant health and societal impact. Bioanalytical diagnostic technologies have played a critical role in the mitigation of the COVID-19 pandemic and will continue to be foundational in the prevention of the subsequent waves of this pandemic along with future infectious disease outbreaks. In this Review, we aim at presenting a roadmap to the bioanalytical testing of COVID-19, with a focus on the performance metrics as well as the limitations of various techniques. The state-of-the-art technologies, mostly limited to centralized laboratories, set the clinical metrics against which the emerging technologies are measured. Technologies for point-of-care and do-it-yourself testing are rapidly emerging, which open the route for testing in the community, at home, and at points-of-entry to widely screen and monitor individuals for enabling normal life despite of an infectious disease pandemic. The combination of different classes of diagnostic technologies (centralized and point-of-care and relying on multiple biomarkers) are needed for effective diagnosis, treatment selection, prognosis, patient monitoring, and epidemiological surveillance in the event of major pandemics such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Hosseini
- School of Biomedical Engineering,
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S
4L8, Canada
| | - Richa Pandey
- Department of Engineering Physics,
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S
4L8, Canada
| | - Enas Osman
- School of Biomedical Engineering,
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S
4L8, Canada
| | - Amanda Victorious
- School of Biomedical Engineering,
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S
4L8, Canada
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Chemistry,
Brock University, St. Catharines, ON
L2S 3A1, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and
Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry,
Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan
610065, China
| | - Tohid Didar
- School of Biomedical Engineering,
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S
4L8, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S
4L8, Canada
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- School of Biomedical Engineering,
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S
4L8, Canada
- Department of Engineering Physics,
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S
4L8, Canada
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179
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Weis S, Scherag A, Baier M, Kiehntopf M, Kamradt T, Kolanos S, Ankert J, Glöckner S, Makarewicz O, Hagel S, Bahrs C, Kimmig A, Proquitté H, Guerra J, Rimek D, Löffler B, Pletz MW. Antibody response using six different serological assays in a completely PCR-tested community after a coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak-the CoNAN study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 27:470.e1-470.e9. [PMID: 33221432 PMCID: PMC7677041 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Due to a substantial proportion of asymptomatic and mild courses, many severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections remain unreported. Therefore, assessment of seroprevalence may detect the real burden of disease. We aimed to determine and characterize the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections and the resulting seroprevalence in a defined population. The primary objective of the study was to assess SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence using six different IgG-detecting immunoassays. Secondary objectives of the study were: (a) to determine potential risk factors for symptomatic versus asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 courses, and (b) to investigate the rate of virus RNA-persistence. Methods CoNAN is a population-based cohort study performed in the community Neustadt am Rennsteig, Germany, which was quarantined from 22 March to 5 April after six SARS-CoV-2 cases were detected in the village's population. The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak comprised 51 cases and 3 deaths. The CoNAN study was performed from 13 May to 22 May 2020, 6 weeks after a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Results We enrolled a total of 626 participants (71% of the community population) for PCR and antibody testing in the study. All actual SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests were negative. Fifty-two out of 620 (8.4%) participants had antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in at least two different assays. There were 38 participants with previously PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of those, only 19 (50%) displayed anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. We also show that antibody-positive participants with symptoms compatible with a respiratory tract infection had significantly higher antibody levels then asymptomatic participants (EU-assay: median 2.9 versus 7.2 IgG-index, p 0.002; DS-assay: median 45.2 versus 143 AU/mL, p 0.002). Persisting viral replication was not detected. Conclusions Our data question the relevance and reliability of IgG antibody testing to detect past SARS-CoV-2 infections 6 weeks after an outbreak. We conclude that assessing immunity for SARS-CoV-2 infection should not rely on antibody tests alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Weis
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Centre for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
| | - André Scherag
- Institute of Medical Statistics, Computer and Data Sciences, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Baier
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Kiehntopf
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics and Integrated Biobank Jena (IBBJ), Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Kamradt
- Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Steffi Kolanos
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Juliane Ankert
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Glöckner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliwia Makarewicz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Hagel
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Christina Bahrs
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aurelia Kimmig
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Hans Proquitté
- Children's Hospital, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Joel Guerra
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Centre for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Dagmar Rimek
- Thuringian State Office for Consumer Protection, Bad Langensalza, Germany
| | - Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Mathias W Pletz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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180
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Garrett ME, Galloway J, Chu HY, Itell HL, Stoddard CI, Wolf CR, Logue JK, McDonald D, Matsen FA, Overbaugh J. High resolution profiling of pathways of escape for SARS-CoV-2 spike-binding antibodies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.11.16.385278. [PMID: 33236010 PMCID: PMC7685320 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.16.385278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Defining long-term protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is one of the most pressing questions of our time and will require a detailed understanding of potential ways this virus can evolve to escape immune protection. Immune protection will most likely be mediated by antibodies that bind to the viral entry protein, Spike (S). Here we used Phage-DMS, an approach that comprehensively interrogates the effect of all possible mutations on binding to a protein of interest, to define the profile of antibody escape to the SARS-CoV-2 S protein using COVID-19 convalescent plasma. Antibody binding was common in two regions: the fusion peptide and linker region upstream of the heptad repeat region 2. However, escape mutations were variable within these immunodominant regions. There was also individual variation in less commonly targeted epitopes. This study provides a granular view of potential antibody escape pathways and suggests there will be individual variation in antibody-mediated virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Garrett
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jared Galloway
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Helen Y Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hannah L Itell
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Caitlin I Stoddard
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Caitlin R Wolf
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer K Logue
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dylan McDonald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Frederick A Matsen
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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181
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Abstract
Most severe cases with COVID-19, especially those with pulmonary failure, are not a consequence of viral burden and/or failure of the 'adaptive' immune response to subdue the pathogen by utilizing an adequate 'adaptive' immune defense. Rather it is a consequence of immunopathology, resulting from imbalanced innate immune response, which may not be linked to pathogen burden at all. In fact, it might be described as an autoinflammatory disease. The Kawasaki-like disease seen in children with SARS-CoV-2 exposure might be another example of similar mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaim Oscar Jacob
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2110 Zonal Ave, HMR 705 Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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182
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Nechipurenko YD, Anashkina AA, Matveeva OV. Change of Antigenic Determinants of SARS-CoV-2 Virus S-Protein as a Possible Cause of Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Virus Infection and Cytokine Storm. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2020; 65:703-709. [PMID: 33100352 PMCID: PMC7569100 DOI: 10.1134/s0006350920040119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A hypothesis is proposed that the cytokine storm syndrome, which complicates COVID-19 in some patients, is a consequence of antibody-dependent enhancement of virus infection, which is in turn happens due to a change in dominant antigenic determinants of SARS-CoV-2 S-protein. The antibody-dependent enhancement of virus infection is a phenomenon in which virus-specific antibodies that are not neutralizing enhance the entry of infectious virus into immune cells causing their death. Antibody-dependent enhancement has been reported for different coronaviruses. This phenomenon happens due to a decrease in the binding strength of neutralizing antibodies to the virus, which converts these antibodies into suboptimal-not neutralizing ones. According to our hypothesis, such a decrease in affinity may be associated with a change in the conformation of the viral S-protein. We believe that this conformational change is the major factor in the switching of antibodies affinity, which triggers antibody-dependent enhancement. However, other factors that contribute to antigen drift and antigenic determinant changes may also play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu. D. Nechipurenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. A. Anashkina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - O. V. Matveeva
- Sendai Viralytics LLC, 01720 Acton, MA USA
- Biopolymer Design LLC, 01721 Acton, MA USA
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183
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Adhikari S, Nice EC, Deutsch EW, Lane L, Omenn GS, Pennington SR, Paik YK, Overall CM, Corrales FJ, Cristea IM, Van Eyk JE, Uhlén M, Lindskog C, Chan DW, Bairoch A, Waddington JC, Justice JL, LaBaer J, Rodriguez H, He F, Kostrzewa M, Ping P, Gundry RL, Stewart P, Srivastava S, Srivastava S, Nogueira FCS, Domont GB, Vandenbrouck Y, Lam MPY, Wennersten S, Vizcaino JA, Wilkins M, Schwenk JM, Lundberg E, Bandeira N, Marko-Varga G, Weintraub ST, Pineau C, Kusebauch U, Moritz RL, Ahn SB, Palmblad M, Snyder MP, Aebersold R, Baker MS. A high-stringency blueprint of the human proteome. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5301. [PMID: 33067450 PMCID: PMC7568584 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) launched the Human Proteome Project (HPP) in 2010, creating an international framework for global collaboration, data sharing, quality assurance and enhancing accurate annotation of the genome-encoded proteome. During the subsequent decade, the HPP established collaborations, developed guidelines and metrics, and undertook reanalysis of previously deposited community data, continuously increasing the coverage of the human proteome. On the occasion of the HPP's tenth anniversary, we here report a 90.4% complete high-stringency human proteome blueprint. This knowledge is essential for discerning molecular processes in health and disease, as we demonstrate by highlighting potential roles the human proteome plays in our understanding, diagnosis and treatment of cancers, cardiovascular and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subash Adhikari
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Eric W Deutsch
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Lydie Lane
- Faculty of Medicine, SIB-Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, CMU, Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gilbert S Omenn
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2218, USA
| | - Stephen R Pennington
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Young-Ki Paik
- Yonsei Proteome Research Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Sudaemoon-ku, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
| | | | - Fernando J Corrales
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Proteored-ISCIII, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, The Smidt Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 17121, Solna, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lindskog
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel W Chan
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Amos Bairoch
- Faculty of Medicine, SIB-Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, CMU, Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - James C Waddington
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joshua L Justice
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Henry Rodriguez
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Fuchu He
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Markus Kostrzewa
- Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Microbiology and Diagnostics, Fahrenheitstrasse, 428359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Peipei Ping
- Cardiac Proteomics and Signaling Laboratory, Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebekah L Gundry
- CardiOmics Program, Center for Heart and Vascular Research, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Peter Stewart
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Sudhir Srivastava
- Cancer Biomarkers Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Suite 5E136, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Fabio C S Nogueira
- Proteomics Unit and Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av Athos da Silveria Ramos, 149, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gilberto B Domont
- Proteomics Unit and Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av Athos da Silveria Ramos, 149, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Yves Vandenbrouck
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CEA, IRIG-BGE, U1038, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Maggie P Y Lam
- Departments of Medicine-Cardiology and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sara Wennersten
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Juan Antonio Vizcaino
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Marc Wilkins
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jochen M Schwenk
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 17121, Solna, Sweden
| | - Emma Lundberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 17121, Solna, Sweden
| | - Nuno Bandeira
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0404, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0404, USA
| | | | - Susan T Weintraub
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, UT Health, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Charles Pineau
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IREST, UMR_S 1085, F-35042, Rennes, France
| | - Ulrike Kusebauch
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Robert L Moritz
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Seong Beom Ahn
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Magnus Palmblad
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark S Baker
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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184
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Asif M, Ajmal M, Ashraf G, Muhammad N, Aziz A, Iftikhar T, Wang J, Liu H. The role of biosensors in coronavirus disease-2019 outbreak. CURRENT OPINION IN ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2020; 23:174-184. [PMID: 32984642 PMCID: PMC7500281 DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we have summarized and argued about biomarkers and indicators used for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Antibody detection methods are not considered suitable to screen individuals at early stages and asymptomatic cases. The diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 using biomarkers and indicators at point-of-care level is much crucial. Therefore, it is urgently needed to develop rapid and sensitive detection methods which can target antigens. We have critically elaborated key role of biosensors to cope the outbreak situation. In this review, the importance of biosensors including electrochemical, surface enhanced Raman scattering, field-effect transistor, and surface plasmon resonance biosensors in the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has been underscored. Finally, we have outlined pros and cons of diagnostic approaches and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asif
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Muhammad Ajmal
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Ghazala Ashraf
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Centre, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Nadeem Muhammad
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan, 430223, PR China
| | - Ayesha Aziz
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Centre, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Tayyaba Iftikhar
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Junlei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Hongfang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
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185
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Linear epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein elicit neutralizing antibodies in COVID-19 patients. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:1095-1097. [PMID: 32895485 PMCID: PMC7475724 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00523-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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186
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Zaichuk TA, Nechipurenko YD, Adzhubey AA, Onikienko SB, Chereshnev VA, Zainutdinov SS, Kochneva GV, Netesov SV, Matveeva OV. The Challenges of Vaccine Development against Betacoronaviruses: Antibody Dependent Enhancement and Sendai Virus as a Possible Vaccine Vector. Mol Biol 2020; 54:812-826. [PMID: 32921819 PMCID: PMC7473411 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893320060151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To design an effective and safe vaccine against betacoronaviruses, it is necessary to use their evolutionarily conservative antigenic determinants that will elicit the combination of strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Targeting such determinants minimizes the risk of antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infection. This phenomenon was observed in animal trials of experimental vaccines against SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV that were developed based on inactivated coronavirus or vector constructs expressing the spike protein (S) of the virion. The substitution and glycosylation of certain amino acids in the antigenic determinants of the S-protein, as well as its conformational changes, can lead to the same effect in a new experimental vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Using more conservative structural and accessory viral proteins for the vaccine antigenic determinants will help to avoid this problem. This review outlines approaches for developing vaccines against the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus that are based on non-pathogenic viral vectors. For efficient prevention of infections caused by respiratory pathogens the ability of the vaccine to stimulate mucosal immunity in the respiratory tract is important. Such a vaccine can be developed using non-pathogenic Sendai virus vector, since it can be administered intranasally and induce a mucosal immune response that strengthens the antiviral barrier in the respiratory tract and provides reliable protection against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Y D Nechipurenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Adzhubey
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia.,George Washington University, 20052 Washington, DC USA
| | - S B Onikienko
- Department of Military Field Therapy, Kirov Military Medical Academy, 194044 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V A Chereshnev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - S S Zainutdinov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector,", 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - G V Kochneva
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector,", 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - S V Netesov
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - O V Matveeva
- Sendai Viralytics, 117261 Acton, MA USA.,Biopolymer Design, 117281 Acton, MA USA
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Grzelak L, Temmam S, Planchais C, Demeret C, Tondeur L, Huon C, Guivel-Benhassine F, Staropoli I, Chazal M, Dufloo J, Planas D, Buchrieser J, Rajah MM, Robinot R, Porrot F, Albert M, Chen KY, Crescenzo-Chaigne B, Donati F, Anna F, Souque P, Gransagne M, Bellalou J, Nowakowski M, Backovic M, Bouadma L, Le Fevre L, Le Hingrat Q, Descamps D, Pourbaix A, Laouénan C, Ghosn J, Yazdanpanah Y, Besombes C, Jolly N, Pellerin-Fernandes S, Cheny O, Ungeheuer MN, Mellon G, Morel P, Rolland S, Rey FA, Behillil S, Enouf V, Lemaitre A, Créach MA, Petres S, Escriou N, Charneau P, Fontanet A, Hoen B, Bruel T, Eloit M, Mouquet H, Schwartz O, van der Werf S. A comparison of four serological assays for detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in human serum samples from different populations. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eabc3103. [PMID: 32817357 PMCID: PMC7665313 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abc3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is of paramount importance to evaluate the prevalence of both asymptomatic and symptomatic cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and their differing antibody response profiles. Here, we performed a pilot study of four serological assays to assess the amounts of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in serum samples obtained from 491 healthy individuals before the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, 51 individuals hospitalized with COVID-19, 209 suspected cases of COVID-19 with mild symptoms, and 200 healthy blood donors. We used two ELISA assays that recognized the full-length nucleoprotein (N) or trimeric spike (S) protein ectodomain of SARS-CoV-2. In addition, we developed the S-Flow assay that recognized the S protein expressed at the cell surface using flow cytometry, and the luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assay that recognized diverse SARS-CoV-2 antigens including the S1 domain and the carboxyl-terminal domain of N by immunoprecipitation. We obtained similar results with the four serological assays. Differences in sensitivity were attributed to the technique and the antigen used. High anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers were associated with neutralization activity, which was assessed using infectious SARS-CoV-2 or lentiviral-S pseudotype virus. In hospitalized patients with COVID-19, seroconversion and virus neutralization occurred between 5 and 14 days after symptom onset, confirming previous studies. Seropositivity was detected in 32% of mildly symptomatic individuals within 15 days of symptom onset and in 3% of healthy blood donors. The four antibody assays that we used enabled a broad evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and antibody profiling in different subpopulations within one region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Grzelak
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Temmam
- Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Demeret
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laura Tondeur
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Christèle Huon
- Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Florence Guivel-Benhassine
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Maxime Chazal
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jeremy Dufloo
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Planas
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Julian Buchrieser
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Maaran Michael Rajah
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Remy Robinot
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Mélanie Albert
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Kuang-Yu Chen
- RNA Biology of Influenza Virus, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Bernadette Crescenzo-Chaigne
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Flora Donati
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - François Anna
- Pasteur-TheraVectys joined unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Souque
- Molecular Virology and Vaccinology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Jacques Bellalou
- Plate-Forme Technologique Production et Purification de Protéines Recombinantes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Mireille Nowakowski
- Plate-Forme Technologique Production et Purification de Protéines Recombinantes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marija Backovic
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Lila Bouadma
- Université of Paris, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, Paris, France
- Medical and Infectious Diseases Intensive Care Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bichat-Claude-Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Le Fevre
- Medical and Infectious Diseases Intensive Care Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bichat-Claude-Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Le Hingrat
- Université of Paris, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, Paris, France
- Department of Virology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bichat-Claude-Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Diane Descamps
- Université of Paris, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, Paris, France
- Department of Virology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bichat-Claude-Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Annabelle Pourbaix
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bichat-Claude-Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Laouénan
- Université of Paris, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, Paris, France
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bichat-Claude-Bernard University Hospital, INSERM CIC-EC 1425, Paris, France
| | - Jade Ghosn
- Université of Paris, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, Paris, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bichat-Claude-Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Yazdan Yazdanpanah
- Université of Paris, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, Paris, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bichat-Claude-Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Camille Besombes
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Jolly
- Investigation Clinique et Accès aux Ressources Biologiques (ICAReB), Center for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Pellerin-Fernandes
- Investigation Clinique et Accès aux Ressources Biologiques (ICAReB), Center for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Olivia Cheny
- Investigation Clinique et Accès aux Ressources Biologiques (ICAReB), Center for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Ungeheuer
- Investigation Clinique et Accès aux Ressources Biologiques (ICAReB), Center for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Mellon
- Unité Coordination du Risque Epidémique et Biologique, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Morel
- Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS), Paris, France
| | - Simon Rolland
- Service de maladies infectieuses, hôpital universitaire Cavale Blanche, Brest, France
- CIC 1417, CIC de vaccinologie Cochin-Pasteur, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Felix A Rey
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Behillil
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Enouf
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Lemaitre
- Direction alerte et crises, réserve sanitaire, Santé publique France, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Marie-Aude Créach
- Centre d'épidémiologie et de santé publique des armées, Marseille, France
- Direction Générale de la Santé, Paris, France
| | - Stephane Petres
- Plate-Forme Technologique Production et Purification de Protéines Recombinantes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Pierre Charneau
- Pasteur-TheraVectys joined unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Molecular Virology and Vaccinology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Fontanet
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- PACRI Unit, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Hoen
- Direction de la recherche médicale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Marc Eloit
- Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
- National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Sylvie van der Werf
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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188
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Pavlova IP, Nair SS, Kyprianou N, Tewari AK. The Rapid Coronavirus Antibody Test: Can We Improve Accuracy? Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:569. [PMID: 32984390 PMCID: PMC7492556 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ina P. Pavlova
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sujit S. Nair
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ash K. Tewari
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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189
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Zhou R, To KKW, Wong YC, Liu L, Zhou B, Li X, Huang H, Mo Y, Luk TY, Lau TTK, Yeung P, Chan WM, Wu AKL, Lung KC, Tsang OTY, Leung WS, Hung IFN, Yuen KY, Chen Z. Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection Impairs Dendritic Cell and T Cell Responses. Immunity 2020; 53:864-877.e5. [PMID: 32791036 PMCID: PMC7402670 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has resulted in millions of infections, yet the role of host immune responses in early COVID-19 pathogenesis remains unclear. By investigating 17 acute and 24 convalescent patients, we found that acute SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in broad immune cell reduction including T, natural killer, monocyte, and dendritic cells (DCs). DCs were significantly reduced with functional impairment, and ratios of conventional DCs to plasmacytoid DCs were increased among acute severe patients. Besides lymphocytopenia, although neutralizing antibodies were rapidly and abundantly generated in patients, there were delayed receptor binding domain (RBD)- and nucleocapsid protein (NP)-specific T cell responses during the first 3 weeks after symptoms onset. Moreover, acute RBD- and NP-specific T cell responses included relatively more CD4 T cells than CD8 T cells. Our findings provided evidence that impaired DCs, together with timely inverted strong antibody but weak CD8 T cell responses, could contribute to acute COVID-19 pathogenesis and have implications for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhong Zhou
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People's Republic of China; Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Yik-Chun Wong
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People's Republic of China; Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People's Republic of China; Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Zhou
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People's Republic of China; Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Haode Huang
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Yufei Mo
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People's Republic of China; Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Tsz-Yat Luk
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Thomas Tsz-Kan Lau
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Pauline Yeung
- Department of Intensive Care, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Wai-Ming Chan
- Department of Adult Intensive Care, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Alan Ka-Lun Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Kwok-Cheung Lung
- Department of Medicine, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Owen Tak-Yin Tsang
- Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Wai-Shing Leung
- Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People's Republic of China; Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
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190
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Xu M, Wang D, Wang H, Zhang X, Liang T, Dai J, Li M, Zhang J, Zhang K, Xu D, Yu X. COVID-19 diagnostic testing: Technology perspective. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e158. [PMID: 32898340 PMCID: PMC7443140 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). More than 18 million people were infected with a total of 0.7 million deaths in ∼188 countries. Controlling the spread of SARS-CoV-2 is therefore inherently dependent on identifying and isolating infected individuals, especially since COVID-19 can result in little to no symptoms. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the different primary technologies used to test for COVID-19 infection, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each technology, and highlight the studies that have employed them. We also describe technologies that have the potential to accelerate SARS-CoV-2 detection in the future, including digital PCR, CRISPR, and microarray. Finally, remaining challenges in COVID-19 diagnostic testing are discussed, including (a) the lack of universal standards for diagnostic testing; (b) the identification of appropriate sample collection site(s); (c) the difficulty in performing large population screening; and (d) the limited understanding of SARS-COV-2 viral invasion, replication, and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein SciencesBeijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life ScienceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein SciencesBeijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijingChina
| | - Hongye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein SciencesBeijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijingChina
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein SciencesBeijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijingChina
| | - Te Liang
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein SciencesBeijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijingChina
| | - Jiayu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein SciencesBeijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijingChina
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein SciencesBeijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijingChina
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein SciencesBeijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijingChina
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein SciencesBeijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijingChina
| | - Danke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life ScienceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaobo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein SciencesBeijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijingChina
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191
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SARS-CoV-2 Orf9b suppresses type I interferon responses by targeting TOM70. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:998-1000. [PMID: 32728199 PMCID: PMC7387808 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0514-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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192
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[Pathology and Immunology of COVID-19]. Uirusu 2020; 70:167-174. [PMID: 34544931 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.70.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the first case of COVID-19 was reported from Wuhan, China in December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has been spreading globally and has become major public health concern. At present, development of specific treatment for COVID-19 is in progress and several countermeasures have been subjected to clinical trials. However, efficacy of these countermeasures is limited. For development of effective medicines or vaccines against infectious diseases, it is mandatory to elucidate its etiology and pathogenesis by means of pathological analysis. Pathological studies revealed that the COVID-19 mainly affects respiratory tracts although other organs are also involved. In addition, immunological studies demonstrated that host immune response may exacerbates COVID-19 through systemic inflammation. In this review, we would like to overview pathology and immunology of COVID-19.
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