151
|
Wang X, Lin L, Zhao Z, Zhou W, Ge Z, Shen Y, Wang L, Zhang W, Song R, Tian D, Wen J, Cui S, Yu X, Feng Y, Liu Y, Qiang C, Duan J, Ma Y, Li X, Fan T, Zhao Y, Chen Z. The predictive effect of the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) on the risk of death in patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS): a multi-center study in China. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:208. [PMID: 33708835 PMCID: PMC7940944 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome is caused by infection with the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus. Methods Between April 2011 and December 2019, data on consecutive patients who were diagnosed with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome were prospectively collected from five medical centers in China. The score of the death risk model was correlated with the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. Multivariable Cox analyses were used to identify the independent factors associated with mortality. Results During the study period, 763 patients were diagnosed with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome; 415 of these patients were enrolled in our study. We found that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio of the group that died was significantly higher on admission (P=0.007) than that of the group that survived, and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio showed a positive correlation with the score of the death risk model. Multivariate Cox regression suggested that a neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio greater than 5.4 was an independent risk factor for survival time (HR=6.767, P=0.011). Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio did not show a special role in this study. Conclusions A neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio greater than 5.4 can increase the risk of death and decrease the survival time of patients. In summary, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio provides a supplementary means for effectively managing severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiankun Wang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yantai City Hospital for Infectious Disease, Yantai, China
| | - Zhenghua Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dalian sixth people's hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Zirou Ge
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dandong Infectious Disease Hospital, Dandong, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing, China
| | - Rui Song
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing, China
| | - Di Tian
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing, China
| | - Shuping Cui
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dandong Infectious Disease Hospital, Dandong, China
| | - Yang Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Yuanni Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yantai City Hospital for Infectious Disease, Yantai, China
| | - Chunqian Qiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yantai City Hospital for Infectious Disease, Yantai, China
| | - Jianping Duan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Qing Dao No. 6 People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanli Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Qing Dao No. 6 People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Xingwang Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing, China
| | - Tianli Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Qing Dao No. 6 People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dandong Infectious Disease Hospital, Dandong, China
| | - Zhihai Chen
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Zhang R, Zhang Q, Yu G, Zhang Z. Metagenomic deep sequencing obtains taxonomic and functional profiles of Haemaphysalis longicornis that vary in response to different developmental stages and sexes. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 83:285-300. [PMID: 33386513 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00582-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ticks can transmit numerous pathogens and harbor diverse microbial communities. Considerable progress has been made in the characterization of the bacterial profiles of ticks, whereas other members of tick microbiota (such as fungi and viruses) and the functional characteristics of ticks warrant further exploration. To investigate the taxonomic and functional profiles and explore potential pathogens they were carrying, samples of different developmental stages and of both sexes of Haemaphysalis longicornis were collected in the present study and the metagenomic deep sequencing method was applied. Metagenomic deep sequencing results revealed that bacteria were predominant, followed by fungi, viruses, archaea and metazoans. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in the microbiota of H. longicornis. The abundance of microbial species varied significantly among groups, the bacteria of nymphs and female adults demonstrated unique characteristics, and the microbial community of males overlapped with those of nymphs and females. Functional annotation results demonstrated that the metagenomic sequences of the three groups were classified under metabolism, genetic information processing, environmental information processing and cellular processes. Differences in functional characteristics were observed in both the pathways composition and abundance of carbohydrate-active enzymes. Furthermore, whole metagenome sequencing helped to elucidate the diversity of pathogens carried by H. longicornis, which may facilitate further research attempting to prevent and control tick-borne diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China.
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Guangfu Yu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China.
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Dong Z, Yang M, Wang Z, Zhao S, Xie S, Yang Y, Liu G, Zhao S, Xie J, Liu Q, Wang Y. Human Tacheng Tick Virus 2 Infection, China, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2021. [DOI: 10.3201/eid3201/191486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
154
|
Zhang Y, Song R, Shen Y, Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Fan T, Yang X, Wang L, Zhang W, Chen C, Tian D, Wang Y, Wen J, Ge Z, Yu X, Liu L, Feng Y, Duan J, Ma Y, Li X, Zeng H, Chen Z, Zhu L. High Levels of Circulating Cell-free DNA Are Associated With a Poor Prognosis in Patients With Severe Fever With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 70:1941-1949. [PMID: 31240319 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extensive geographical distribution and high mortality rate of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) have made it an important threat to public health. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) can be activated by a variety of pathogens and are associated with thrombocytopenia in viral infections. We aimed to identify NET production and its predictive value for disease progression and prognosis in patients with SFTS. METHODS A prospective study was performed with a multicenter cohort of patients with SFTS (n = 112) to quantify serum NET levels. Three markers of NETs-namely, cell-free DNA (cfDNA), myeloperoxidase-DNA complexes, and lactoferrin-DNA complexes-were measured with PicoGreen double-stranded DNA assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Receiver operating characteristic curves and multivariate regression analyses were performed to calculate the predictive value of cfDNA levels. RESULTS SFTS was characterized by pronounced NET formation. The serum levels of NETs changed dynamically during disease progression, with an inverse pattern of the trends of platelet and neutrophil levels. High cfDNA levels were strongly associated with multiple pathological processes, including coagulopathy, myocardial damage, liver dysfunction, and the development of encephalopathy. A high level of cfDNA (>711.7 ng/mL) at the time of the initial diagnosis predicted severe illness in patients with SFTS (odds ratio, 8.285 [95% confidence interval, 2.049-33.503]; P = .003). CONCLUSIONS This study has a high degree of clinical impact for identification of cfDNA as a useful predictive biomarker of clinical outcomes of SFTS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Rui Song
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dandong Infectious Disease Hospital, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dandong Infectious Disease Hospital, China
| | - Zhenghua Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taian City Central Hospital, China
| | - Tianli Fan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qing Dao No. 6 People's Hospital, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Di Tian
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Ziruo Ge
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dandong Infectious Disease Hospital, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taian City Central Hospital, China
| | - Yang Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taian City Central Hospital, China
| | - Jianping Duan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qing Dao No. 6 People's Hospital, China
| | - Yanli Ma
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qing Dao No. 6 People's Hospital, China
| | - Xingwang Li
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Zhihai Chen
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Liuluan Zhu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University, China
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Sun JM, Wu HX, Lu L, Liu Y, Mao ZY, Ren JP, Yao WW, Qu HH, Liu QY. Factors associated with spatial distribution of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:141522. [PMID: 32846249 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) was firstly identified in mainland China in 2009 and the geographic distribution has expanded in recent years. In this study, we constructed ecological niche models (ENM) of SFTS with meteorological factors, environmental factor, and density of domestic animals using MaxEnt. We found four significant associated factors including altitude, yearly average temperature, yearly accumulated precipitation, and yearly average relative humidity which accounted for 94.1% percent contribution. SFTS occurrence probability was high when altitude was between -100 m and 100 m, and the probability was nearly 0 when altitude was beyond 3000 m. Response curves of SFTS to the yearly average temperature, yearly accumulated precipitation, and yearly average relative humidity were all reversed V-shape. SFTS occurrence probability was high where the yearly average temperature, yearly accumulated precipitation, and yearly relative humidity were 12.5-17.5 °C, 700-2250 mm and 63-82%, respectively. ENMs predicted that the potential high-risk areas were mainly distributed in eastern areas and central areas of China. But there were some predicted potential high-risk areas where no SFTS case was reported up to date. More researches should be done to make clear whether SFTS case had occurred in these areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Hai-Xia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Liang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | | | - Jiang-Ping Ren
- Key Laboratory of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Wen-Wu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Hong-Hua Qu
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, China.
| | - Qi-Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China.
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Baseline mapping of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virology, epidemiology and vaccine research and development. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:111. [PMID: 33335100 PMCID: PMC7746727 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00257-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a newly emergent tick-borne bunyavirus first discovered in 2009 in China. SFTSV is a growing public health problem that may become more prominent owing to multiple competent tick-vectors and the expansion of human populations in areas where the vectors are found. Although tick-vectors of SFTSV are found in a wide geographic area, SFTS cases have only been reported from China, South Korea, Vietnam, and Japan. Patients with SFTS often present with high fever, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and in some cases, symptoms can progress to severe outcomes, including hemorrhagic disease. Reported SFTSV case fatality rates range from ~5 to >30% depending on the region surveyed, with more severe disease reported in older individuals. Currently, treatment options for this viral infection remain mostly supportive as there are no licensed vaccines available and research is in the discovery stage. Animal models for SFTSV appear to recapitulate many facets of human disease, although none of the models mirror all clinical manifestations. There are insufficient data available on basic immunologic responses, the immune correlate(s) of protection, and the determinants of severe disease by SFTSV and related viruses. Many aspects of SFTSV virology and epidemiology are not fully understood, including a detailed understanding of the annual numbers of cases and the vertebrate host of the virus, so additional research on this disease is essential towards the development of vaccines and therapeutics.
Collapse
|
157
|
Decker MD, Morton CT, Moncayo AC. One Confirmed and 2 Suspected Cases of Heartland Virus Disease. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71:3237-3240. [PMID: 32459327 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heartland virus is a tickborne phlebovirus first identified in Missouri in 2009; 11 human cases have been reported in the literature. Reported hallmarks of infection have included fever, malaise, anorexia, gastrointestinal complaints, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and aminotransferase elevations. We report 1 confirmed and 2 suspected cases and discuss implications for case-finding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Decker
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Colleen T Morton
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Abelardo C Moncayo
- Vector-Borne Diseases Program, Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Mo Q, Xu Z, Deng F, Wang H, Ning YJ. Host restriction of emerging high-pathogenic bunyaviruses via MOV10 by targeting viral nucleoprotein and blocking ribonucleoprotein assembly. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009129. [PMID: 33284835 PMCID: PMC7746268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bunyavirus ribonucleoprotein (RNP) that is assembled by polymerized nucleoproteins (N) coating a viral RNA and associating with a viral polymerase can be both the RNA synthesis machinery and the structural core of virions. Bunyaviral N and RNP thus could be assailable targets for host antiviral defense; however, it remains unclear which and how host factors target N/RNP to restrict bunyaviral infection. By mass spectrometry and protein-interaction analyses, we here show that host protein MOV10 targets the N proteins encoded by a group of emerging high-pathogenic representatives of bunyaviruses including severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), one of the most dangerous pathogens listed by World Health Organization, in RNA-independent manner. MOV10 that was further shown to be induced specifically by SFTSV and related bunyaviruses in turn inhibits the bunyaviral replication in infected cells in series of loss/gain-of-function assays. Moreover, animal infection experiments with MOV10 knockdown corroborated the role of MOV10 in restricting SFTSV infection and pathogenicity in vivo. Minigenome assays and additional functional and mechanistic investigations demonstrate that the anti-bunyavirus activity of MOV10 is likely achieved by direct impact on viral RNP machinery but independent of its helicase activity and the cellular interferon pathway. Indeed, by its N-terminus, MOV10 binds to a protruding N-arm domain of N consisting of only 34 amino acids but proving important for N function and blocks N polymerization, N-RNA binding, and N-polymerase interaction, disabling RNP assembly. This study not only advances the understanding of bunyaviral replication and host restriction mechanisms but also presents novel paradigms for both direct antiviral action of MOV10 and host targeting of viral RNP machinery. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is an emerging high-pathogenic bunyavirus listed by the World Health Organization as a top priority pathogen for research and development. Although SFTSV and related bunyaviruses emerging globally have raised serious public health concerns, specific antivirals or vaccines are currently unavailable and little is known on the virus-host interactions and viral replication mechanism. The nucleoprotein (N) is essential for bunyavirus replication by driving assembly of ribonucleoprotein (RNP), the RNA synthesis machinery and structural core of virions. Here we show that N proteins of SFTSV and related bunyaviruses can be targeted by host factor MOV10 in RNA-independent manner. Further, MOV10 can be induced specifically by the bunyaviruses and in turn restrict the viral replication and pathogenicity in vitro and in vivo. The anti-bunyavirus activity of MOV10 is independent of its helicase region and cellular interferon pathway. Instead, by its N-terminus, MOV10 binds to a protruding N-arm domain of N and blocks N polymerization, N-RNA binding, and N-polymerase interaction, disabling RNP assembly. This study provides a delicate model for host targeting of viral RNP machinery and sheds light on bunyaviral replication and host restriction mechanisms, which may promote specific antiviral therapy development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (HW); (Y-JN)
| | - Yun-Jia Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (HW); (Y-JN)
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Mendoza CA, Yamaoka S, Tsuda Y, Matsuno K, Weisend CM, Ebihara H. The NF-κB inhibitor, SC75741, is a novel antiviral against emerging tick-borne bandaviruses. Antiviral Res 2020; 185:104993. [PMID: 33296695 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) and Heartland virus (HRTV) cause viral hemorrhagic fever-like illnesses in humans due to an aberrant host inflammatory response, which contributes to pathogenesis. Here, we established two separate minigenome (MG) systems based on the M-segment of SFTSV and HRTV. Following characterization of both systems for SFTSV and HRTV, we used them as a platform to screen potential compounds that inhibit viral RNA synthesis. We demonstrated that the NF-κB inhibitor, SC75741, reduces viral RNA synthesis of SFTSV and HRTV using our MG platform and validated these results using infectious SFTSV and HRTV. These results may lead to the use of MG systems as potential screening systems for the identification of antiviral compounds and yield novel insights into host-factors that could play role in bandavirus transcription and replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crystal A Mendoza
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Satoko Yamaoka
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Molecular Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Yoshimi Tsuda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan; International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Carla M Weisend
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Molecular Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Hideki Ebihara
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Molecular Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Shelite TR, Bopp NE, Moncayo A, Reynolds ES, Thangamani S, Melby PC, Bloch K, Aguilar PV, Travi BL. Isothermal Recombinase Polymerase Amplification-Lateral Flow Point-of-Care Diagnostic Test for Heartland Virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 21:110-115. [PMID: 33259736 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of novel or re-emergent pathogens necessitates the development of rapid, easy-to-use diagnostic tests that can be readily adapted and utilized in both clinical laboratories and field settings. Heartland virus (HRTV) is the first pathogenic Phlebovirus responsible for serious and fatal cases in the United States. We developed a qualitative test based on recombinase-polymerase-amplification coupled with lateral flow reading (RPA-LF) for rapid detection of HRTV. The RPA-LF detected HRTV with a limit of detection of 1.19-1.54 plaque-forming unit equivalents/reaction. In addition, the RPA-LF was able to detect 0.6075 copies/μL of HRTV nucleoprotein gene-containing plasmid. We evaluated six clinical samples that were previously found to be real-time PCR positive for HRTV and found five out of six samples to be positive by RPA-LF, yielding 83.3% concordance with real-time PCR. All six samples had Ct values between 29 and 39 by real-time PCR. We also determined that the HRTV primers and probe do not cross-react with other tick-transmitted viruses such as Bourbon and Powassan, or other related viruses, including Lonestar tick virus and Sunday canyon virus (100% specificity). This is the first isothermal amplification test developed for a tick-borne virus, which will allow for rapid differentiation between HRTV and other pathogens producing similar clinical manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Shelite
- Department of Internal Medicine-Infectious Diseases and University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Nathen E Bopp
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Erin S Reynolds
- SUNY Center for Environmental Health and Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Saravanan Thangamani
- SUNY Center for Environmental Health and Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Peter C Melby
- Department of Internal Medicine-Infectious Diseases and University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Karen Bloch
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Patricia V Aguilar
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Bruno L Travi
- Department of Internal Medicine-Infectious Diseases and University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Development of diagnostic microsphere-based immunoassays for Heartland virus. J Clin Virol 2020; 134:104693. [PMID: 33248359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heartland virus (HRTV), a recently reclassified member of the genus Bandavirus, family Phenuiviridae, was first isolated in 2009 from a Missouri farmer exhibiting leukopenia and thrombocytopenia with suspected ehrlichiosis. Since then, more HRTV cases have been diagnosed, and firstline laboratory diagnostic assays are needed to identify future infections Objectives. We sought to develop rapid and reliable IgM and IgG microsphere immunoassays (MIAs) to test sera of patients suspected of having HRTV infection, and to distinguish between recent and past infections. STUDY DESIGN Heartland virus antigen was captured by an anti-HRTV monoclonal antibody covalently bound to microspheres. Antibodies in human sera from confirmed HRTV-positive and negative cases were reacted with the microsphere complexes and detected using a BioPlex® 200 instrument. Assay cutoffs were determined by receiver operator characteristic analysis of the normalized test output values, equivocal zones for each assay were defined, and sensitivities, specificities, accuracies, and imprecision values were calculated. RESULTS Sensitivities, specificities and accuracies of the IgM and IgG MIAs were all >95 %. Both tests were precise within and between assay plates, and cross-reactivity with other arboviruses was not observed. CONCLUSIONS HRTV IgM and IgG MIAs are accurate and rapid first-line methods to serologically identify recent and past HRTV infections.
Collapse
|
162
|
Miao D, Dai K, Zhao GP, Li XL, Shi WQ, Zhang JS, Yang Y, Liu W, Fang LQ. Mapping the global potential transmission hotspots for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome by machine learning methods. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:817-826. [PMID: 32212956 PMCID: PMC7241453 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1748521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease with increasing spread. Currently SFTS transmission has expanded beyond Asian countries, however, with definitive global extents and risk patterns remained obscure. Here we established an exhaustive database that included globally reported locations of human SFTS cases and the competent vector, Haemaphysalis longicornis (H. longicornis), as well as the explanatory environmental variables, based on which, the potential geographic range of H. longicornis and risk areas for SFTS were mapped by applying two machine learning methods. Ten predictors were identified contributing to global distribution for H. longicornis with relative contribution ≥1%. Outside contemporary known distribution, we predict high receptivity to H. longicornis across two continents, including northeastern USA, New Zealand, parts of Australia, and several Pacific islands. Eight key drivers of SFTS cases occurrence were identified, including elevation, predicted probability of H. longicornis presence, two temperature-related factors, two precipitation-related factors, the richness of mammals and percentage coverage of water bodies. The globally model-predicted risk map of human SFTS occurrence was created and validated effective for discriminating the actual affected and unaffected areas (median predictive probability 0.74 vs. 0.04, P < 0.001) in three countries with reported cases outside China. The high-risk areas (probability ≥50%) were predicted mainly in east-central China, most parts of the Korean peninsula and southern Japan, and northern New Zealand. Our findings highlight areas where an intensive vigilance for potential SFTS spread or invasion events should be advocated, owing to their high receptibility to H. longicornis distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Lou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiu Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Qun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Namgyal J, Couloigner I, Lysyk TJ, Dergousoff SJ, Cork SC. Comparison of Habitat Suitability Models for Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann in North America to Determine Its Potential Geographic Range. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17218285. [PMID: 33182472 PMCID: PMC7665130 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, 1901 is a vector of many pathogens of public and veterinary health importance in its native range in East Asia and introduced range in Oceania. In North America, this tick was first detected in New Jersey in 2017. Currently, this tick has been reported from 15 states of the United States. In this study, we modeled the habitat suitability of H. longicornis using the MaxEnt modeling approach. We separated occurrence records from the published literature from four different geographical regions in the world and developed MaxEnt models using relevant environmental variables to describe the potential habitat suitability of this tick in North America. The predictive accuracy of the models was assessed using the U.S. county locations where this tick species has been reported. Our best model predicted that the most suitable North American areas for geographic expansion of H. longicornis are from Arkansas–South Carolina to the south of Quebec–Nova Scotia in the east, and from California to the coast of British Columbia in the west. Enhanced surveillance and further investigation are required to gain a better understanding of the role that this tick might play in the transmission of diseases to humans and animals in North America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamyang Namgyal
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (I.C.); (T.J.L.); (S.C.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Isabelle Couloigner
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (I.C.); (T.J.L.); (S.C.C.)
- Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Tim J. Lysyk
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (I.C.); (T.J.L.); (S.C.C.)
| | - Shaun J. Dergousoff
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Center, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada;
| | - Susan C. Cork
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (I.C.); (T.J.L.); (S.C.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Kimura M, Egawa K, Ozawa T, Kishi H, Shimojima M, Taniguchi S, Fukushi S, Fujii H, Yamada H, Tan L, Sano K, Katano H, Suzuki T, Morikawa S, Saijo M, Tani H. Characterization of pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus bearing the heartland virus envelope glycoprotein. Virology 2020; 556:124-132. [PMID: 33561699 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The heartland virus (HRTV) is a novel phlebovirus that causes severe infections in the USA and closely related to the severe fever thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), a causative agent for SFTS in Asia. The entry mechanisms of HRTV remain unclear. Here, we developed the pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus bearing the HRTV glycoprotein (GP) (HRTVpv), and the antigenicity and the entry mechanisms of HRTV were analyzed. HRTVpv was neutralized by anti-SFTSV Gc antibody, but not the anti-SFTSV Gn antibodies. Entry of HRTVpv to cells was inhibited by bafilomycin A1 and dynasore, and but it was enhanced in cells overexpressed with C-type lectins. Production of infectious HRTVpv and SFTSVpv was reduced by Nn-DNJ, α-glucosidase inhibitor. The entry of HRTV occurs via pH- and dynamin-dependent endocytosis. Furthermore, Nn-DNJ may be a possible therapeutic agent against HRTV and SFTSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Kimura
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Egawa
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ozawa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimojima
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Taniguchi
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuetsu Fukushi
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikaru Fujii
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamada
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Long Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kaori Sano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harutaka Katano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Morikawa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan; Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Tani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Identification of recently identified tick-borne viruses (Dabieshan tick virus and SFTSV) by metagenomic analysis in ticks from Shandong Province, China. J Infect 2020; 81:973-978. [PMID: 33115659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to systematically examine the variety of viruses maintained in ticks from Shandong Province. A total of 2522 ticks were sampled from five cities of Shandong Province and divided into 264 pools according to location and species. Viral megagenomic analysis revealed the sequences of two viruses, Dabieshan tick virus and SFTSV. Then qRT-PCR and nested PCR were performed to confirm the presence of corresponding pathogens, which showed positive results for Dabieshan tick virus and SFTSV, with a minimum infection rate of 0.67% (17/2522) and 2.5% (63/2522), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Dabieshan tick virus formed a monophyletic cluster with the Yongjia tick virus and Uukuniemi virus from China, and SFTSV shared over 95% identity with human and animal derived isolates. These findings are the first time to demonstrate molecular evidence of Dabieshan tick virus in unrecognized endemic regions and indicate the need for further investigation.
Collapse
|
166
|
Miao D, Liu MJ, Wang YX, Ren X, Lu QB, Zhao GP, Dai K, Li XL, Li H, Zhang XA, Shi WQ, Wang LP, Yang Y, Fang LQ, Liu W. Epidemiology and Ecology of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome in China, 2010‒2018. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e3851-e3858. [PMID: 33068430 PMCID: PMC8664468 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The growing epidemics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), an emerging tick-borne disease in East Asia, and its high case fatality rate have raised serious public health concerns. Methods Surveillance data on laboratory-confirmed SFTS cases in China were collected. The spatiotemporal dynamics and epidemiological features were explored. The socioeconomic and environmental drivers were identified for SFTS diffusion using survival analysis and for SFTS persistence using a two-stage generalized boosted regression tree model. Results During 2010‒2018, a total of 7721 laboratory-confirmed SFTS cases were reported in China, with an overall case fatality rate (CFR) of 10.5%. The average annual incidence increased >20 times and endemic areas expanded from 27 to 1574 townships, whereas the CFR declined from 19% to 10% during this period. Four geographical clusters—the Changbai Mountain area, the Jiaodong Peninsula, the Taishan Mountain area, and the Huaiyangshan Mountain area—were identified. Diffusion and persistence of the disease were both driven by elevation, high coverages of woods, crops, and shrubs, and the vicinity of habitats of migratory birds but had different meteorological drivers. Residents ≥60 years old in rural areas with crop fields and tea farms were at increased risk to SFTS. Conclusions Surveillance of SFTS and intervention programs need to be targeted at areas ecologically suitability for vector ticks and in the vicinity of migratory birds to curb the growing epidemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Jin Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U. S. A
| | - Yi-Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Qing-Bin Lu
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ke Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Lou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Qiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ping Wang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U. S. A
| | - Li-Qun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Huang XY, He ZQ, Wang BH, Hu K, Li Y, Guo WS. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of transmission mode. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 148:e239. [PMID: 32993819 PMCID: PMC7584033 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268820002290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a disease with a high case-fatality rate that is caused by infection with the SFTS virus (SFTSV). Five electronic databases were systematically searched to identify relevant articles published from 1 January 2011 to 1 December 2019. The pooled rates with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated by a fixed-effect or random-effect model analysis. The results showed that 92 articles were included in this meta-analysis. For the confirmed SFTS cases, the case-fatality rate was 0.15 (95% CI 0.11, 0.18). Two hundred and ninety-six of 1384 SFTS patients indicated that they had been bitten by ticks and the biting rate was 0.21 (95% CI 0.16, 0.26). The overall pooled seroprevalence of SFTSV antibodies among the healthy population was 0.04 (95% CI 0.03, 0.05). For the overall seroprevalence of SFTSV in animals, the seroprevalence of SFTSV was 0.25 (95% CI 0.20, 0.29). The infection rate of SFTSV in ticks was 0.08 (95% CI 0.05, 0.11). In conclusion, ticks can serve as transmitting vectors of SFTSVs and reservoir hosts. Animals can be infected by tick bites, and as a reservoir host, SFTSV circulates continuously between animals and ticks in nature. Humans are infected by tick bites and direct contact with patient secretions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X. Y. Huang
- Henan Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganisms, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Z. Q. He
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - B. H. Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - K. Hu
- Henan Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Y. Li
- Henan Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganisms, Zhengzhou, China
| | - W. S. Guo
- Henan Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Novel SFTSV Phylogeny Reveals New Reassortment Events and Migration Routes. Virol Sin 2020; 36:300-310. [PMID: 32960400 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00289-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), the causative agent of a febrile human disease, was first identified from central and eastern provinces in China, and later in Japan and South Korea. Hubei Province is one of the major SFTS epidemic areas in the central part of China. This study reported the isolation of 11 new SFTSV strains from patients in Hubei Province collected in 2017. Extensive phylogenetic analyses were conducted based on the complete coding sequences of SFTSV segments including the new strains. It was suggested that five different SFTSV genotypes were circulating in Hubei, and 15 reassortment patterns and migration pathways correlated with each genotype were identified, which was more than previously recognized. Hubei Province was more involved in the evolutionary events of SFTSV than that previously thought in which the evolutionary events of SFTSV were reported to be independent from those in other epidemic regions. Further divergence of SFTSV strains was suggested by pairwise comparison of SFTSV sequences from each genotype and sequence identity normalized to representative strain in genotype C1. Subsequently, amino acid variations specific for genotype(s), strain(s), or cluster(s) were inspected, which may be related to differential biological activity of SFTSV strains/genotypes. In conclusion, we analyzed the current status of SFTSV phylogeny in Hubei Province and discussed the possible events correlated to SFTSV evolution. It provided an in-depth insight into SFTSV evolution, raising concerns for the use of proper SFTSV strains in future studies.
Collapse
|
169
|
Suzuki T, Sato Y, Sano K, Arashiro T, Katano H, Nakajima N, Shimojima M, Kataoka M, Takahashi K, Wada Y, Morikawa S, Fukushi S, Yoshikawa T, Saijo M, Hasegawa H. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus targets B cells in lethal human infections. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:799-812. [PMID: 31904586 DOI: 10.1172/jci129171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging hemorrhagic fever caused by a tick-borne banyangvirus and is associated with high fatality. Despite increasing incidence of SFTS and serious public health concerns in East Asia, the pathogenesis of lethal SFTS virus (SFTSV) infection in humans is not fully understood. Numbers of postmortem examinations to determine target cells of the viral infection have so far been limited. Here we showed that B cells differentiating into plasmablasts and macrophages in secondary lymphoid organs were targets for SFTSV at the end stage of lethal infection, and the majority of SFTSV-infected cells were B cell-lineage lymphocytes. In affected individuals, B cell-lineage lymphocytes with SFTSV infection were widely distributed in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs, and infiltration of these cells into the capillaries of the organs could be observed occasionally. Moreover, a human plasmablastic lymphoma cell line, PBL-1, was susceptible to SFTSV propagation and had a similar immunophenotype to that of target cells of SFTSV in fatal SFTS. PBL-1 can therefore provide a potential in vitro model for human SFTSV infection. These results extend our understanding of the pathogenesis of human lethal SFTSV infection and can facilitate the development of SFTSV countermeasures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Sano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Infectious Diseases Pathology, Department of Global Infectious Diseases, Tohoku Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Arashiro
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harutaka Katano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Nakajima
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimojima
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiyo Kataoka
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Wada
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Morikawa
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuetsu Fukushi
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoshikawa
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Infectious Diseases Pathology, Department of Global Infectious Diseases, Tohoku Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.,Global Virus Network, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Rahman MT, Sobur MA, Islam MS, Ievy S, Hossain MJ, El Zowalaty ME, Rahman AMMT, Ashour HM. Zoonotic Diseases: Etiology, Impact, and Control. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091405. [PMID: 32932606 PMCID: PMC7563794 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most humans are in contact with animals in a way or another. A zoonotic disease is a disease or infection that can be transmitted naturally from vertebrate animals to humans or from humans to vertebrate animals. More than 60% of human pathogens are zoonotic in origin. This includes a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites, and other pathogens. Factors such as climate change, urbanization, animal migration and trade, travel and tourism, vector biology, anthropogenic factors, and natural factors have greatly influenced the emergence, re-emergence, distribution, and patterns of zoonoses. As time goes on, there are more emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases. In this review, we reviewed the etiology of major zoonotic diseases, their impact on human health, and control measures for better management. We also highlighted COVID-19, a newly emerging zoonotic disease of likely bat origin that has affected millions of humans along with devastating global consequences. The implementation of One Health measures is highly recommended for the effective prevention and control of possible zoonosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.); (M.S.I.); (S.I.); (M.J.H.)
- Correspondence: (M.T.R.); (H.M.A.)
| | - Md. Abdus Sobur
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.); (M.S.I.); (S.I.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Md. Saiful Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.); (M.S.I.); (S.I.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Samina Ievy
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.); (M.S.I.); (S.I.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Md. Jannat Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.); (M.S.I.); (S.I.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Mohamed E. El Zowalaty
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE;
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Hossam M. Ashour
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.T.R.); (H.M.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Blitvich BJ, Magalhaes T, Laredo-Tiscareño SV, Foy BD. Sexual Transmission of Arboviruses: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090933. [PMID: 32854298 PMCID: PMC7552039 DOI: 10.3390/v12090933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are primarily maintained in nature in transmission cycles between hematophagous arthropods and vertebrate hosts, but an increasing number of arboviruses have been isolated from or indirectly detected in the urogenital tract and sexual secretions of their vertebrate hosts, indicating that further investigation on the possibility of sexual transmission of these viruses is warranted. The most widely recognized sexually-transmitted arbovirus is Zika virus but other arboviruses, including Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and dengue virus, might also be transmitted, albeit occasionally, by this route. This review summarizes our current understanding on the ability of arboviruses to be sexually transmitted. We discuss the sexual transmission of arboviruses between humans and between vertebrate animals, but not arthropod vectors. Every taxonomic group known to contain arboviruses (Asfarviridae, Bunyavirales, Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Reoviridae, Rhabdoviridae and Togaviridae) is covered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J. Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-515-294-9861; Fax: +1-515-294-8500
| | - Tereza Magalhaes
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.M.); (B.D.F.)
| | - S. Viridiana Laredo-Tiscareño
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Brian D. Foy
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.M.); (B.D.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Kim TK, Tirloni L, Berger M, Diedrich JK, Yates JR, Termignoni C, da Silva Vaz I, Mulenga A. Amblyomma americanum serpin 41 (AAS41) inhibits inflammation by targeting chymase and chymotrypsin. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 156:1007-1021. [PMID: 32320803 PMCID: PMC11005088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ticks inject serine protease inhibitors (serpins) into their feeding sites to evade serine protease-mediated host defenses against tick-feeding. This study describes two highly identitical (97%) but functionally different Amblyomma americanum tick saliva serpins (AAS41 and 46) that are secreted at the inception of tick-feeding. We show that AAS41, which encodes a leucine at the P1 site inhibits inflammation system proteases: chymase (SI = 3.23, Ka = 5.6 ± 3.7X103M-1 s-1) and α-chymotrypsin (SI = 3.18, Ka = 1.6 ± 4.1X104M-1 s-1), while AAS46, which encodes threonine has no inhibitory activity. Similary, rAAS41 inhibits rMCP-1 purified from rat peritonuem derived mast cells. Consistently, rAAS41 inhibits chymase-mediated inflammation induced by compound 48/80 in rat paw edema and vascular permeability models. Native AAS41/46 proteins are among tick saliva immunogens that provoke anti-tick immunity in repeatedly infested animals as revealed by specific reactivity with tick immune sera. Of significance, native AAS41/46 play critical tick-feeding functions in that RNAi-mediated silencing caused ticks to ingest significantly less blood. Importantly, monospecific antibodies to rAAS41 blocked inhibitory functions of rAAS41, suggesting potential for design of vaccine antigens that provokes immunity to neutralize functions of this protein at the tick-feeding site. We discuss our findings with reference to tick-feeding physiology and discovery of effective tick vaccine antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Kwon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Lucas Tirloni
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA; Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Markus Berger
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- Foundation Peptide Biology Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carlos Termignoni
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Albert Mulenga
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Zhao L, Li J, Cui X, Jia N, Wei J, Xia L, Wang H, Zhou Y, Wang Q, Liu X, Yin C, Pan Y, Wen H, Wang Q, Xue F, Sun Y, Jiang J, Li S, Cao W. Distribution of Haemaphysalis longicornis and associated pathogens: analysis of pooled data from a China field survey and global published data. Lancet Planet Health 2020; 4:e320-e329. [PMID: 32800150 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(20)30145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haemaphysalis longicornis, a vector of various pathogens with medical and veterinary importance, is native to eastern Asia, and recently reached the USA as an emerging disease threat. In this study, we aimed to identify the geographical distribution, hosts, and associated pathogens of H longicornis. METHODS Data were collected from multiple sources, including a field survey, reference book, literature review, and related websites. The thematic maps showing geographical distribution of H longicornis and associated pathogens were produced by ArcGIS. Hosts of H longicornis and positive rates for H longicornis-associated pathogens were estimated by meta-analysis. Ecological niche modelling was used to predict potential global distribution of H longicornis. FINDINGS H longicornis was found to be present in ten countries, predominantly in eastern Asia, the USA, Australia, and New Zealand. The tick was known to feed on a variety of domestic and wild animals, and humans. At least 30 human pathogens were associated with H longicornis, including seven species of spotted fever group rickettsiae, seven species in the family of Anaplasmataceae, four genospecies in the complex Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, two Babesia species, six species of virus, and Francisella, Bartonella, Coxiella, and Toxoplasma, which were mainly reported in eastern Asia. The predictive modelling revealed that H longicornis might affect more extensive regions, including Europe, South America, and Africa, where the tick has never been recorded before. INTERPRETATION H longicornis is relatively common in the world, and is associated with various human and animal pathogens. Authorities and health-care workers should be aware of the threat of the tick species to public health and veterinary medicine. Surveillance and further investigations should be enhanced globally. FUNDING National Natural Science Foundation of China and National Key Research and Development Program of China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Na Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiate Wei
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Luoyuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuhao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xueyuan Liu
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chaonan Yin
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yusheng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Hongling Wen
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Institute for Medical Dataology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fuzhong Xue
- Institute for Medical Dataology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shixue Li
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wuchun Cao
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Yun MR, Ryou J, Choi W, Lee JY, Park SW, Kim DW. Genetic diversity and evolutionary history of Korean isolates of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus from 2013-2016. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2599-2603. [PMID: 32699980 PMCID: PMC7547961 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04733-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is caused by SFTS virus (SFTSV). Although SFTS originated in China, it is an emerging infectious disease with prevalence confirmed in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. The full-length genomes of 51 Korean SFTSV isolates from 2013 to 2016 were sequenced, and the sequences were deposited into a public database (GenBank) and analyzed to elucidate the phylogeny and evolution of the virus. Although most of the Korean SFTSV isolates were closely related to previously reported Japanese isolates, some were closely related to previously reported Chinese isolates. We identified one Korean strain that appears to have resulted from multiple inter-lineage reassortments. Several nucleotide and amino acid variations specific to the Korean isolates were identified. Future studies should focus on how these variations affect virus pathogenicity and evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ran Yun
- Pathogen Resource TF, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 200 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheogju-si, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsang Ryou
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease and Vector Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheogju-si, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyoung Choi
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory control of Infectious Disease, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheogju-si, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease and Vector Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheogju-si, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Whan Park
- Jeju National Quarantine Station, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 356 Central Goverment office-Jeju, 59 Cheongsa-ro, Jeju-si, 63219, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Won Kim
- Pathogen Resource TF, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 200 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheogju-si, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Hazardous alcohol consumption and aging synergistically increase the risk of death in patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101505. [PMID: 32993926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease with high case fatality rate (CFR). Alcohol consumption which impairs host immunity and contributes to tissue damage in a variety of organs may be a predisposing factor of fatal outcome in SFTS. We aimed to determine the role of alcohol consumption on the fatal outcome of SFTS. Patients with laboratory-diagnosed SFTS who were admitted to the Jinan Infectious Disease Hospital, Jinan, China, between January 2011 and November 2018 were evaluated. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were recorded. Alcohol consumption was evaluated. The association between a fatal outcome and each demographic, clinical, and laboratory variable with alcohol consumption was assessed. A total of 694 patients with SFTS were identified during the study period. The overall CFR was 20.9 % (95 % CI: 17.9 %-23.9 %). The CFR in non/light drinkers (0-98 g/week) and moderate/heavy drinkers (>98 g/week) was 18.3 % and 35.6 %, respectively (P < 0.001). In age>60 years patients, the overall CFR in moderate/heavy drinker groups were as high as 53.4 % (95 % CI:40.2 %-66.7 %). Comparing to the age≤60y and non/light drinkers, age>60y and moderate/heavy drinkers was associated with increased risk of death with an odds ratio (95 % CI) of 9.9 (5.1-19.1). The interaction between age>60 and alcohol consumption was a significant determinant for death in both genders (F=10.18, P = 0.001). The clinical manifestation, laboratory parameters, and organ injury were significantly extensive and severe in moderate and heavy drinkers. In conclusion, hazardous alcohol consumption and aging synergistically increase the risk of death in patients with SFTS. In SFTS endemic areas, it is important for older individuals to minimize the exposure risks and abstain from alcohol.
Collapse
|
176
|
Vogel D, Thorkelsson SR, Quemin ERJ, Meier K, Kouba T, Gogrefe N, Busch C, Reindl S, Günther S, Cusack S, Grünewald K, Rosenthal M. Structural and functional characterization of the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus L protein. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:5749-5765. [PMID: 32313945 PMCID: PMC7261188 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bunyavirales order contains several emerging viruses with high epidemic potential, including Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV). The lack of medical countermeasures, such as vaccines and antivirals, is a limiting factor for the containment of any virus outbreak. To develop such antivirals a profound understanding of the viral replication process is essential. The L protein of bunyaviruses is a multi-functional and multi-domain protein performing both virus transcription and genome replication and, therefore, is an ideal drug target. We established expression and purification procedures for the full-length L protein of SFTSV. By combining single-particle electron cryo-microscopy and X-ray crystallography, we obtained 3D models covering ∼70% of the SFTSV L protein in the apo-conformation including the polymerase core region, the endonuclease and the cap-binding domain. We compared this first L structure of the Phenuiviridae family to the structures of La Crosse peribunyavirus L protein and influenza orthomyxovirus polymerase. Together with a comprehensive biochemical characterization of the distinct functions of SFTSV L protein, this work provides a solid framework for future structural and functional studies of L protein-RNA interactions and the development of antiviral strategies against this group of emerging human pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Vogel
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Hamburg 20359, Germany
| | - Sigurdur Rafn Thorkelsson
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Emmanuelle R J Quemin
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Meier
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Hamburg 20359, Germany
| | - Tomas Kouba
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Nadja Gogrefe
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Hamburg 20359, Germany
| | - Carola Busch
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Hamburg 20359, Germany
| | - Sophia Reindl
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Hamburg 20359, Germany
| | - Stephan Günther
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Hamburg 20359, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg - Lübeck - Borstel - Riems, Hamburg 20359, Germany
| | - Stephen Cusack
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Kay Grünewald
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Rosenthal
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Hamburg 20359, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
El-Sayed A, Kamel M. Climatic changes and their role in emergence and re-emergence of diseases. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:22336-22352. [PMID: 32347486 PMCID: PMC7187803 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08896-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Global warming and the associated climate changes are predictable. They are enhanced by burning of fossil fuels and the emission of huge amounts of CO2 gas which resulted in greenhouse effect. It is expected that the average global temperature will increase with 2-5 °C in the next decades. As a result, the earth will exhibit marked climatic changes characterized by extremer weather events in the coming decades, such as the increase in temperature, rainfall, summertime, droughts, more frequent and stronger tornadoes and hurricanes. Epidemiological disease cycle includes host, pathogen and in certain cases intermediate host/vector. A complex mixture of various environmental conditions (e.g. temperature and humidity) determines the suitable habitat/ecological niche for every vector host. The availability of suitable vectors is a precondition for the emergence of vector-borne pathogens. Climate changes and global warming will have catastrophic effects on human, animal and environmental ecosystems. Pathogens, especially neglected tropical disease agents, are expected to emerge and re-emerge in several countries including Europe and North America. The lives of millions of people especially in developing countries will be at risk in direct and indirect ways. In the present review, the role of climate changes in the spread of infectious agents and their vectors is discussed. Examples of the major emerging viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases are also summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amr El-Sayed
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Kamel
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Abstract
Ticks are the most important vectors of human pathogens, leading to increased public health burdens worldwide. Tick-borne pathogens include viruses (e.g. tick-borne encephalitis and Powassan); bacteria, such as the causative agents of Lyme disease, spotted fever rickettsiosis and human anaplasmosis; and malaria-like protozoan parasites causing babesiosis. Tick-borne diseases are emerging due to the geographical expansion of their tick vectors, especially in the northern hemisphere. Two examples of this phenomenon are Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum, which have expanded their ranges in the USA in recent decades and are responsible for the continuous emergence of Lyme disease and human ehrlichiosis, respectively. This phenomenon is also occurring worldwide and is reflected by the increasing number of tick-borne encephalitis and haemorrhagic fever cases in Europe and Asia. In this review, we provide a concise synopsis of the most medically important tick-borne pathogen worldwide, with a particular emphasis on emerging public health threats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Rochlin
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Alvaro Toledo
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
Hughes HR, Russell BJ, Lambert AJ. Genetic Characterization of Frijoles and Chilibre Species Complex Viruses (Genus Phlebovirus; Family Phenuiviridae) and Three Unclassified New World Phleboviruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:359-365. [PMID: 31802735 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Phlebovirus is a diverse group of globally occurring viruses, including tick-, mosquito-, and sand fly-borne pathogens. Phleboviruses have historically been classified by serological methods. However, molecular methods alone have been used to identify emergent novel and related strains in recent years. This makes reconciling the classification of historically and newly characterized viruses challenging. To address this in part, we describe the characterization of the genomes of the Frijoles and Chilibre species complex phleboviruses, and three unclassified phleboviruses isolated in the Americas: Caimito, Itaporanga, and Rio Grande viruses that had previously only been described at the serological level. With the exception of Itaporanga virus, the phleboviruses sequenced in this study are phylogenetically related to the current species Frijoles phlebovirus, Bujaru phlebovirus, or the Chagres antigenic complex. Unexpectedly, molecular and phylogenetic analysis suggests Chilibre and Caimito viruses are taxonomically related to the family Peribunyaviridae. These viruses have a genomic architecture similar to peribunyaviruses and form monophyletic groups within the genus Pacuvirus. Our data highlight the importance of reconciling serological and molecular taxonomic classification. In addition, we suggest the taxonomy of Chilibre and Caimito viruses should be revised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly R Hughes
- Arboviral Disease Branch, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Brandy J Russell
- Arboviral Disease Branch, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Amy J Lambert
- Arboviral Disease Branch, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Min YQ, Shi C, Yao T, Feng K, Mo Q, Deng F, Wang H, Ning YJ. The Nonstructural Protein of Guertu Virus Disrupts Host Defenses by Blocking Antiviral Interferon Induction and Action. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:857-870. [PMID: 32167734 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Guertu virus (GTV) is a potentially highly pathogenic bunyavirus newly isolated in China, which is genetically related to the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) and Heartland virus (HRTV), two other emerging life-threatening bunyaviruses. Previous studies suggested that SFTSV and HRTV antagonize the interferon (IFN) system by targeting antiviral signaling proteins in different ways. However, whether and how GTV counteracts the host innate immunity are unclear. Here, we found that GTV strongly inhibits both IFN induction and action through its nonstructural protein (NSs). Different from the NSs of SFTSV and HRTV, GTV NSs (G-NSs) induced the formation of two distinctive cytoplasmic structures, compact inclusion bodies (IBs) and extended filamentous structures (FSs). Protein interaction and colocalization analyses demonstrated that G-NSs interacts with TBK1 (TANK binding kinase-1, the pivotal kinase for IFN induction) and STAT2 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 2, the essential transcription factor for IFN action) and irreversibly sequesters the host proteins into the viral IBs and FSs. Consistently, G-NSs thus inhibited phosphorylation/activation and nuclear translocation of IFN-regulatory factor 3 (IRF3, the substrate of TBK1), diminishing the IFN induction. Furthermore, G-NSs sequestration of STAT2 blocked phosphorylation/activation and nuclear translocation of STAT2, disabling IFN action and host antiviral state establishment. Collectively, this study shows the robust subversion of the two phases of the IFN antiviral system by GTV and unravels the respective molecular mechanisms, exhibiting some notable differences from those employed by SFTSV and HRTV, providing insights into the virus-host interactions and pathogenesis, and probably also benefiting the prevention and treatment of the related infectious diseases in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Qin Min
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Chen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Ting Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Kuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Qiong Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yun-Jia Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
López Y, Miranda J, Mattar S, Gonzalez M, Rovnak J. First report of Lihan Tick virus (Phlebovirus, Phenuiviridae) in ticks, Colombia. Virol J 2020; 17:63. [PMID: 32370779 PMCID: PMC7201772 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01327-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tick-borne phenuivirus (TBPVs) comprise human and animal viruses that can cause a variety of clinical syndromes ranging from self-limiting febrile illness to fatal haemorrhagic fevers. Objective Detect Phlebovirus (Family Phenuiviridae) in ticks collected from domestic animals in Córdoba, Colombia. Methods We collected 2365 ticks from domestic animals in three municipalities of the Department of Cordoba, Colombia in 2016. Ticks were identified and pooled by species for RNA extraction. A nested real-time PCR with specific primers for Phlebovirus and a specific probe for Heartland virus (HRTV) formerly a Phlebovirus, now a Banyangvirus were performed. Also, a conventional nested PCR, with the same specific primers was used to detect other Phleboviruses, with positive reactions indicated by an amplified cDNA fragment of approximately 244 bp determined by gel electrophoresis. These bands were gel-purified and sequenced by the Sanger method. Results Using real-time RT-PCR, no positive results for HRTV were found. However, using conventional nested PCR 2.2% (5/229 pools) yielded a product of 244 bp. One positive sample was detected in a pool of Dermacentor nitens ticks collected from a horse, and the four remaining positive pools were from Rhipicephalus microplus collected from cattle. The five positive nucleotide sequences had identities of 93 to 96% compared to a section of the L-segment of Lihan Tick virus, a Phlebovirus originally detected in R. microplus ticks in China. The strongest identity (96–99%) was with Lihan Tick virus detected in R. microplus ticks from Brazil. Conclusions This is the first report of viral detection in ticks in Colombia. We detected a Colombian strain of Lihan Tick virus. We recommend expanding the sampling area and carrying out more eco-epidemiological studies related to epidemiological surveillance of viruses on ticks in Colombia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yesica López
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Colombia
| | - Jorge Miranda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Colombia
| | - Salim Mattar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Colombia.
| | - Marco Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Colombia
| | - Joel Rovnak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Novel PCR exclusion assay to detect spotted fever group rickettsiae in the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum). Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101453. [PMID: 32439385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) is the most common and abundant human-biting tick in the southeastern United States where spotted fever rickettsioses frequently occur. However, the role of this tick in transmitting and maintaining pathogenic and non-pathogenic spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR) remains poorly defined. This is partially due to the high prevalence and abundance of Rickettsia amblyommatis in most populations of A. americanum. Many molecular assays commonly employed to detect rickettsiae use PCR primers that target highly conserved regions in the SFGR so low abundance rickettsia may not be detected when R. amblyommatis is present. It is costly and inefficient to test for low abundance rickettsial agents with multiple individual specific assays even when they are multiplexed, as most samples will be negative. Real time PCR assays may also be hampered by inadequate limits of detection (LODs) for low abundance agents. We exploited the absence of an otherwise relatively SFGR-conserved genome region in R. amblyommatis to design a hemi-nested PCR-assay which has a sensitivity of 10 copies in detecting the presence of most SFGR, but not R. amblyommatis in DNA of infected lone star ticks. This deletion is conserved in 21 isolates of R. amblyommatis obtained from multiple states. We demonstrated the assay's utility by detecting a pathogenic SFGR, Rickettsia parkeri, in 15/50 (30 %) of field collected A. americanum ticks that were previously screened with conventional assays and found to be positive for R. amblyommatis. These co-infected ticks included 1 questing female, 6 questing nymphs, and 8 attached males. The high prevalence of R. parkeri among host-attached ticks may be due to several variables and does not necessarily reflect the risk of disease transmission from attached ticks to vertebrate hosts. This novel assay can provide accurate estimates of the prevalence of less common SFGR in A. americanum and thus improve our understanding of the role of this tick in the maintenance and transmission of the SFGR commonly responsible for human rickettsioses.
Collapse
|
183
|
Development and evaluation of a rapid detection assay for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus based on reverse-transcription recombinase polymerase amplification. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 52:101580. [PMID: 32330556 PMCID: PMC7172814 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Rapid detection of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is crucial for its control and surveillance. In this study, a rapid isothermal real-time reverse-transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) assay was developed for the detection of SFTSV. The detection limit at 95% probability was 241 copies per reaction. A test of 120 serum samples of suspected severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) patients revealed that the sensitivity and specificity of the RT-RPA assay was approximately 96.00% (95%CI: 80.46%–99.79%) and 98.95% (95% CI: 94.28%–99.95%), respectively; the kappa value was 0.9495 (P<0.001). The Bland-Altman analysis showed that 87.50% of the different data points were located within the 95% limits of agreement, indicating a good correlation between the results from RT-RPA assays and those of RT-qPCR assays. In conclusion, the rapid and efficient RT-RPA assay can be a promising candidate for point-of-care detection method of SFTSV. A RT-RPA assay was developed to detect SFTSV RNA isothermally. The assay can rapidly produce a result in 15 min at 39 °C. The detection limit of the assay is 241 RNA sequences. The results of RT-RPA compare well with RT-qPCR. The RT-RPA assay may be used for field detection of SFTSV in resource-limited settings.
Collapse
|
184
|
Staples JE, Pastula DM, Panella AJ, Rabe IB, Kosoy OI, Walker WL, Velez JO, Lambert AJ, Fischer M. Investigation of Heartland Virus Disease Throughout the United States, 2013-2017. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa125. [PMID: 32478118 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heartland virus (HRTV) was first described as a human pathogen in 2012. From 2013 to 2017, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) implemented a national protocol to evaluate patients for HRTV disease, better define its geographic distribution, epidemiology, and clinical characteristics, and develop diagnostic assays for this novel virus. Methods Individuals aged ≥12 years whose clinicians contacted state health departments or the CDC about testing for HRTV infections were screened for recent onset of fever with leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. A questionnaire was administered to collect data on demographics, risk factors, and signs and symptoms; blood samples were tested for the presence of HRTV RNA and neutralizing antibodies. Results Of 85 individuals enrolled and tested, 16 (19%) had evidence of acute HRTV infection, 1 (1%) had past infection, and 68 (80%) had no infection. Patients with acute HRTV disease were residents of 7 states, 12 (75%) were male, and the median age (range) was 71 (43-80) years. Illness onset occurred from April to September. The majority reported fatigue, anorexia, nausea, headache, confusion, arthralgia, or myalgia. Fourteen (88%) cases were hospitalized; 2 (13%) died. Fourteen (88%) participants reported finding a tick on themselves in the 2 weeks before illness onset. HRTV-infected individuals were significantly older (P < .001) and more likely to report an attached tick (P = .03) than uninfected individuals. Conclusions Health care providers should consider HRTV disease testing in patients with an acute febrile illness with either leukopenia or thrombocytopenia not explained by another condition or who were suspected to have a tickborne disease but did not improve following appropriate treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Erin Staples
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel M Pastula
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Amanda J Panella
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Ingrid B Rabe
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Olga I Kosoy
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - William L Walker
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jason O Velez
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Amy J Lambert
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Marc Fischer
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Damian D, Maghembe R, Damas M, Wensman JJ, Berg M. Application of Viral Metagenomics for Study of Emerging and Reemerging Tick-Borne Viruses. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:557-565. [PMID: 32267808 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are important vectors for different tick-borne viruses, some of which cause diseases and death in humans, livestock, and wild animals. Tick-borne encephalitis virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Kyasanur forest disease virus, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, Heartland virus, African swine fever virus, Nairobi sheep disease virus, and Louping ill virus are just a few examples of important tick-borne viruses. The majority of tick-borne viruses have RNA genomes that routinely undergo rapid genetic modifications such as point mutations during their replication. These genomic changes can influence the spread of viruses to new habitats and hosts and lead to the emergence of novel viruses that can pose a threat to public health. Therefore, investigation of the viruses circulating in ticks is important to understand their diversity, host and vector range, and evolutionary history, as well as to predict new emerging pathogens. The choice of detection method is important, as most methods detect only those viruses that have been previously well described. On the other hand, viral metagenomics is a useful tool to simultaneously identify all the viruses present in a sample, including novel variants of already known viruses or completely new viruses. This review describes tick-borne viruses, their historical background of emergence, and their reemergence in nature, and the use of viral metagenomics for viral discovery and studies of viral evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donath Damian
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Reuben Maghembe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Modester Damas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jonas Johansson Wensman
- Section of Ruminant Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Berg
- Section of Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Ren F, Zhou M, Deng F, Wang H, Ning YJ. Combinatorial Minigenome Systems for Emerging Banyangviruses Reveal Viral Reassortment Potential and Importance of a Protruding Nucleotide in Genome "Panhandle" for Promoter Activity and Reassortment. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:599. [PMID: 32322247 PMCID: PMC7156889 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Banyangvirus is a new genus (Phenuiviridae family, Bunyavirales order) that comprises a group of emerging tick-borne viruses with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) and Heartland virus (HRTV) as virulent representatives. As segmented RNA viruses, bunyaviruses may have genome reassortment potential, increasing the concern about new life-threatening bunyavirus emergence. Using a series of combinatory minigenome reporter assays based on transfection and superinfection, we showed that replication machinery proteins of designated banyangviruses can recognize genomic untranslated regions (UTRs) of other banyangviruses and assemble heterogenous minigenomes into functional ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). Moreover, both heterogenous and heterozygous RNPs were efficiently packaged by viral glycoproteins into infectious virus-like particles, manifesting remarkable reassortment potential of banyangviruses. Meanwhile, UTR promoter strength of the three banyangvirus segments appeared to be M > L > S. Secondary structure analysis revealed a conservative non-basepairing protruding nucleotide in the terminal UTR panhandles of M and L (but not S) segments of all banyangviruses and some related phleboviruses (Phlebovirus genus). Furthermore, not only a conserved panhandle region but also the protruding nucleotide proved important for UTR function. Removal of the protruding nucleotide abated M and L UTR activities and compatibilities with heterogenous viral proteins, and introduction of a protruding nucleotide into S panhandle, conversely, enhanced UTR promoter strength and compatibility, revealing the significance of the protruding nucleotide as a new signature of the genomic panhandle structure in both UTR activity and reassortment potential. The study demonstrates not only banyangvirus reassortment potential but also the notable role of the protruding nucleotide in UTR function and reassortment, providing clues to viral evolution and replication mechanisms and perhaps benefiting disease control and prevention in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun-Jia Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Spatial-temporal characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome and the relationship with meteorological factors from 2011 to 2018 in Zhejiang Province, China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008186. [PMID: 32255791 PMCID: PMC7164674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zhejiang Province has the fifth-highest incidence of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in China. While the top four provinces are all located in northern and central China, only Zhejiang Province is located in the Yangtze River Delta region of southeast China. This study was undertaken to identify the epidemiological characteristics of SFTS in Zhejiang from 2011 to 2018. METHODS The epidemic data from SFTS cases in Zhejiang Province from January 2011 to December 2018 were obtained from the China Information Network System of Disease Prevention and Control. Meteorological data were collected from the China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System. A multivariate time series model was used to analyze the heterogeneity of spatial-temporal transmission of the disease. Random forest analysis was performed to detect the importance of meteorological factors and the dose-response association of the incidence of SFTS with these factors. RESULTS In total, 412 SFTS cases (49 fatal) were reported from January 2011 to December 2018 in Zhejiang Province, China. The number of SFTS cases and the number of affected counties increased year by year. The case fatality rate in Zhejiang Province was 11.89%, which was the highest in China. Elderly patients and farmers were the most affected. The total effect values of the autoregressive component, spatiotemporal component and endemic component of the model in all ranges were 0.4580, 0.0377 and 0.0137, respectively. There was obvious heterogeneity across counties for the mean values of the spatiotemporal component and the autoregressive component. The autoregressive component was obviously the main factor driving the occurrence of SFTS, followed by the spatiotemporal component. The importance scores of the monthly mean pressure, mean temperature, mean relative humidity, mean two-minute wind speed, duration of sunshine and precipitation were 10.64, 8.34, 8.16, 6.37, 5.35 and 2.81, respectively. The relationship between these factors and the incidence of SFTS is complicated and nonlinear. A suitable range of meteorological factors for this disease was also detected. CONCLUSIONS The autoregressive and spatiotemporal components played an important role in driving the transmission of SFTS. Targeted preventive efforts should be made in different areas based on the main component contributing to the epidemic. For most areas, early measures several months ahead of the suitable season for the occurrence of SFTS should be implemented. The level of reporting and diagnosis of this disease should be further improved.
Collapse
|
188
|
Efficient functional screening of a cellular cDNA library to identify severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus entry factors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5996. [PMID: 32265454 PMCID: PMC7138800 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62876-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of host cell factors for virus entry is useful for the molecular explanation of viral tropisms and often leads to a more profound understanding of virus-induced diseases. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease caused by SFTS virus. No countermeasures against the disease exist. In this report, we show an efficient method using virus-like particles for the functional screening of a cellular cDNA library to identify SFTS virus entry factors. Two variants encoding dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3 grabbing non-integrin related (DC-SIGNR), a calcium-dependent lectin known to enhance SFTS virus infection, were successfully identified from a human liver cDNA library. We will discuss applications for yet unidentified factor(s) for SFTS virus entry and for entry factor(s) for other viruses related to SFTS virus.
Collapse
|
189
|
Kim TK, Tirloni L, Pinto AFM, Diedrich JK, Moresco JJ, Yates JR, da Silva Vaz I, Mulenga A. Time-resolved proteomic profile of Amblyomma americanum tick saliva during feeding. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007758. [PMID: 32049966 PMCID: PMC7041860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Amblyomma americanum ticks transmit more than a third of human tick-borne disease (TBD) agents in the United States. Tick saliva proteins are critical to success of ticks as vectors of TBD agents, and thus might serve as targets in tick antigen-based vaccines to prevent TBD infections. We describe a systems biology approach to identify, by LC-MS/MS, saliva proteins (tick = 1182, rabbit = 335) that A. americanum ticks likely inject into the host every 24 h during the first 8 days of feeding, and towards the end of feeding. Searching against entries in GenBank grouped tick and rabbit proteins into 27 and 25 functional categories. Aside from housekeeping-like proteins, majority of tick saliva proteins belong to the tick-specific (no homology to non-tick organisms: 32%), protease inhibitors (13%), proteases (8%), glycine-rich proteins (6%) and lipocalins (4%) categories. Global secretion dynamics analysis suggests that majority (74%) of proteins in this study are associated with regulating initial tick feeding functions and transmission of pathogens as they are secreted within 24–48 h of tick attachment. Comparative analysis of the A. americanum tick saliva proteome to five other tick saliva proteomes identified 284 conserved tick saliva proteins: we speculate that these regulate critical tick feeding functions and might serve as tick vaccine antigens. We discuss our findings in the context of understanding A. americanum tick feeding physiology as a means through which we can find effective targets for a vaccine against tick feeding. The lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum, is a medically important species in US that transmits 5 of the 16 reported tick-borne disease agents. Most recently, bites of this tick were associated with red meat allergies in humans. Vaccination of animals against tick feeding has been shown to be a sustainable and an effective alternative to current acaricide based tick control method which has several limitations. The pre-requisite to tick vaccine development is to understand the molecular basis of tick feeding physiology. Toward this goal, this study has identified proteins that A. americanum ticks inject into the host at different phases of its feeding cycle. This data set has identified proteins that A. americanum inject into the host within 24–48 h of feeding before it starts to transmit pathogens. Of high importance, we identified 284 proteins that are present in saliva of other tick species, which we suspect regulate important role(s) in tick feeding success and might represent rich source target antigens for a tick vaccine. Overall, this study provides a foundation to understand the molecular mechanisms regulating tick feeding physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Kwon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lucas Tirloni
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Antônio F. M. Pinto
- Foundation Peptide Biology Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, Californai, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jolene K. Diedrich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - James J. Moresco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Albert Mulenga
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Yun SM, Park SJ, Kim YI, Park SW, Yu MA, Kwon HI, Kim EH, Yu KM, Jeong HW, Ryou J, Lee WJ, Jee Y, Lee JY, Choi YK. Genetic and pathogenic diversity of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) in South Korea. JCI Insight 2020; 5:129531. [PMID: 31877113 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate nationwide severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) infection status, we isolated SFTSVs from patients with suspected severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in 207 hospitals throughout South Korea between 2013 and April 2017. A total of 116 SFTSVs were isolated from 3137 SFTS-suspected patients, with an overall 21.6% case fatality rate. Genetic characterization revealed that at least 6 genotypes of SFTSVs were co-circulating in South Korea, with multiple reassortments among them. Of these, the genotype B-2 strains were the most prevalent, followed by the A and F genotypes. Clinical and epidemiologic investigations revealed that genotype B strains were associated with the highest case fatality rate, while genotype A caused only one fatality among 10 patients. Further, ferret infection studies demonstrated varying clinical manifestations and case mortality rates with different strains of SFTSV, which suggests this virus could exhibit genotype-dependent pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Min Yun
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea.,Division of Emerging Infectious Disease and Vector Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Sun-Whan Park
- Jeju National Quarantine Station, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of Korea, Jeju, Jeju-do, South Korea
| | - Min-Ah Yu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Hyeok-Il Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Min Yu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Hye Won Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Jungsang Ryou
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease and Vector Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Won-Ja Lee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease and Vector Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Youngmee Jee
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease and Vector Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
191
|
Zwiesel bat banyangvirus, a potentially zoonotic Huaiyangshan banyangvirus (Formerly known as SFTS)-like banyangvirus in Northern bats from Germany. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1370. [PMID: 31992832 PMCID: PMC6987236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58466-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are reservoir hosts for several emerging and re-emerging viral pathogens causing morbidity and mortality in wildlife, animal stocks and humans. Various viruses within the family Phenuiviridae have been detected in bats, including the highly pathogenic Rift Valley fever virus and Malsoor virus, a novel Banyangvirus with close genetic relation to Huaiyangshan banyangvirus (BHAV)(former known as Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, SFTSV) and Heartland virus (HRTV), both of which have caused severe disease with fatal casualties in humans. In this study we present the whole genome of a novel Banyangvirus, named Zwiesel bat banyangvirus, revealed through deep sequencing of the Eptesicus nilssonii bat virome. The detection of the novel bat banyangvirus, which is in close phylogenetic relationship with the pathogenic HRTV and BHAV, underlines the possible impact of emerging phenuiviruses on public health.
Collapse
|
192
|
Wang W, Shin WJ, Zhang B, Choi Y, Yoo JS, Zimmerman MI, Frederick TE, Bowman GR, Gross ML, Leung DW, Jung JU, Amarasinghe GK. The Cap-Snatching SFTSV Endonuclease Domain Is an Antiviral Target. Cell Rep 2020; 30:153-163.e5. [PMID: 31914382 PMCID: PMC7214099 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a tick-borne virus with 12%-30% case mortality rates and is related to the Heartland virus (HRTV) identified in the United States. Together, SFTSV and HRTV are emerging segmented, negative-sense RNA viral (sNSV) pathogens with potential global health impact. Here, we characterize the amino-terminal cap-snatching endonuclease domain of SFTSV polymerase (L) and solve a 2.4-Å X-ray crystal structure. While the overall structure is similar to those of other cap-snatching sNSV endonucleases, differences near the C terminus of the SFTSV endonuclease suggest divergence in regulation. Influenza virus endonuclease inhibitors, including the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Baloxavir (BXA), inhibit the endonuclease activity in in vitro enzymatic assays and in cell-based studies. BXA displays potent activity with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of ∼100 nM in enzyme inhibition and an EC50 value of ∼250 nM against SFTSV and HRTV in plaque assays. Together, our data support sNSV endonucleases as an antiviral target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Woo-Jin Shin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Bojie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Younho Choi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ji-Seung Yoo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Maxwell I Zimmerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thomas E Frederick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gregory R Bowman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Daisy W Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jae U Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
[Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses)]. Uirusu 2020; 70:3-14. [PMID: 33967110 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.70.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
"Arbovirus" is a term for a virus transmitted to mammals by hematophagous arthropods; arboviruses; replicate in both mammals and arthropods. Since the life cycle of arboviruses is highly dependent on arthropods, control of the arthropods (vectors) is generally considered important for the control of arbovirus infection. Various pathogens that cause diseases in the medical and veterinary fields are grouped into arboviruses with a history of their discoveries since the early 20th century. Furthermore, because of recent advances in sequencing technology, new arboviruses have been discovered one after another. Here we would like to overview the known arboviruses and their infections.
Collapse
|
194
|
Liu J, Fu H, Sun D, Wu S, Wang L, Yao M, Yuan G. Analysis of the laboratory indexes and risk factors in 189 cases of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e18727. [PMID: 31914089 PMCID: PMC6959874 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000018727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and to explore the risk factors of critical patients. From 2016 to 2018, we collected the hospitalized diagnosed cases with SFTS in Jinan infectious disease hospital of Shandong University and analyzed by the descriptive epidemiological method. According to the prognosis, they were divided into general group and severe group. The epidemiological characteristics, clinical features, and laboratory indexes of these 2 groups of patients were compared and analyzed at the first visit. The risk factors related to the severity of the disease were analyzed by univariate Logistic regression. In total, 189 cases of SFTS were treated during the period and 33 deaths occurred in the severe group, with the fatality rate of 17.46%. The patients' age (χ = 8.864, P < .01), ALT (Z = -2.304, P = .03), AST (Z = -3.361, P < .01), GLU (t = -4.115, P < .01), CK (Z = -3.964, P < .01), CK-MB (Z = -2.225, P = .03), LDH (Z = -3.655, P < .01), α-HBDH (Z = -2.040, P = .04), APTT (t = -3.355, P < .01), BUN (Z = -2.040, P = .04), Cr (Z = -3.071, P = .01), and D-dimer (Z = -2.026, P = .04) in the severe group were higher than that in the normal group, but the blood platelet (PLT) counts were significantly lower (Z = -2.778, P < .01) than that in the normal group. With the neuropsychiatric symptoms (OR = 24.083, 95% CI = 6.064-95.642), skin bleeding point (OR = 30.000, 95% CI = 6.936-129.764), multiple organ dysfunction (OR = 34.048, 95% CI = 7.740-149.782), past medical history (OR = 3.792, 95% CI = 1.284-11.200), and fasting glucose elevation (OR = 1.359, 95% CI = 1.106-1.668) could predict the severity of the SFTS. In summary, the abnormality of the laboratory index, the special clinical manifestations, and the past medical history of SFTS patients were the important basis for judging the patient's serious condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Infectious Disease Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
| | - Hongmei Fu
- Jinan Blood Supply and Security Center of Shandong Province
| | - Dapeng Sun
- Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan
| | - Shuzhi Wu
- Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Infectious Disease Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
| | - Mingxiao Yao
- Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan
| | - Guangying Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Infectious Disease Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Ergünay K. Revisiting new tick-associated viruses: what comes next? Future Virol 2020. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne viral infections continue to cause diseases with considerable impact on humans, livestock, companion animals and wildlife. Many lack specific therapeutics and vaccines are available for only a few. Tick-borne viruses will continue to emerge, facilitated by anthroponotic factors related to the modern lifestyle. We persistently identify and are obliged to cope with new examples of emerging tick-borne viral diseases and novel viruses today. Many new strains have been detected in vertebrates and arthropods, some causing severe diseases likely to challenge public and veterinary health. This manuscript aims to provide a narrative overview of recently-described tick-associated viruses, with perspectives on changing paradigms in identification, screening and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koray Ergünay
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology Unit, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Endy TP. Viral Febrile Illnesses and Emerging Pathogens. HUNTER'S TROPICAL MEDICINE AND EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7151808 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-55512-8.00036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Emerging or emerged diseases and viral pathogens are responsible historically and currently for large epidemics, global pandemics, and significant morbidity and mortality. Our civilization will continue to face the emergence of new pathogens and viruses: viruses will continue to evolve and adapt to new environments at a high rate; our population continues to grow through birth rate, land development, and migration; climate change will continue to increase the vector burden and spread and change the migratory pattern of animals; and our societal mobility will continue to increase through rapid transportation. The clinical evaluation of the febrile patient with a potential emerging viral pathogen involves documenting the likelihood for an infection by a detailed travel history, calculation of an incubation time by exposure, and an understanding of the disease progression though the clinical illness, which drives the differential diagnosis and the type of diagnostics ordered. Ultimately, the proper identification and diagnosis of a patient with a viral febrile illness due to an emerging pathogen will elicit the appropriate precautions to protect health care providers and communities, deliver appropriate therapeutic interventions, and initiate a targeted public health response. The majority of emerging diseases are caused by viruses, with many that are transmitted by insect vectors or are zoonotic. RNA viruses in particular have high mutation rates and can evolve rapidly in new and changing environments. This, in combination with societal factors, climate change, and rapid travel, has increased the number of epidemics from emerging pathogens in the last several decades. Understanding the travel history, incubation time of potential viruses, and the clinical presentation by illness day is essential in making the right diagnosis and identifying the infecting virus.
Collapse
|
197
|
Tran XC, Yun Y, Van An L, Kim SH, Thao NTP, Man PKC, Yoo JR, Heo ST, Cho NH, Lee KH. Endemic Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome, Vietnam. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1029-1031. [PMID: 31002059 PMCID: PMC6478219 DOI: 10.3201/eid2505.181463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), a tickborne viral disease, has been identified in China, South Korea, and Japan since 2009. We found retrospective evidence of SFTS virus (SFTSV) infection in Vietnam, which suggests that SFTSV infections also occur in Vietnam, where the virus has not been known to be endemic.
Collapse
|
198
|
Petersen LR, Beard CB, Visser SN. Combatting the Increasing Threat of Vector-Borne Disease in the United States with a National Vector-Borne Disease Prevention and Control System. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 100:242-245. [PMID: 30499427 PMCID: PMC6367643 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reported cases of vector-borne diseases in the United States have more than tripled since 2004, characterized by steadily increasing incidence of tick-borne diseases and sporadic outbreaks of domestic and invasive mosquito-borne diseases. An effective public health response to these trends relies on public health surveillance and laboratory systems, proven prevention and mitigation measures, scalable capacity to implement these measures, sensitive and specific diagnostics, and effective therapeutics. However, significant obstacles hinder successful implementation of these public health strategies. The recent emergence of Haemaphysalis longicornis, the first invasive tick to emerge in the United States in approximately 80 years, serves as the most recent example of the need for a coordinated public health response. Addressing the dual needs for innovation and discovery and for building state and local capacities may overcome current challenges in vector-borne disease prevention and control, but will require coordination across a national network of collaborators operating under a national strategy. Such an effort should reduce the impact of emerging vectors and could reverse the increasing trend of vector-borne disease incidence and associated morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyle R Petersen
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Charles B Beard
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Susanna N Visser
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Wang L, Wan G, Shen Y, Zhao Z, Lin L, Zhang W, Song R, Tian D, Wen J, Zhao Y, Yu X, Liu L, Feng Y, Liu Y, Qiang C, Duan J, Ma Y, Liu Y, Liu Y, Chen C, Ge Z, Li X, Chen Z, Fan T, Li W. A nomogram to predict mortality in patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome at the early stage-A multicenter study in China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007829. [PMID: 31765414 PMCID: PMC6934327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) caused by the SFTS virus is an emerging infectious disease that was first identified in the rural areas of China in 2011. Severe cases often result in death due to multiple organ failure. To date, there are still numerous problems remain unresolved in SFTS, including unclear pathogenesis, lack of specific treatment, and no effective vaccines available. Aim To analyze the clinical information of patients with early-stage SFTS and to establish a nomogram for the mortality risk. Methods Between April 2011 and December 2018, data on consecutive patients who were diagnosed with SFTS were prospectively collected from five medical centers distributed in central and northeastern China. Multivariable Cox analyses were used to identify the factors independently associated with mortality. A nomogram for mortality was established using those factors. Results During the study period, 429 consecutive patients were diagnosed with SFTS at the early stage of the disease (within 7 days of fever), among whom 69 (16.1%) died within 28 days. The multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analysis showed that low lymphocyte percentage, early-stage encephalopathy, and elevated concentration of serum LDH and BUN were independent risk factors for fatal outcomes. Received-operating characteristic curves for 7-, 14-, and 28-days survival had AUCs of 0.944 (95% CI: 0.920–0.968), 0.924 (95% CI: 0.896–0.953), and 0.924 (95% CI: 0.895–0.952), respectively. Among low-risk patients, 6 patients died (2.2%). Among moderate-risk patients, 25 patients died (24.0%, hazard ratio (HR) = 11.957). Among high-risk patients, the mortality rate was 69.1% (HR = 57.768). Conclusion We established a simple and practical clinical scoring system, through which we can identify critically ill patients and provide intensive medical intervention for patients as soon as possible to reduce mortality. We established a SFTS nomogram scoring system, which is the first nomogram for this disease. According to this nomogram, patients were divided into three levels of mortality risk: low, moderate, and high. This scoring system is helpful to identify critically ill patients, allowing for early intervention and intensive care, which may contribute to reducing the mortality of SFTS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Wan
- Statistics Room, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dandong Infectious Disease Hospital, Dandong, China
| | - Zhenghua Zhao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Infectious Disease, Yantai City Hospital for Infectious Disease, Yantai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Song
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Tian
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dandong Infectious Disease Hospital, Dandong, China
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dandong Infectious Disease Hospital, Dandong, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Yang Feng
- Department of Infectious Disease, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Yuanni Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Yantai City Hospital for Infectious Disease, Yantai, China
| | - Chunqian Qiang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Yantai City Hospital for Infectious Disease, Yantai, China
| | - Jianping Duan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qing Dao No. 6 People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanli Ma
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qing Dao No. 6 People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Graduate School of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziruo Ge
- Graduate School of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingwang Li
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihai Chen
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianli Fan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qing Dao No. 6 People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Li
- Interventional Therapy Oncology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
Presence of diverse Rickettsia spp. and absence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks in an East Texas forest with reduced tick density associated with controlled burns. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 11:101310. [PMID: 31704208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.101310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
As tick-borne diseases continue to emerge across the United States, there is need for a better understanding of the tick and pathogen communities in the southern states and of habitat features that influence transmission risk. We surveyed questing and on-host ticks in pine-dominated forests with various fire management regimes in the Sam Houston National Forest, a popular recreation area near Houston, Texas. Four linear transects were established- two with a history of controlled burns, and two unburned. Systematic drag sampling yielded 112 ticks from two species, Ixodes scapularis (n=73) and Amblyomma americanum (n=39), with an additional 106 questing ticks collected opportunistically from drag cloth operators. There was a significant difference in systematically-collected questing tick density between unburned (15 and 18 ticks/1000 m2) and burned (2 and 4 ticks/1000 m2) transects. We captured 106 rodents and found 74 ticks on the rodents, predominantly Dermacentor variabilis. One unburned transect had significantly more ticks per mammal than any of the other three transects. DNA of Rickettsia species was detected in 146/292 on and off-host ticks, including the 'Rickettsial endosymbiont of I. scapularis' and Rickettsia amblyommatis, which are of uncertain pathogenicity to humans. Borrelia lonestari was detected in one A. americanum, while Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, the agent of Lyme disease, was not detected in any tick samples. Neither Borrelia nor Rickettsia spp. were detected in any of the mammal ear biopsies (n=64) or blood samples (n=100) tested via PCR. This study documents a high prevalence in ticks of Rickettsia spp. thought to be endosymbionts, a low prevalence of relapsing fever group Borrelia in ticks, and a lack of detection of Lyme disease-group Borrelia in both ticks and mammals in an east Texas forested recreation area. Additionally, we observed low questing tick density in areas with a history of controlled burns. These results expand knowledge of tick-borne disease ecology in east Texas which can aid in directing future investigative, modeling, and management efforts.
Collapse
|