151
|
Yao X, Wang X, Ding J. Exploration of possible cell chirality using material techniques of surface patterning. Acta Biomater 2021; 126:92-108. [PMID: 33684535 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Consistent left-right (LR) asymmetry or chirality is critical for embryonic development and function maintenance. While chirality on either molecular or organism level has been well established, that on the cellular level has remained an open question for a long time. Although it remains unclear whether chirality exists universally on the cellular level, valuable efforts have recently been made to explore this fundamental topic pertinent to both cell biology and biomaterial science. The development of material fabrication techniques, surface patterning, in particular, has afforded a unique platform to study cell-material interactions. By using patterning techniques, chirality on the cellular level has been examined for cell clusters and single cells in vitro in well-designed experiments. In this review, we first introduce typical fabrication techniques of surface patterning suitable for cell studies and then summarize the main aspects of preliminary evidence of cell chirality on patterned surfaces to date. We finally indicate the limitations of the studies conducted thus far and describe the perspectives of future research in this challenging field. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: While both biomacromolecules and organisms can exhibit chirality, it is not yet conclusive whether a cell has left-right (LR) asymmetry. It is important yet challenging to study and reveal the possible existence of cell chirality. By using the technique of surface patterning, the recent decade has witnessed progress in the exploration of possible cell chirality within cell clusters and single cells. Herein, some important preliminary evidence of cell chirality is collected and analyzed. The open questions and perspectives are also described to promote further investigations of cell chirality in biomaterials.
Collapse
|
152
|
Hunt DR, Klett KC, Mascharak S, Wang H, Gong D, Lou J, Li X, Cai PC, Suhar RA, Co JY, LeSavage BL, Foster AA, Guan Y, Amieva MR, Peltz G, Xia Y, Kuo CJ, Heilshorn SC. Engineered Matrices Enable the Culture of Human Patient-Derived Intestinal Organoids. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004705. [PMID: 34026461 PMCID: PMC8132048 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Human intestinal organoids from primary human tissues have the potential to revolutionize personalized medicine and preclinical gastrointestinal disease models. A tunable, fully defined, designer matrix, termed hyaluronan elastin-like protein (HELP) is reported, which enables the formation, differentiation, and passaging of adult primary tissue-derived, epithelial-only intestinal organoids. HELP enables the encapsulation of dissociated patient-derived cells, which then undergo proliferation and formation of enteroids, spherical structures with polarized internal lumens. After 12 rounds of passaging, enteroid growth in HELP materials is found to be statistically similar to that in animal-derived matrices. HELP materials also support the differentiation of human enteroids into mature intestinal cell subtypes. HELP matrices allow stiffness, stress relaxation rate, and integrin-ligand concentration to be independently and quantitatively specified, enabling fundamental studies of organoid-matrix interactions and potential patient-specific optimization. Organoid formation in HELP materials is most robust in gels with stiffer moduli (G' ≈ 1 kPa), slower stress relaxation rate (t1/2 ≈ 18 h), and higher integrin ligand concentration (0.5 × 10-3-1 × 10-3 m RGD peptide). This material provides a promising in vitro model for further understanding intestinal development and disease in humans and a reproducible, biodegradable, minimal matrix with no animal-derived products or synthetic polyethylene glycol for potential clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Hunt
- Department of Chemical EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Katarina C. Klett
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Shamik Mascharak
- Department of BioengineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Huiyuan Wang
- Department of Materials Science & EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Diana Gong
- Department of BioengineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Junzhe Lou
- Department of ChemistryStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Xingnan Li
- Department of Medicine and HematologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Pamela C. Cai
- Department of Chemical EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Riley A. Suhar
- Department of Materials Science & EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Julia Y. Co
- Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases) and of Microbiology and ImmunologyStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | | | - Abbygail A. Foster
- Department of Materials Science & EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Yuan Guan
- Department of AnesthesiologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Manuel R. Amieva
- Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases) and of Microbiology and ImmunologyStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Gary Peltz
- Department of AnesthesiologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of ChemistryStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Calvin J. Kuo
- Department of Medicine and HematologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Sarah C. Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science & EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Pinho D, Santos D, Vila A, Carvalho S. Establishment of Colorectal Cancer Organoids in Microfluidic-Based System. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:497. [PMID: 33924829 PMCID: PMC8146416 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Significant advances in the molecular mechanisms underlying colorectal cancer have been made; however, the clinical approval of new drugs faces many challenges. Drug discovery is a lengthy process causing a rapid increase in global health care costs. Patient-derived tumour organoids are considered preclinical models with the potential for preclinical drug screening, prediction of patient outcomes, and guiding optimized therapy strategies at an individual level. Combining microfluidic technology with 3D tumour organoid models to recapitulate tumour organization and in vivo functions led to the development of an appropriate preclinical tumour model, organoid-on-a-chip, paving the way for personalized cancer medicine. Herein, a low-cost microfluidic device suitable for culturing and expanding organoids, OrganoidChip, was developed. Patient-derived colorectal cancer organoids were cultured within OrganoidChip, and their viability and proliferative activity increased significantly. No significant differences were verified in the organoids' response to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment on-chip and on-plate. However, the culture within the OrganoidChip led to a significant increase in colorectal cancer organoid-forming efficiency and overall size compared with conventional culture on a 24-well plate. Interestingly, early-stage and late-stage organoids were predominantly observed on-plate and within the OrganoidChip, respectively. The OrganoidChip thus has the potential to generate in vivo-like organotypic structures for disease modelling and drug screening applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pinho
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Nanoelectronics Engineering, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Denis Santos
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Nanoelectronics Engineering, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Ana Vila
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, IP Exploitation and Knowledge Transfer, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Sandra Carvalho
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Nanoelectronics Engineering, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Al Halawani A, Wang Z, Liu L, Zhang M, Weiss AS. Applications of Engineering Techniques in Microvasculature Design. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:660958. [PMID: 33981737 PMCID: PMC8107229 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.660958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving successful microcirculation in tissue engineered constructs in vitro and in vivo remains a challenge. Engineered tissue must be vascularized in vitro for successful inosculation post-implantation to allow instantaneous perfusion. To achieve this, most engineering techniques rely on engineering channels or pores for guiding angiogenesis and capillary tube formation. However, the chosen materials should also exhibit properties resembling the native extracellular matrix (ECM) in providing mechanical and molecular cues for endothelial cells. This review addresses techniques that can be used in conjunction with matrix-mimicking materials to further advance microvasculature design. These include electrospinning, micropatterning and bioprinting. Other techniques implemented for vascularizing organoids are also considered for their potential to expand on these approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleen Al Halawani
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ziyu Wang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Linyang Liu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Miao Zhang
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony S. Weiss
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Nano Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Self-organization and culture of Mesenchymal Stem Cell spheroids in acoustic levitation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8355. [PMID: 33863936 PMCID: PMC8052426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, 3D cell culture models such as spheroid or organoid technologies have known important developments. Many studies have shown that 3D cultures exhibit better biomimetic properties compared to 2D cultures. These properties are important for in-vitro modeling systems, as well as for in-vivo cell therapies and tissue engineering approaches. A reliable use of 3D cellular models still requires standardized protocols with well-controlled and reproducible parameters. To address this challenge, a robust and scaffold-free approach is proposed, which relies on multi-trap acoustic levitation. This technology is successfully applied to Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) maintained in acoustic levitation over a 24-h period. During the culture, MSCs spontaneously self-organized from cell sheets to cell spheroids with a characteristic time of about 10 h. Each acoustofluidic chip could contain up to 30 spheroids in acoustic levitation and four chips could be ran in parallel, leading to the production of 120 spheroids per experiment. Various biological characterizations showed that the cells inside the spheroids were viable, maintained the expression of their cell surface markers and had a higher differentiation capacity compared to standard 2D culture conditions. These results open the path to long-time cell culture in acoustic levitation of cell sheets or spheroids for any type of cells.
Collapse
|
156
|
Shariati L, Esmaeili Y, Javanmard SH, Bidram E, Amini A. Organoid Technology: Current Standing and Future Perspectives. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2021; 39:1625-1649. [PMID: 33786925 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Organoids are powerful systems to facilitate the study of individuals' disorders and personalized treatments. Likewise, emerging this technology has improved the chance of translatability of drugs for pre-clinical therapies and mimicking the complexity of organs, while it proposes numerous approaches for human disease modeling, tissue engineering, drug development, diagnosis, and regenerative medicine. In this review, we outline the past/present organoid technology and summarize its faithful applications, then, we discuss the challenges and limitations encountered by 3D organoids. In the end, we offer the human organoids as basic mechanistic infrastructure for "human modelling" systems to prescribe personalized medicines. © AlphaMed Press 2021 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This concise review concerns about organoids, available methods for in vitro organoid formation and different types of human organoid models. We, then, summarize biological approaches to improve 3D organoids complexity and therapeutic potentials of organoids. Despite the existing incomprehensive review articles in literature that examine partial aspects of the organoid technology, the present review article comprehensively and critically presents this technology from different aspects. It effectively provides a systematic overview on the past and current applications of organoids and discusses the future perspectives and suggestions to improve this technology and its applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Shariati
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Biomaterials, Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Yasaman Esmaeili
- Biosensor Research Center, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elham Bidram
- Department of Biomaterials, Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Biosensor Research Center, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbas Amini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Australian College of Kuwait, Mishref, Safat, Kuwait.,Centre for Infrastructure Engineering, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Curvello R, Alves D, Abud HE, Garnier G. A thermo-responsive collagen-nanocellulose hydrogel for the growth of intestinal organoids. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 124:112051. [PMID: 33947545 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems include bioengineered microenvironments that mimic the complexity of human tissues and organs in vitro. Robust biological models, like organoids and spheroids, rely on biomaterials to emulate the biochemical and biomechanical properties found in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Collagen (COL) is the main protein component of the ECM and has been used to generate fibrous matrices for 3D cell culture. Whilst neat COL gels are commonly blended with inert polymers to improve their poor mechanical properties, whether nanocellulose (NC) fibers interact or can develop some synergic bioactive effect to support organoid systems has never been demonstrated. Here, we investigate collagen-nanocellulose (COL-NC) hydrogels as a thermo-responsive matrix for the formation and growth of intestinal organoids. Cellulose nanofibres grafted with fibronectin-like adhesive sites form a porous network with type I collagen, presenting a sol-gel transition and viscoelastic profile similar to those of standard animal-based matrices. Crypts embedded in COL-NC form organoids with evidence of epithelial budding. Cell viability and metabolic activity are preserved as well as the expression of key cell markers. The stiffness of COL-NC hydrogels is shown to be a determinant element for the formation and development organoids. COL-NC hydrogels provide an affordable, performant thermo-responsive and sustainable matrix for organoid growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Curvello
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Australia
| | - Diana Alves
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Australia
| | - Helen E Abud
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Gil Garnier
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
β cell replacement via whole pancreas or islet transplantation has greatly evolved for the cure of type 1 diabetes. Both these strategies are however still affected by several limitations. Pancreas bioengineering holds the potential to overcome these hurdles aiming to repair and regenerate β cell compartment. In this review, we detail the state-of-the-art and recent progress in the bioengineering field applied to diabetes research.
Recent Findings
The primary target of pancreatic bioengineering is to manufacture a construct supporting insulin activity in vivo. Scaffold-base technique, 3D bioprinting, macro-devices, insulin-secreting organoids, and pancreas-on-chip represent the most promising technologies for pancreatic bioengineering.
Summary
There are several factors affecting the clinical application of these technologies, and studies reported so far are encouraging but need to be optimized. Nevertheless pancreas bioengineering is evolving very quickly and its combination with stem cell research developments can only accelerate this trend.
Collapse
|
159
|
Kar SK, Wells JM, Ellen ED, Te Pas MFW, Madsen O, Groenen MAM, Woelders H. Organoids: a promising new in vitro platform in livestock and veterinary research. Vet Res 2021; 52:43. [PMID: 33691792 PMCID: PMC7943711 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids are self-organizing, self-renewing three-dimensional cellular structures that resemble organs in structure and function. They can be derived from adult stem cells, embryonic stem cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells. They contain most of the relevant cell types with a topology and cell-to-cell interactions resembling that of the in vivo tissue. The widespread and increasing adoption of organoid-based technologies in human biomedical research is testament to their enormous potential in basic, translational- and applied-research. In a similar fashion there appear to be ample possibilities for research applications of organoids from livestock and companion animals. Furthermore, organoids as in vitro models offer a great possibility to reduce the use of experimental animals. Here, we provide an overview of studies on organoids in livestock and companion animal species, with focus on the methods developed for organoids from a variety of tissues/organs from various animal species and on the applications in veterinary research. Current limitations, and ongoing research to address these limitations, are discussed. Further, we elaborate on a number of fields of research in animal nutrition, host-microbe interactions, animal breeding and genomics, and animal biotechnology, in which organoids may have great potential as an in vitro research tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumya K Kar
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jerry M Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther D Ellen
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marinus F W Te Pas
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ole Madsen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martien A M Groenen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henri Woelders
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Barcelona‐Estaje E, Dalby MJ, Cantini M, Salmeron‐Sanchez M. You Talking to Me? Cadherin and Integrin Crosstalk in Biomaterial Design. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2002048. [PMID: 33586353 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202002048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While much work has been done in the design of biomaterials to control integrin-mediated adhesion, less emphasis has been put on functionalization of materials with cadherin ligands. Yet, cell-cell contacts in combination with cell-matrix interactions are key in driving embryonic development, collective cell migration, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and cancer metastatic processes, among others. This review focuses on the incorporation of both cadherin and integrin ligands in biomaterial design, to promote what is called the "adhesive crosstalk." First, the structure and function of cadherins and their role in eliciting mechanotransductive processes, by themselves or in combination with integrin mechanosensing, are introduced. Then, biomaterials that mimic cell-cell interactions, and recent applications to get insights in fundamental biology and tissue engineering, are critically discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Barcelona‐Estaje
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Matthew J. Dalby
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Marco Cantini
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
161
|
Soto F, Guimarães CF, Reis RL, Franco W, Rizvi I, Demirci U. Emerging biofabrication approaches for gastrointestinal organoids towards patient specific cancer models. Cancer Lett 2021; 504:116-124. [PMID: 33577978 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineered organoids are simple biomodels that can emulate the structural and functional complexity of specific organs. Here, we review developments in three-dimensional (3D) artificial cell constructs to model gastrointestinal dynamics towards cancer diagnosis. We describe bottom-up approaches to fabricate close-packed cell aggregates, from the use of biochemical and physical cues to guide the self-assembly of organoids, to the use of engineering approaches, including 3D printing/additive manufacturing and external field-driven protocols. Finally, we outline the main challenges and possible risks regarding the potential translation of gastrointestinal organoids from laboratory settings to patient-specific models in clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Soto
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, 94304-5427, USA
| | - Carlos F Guimarães
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, 94304-5427, USA; 3B's Research Group, Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Walfre Franco
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, 01854, MA, USA; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
| | - Imran Rizvi
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, 94304-5427, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Moysidou CM, Barberio C, Owens RM. Advances in Engineering Human Tissue Models. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:620962. [PMID: 33585419 PMCID: PMC7877542 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.620962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in cell biology greatly relies on cell-based in vitro assays and models that facilitate the investigation and understanding of specific biological events and processes under different conditions. The quality of such experimental models and particularly the level at which they represent cell behavior in the native tissue, is of critical importance for our understanding of cell interactions within tissues and organs. Conventionally, in vitro models are based on experimental manipulation of mammalian cells, grown as monolayers on flat, two-dimensional (2D) substrates. Despite the amazing progress and discoveries achieved with flat biology models, our ability to translate biological insights has been limited, since the 2D environment does not reflect the physiological behavior of cells in real tissues. Advances in 3D cell biology and engineering have led to the development of a new generation of cell culture formats that can better recapitulate the in vivo microenvironment, allowing us to examine cells and their interactions in a more biomimetic context. Modern biomedical research has at its disposal novel technological approaches that promote development of more sophisticated and robust tissue engineering in vitro models, including scaffold- or hydrogel-based formats, organotypic cultures, and organs-on-chips. Even though such systems are necessarily simplified to capture a particular range of physiology, their ability to model specific processes of human biology is greatly valued for their potential to close the gap between conventional animal studies and human (patho-) physiology. Here, we review recent advances in 3D biomimetic cultures, focusing on the technological bricks available to develop more physiologically relevant in vitro models of human tissues. By highlighting applications and examples of several physiological and disease models, we identify the limitations and challenges which the field needs to address in order to more effectively incorporate synthetic biomimetic culture platforms into biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Róisín Meabh Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Batalov I, Stevens KR, DeForest CA. Photopatterned biomolecule immobilization to guide three-dimensional cell fate in natural protein-based hydrogels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2014194118. [PMID: 33468675 PMCID: PMC7848611 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014194118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogel biomaterials derived from natural biopolymers (e.g., fibrin, collagen, decellularized extracellular matrix) are regularly utilized in three-dimensional (3D) cell culture and tissue engineering. In contrast to those based on synthetic polymers, natural materials permit enhanced cytocompatibility, matrix remodeling, and biological integration. Despite these advantages, natural protein-based gels have lagged behind synthetic alternatives in their tunability; methods to selectively modulate the biochemical properties of these networks in a user-defined and heterogeneous fashion that can drive encapsulated cell function have not yet been established. Here, we report a generalizable strategy utilizing a photomediated oxime ligation to covalently decorate naturally derived hydrogels with bioactive proteins including growth factors. This bioorthogonal photofunctionalization is readily amenable to mask-based and laser-scanning lithographic patterning, enabling full four-dimensional (4D) control over protein immobilization within virtually any natural protein-based biomaterial. Such versatility affords exciting opportunities to probe and direct advanced cell fates inaccessible using purely synthetic approaches in response to anisotropic environmental signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Batalov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Kelly R Stevens
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Cole A DeForest
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105;
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
- Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Abstract
Supramolecular biopolymers (SBPs) are those polymeric units derived from macromolecules that can assemble with each other by noncovalent interactions. Macromolecular structures are commonly found in living systems such as proteins, DNA/RNA, and polysaccharides. Bioorganic chemistry allows the generation of sequence-specific supramolecular units like SBPs that can be tailored for novel applications in tissue engineering (TE). SBPs hold advantages over other conventional polymers previously used for TE; these materials can be easily functionalized; they are self-healing, biodegradable, stimuli-responsive, and nonimmunogenic. These characteristics are vital for the further development of current trends in TE, such as the use of pluripotent cells for organoid generation, cell-free scaffolds for tissue regeneration, patient-derived organ models, and controlled delivery systems of small molecules. In this review, we will analyse the 3 subtypes of SBPs: peptide-, nucleic acid-, and oligosaccharide-derived. Then, we will discuss the role that SBPs will be playing in TE as dynamic scaffolds, therapeutic scaffolds, and bioinks. Finally, we will describe possible outlooks of SBPs for TE.
Collapse
|
165
|
Passaro AP, Stice SL. Electrophysiological Analysis of Brain Organoids: Current Approaches and Advancements. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:622137. [PMID: 33510616 PMCID: PMC7835643 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.622137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain organoids, or cerebral organoids, have become widely used to study the human brain in vitro. As pluripotent stem cell-derived structures capable of self-organization and recapitulation of physiological cell types and architecture, brain organoids bridge the gap between relatively simple two-dimensional human cell cultures and non-human animal models. This allows for high complexity and physiological relevance in a controlled in vitro setting, opening the door for a variety of applications including development and disease modeling and high-throughput screening. While technologies such as single cell sequencing have led to significant advances in brain organoid characterization and understanding, improved functional analysis (especially electrophysiology) is needed to realize the full potential of brain organoids. In this review, we highlight key technologies for brain organoid development and characterization, then discuss current electrophysiological methods for brain organoid analysis. While electrophysiological approaches have improved rapidly for two-dimensional cultures, only in the past several years have advances been made to overcome limitations posed by the three-dimensionality of brain organoids. Here, we review major advances in electrophysiological technologies and analytical methods with a focus on advances with applicability for brain organoid analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austin P. Passaro
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical & Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Steven L. Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical & Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Saxena A, Khare D, Agrawal S, Singh A, Dubey AK. Recent advances in materials science: a reinforced approach toward challenges against COVID-19. EMERGENT MATERIALS 2021; 4:57-73. [PMID: 33644691 PMCID: PMC7898028 DOI: 10.1007/s42247-021-00179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
With the recent COVID-19 pandemic, medical professionals and scientists have encountered an unprecedented trouble to make the latest technological solutions to work. Despite of abundant tools available as well as initiated for diagnosis and treatment, researchers in the healthcare systems were in backfoot to provide concrete answers to the demanding challenge of SARS-CoV-2. It has incited global collaborative efforts in every field from economic, social, and political to dedicated science to confront the growing demand toward solution to this outbreak. Field of materials science has been in the frontline to the current scenario to provide major diagnostic tools, antiviral materials, safety materials, and various therapeutic means such as, antiviral drug design, drug delivery, and vaccination. In the present article, we emphasized the role of materials science to the development of PPE kits such as protecting suits, gloves, and masks as well as disinfection of the surfaces/surroundings. In addition, contribution of materials science towards manufacturing diagnostic devices such as microfluidics, immunosensors as well as biomaterials with a point of care analysis has also been discussed. Further, the efficacy of nanoparticles and scaffolds for antiviral drug delivery and micro-physiological systems as well as materials derived from human tissues for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) devices have been elaborated towards therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Saxena
- Department of Ceramic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), -221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Deepak Khare
- Department of Ceramic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), -221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Swati Agrawal
- Department of Ceramic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), -221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Angaraj Singh
- Department of Ceramic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), -221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Dubey
- Department of Ceramic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), -221005, Varanasi, India
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
James BD, Guerin P, Allen JB. Let's Talk About Sex-Biological Sex Is Underreported in Biomaterial Studies. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001034. [PMID: 33043626 PMCID: PMC7791002 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Precision medicine aims to better individualize healthcare. It requires that biomaterials be designed for the physiological characteristics of a specific patient. To make this a reality, biomaterials research and development must address differences of biological sex. More specifically, biomaterials should be designed with properties optimized and appropriate for male and female patients. In analyzing research articles from seven prominent biomaterials journals, sex as a biological variable is missing from an overwhelming majority of in vitro biomaterial studies. From the survey, the reporting of the sex of primary cell cultures happened only 10.3% of the time. Contributing to this trend is that commercial vendors bias cell lines toward one sex or another by not disclosing information of cell line sex at the time of purchase; researchers do not communicate this pertinent information in published studies; and many journal policies have little to no requirements for reporting cell line characteristics. Omitting this valuable information leads to a gap in the understanding of sex-specific cell-biomaterial interactions and it creates a bias in research findings towards one sex or another. To curb this concerning trend and make precision biomaterials a reality will require the biomaterials field to "talk about sex" by reporting cell sex more broadly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D James
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, 206 Rhines Hall, PO Box 116400, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6400, USA
| | - Paxton Guerin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, 206 Rhines Hall, PO Box 116400, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6400, USA
| | - Josephine B Allen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, 206 Rhines Hall, PO Box 116400, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6400, USA
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Colombani T, Rogers ZJ, Eggermont LJ, Bencherif SA. Harnessing biomaterials for therapeutic strategies against COVID-19. EMERGENT MATERIALS 2021; 4:9-18. [PMID: 33842840 PMCID: PMC8022295 DOI: 10.1007/s42247-021-00171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the world is experiencing a profound human health crisis. The number of infections and deaths due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to increase every minute, pinpointing major shortcomings in our ability to prevent viral outbreaks. Although several COVID-19 vaccines have been recently approved for emergency use, therapeutic options remain limited, and their long-term potency has yet to be validated. Biomaterials science has a pivotal role to play in pushing the boundaries of emerging technologies for antiviral research and treatment. In this perspective, we discuss how biomaterials can be harnessed to develop accurate COVID-19 infection models, enhance antiviral drug delivery, foster new antiviral strategies, and boost vaccine efficacy. These efforts will not only contribute to stop or mitigate the current pandemic but will also provide unorthodox platforms to understand, prevent, and protect us from future viral outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Colombani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Zachary J. Rogers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Loek J. Eggermont
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Sidi A. Bencherif
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
- Biomechanics and Bioengineering (BMBI), UTC CNRS UMR 7338, University of Technology of Compiègne, Sorbonne University, 60203 Compiègne, France
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Zhang Y, Zegers MMP, Nagelkerke A, Rowan AE, Span PN, Kouwer PHJ. Tunable Hybrid Matrices Drive Epithelial Morphogenesis and YAP Translocation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003380. [PMID: 33511022 PMCID: PMC7816720 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis is a tightly-regulated developmental process by which tissues acquire the morphology that is critical to their function. For example, epithelial cells exhibit different 2D and 3D morphologies, induced by distinct biochemical and biophysical cues from their environment. In this work, novel hybrid matrices composed of a Matrigel and synthetic oligo(ethylene glycol)-grafted polyisocyanides (PICs) hydrogels are used to form a highly tailorable environment. Through precise control of the stiffness and cell-matrix interactions, while keeping other properties constant, a broad range of morphologies induced in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells is observed. At relatively low matrix stiffness, a large morphological shift from round hollow cysts to 2D monolayers is observed, without concomitant translocation of the mechanotransduction protein Yes-associated protein (YAP). At higher stiffness levels and enhanced cell-matrix interactions, tuned by controlling the adhesive peptide density on PIC, the hybrid hydrogels induce a flattened cell morphology with simultaneous YAP translocation, suggesting activation. In 3D cultures, the latter matrices lead to the formation of tubular structures. Thus, mixed synthetic and natural gels, such as the hybrids presented here, are ideal platforms to dissect how external physical factors can be used to regulate morphogenesis in MDCK model system, and in the future, in more complex environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 135Nijmegen6525 AJThe Netherlands
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation OncologyRadboud University Medical CenterGeert Grooteplein 32Nijmegen6525 GAThe Netherlands
| | - Mirjam M. P. Zegers
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterGeert Grooteplein 28Nijmegen6525 GAThe Netherlands
| | - Anika Nagelkerke
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation OncologyRadboud University Medical CenterGeert Grooteplein 32Nijmegen6525 GAThe Netherlands
- Present address:
Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of PharmacyUniversity of GroningenP.O. Box 196, XB20Groningen9700 ADThe Netherlands
| | - Alan E. Rowan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
| | - Paul N. Span
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation OncologyRadboud University Medical CenterGeert Grooteplein 32Nijmegen6525 GAThe Netherlands
| | - Paul H. J. Kouwer
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 135Nijmegen6525 AJThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Amorim S, Soares da Costa D, Pashkuleva I, Reis CA, Reis RL, Pires RA. 3D hydrogel mimics of the tumor microenvironment: the interplay among hyaluronic acid, stem cells and cancer cells. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:252-260. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00843e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A 3D tumor microenvironment model is presented, combining hyaluronic acid (HA) and alginate. The model can be used to mimic the bioactivity of HA in gastric cancer, as well as the crosstalk between cancer cells and mesenchymal stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Amorim
- 3B's Research Group
- I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials
- Biodegradables and Biomimetics
- University of Minho
- Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Diana Soares da Costa
- 3B's Research Group
- I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials
- Biodegradables and Biomimetics
- University of Minho
- Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Iva Pashkuleva
- 3B's Research Group
- I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials
- Biodegradables and Biomimetics
- University of Minho
- Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
| | | | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group
- I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials
- Biodegradables and Biomimetics
- University of Minho
- Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Ricardo A. Pires
- 3B's Research Group
- I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials
- Biodegradables and Biomimetics
- University of Minho
- Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
|
172
|
Abstract
Organoids are in vitro miniaturized and simplified model systems of organs that have gained enormous interest for modelling tissue development and disease, and for personalized medicine, drug screening and cell therapy. Despite considerable success in culturing physiologically relevant organoids, challenges remain to achieve real-life applications. In particular, the high variability of self-organizing growth and restricted experimental and analytical access hamper the translatability of organoid systems. In this Review, we argue that many limitations of traditional organoid culture can be addressed by engineering approaches at all levels of organoid systems. We investigate cell surface and genetic engineering approaches, and discuss stem cell niche engineering based on the design of matrices that allow spatiotemporal control of organoid growth and shape-guided morphogenesis. We examine how microfluidic approaches and lessons learnt from organs-on-a-chip enable the integration of mechano-physiological parameters and increase accessibility of organoids to improve functional readouts. Applying engineering principles to organoids increases reproducibility and provides experimental control, which will, ultimately, be required to enable clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Hofer
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences (SV) and School of Engineering (STI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias P. Lutolf
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences (SV) and School of Engineering (STI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Science (SB), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Duarte Campos DF, De Laporte L. Digitally Fabricated and Naturally Augmented In Vitro Tissues. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001253. [PMID: 33191651 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human in vitro tissues are extracorporeal 3D cultures of human cells embedded in biomaterials, commonly hydrogels, which recapitulate the heterogeneous, multiscale, and architectural environment of the human body. Contemporary strategies used in 3D tissue and organ engineering integrate the use of automated digital manufacturing methods, such as 3D printing, bioprinting, and biofabrication. Human tissues and organs, and their intra- and interphysiological interplay, are particularly intricate. For this reason, attentiveness is rising to intersect materials science, medicine, and biology with arts and informatics. This report presents advances in computational modeling of bioink polymerization and its compatibility with bioprinting, the use of digital design and fabrication in the development of fluidic culture devices, and the employment of generative algorithms for modeling the natural and biological augmentation of in vitro tissues. As a future direction, the use of serially linked in vitro tissues as human body-mimicking systems and their application in drug pharmacokinetics and metabolism, disease modeling, and diagnostics are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela F. Duarte Campos
- Department of Advanced Materials for Biomedicine Institute of Applied Medical Engineering RWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
| | - Laura De Laporte
- Department of Advanced Materials for Biomedicine Institute of Applied Medical Engineering RWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Aachen 52074 Germany
- Department of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Chen Z, Wang F, Zhang J, Sun X, Yan Y, Wang Y, Ouyang J, Zhang J, Honore T, Ge J, Gu Z. Study on Development of Composite Hydrogels With Tunable Structures and Properties for Tumor-on-a-Chip Research. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:611796. [PMID: 33425875 PMCID: PMC7786431 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.611796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A major factor for developing new tumor models is to recreate a proper three-dimensional environment for 3D tumors culture. In this 3D microenvironment, extracellular matrices play important roles in regulation of hallmark features of cancer through biochemical and mechanical signals. The fabrication of a mechanical and biophysical controllable hydrogel, while sharing similarities with Matrigel in cancer invasiveness evaluation, is an urgent but unmet need. In this study, we developed a hybrid hydrogel system composed of GelMA and hydrolyzed collagen to model tumor micro-environment and tested with several cancer cells with different origin and characteristics. This hydrogel possesses a well-ordered homogenous microstructure, excellent permeability and an adjustable mechanical stiffness. This hydrogel demonstrated similar properties as Matrigel in tumor spheroids culture and 3D tumor invasiveness studies. It was further applied in a Tumor-on-a-Chip system with 3D-bioprinting. Our research demonstrated this hydrogel's effectiveness in tumor 3D culture, and its potential to replace Matrigel in cancer invasiveness evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaozao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Sun
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuchuan Yan
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Ouyang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tess Honore
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianjun Ge
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhongze Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Directed Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for the Generation of High-Order Kidney Organoids. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 33340361 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1174-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding in the inherent properties of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have made possible the development of differentiation procedures to generate three-dimensional tissue-like cultures, so-called organoids. Here we detail a stepwise methodology to generate kidney organoids from hPSCs. This is achieved through direct differentiation of hPSCs in two-dimensional monolayer culture toward the posterior primitive streak fate, followed by induction of intermediate mesoderm-committed cells, which are further aggregated and cultured in three-dimensions to generate kidney organoids containing segmented nephron-like structures in a process that lasts 20 days. We also provide a concise description on how to assess renal commitment during the time course of kidney organoid generation. This includes the use of flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry analyses for the detection of specific renal differentiation markers.
Collapse
|
176
|
Seeger B. Farm Animal-derived Models of the Intestinal Epithelium: Recent Advances and Future Applications of Intestinal Organoids. Altern Lab Anim 2020; 48:215-233. [PMID: 33337913 DOI: 10.1177/0261192920974026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Farm animals play an important role in translational research as large animal models of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The mechanistic investigation of zoonotic diseases of the GI tract, in which animals can act as asymptomatic carriers, could provide important information for therapeutic approaches. In veterinary medicine, farm animals are no less relevant, as they can serve as models for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of GI diseases in the target species. However, farm animal-derived cell lines of the intestinal epithelium are rarely available from standardised cell banks and, in addition, are not usually specific for certain sections of the intestine. Immortalised porcine or bovine enterocytic cell lines are more widely available, compared to goat or sheep-derived cell lines; no continuous cell lines are available from the chicken. Other epithelial cell types with intestinal section-specific distribution and function, such as goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, Paneth cells and intestinal stem cells, are not represented in those cell line-based models. Therefore, intestinal organoid models of farm animal species, which are already widely used for mice and humans, are gaining importance. Crypt-derived or pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal organoid models offer the possibility to investigate the mechanisms of inter-cell or host-pathogen interactions and to answer species-specific questions. This review is intended to give an overview of cell culture models of the intestinal epithelium of farm animals, discussing species-specific differences, culture techniques and some possible applications for intestinal organoid models. It also highlights the need for species-specific pluripotent stem cell-derived or crypt-derived intestinal organoid models for promotion of the Three Rs principles (replacement, reduction and refinement).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Seeger
- Department of Food Toxicology and Replacement/Complementary Methods to Animal Testing, Institute for Food Toxicology, 460510University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Curvello R, Garnier G. Cationic Cross-Linked Nanocellulose-Based Matrices for the Growth and Recovery of Intestinal Organoids. Biomacromolecules 2020; 22:701-709. [PMID: 33332099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Highly carboxylated nanocellulose fibers can be functionalized with cell adhesive peptides and cationic cross-linked to form matrices for a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture. It is hypothesized that nanocellulose hydrogels cross-linked with divalent cations can provide the required biochemical and mechanical properties for intestinal organoid growth and recovery. Nanocellulose hydrogels are produced by TEMPO- and TEMPO-periodate-mediated oxidation and functionalized with RGD peptides. Mechanical properties are measured by rheology and optical properties quantified by UV-vis spectroscopy. Cellulosic matrices are cross-linked with Ca2+ and Mg2+ and intestinal organoids cultured for 4 days. The organoids are recovered for passaging and RNA extraction. TEMPO-periodate-oxidized nanocellulose fibers form functionalized hydrogels and support the growth of intestinal organoids. The highly transparent cellulosic matrix requires 4 times more Mg2+ than Ca2+ ions to reach the targeted stiffness. Organoids cultured in nanocellulose maintained a major living area for up to 4 days. Cell clusters recovered from magnesium-cross-linked hydrogels can be passaged, and their extracted RNA is intact. Cationic cross-linked nanocellulose hydrogels are promising alternative plant-based matrices for a 3D cell culture systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Curvello
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gil Garnier
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Zhang Y, Pham HM, Munguia-Lopez JG, Kinsella JM, Tran SD. The Optimization of a Novel Hydrogel-Egg White-Alginate for 2.5D Tissue Engineering of Salivary Spheroid-Like Structure. Molecules 2020; 25:E5751. [PMID: 33291221 PMCID: PMC7730374 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels have been used for a variety of biomedical applications; in tissue engineering, they are commonly used as scaffolds to cultivate cells in a three-dimensional (3D) environment allowing the formation of organoids or cellular spheroids. Egg white-alginate (EWA) is a novel hydrogel which combines the advantages of both egg white and alginate; the egg white material provides extracellular matrix (ECM)-like proteins that can mimic the ECM microenvironment, while alginate can be tuned mechanically through its ionic crosslinking property to modify the scaffold's porosity, strength, and stiffness. In this study, a frozen calcium chloride (CaCl2) disk technique to homogenously crosslink alginate and egg white hydrogel is presented for 2.5D culture of human salivary cells. Different EWA formulations were prepared and biologically evaluated as a spheroid-like structure platform. Although all five EWA hydrogels showed biocompatibility, the EWA with 1.5% alginate presented the highest cell viability, while EWA with 3% alginate promoted the formation of larger size salivary spheroid-like structures. Our EWA hydrogel has the potential to be an alternative 3D culture scaffold that can be used for studies on drug-screening, cell migration, or as an in vitro disease model. In addition, EWA can be used as a potential source for cell transplantation (i.e., using this platform as an ex vivo environment for cell expansion). The low cost of producing EWA is an added advantage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (Y.Z.); (H.M.P.); (J.G.M.-L.)
| | - Hieu M. Pham
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (Y.Z.); (H.M.P.); (J.G.M.-L.)
| | - Jose G. Munguia-Lopez
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (Y.Z.); (H.M.P.); (J.G.M.-L.)
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada;
| | - Joseph M. Kinsella
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada;
| | - Simon D. Tran
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (Y.Z.); (H.M.P.); (J.G.M.-L.)
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
Balik K, Matulewicz K, Modrakowska P, Kozłowska J, Montane X, Tylkowski B, Bajek A. Advanced cell culture techniques for cancer research. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The incessant increase number of cancer cases, motivates scientists to constantly develop and search for new therapies. Along with the dynamic development of anti-cancer drugs and therapies, we are witnessing huge progress in the world of science - the development of personalized medicine. An inseparable element is also a very strong trend in the development of new in vitro animal models for chemotherapeutic research. Cell cultures are commonly undertaken by research models before animal testing. They are the basis for the development of new diagnostic and cancer treatments. It should be emphasized that basic research is a strong foundation for any therapy introduced. This chapter provides an overview of the modern cell culture techniques that are currently developing, which allow the introduction of modern models that reflect the organs and physiological system. Currently available cell culture methods are a key aspect of studying these interactions, however, a method that eliminates the limitations of standard methods is still being sought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Balik
- Department of Tissue Engineering Chair of Urology , Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun , Bydgoszcz , Poland
| | - Karolina Matulewicz
- Department of Tissue Engineering Chair of Urology , Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun , Bydgoszcz , Poland
| | - Paulina Modrakowska
- Department of Tissue Engineering Chair of Urology , Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun , Bydgoszcz , Poland
| | - Jolanta Kozłowska
- Department of Biological Pest Control and Organic Agriculture , Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute , Poznan , Poland
| | - Xavier Montane
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Tarragona , Spain
| | - Bartosz Tylkowski
- Chemical Technologies Unit , Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya , Tarragona , Spain
| | - Anna Bajek
- Department of Tissue Engineering Chair of Urology , Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun , Bydgoszcz , Poland
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Kim SJ, Kim EM, Yamamoto M, Park H, Shin H. Engineering Multi-Cellular Spheroids for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000608. [PMID: 32734719 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multi-cellular spheroids are formed as a 3D structure with dense cell-cell/cell-extracellular matrix interactions, and thus, have been widely utilized as implantable therapeutics and various ex vivo tissue models in tissue engineering. In principle, spheroid culture methods maximize cell-cell cohesion and induce spontaneous cellular assembly while minimizing cellular interactions with substrates by using physical forces such as gravitational or centrifugal forces, protein-repellant biomaterials, and micro-structured surfaces. In addition, biofunctional materials including magnetic nanoparticles, polymer microspheres, and nanofiber particles are combined with cells to harvest composite spheroids, to accelerate spheroid formation, to increase the mechanical properties and viability of spheroids, and to direct differentiation of stem cells into desirable cell types. Biocompatible hydrogels are developed to produce microgels for the fabrication of size-controlled spheroids with high efficiency. Recently, spheroids have been further engineered to fabricate structurally and functionally reliable in vitro artificial 3D tissues of the desired shape with enhanced specific biological functions. This paper reviews the overall characteristics of spheroids and general/advanced spheroid culture techniques. Significant roles of functional biomaterials in advanced spheroid engineering with emphasis on the use of spheroids in the reconstruction of artificial 3D tissue for tissue engineering are also thoroughly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jeong Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Masaya Yamamoto
- Department of Materials Processing, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-02 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
- Biomedical Engineering for Diagnosis and Treatment, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-02 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hansoo Park
- School of Integrative Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Heungsoo Shin
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology (INST), Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Papaioannou MD, Sangster K, Sajid RS, Djuric U, Diamandis P. Cerebral organoids: emerging ex vivo humanoid models of glioblastoma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:209. [PMID: 33261657 PMCID: PMC7706050 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an aggressive form of brain cancer that has seen only marginal improvements in its bleak survival outlook of 12-15 months over the last forty years. There is therefore an urgent need for the development of advanced drug screening platforms and systems that can better recapitulate glioblastoma's infiltrative biology, a process largely responsible for its relentless propensity for recurrence and progression. Recent advances in stem cell biology have allowed the generation of artificial tridimensional brain-like tissue termed cerebral organoids. In addition to their potential to model brain development, these reagents are providing much needed synthetic humanoid scaffolds to model glioblastoma's infiltrative capacity in a faithful and scalable manner. Here, we highlight and review the early breakthroughs in this growing field and discuss its potential future role for glioblastoma research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michail-Dimitrios Papaioannou
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program, Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Kevin Sangster
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Rifat Shahriar Sajid
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ugljesa Djuric
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program, Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Phedias Diamandis
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.
- Laboratory Medicine Program, Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Lee SW, Jung DJ, Jeong GS. Gaining New Biological and Therapeutic Applications into the Liver with 3D In Vitro Liver Models. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 17:731-745. [PMID: 32207030 PMCID: PMC7710770 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures with architectural and biomechanical properties similar to those of natural tissue have been the focus for generating liver tissue. Microarchitectural organization is believed to be crucial to hepatic function, and 3D cell culture technologies have enabled the construction of tissue-like microenvironments, thereby leading to remarkable progress in vitro models of human tissue and organs. Recently, to recapitulate the 3D architecture of tissues, spheroids and organoids have become widely accepted as new practical tools for 3D organ modeling. Moreover, the combination of bioengineering approach offers the promise to more accurately model the tissue microenvironment of human organs. Indeed, the employment of sophisticated bioengineered liver models show long-term viability and functional enhancements in biochemical parameters and disease-orient outcome. RESULTS Various 3D in vitro liver models have been proposed as a new generation of liver medicine. Likewise, new biomedical engineering approaches and platforms are available to more accurately replicate the in vivo 3D microarchitectures and functions of living organs. This review aims to highlight the recent 3D in vitro liver model systems, including micropatterning, spheroids, and organoids that are either scaffold-based or scaffold-free systems. Finally, we discuss a number of challenges that will need to be addressed moving forward in the field of liver tissue engineering for biomedical applications. CONCLUSION The ongoing development of biomedical engineering holds great promise for generating a 3D biomimetic liver model that recapitulates the physiological and pathological properties of the liver and has biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Woo Lee
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-Ro 43 Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Jung Jung
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-Ro 43 Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Seok Jeong
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-Ro 43 Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-Ro 43 Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Elkhenany H, Elkodous MA, Newby SD, El-Derby AM, Dhar M, El-Badri N. Tissue Engineering Modalities and Nanotechnology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-55359-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
184
|
Muckom RJ, Sampayo RG, Johnson HJ, Schaffer DV. Advanced Materials to Enhance Central Nervous System Tissue Modeling and Cell Therapy. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:2002931. [PMID: 33510596 PMCID: PMC7840150 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202002931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The progressively deeper understanding of mechanisms underlying stem cell fate decisions has enabled parallel advances in basic biology-such as the generation of organoid models that can further one's basic understanding of human development and disease-and in clinical translation-including stem cell based therapies to treat human disease. Both of these applications rely on tight control of the stem cell microenvironment to properly modulate cell fate, and materials that can be engineered to interface with cells in a controlled and tunable manner have therefore emerged as valuable tools for guiding stem cell growth and differentiation. With a focus on the central nervous system (CNS), a broad range of material solutions that have been engineered to overcome various hurdles in constructing advanced organoid models and developing effective stem cell therapeutics is reviewed. Finally, regulatory aspects of combined material-cell approaches for CNS therapies are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riya J Muckom
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Rocío G Sampayo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Hunter J Johnson
- Department of Bioengineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - David V Schaffer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Roth G, Gale EC, Alcántara-Hernández M, Luo W, Axpe E, Verma R, Yin Q, Yu AC, Lopez Hernandez H, Maikawa CL, Smith AAA, Davis MM, Pulendran B, Idoyaga J, Appel EA. Injectable Hydrogels for Sustained Codelivery of Subunit Vaccines Enhance Humoral Immunity. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:1800-1812. [PMID: 33145416 PMCID: PMC7596866 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines aim to elicit a robust, yet targeted, immune response. Failure of a vaccine to elicit such a response arises in part from inappropriate temporal control over antigen and adjuvant presentation to the immune system. In this work, we sought to exploit the immune system's natural response to extended pathogen exposure during infection by designing an easily administered slow-delivery vaccine platform. We utilized an injectable and self-healing polymer-nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogel platform to prolong the codelivery of vaccine components to the immune system. We demonstrated that these hydrogels exhibit unique delivery characteristics, whereby physicochemically distinct compounds (such as antigen and adjuvant) could be codelivered over the course of weeks. When administered in mice, hydrogel-based sustained vaccine exposure enhanced the magnitude, duration, and quality of the humoral immune response compared to standard PBS bolus administration of the same model vaccine. We report that the creation of a local inflammatory niche within the hydrogel, coupled with sustained exposure of vaccine cargo, enhanced the magnitude and duration of germinal center responses in the lymph nodes. This strengthened germinal center response promoted greater antibody affinity maturation, resulting in a more than 1000-fold increase in antigen-specific antibody affinity in comparison to bolus immunization. In summary, this work introduces a simple and effective vaccine delivery platform that increases the potency and durability of subunit vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillie
A. Roth
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Emily C. Gale
- Department
of Biochemistry, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Marcela Alcántara-Hernández
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Program
in Immunology, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Wei Luo
- Institute
for Immunity, Transplantation & Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Eneko Axpe
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Rohit Verma
- Institute
for Immunity, Transplantation & Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Qian Yin
- Institute
for Immunity, Transplantation & Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Anthony C. Yu
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hector Lopez Hernandez
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Caitlin L. Maikawa
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Anton A. A. Smith
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mark M. Davis
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Program
in Immunology, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Institute
for Immunity, Transplantation & Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- The
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Program
in Immunology, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Institute
for Immunity, Transplantation & Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Pathology, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- ChEM-H
Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Juliana Idoyaga
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Program
in Immunology, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Institute
for Immunity, Transplantation & Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- ChEM-H
Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Eric A. Appel
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Institute
for Immunity, Transplantation & Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- ChEM-H
Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Lovett ML, Nieland TJ, Dingle YTL, Kaplan DL. Innovations in 3-Dimensional Tissue Models of Human Brain Physiology and Diseases. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1909146. [PMID: 34211358 PMCID: PMC8240470 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201909146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
3-dimensional (3D) laboratory tissue cultures have emerged as an alternative to traditional 2-dimensional (2D) culture systems that do not recapitulate native cell behavior. The discrepancy between in vivo and in vitro tissue-cell-molecular responses impedes understanding of human physiology in general and creates roadblocks for the discovery of therapeutic solutions. Two parallel approaches have emerged for the design of 3D culture systems. The first is biomedical engineering methodology, including bioengineered materials, bioprinting, microfluidics and bioreactors, used alone or in combination, to mimic the microenvironments of native tissues. The second approach is organoid technology, in which stem cells are exposed to chemical and/or biological cues to activate differentiation programs that are reminiscent of human (prenatal) development. This review article describes recent technological advances in engineering 3D cultures that more closely resemble the human brain. The contributions of in vitro 3D tissue culture systems to new insights in neurophysiology, neurological diseases and regenerative medicine are highlighted. Perspectives on designing improved tissue models of the human brain are offered, focusing on an integrative approach merging biomedical engineering tools with organoid biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Lovett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Thomas J.F. Nieland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Yu-Ting L. Dingle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Tang Z, Kong N, Zhang X, Liu Y, Hu P, Mou S, Liljeström P, Shi J, Tan W, Kim JS, Cao Y, Langer R, Leong KW, Farokhzad OC, Tao W. A materials-science perspective on tackling COVID-19. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2020; 5:847-860. [PMID: 33078077 PMCID: PMC7556605 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-020-00247-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic highlights the importance of materials science in providing tools and technologies for antiviral research and treatment development. In this Review, we discuss previous efforts in materials science in developing imaging systems and microfluidic devices for the in-depth and real-time investigation of viral structures and transmission, as well as material platforms for the detection of viruses and the delivery of antiviral drugs and vaccines. We highlight the contribution of materials science to the manufacturing of personal protective equipment and to the design of simple, accurate and low-cost virus-detection devices. We then investigate future possibilities of materials science in antiviral research and treatment development, examining the role of materials in antiviral-drug design, including the importance of synthetic material platforms for organoids and organs-on-a-chip, in drug delivery and vaccination, and for the production of medical equipment. Materials-science-based technologies not only contribute to the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 research efforts but can also provide platforms and tools for the understanding, protection, detection and treatment of future viral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmin Tang
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Na Kong
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Mou
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter Liljeström
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jianlin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Yihai Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Langer
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Omid C. Farokhzad
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Hall MS, Decker JT, Shea LD. Towards systems tissue engineering: Elucidating the dynamics, spatial coordination, and individual cells driving emergent behaviors. Biomaterials 2020; 255:120189. [PMID: 32569865 PMCID: PMC7396312 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterial systems have enabled the in vitro production of complex, emergent tissue behaviors that were not possible with conventional two-dimensional culture systems, allowing for analysis of both normal development and disease processes. We propose that the path towards developing the design parameters for biomaterial systems lies with identifying the molecular drivers of emergent behavior through leveraging technological advances in systems biology, including single cell omics, genetic engineering, and high content imaging. This growing research opportunity at the intersection of the fields of tissue engineering and systems biology - systems tissue engineering - can uniquely interrogate the mechanisms by which complex tissue behaviors emerge with the potential to capture the contribution of i) dynamic regulation of tissue development and dysregulation, ii) single cell heterogeneity and the function of rare cell types, and iii) the spatial distribution and structure of individual cells and cell types within a tissue. By leveraging advances in both biological and materials data science, systems tissue engineering can facilitate the identification of biomaterial design parameters that will accelerate basic science discovery and translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Hall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joseph T Decker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Eggert S, Mieszczanek P, Meinert C, Hutmacher DW. OpenWorkstation: A modular open-source technology for automated in vitro workflows. HARDWAREX 2020; 8:e00152. [PMID: 35498237 PMCID: PMC9041211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2020.e00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Automation liberates scientific staff from repetitive tasks, decreases the probability of human error and consequently enhances the reproducibility of lab experiments. However, the use of laboratory automation in academic laboratories is limited due to high acquisition costs and the inability to customize off-the-shelf hardware. To address these challenges, we present an Open Source Hardware concept, referred to as OpenWorkstation, to build an assembly line-inspired platform consisting of ready-to-use and customizable modules. In contrast to current standalone solutions, the OpenWorkstation concept enables the combination of single hardware modules - each with a specific set of functionalities - to a modular workstation to provide a fully automated setup. The base setup consists of a pipetting and transport module and is designed to execute basic protocol steps for in vitro research applications, including pipetting operations for liquids and viscous substances and transportation of cell culture vessels between the modules. We demonstrate the successful application of this concept within a case study by the development of a storage module to facilitate high-throughput studies and a photo-crosslinker module to initiate photo-induced polymerization of hydrogel solutions. We present a Systems Engineering framework for customized module development, guidance for the design and assembly of the presented modules, and operational instructions on the usage of the workstation. By combining capabilities from various open source instrumentations into a modular technology platform, the OpenWorkstation concept will facilitate efficient and reliable experimentation for in vitro research. Ultimately, this concept will allow academic groups to improve replicability and reproducibility in cell culture process operations towards more economical and innovative research in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Eggert
- Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, QLD, Australia
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, QLD, Australia
- Chair of Medical Materials and Implants, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Pawel Mieszczanek
- Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, QLD, Australia
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, QLD, Australia
| | - Christoph Meinert
- Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, QLD, Australia
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, QLD, Australia
| | - Dietmar W Hutmacher
- Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, QLD, Australia
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, QLD, Australia
- ARC ITTC in Additive Biomanufacturing, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Semertzidou A, Brosens JJ, McNeish I, Kyrgiou M. Organoid models in gynaecological oncology research. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 90:102103. [PMID: 32932156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell culture and animal models represent experimental cornerstones for the investigation of tissue, organ and body physiology in the context of gynaecological research. However, their ability to accurately reflect human mechanisms in vivo is limited. The development of organoid technologies has begun to address this limitation by providing platforms ex vivo that resemble the phenotype and genotype of the multi-cellular tissue from which they were derived more accurately. In this review, we discuss advances in organoid derivation from endometrial, ovarian, fallopian tube and cervical tissue, both benign and malignant, the manipulation of organoid microenvironment to preserve stem cell populations and achieve long-term expansion and we explore the morphological and molecular kinship of organoids to parent tissue. Apart from providing new insight into mechanisms of carcinogenesis, gynaecological cancer-derived organoids can be utilised as tools for drug screening of chemotherapeutic and hormonal compounds where they exhibit interpatient variability consistent with states in vivo and xenografted tumours allowing for patient-tailored treatment strategies. Bridging organoid with bioengineering accomplishments is clearly the way forward to the generation of organoid-on-a-chip technologies enhancing the robustness of the model and its translational potential. Undeniably, organoids are expected to stand their ground in the years to come and revolutionize development and disease modelling studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Semertzidou
- Department of Surgery and Cancer & Department of Digestion, Metabolism and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea - Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Jan J Brosens
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Science Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Iain McNeish
- Department of Surgery and Cancer & Department of Digestion, Metabolism and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Maria Kyrgiou
- Department of Surgery and Cancer & Department of Digestion, Metabolism and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea - Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
191
|
Tejchman A, Znój A, Chlebanowska P, Frączek-Szczypta A, Majka M. Carbon Fibers as a New Type of Scaffold for Midbrain Organoid Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5959. [PMID: 32825046 PMCID: PMC7504539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and 3D cell culture creates a unique possibility for the generation of organoids that mimic human organs in in vitro cultures. The use of iPS cells in organoid cultures enables the differentiation of cells into dopaminergic neurons, also found in the human midbrain. However, long-lasting organoid cultures often cause necrosis within organoids. In this work, we present carbon fibers (CFs) for medical use as a new type of scaffold for organoid culture, comparing them to a previously tested copolymer poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffold. We verified the physicochemical properties of CF scaffolds compared to PLGA in improving the efficiency of iPSC differentiation within organoids. The physicochemical properties of carbon scaffolds such as porosity, microstructure, or stability in the cellular environment make them a convenient material for creating in vitro organoid models. Through screening several genes expressed during the differentiation of organoids at crucial brain stages of development, we found that there is a correlation between PITX3, one of the key regulators of terminal differentiation, and the survival of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene expression. This makes organoids formed on carbon scaffolds an improved model containing mDA neurons convenient for studying midbrain-associated neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tejchman
- Department of Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Kraków, Poland; (A.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Agnieszka Znój
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; (A.Z.); (A.F.-S.)
| | - Paula Chlebanowska
- Department of Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Kraków, Poland; (A.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Aneta Frączek-Szczypta
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; (A.Z.); (A.F.-S.)
| | - Marcin Majka
- Department of Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Kraków, Poland; (A.T.); (P.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Li H, Wang J, Fang Y. Bioinspired flexible electronics for seamless neural interfacing and chronic recording. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:3095-3102. [PMID: 36134275 PMCID: PMC9417495 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00323a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Implantable neural probes are among the most widely applied tools for the understanding of neural circuit functions and the treatment of neurological disorders. Despite remarkable progress in recent years, it is still challenging for conventional rigid probes to achieve stable neural recording over long periods of time. Recently, flexible electronics with biomimetic structures and mechanical properties have been demonstrated for the formation of seamless probe-neural interfaces, enabling long-term recording stability. In this review, we provide an overview of bioinspired flexible electronics, from their structural design to probe-brain interfaces and chronic neural recording applications. Opportunities of bioinspired flexible electronics in fundamental neuroscience and clinical studies are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
| | - Jinfen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
| | - Ying Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200031 China
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Gavrilov M, Gilbert EP, Rowan AE, Lauko J, Yakubov GE. Structural Insights into the Mechanism of Heat-Set Gel Formation of Polyisocyanopeptide Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000304. [PMID: 32761855 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the key factors influencing the mechanical properties of natural and synthetic extracellular matrices (ECM) is how large-scale 3D gel-like structures emerge from the molecular self-assembly of individual polymers. Here, structural characterization using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) of ECM-mimicking polyisocyanopeptide (PIC) hydrogels are reported as a function of background ions across the Hofmeister series. More specifically, the process of polymer assembly is examined by probing the structural features of the heat-set gels and correlating them with their rheological and micro-mechanical properties. The molecular parameters obtained from SANS clearly show changes in polymer conformation which map onto the temperature-induced changes in rheological and micro-mechanical behavior. The formation of larger structures are linked to the formation of cross-links (or bundles), whilst the onset of their detection in the SANS is putatively linked to their concentration in the gel. These insights provide support for the 'hot-spot' gelation mechanism of PIC heat-set gels. Finally, it is found that formation of cross-links and heat-set gelling properties can be strongly influenced by ions in accordance with Hofmeister series. In practice, these results have significance since ions are inherently present in high concentration during cell culture studies; this may therefore influence the structure of synthetic ECM networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Gavrilov
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Elliot P Gilbert
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Alan E Rowan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jan Lauko
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Gleb E Yakubov
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Viola JM, Porter CM, Gupta A, Alibekova M, Prahl LS, Hughes AJ. Guiding Cell Network Assembly using Shape-Morphing Hydrogels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002195. [PMID: 32578300 PMCID: PMC7950730 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Forces and relative movement between cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) are crucial to the self-organization of tissues during development. However, the spatial range over which these dynamics can be controlled in engineering approaches is limited, impeding progress toward the construction of large, structurally mature tissues. Herein, shape-morphing materials called "kinomorphs" that rationally control the shape and size of multicellular networks are described. Kinomorphs are sheets of ECM that change their shape, size, and density depending on patterns of cell contractility within them. It is shown that these changes can manipulate structure-forming behaviors of epithelial cells in many spatial locations at once. Kinomorphs are built using a new photolithographic technology to pattern single cells into ECM sheets that are >10× larger than previously described. These patterns are designed to partially mimic the branch geometry of the embryonic kidney epithelial network. Origami-inspired simulations are then used to predict changes in kinomorph shapes. Last, kinomorph dynamics are shown to provide a centimeter-scale program that sets specific spatial locations in which ≈50 µm-diameter epithelial tubules form by cell coalescence and structural maturation. The kinomorphs may significantly advance organ-scale tissue construction by extending the spatial range of cell self-organization in emerging model systems such as organoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M Viola
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Catherine M Porter
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ananya Gupta
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mariia Alibekova
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Louis S Prahl
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alex J Hughes
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Tambalo M, Lodato S. Brain organoids: Human 3D models to investigate neuronal circuits assembly, function and dysfunction. Brain Res 2020; 1746:147028. [PMID: 32717276 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human brain is characterized by an extraordinary complexity of neuronal and nonneuronal cell types, wired together into patterned neuronal circuits, which represent the anatomical substrates for the execution of high-order cognitive functions. Brain circuits' development and function is metabolically supported by an intricate network of selectively permeable blood vessels and finely tuned by short-range interactions with immune factors and immune cells. The coordinated cellular and molecular events governing the assembly of this unique and complex structure are at the core of intense investigation and pose legitimate questions about the best modeling strategies. Unceasing advancements in stem cell technologies coupled with recent demonstration of cell self-assembly capacity have enabled the exponential growth of brain organoid protocols in the past decade. This provides a compelling solution to investigate human brain development, a quest often halted by the inaccessibility of brain tissues and the lack of suitable models. We review the current state-of-the-art on the generation of brain organoids, describing the latest progresses in unguided, guided, and assembloids protocols, as well as organoid-on-a-chip strategies and xenograft approaches. High resolution genome wide sequencing technologies, both at the transcriptional and epigenomic level, enable the molecular comparative analysis of multiple brain organoid protocols, as well as to benchmark them against the human fetal brain. Coupling the molecular profiling with increasingly detailed analyses of the electrophysiological properties of several of these systems now allows a more accurate estimation of the protocol of choice for a given biological question. Thus, we summarize strengths and weaknesses of several brain organoid protocols and further speculate on some potential future endeavors to model human brain development, evolution and neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Tambalo
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - S Lodato
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Role of biomechanics in vascularization of tissue-engineered bones. J Biomech 2020; 110:109920. [PMID: 32827778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterial based reconstruction is still the most commonly employed method of small bone defect reconstruction. Bone tissue-engineered techniques are improving, and adjuncts such as vascularization technologies allow re-evaluation of traditional reconstructive methods for healingofcritical-sized bone defect. Slow infiltration rate of vasculogenesis after cell-seeded scaffold implantation limits the use of clinically relevant large-sized scaffolds. Hence, in vitro vascularization within the tissue-engineered bone before implantation is required to overcome the serious challenge of low cell survival rate after implantation which affects bone tissue regeneration and osseointegration. Mechanobiological interactions between cells and microvascular mechanics regulate biological processes regarding cell behavior. In addition, load-bearing scaffolds demand mechanical stability properties after vascularization to have adequate strength while implanted. With the advent of bioreactors, vascularization has been greatly improved by biomechanical regulation of stem cell differentiation through fluid-induced shear stress and synergizing osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation in multispecies coculture cells. The benefits of vascularization are clear: avoidance of mass transfer limitation and oxygen deprivation, a significant decrease in cell necrosis, and consequently bone development, regeneration and remodeling. Here, we discuss specific techniques to avoid pitfalls and optimize vascularization results of tissue-engineered bone. Cell source, scaffold modifications and bioreactor design, and technique specifics all play a critical role in this new, and rapidly growing method for bone defect reconstruction. Given the crucial importance of long-term survival of vascular network in physiological function of 3D engineered-bone constructs, greater knowledge of vascularization approaches may lead to the development of new strategies towards stabilization of formed vascular structure.
Collapse
|
197
|
Zhang F, King MW. Biodegradable Polymers as the Pivotal Player in the Design of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901358. [PMID: 32424996 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers play a pivotal role in in situ tissue engineering. Utilizing various technologies, researchers have been able to fabricate 3D tissue engineering scaffolds using biodegradable polymers. They serve as temporary templates, providing physical and biochemical signals to the cells and determining the successful outcome of tissue remodeling. Furthermore, a biodegradable scaffold also presents the fourth dimension for tissue engineering, namely time. The properties of the biodegradable polymer change over time, presenting continuously changing features during the degradation process. These changes become more complicated when different materials are combined together to fabricate a composite or heterogeneous scaffold. This review undertakes a systematic analysis of the basic characteristics of biodegradable polymers and describe recent advances in making composite biodegradable scaffolds for in situ tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The interaction between implanted biodegradable biomaterials and the in vivo environment are also discussed, including the properties and functional changes of the degradable scaffold, the local effect of degradation on the contiguous tissue and their evaluation using both in vitro and in vivo models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Wilson College of TextilesNorth Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27606 USA
| | - Martin W. King
- Wilson College of TextilesNorth Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27606 USA
- College of TextilesDonghua University Songjiang District Shanghai 201620 China
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Brighi C, Cordella F, Chiriatti L, Soloperto A, Di Angelantonio S. Retinal and Brain Organoids: Bridging the Gap Between in vivo Physiology and in vitro Micro-Physiology for the Study of Alzheimer's Diseases. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:655. [PMID: 32625060 PMCID: PMC7311765 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in tissue engineering has led to increasingly complex approaches to investigate human neurodegenerative diseases in vitro, such as Alzheimer's disease, aiming to provide more functional and physiological models for the study of their pathogenesis, and possibly the identification of novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical and retinal organoids represent a novel class of in vitro three-dimensional models capable to recapitulate with a high similarity the structure and the complexity of the native brain and retinal tissues, thus providing a framework for better mimicking in a dish the patient's disease features. This review aims to discuss progress made over the years in the field of in vitro three-dimensional cell culture systems, and the benefits and disadvantages related to a possible application of organoids for the study of neurodegeneration associated with Alzheimer's disease, providing a promising breakthrough toward a personalized medicine approach and the reduction in the use of humanized animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Brighi
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Cordella
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Chiriatti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Zhao Z, Vizetto-Duarte C, Moay ZK, Setyawati MI, Rakshit M, Kathawala MH, Ng KW. Composite Hydrogels in Three-Dimensional in vitro Models. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:611. [PMID: 32656197 PMCID: PMC7325910 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
3-dimensional (3D) in vitro models were developed in order to mimic the complexity of real organ/tissue in a dish. They offer new possibilities to model biological processes in more physiologically relevant ways which can be applied to a myriad of applications including drug development, toxicity screening and regenerative medicine. Hydrogels are the most relevant tissue-like matrices to support the development of 3D in vitro models since they are in many ways akin to the native extracellular matrix (ECM). For the purpose of further improving matrix relevance or to impart specific functionalities, composite hydrogels have attracted increasing attention. These could incorporate drugs to control cell fates, additional ECM elements to improve mechanical properties, biomolecules to improve biological activities or any combinations of the above. In this Review, recent developments in using composite hydrogels laden with cells as biomimetic tissue- or organ-like constructs, and as matrices for multi-cell type organoid cultures are highlighted. The latest composite hydrogel systems that contain nanomaterials, biological factors, and combinations of biopolymers (e.g., proteins and polysaccharide), such as Interpenetrating Networks (IPNs) and Soft Network Composites (SNCs) are also presented. While promising, challenges remain. These will be discussed in light of future perspectives toward encompassing diverse composite hydrogel platforms for an improved organ environment in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Catarina Vizetto-Duarte
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zi Kuang Moay
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Moumita Rakshit
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Kee Woei Ng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Environmental Chemistry & Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
Xiang Y, Cakir B, Park IH. Deconstructing and reconstructing the human brain with regionally specified brain organoids. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 111:40-51. [PMID: 32553582 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Brain organoids, three-dimensional neural cultures recapitulating the spatiotemporal organization and function of the brain in a dish, offer unique opportunities for investigating the human brain development and diseases. To model distinct parts of the brain, various region-specific human brain organoids have been developed. In this article, we review current approaches to produce human region-specific brain organoids, developed through the endeavor of many researchers. We highlight the applications of human region-specific brain organoids, especially in reconstructing regional interactions in the brain through organoid fusion. We also outline the existing challenges to drive forward further the brain organoid technology and its applications for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangfei Xiang
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Bilal Cakir
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|