151
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TGF-β signalopathies as a paradigm for translational medicine. Eur J Med Genet 2015; 58:695-703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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152
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Tae HJ, Petrashevskaya N, Marshall S, Krawczyk M, Talan M. Cardiac remodeling in the mouse model of Marfan syndrome develops into two distinctive phenotypes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H290-9. [PMID: 26566724 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00354.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a systemic disorder of connective tissue caused by mutations in fibrillin-1. Cardiac dysfunction in MFS has not been characterized halting the development of therapies of cardiac complication in MFS. We aimed to study the age-dependent cardiac remodeling in the mouse model of MFS FbnC1039G+/- mouse [Marfan heterozygous (HT) mouse] and its association with valvular regurgitation. Marfan HT mice of 2-4 mo demonstrated a mild hypertrophic cardiac remodeling with predominant decline of diastolic function and increased transforming growth factor-β canonical (p-SMAD2/3) and noncanonical (p-ERK1/2 and p-p38 MAPK) signaling and upregulation of hypertrophic markers natriuretic peptides atrium natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide. Among older HT mice (6-14 mo), cardiac remodeling was associated with two distinct phenotypes, manifesting either dilated or constricted left ventricular chamber. Dilatation of left ventricular chamber was accompanied by biochemical evidence of greater mechanical stress, including elevated ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation and higher brain natriuretic peptide expression. The aortic valve regurgitation was registered in 20% of the constricted group and 60% of the dilated group, whereas mitral insufficiency was observed in 40% of the constricted group and 100% of the dilated group. Cardiac dysfunction was not associated with the increase of interstitial fibrosis and nonmyocyte proliferation. In the mouse model fibrillin-1, haploinsufficiency results in the early onset of nonfibrotic hypertrophic cardiac remodeling and dysfunction, independently from valvular abnormalities. MFS heart is vulnerable to stress-induced cardiac dilatation in the face of valvular regurgitation, and stress-activated MAPK signals represent a potential target for cardiac management in MFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jin Tae
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Natalia Petrashevskaya
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shannon Marshall
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Melissa Krawczyk
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark Talan
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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153
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Orenay-Boyacioglu S, Tekin M, Dundar M. Autozygosity in a Turkish family with scoliosis, blindness, and arachnodactyly syndrome. Ann Saudi Med 2015; 35:462-7. [PMID: 26657231 PMCID: PMC6074473 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2015.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Blindness-scoliosis-arachnodactyly syndrome has been described in a family with parental consanguinity. We present the strategy employed to determine the gene locus responsible for the syndrome. DESIGN AND SETTING A retrospective study of blindness-scoliosis-arachnodactyly syndrome patients at the Department of Medical Genetics, Erciyes University, between 2009-2010. PATIENTS AND METHODS Whole genome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were scanned using a 250K Affymetrix array. We visually evaluated runs of homozygosity shared by two affected brothers that segregated in the entire pedigree with different combinations due to the unclear affected status of some siblings. Two and multiple-point LOD (logarithm [base 10] of odds) score analyses were performed by easyLINKAGEplus v5.08. RESULTS Five homozygous blocks over 2 Mb shared by two affected brothers segregated with phenotype in two affected and three unaffected siblings and in the mother whose phenotypes were unequivocal. The longest homozygous block in this analysis was on chromosome 14 between 67817621bp (rs7148416) and 82508151bp (rs17117757). When another sister with positive eye findings was added to the analysis, this region was narrowed to between 67817621bp (rs7148416) and 75657598bp (rs11626830), with a maximum LOD score of 2.3956 by two-point analysis. Three candidate genes were detected in this region. CONCLUSION This study contributes to the existing literature on the region 67817621 bp 82508151 bp (rs17117757) on chromosome 14 and the three candidate genes, which could be responsible for the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Orenay-Boyacioglu
- Dr. Seda Orenay-Boyacioglu, Department of Medical Genetics,, Celal Bayar University Faculty of Medicine,, Celal Bayar University,, Manisa 45010, Turkey,
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154
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Levine RA, Hagége AA, Judge DP, Padala M, Dal-Bianco JP, Aikawa E, Beaudoin J, Bischoff J, Bouatia-Naji N, Bruneval P, Butcher JT, Carpentier A, Chaput M, Chester AH, Clusel C, Delling FN, Dietz HC, Dina C, Durst R, Fernandez-Friera L, Handschumacher MD, Jensen MO, Jeunemaitre XP, Le Marec H, Le Tourneau T, Markwald RR, Mérot J, Messas E, Milan DP, Neri T, Norris RA, Peal D, Perrocheau M, Probst V, Pucéat M, Rosenthal N, Solis J, Schott JJ, Schwammenthal E, Slaugenhaupt SA, Song JK, Yacoub MH. Mitral valve disease--morphology and mechanisms. Nat Rev Cardiol 2015; 12:689-710. [PMID: 26483167 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2015.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitral valve disease is a frequent cause of heart failure and death. Emerging evidence indicates that the mitral valve is not a passive structure, but--even in adult life--remains dynamic and accessible for treatment. This concept motivates efforts to reduce the clinical progression of mitral valve disease through early detection and modification of underlying mechanisms. Discoveries of genetic mutations causing mitral valve elongation and prolapse have revealed that growth factor signalling and cell migration pathways are regulated by structural molecules in ways that can be modified to limit progression from developmental defects to valve degeneration with clinical complications. Mitral valve enlargement can determine left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and might be stimulated by potentially modifiable biological valvular-ventricular interactions. Mitral valve plasticity also allows adaptive growth in response to ventricular remodelling. However, adverse cellular and mechanobiological processes create relative leaflet deficiency in the ischaemic setting, leading to mitral regurgitation with increased heart failure and mortality. Our approach, which bridges clinicians and basic scientists, enables the correlation of observed disease with cellular and molecular mechanisms, leading to the discovery of new opportunities for improving the natural history of mitral valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Levine
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 5E, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Albert A Hagége
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université René Descartes, UMR 970, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Jacob P Dal-Bianco
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nabila Bouatia-Naji
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université René Descartes, UMR 970, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Bruneval
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université René Descartes, UMR 970, Paris, France
| | | | - Alain Carpentier
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université René Descartes, UMR 970, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Francesca N Delling
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Christian Dina
- University of Nantes, Thoracic Institute, INSERM UMR 1097, CNRS UMR 6291, Nantes, France
| | - Ronen Durst
- Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Leticia Fernandez-Friera
- Hospital Universitario HM Monteprincipe and the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark D Handschumacher
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Xavier P Jeunemaitre
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université René Descartes, UMR 970, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Le Marec
- University of Nantes, Thoracic Institute, INSERM UMR 1097, CNRS UMR 6291, Nantes, France
| | - Thierry Le Tourneau
- University of Nantes, Thoracic Institute, INSERM UMR 1097, CNRS UMR 6291, Nantes, France
| | | | - Jean Mérot
- University of Nantes, Thoracic Institute, INSERM UMR 1097, CNRS UMR 6291, Nantes, France
| | - Emmanuel Messas
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université René Descartes, UMR 970, Paris, France
| | - David P Milan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tui Neri
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM UMR 910, Marseille, France
| | | | - David Peal
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maelle Perrocheau
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université René Descartes, UMR 970, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Probst
- University of Nantes, Thoracic Institute, INSERM UMR 1097, CNRS UMR 6291, Nantes, France
| | - Michael Pucéat
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM UMR 910, Marseille, France
| | | | - Jorge Solis
- Hospital Universitario HM Monteprincipe and the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jean-Jacques Schott
- University of Nantes, Thoracic Institute, INSERM UMR 1097, CNRS UMR 6291, Nantes, France
| | | | - Susan A Slaugenhaupt
- Center for Human Genetic Research, MGH Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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155
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Fibrillin-containing microfibrils are key signal relay stations for cell function. J Cell Commun Signal 2015; 9:309-25. [PMID: 26449569 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-015-0307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrillins constitute the backbone of microfibrils in the extracellular matrix of elastic and non-elastic tissues. Mutations in fibrillins are associated with a wide range of connective tissue disorders, the most common is Marfan syndrome. Microfibrils are on one hand important for structural stability in some tissues. On the other hand, microfibrils are increasingly recognized as critical mediators and drivers of cellular signaling. This review focuses on the signaling mechanisms initiated by fibrillins and microfibrils, which are often dysregulated in fibrillin-associated disorders. Fibrillins regulate the storage and bioavailability of growth factors of the TGF-β superfamily. Cells sense microfibrils through integrins and other receptors. Fibrillins potently regulate pathways of the immune response, inflammation and tissue homeostasis. Emerging evidence show the involvement of microRNAs in disorders caused by fibrillin deficiency. A thorough understanding of fibrillin-mediated cell signaling pathways will provide important new leads for therapeutic approaches of the underlying disorders.
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156
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Chang CW, Dalgliesh AJ, López JE, Griffiths LG. Cardiac extracellular matrix proteomics: Challenges, techniques, and clinical implications. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015. [PMID: 26200932 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) has emerged as a dynamic tissue component, providing not only structural support, but also functionally participating in a wide range of signaling events during development, injury, and disease remodeling. Investigation of dynamic changes in cardiac ECM proteome is challenging due to the relative insolubility of ECM proteins, which results from their macromolecular nature, extensive post-translational modification (PTM), and tendency to form protein complexes. Finally, the relative abundance of cellular and mitochondrial proteins in cardiac tissue further complicates cardiac ECM proteomic approaches. Recent developments of various techniques to enrich and analyze ECM proteins are playing a major role in overcoming these challenges. Application of cardiac ECM proteomics in disease tissues can further provide spatial and temporal information relevant to disease diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and engineering of therapeutic candidates for cardiac repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Wei Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ailsa J Dalgliesh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Javier E López
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Leigh G Griffiths
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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157
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The fibrillin microfibril scaffold: A niche for growth factors and mechanosensation? Matrix Biol 2015; 47:3-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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158
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LTBP-2 Has a Single High-Affinity Binding Site for FGF-2 and Blocks FGF-2-Induced Cell Proliferation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135577. [PMID: 26263555 PMCID: PMC4532469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent transforming growth factor-beta-1 binding protein-2 (LTBP-2) belongs to the fibrillin-LTBP superfamily of extracellular matrix proteins. LTBPs and fibrillins are involved in the sequestration and storage of latent growth factors, particularly transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), in tissues. Unlike other LTBPs, LTBP-2 does not covalently bind TGF-β, and its molecular functions remain unclear. We are screening LTBP-2 for binding to other growth factors and have found very strong saturable binding to fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) (Kd = 1.1 nM). Using a series of recombinant LTBP-2 fragments a single binding site for FGF-2 was identified in a central region of LTBP-2 consisting of six tandem epidermal growth factor-like (EGF-like) motifs (EGFs 9–14). This region was also shown to contain a heparin/heparan sulphate-binding site. FGF-2 stimulation of fibroblast proliferation was completely negated by the addition of 5-fold molar excess of LTBP-2 to the assay. Confocal microscopy showed strong co-localisation of LTBP-2 and FGF-2 in fibrotic keloid tissue suggesting that the two proteins may interact in vivo. Overall the study indicates that LTBP-2 is a potent inhibitor of FGF-2 that may influence FGF-2 bioactivity during wound repair particularly in fibrotic tissues.
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159
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Abnormal Activation of BMP Signaling Causes Myopathy in Fbn2 Null Mice. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005340. [PMID: 26114882 PMCID: PMC4482570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrillins are large extracellular macromolecules that polymerize to form the backbone structure of connective tissue microfibrils. Mutations in the gene for fibrillin-1 cause the Marfan syndrome, while mutations in the gene for fibrillin-2 cause Congenital Contractural Arachnodactyly. Both are autosomal dominant disorders, and both disorders affect musculoskeletal tissues. Here we show that Fbn2 null mice (on a 129/Sv background) are born with reduced muscle mass, abnormal muscle histology, and signs of activated BMP signaling in skeletal muscle. A delay in Myosin Heavy Chain 8, a perinatal myosin, was found in Fbn2 null forelimb muscle tissue, consistent with the notion that muscle defects underlie forelimb contractures in these mice. In addition, white fat accumulated in the forelimbs during the early postnatal period. Adult Fbn2 null mice are already known to demonstrate persistent muscle weakness. Here we measured elevated creatine kinase levels in adult Fbn2 null mice, indicating ongoing cycles of muscle injury. On a C57Bl/6 background, Fbn2 null mice showed severe defects in musculature, leading to neonatal death from respiratory failure. These new findings demonstrate that loss of fibrillin-2 results in phenotypes similar to those found in congenital muscular dystrophies and that FBN2 should be considered as a candidate gene for recessive congenital muscular dystrophy. Both in vivo and in vitro evidence associated muscle abnormalities and accumulation of white fat in Fbn2 null mice with abnormally activated BMP signaling. Genetic rescue of reduced muscle mass and accumulation of white fat in Fbn2 null mice was accomplished by deleting a single allele of Bmp7. In contrast to other reports that activated BMP signaling leads to muscle hypertrophy, our findings demonstrate the exquisite sensitivity of BMP signaling to the fibrillin-2 extracellular environment during early postnatal muscle development. New evidence presented here suggests that fibrillin-2 can sequester BMP complexes in a latent state. New strategies for treating congenital muscular dystrophies are needed. Current treatments are limited and aim to prolong ambulation and survival. Since most of the genes responsible for congenital muscular dystrophies are still unknown, elucidation of these genes may provide new insights that can lead to novel treatments. Fibrillin-2 null mice are born with myopathy and contractures and demonstrate accumulation of white fat during the early postnatal period. Both the histological features of myopathy and the accumulation of fat are rescued by inhibiting BMP signaling. Results indicate that FBN2 is a candidate gene for congenital muscular dystrophy and that strategies aimed at inhibition of abnormal BMP signaling may be applicable to muscular dystrophies. Furthermore, results reveal the importance of extracellular control of BMP signaling in skeletal muscle.
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160
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Ceco E, Bogdanovich S, Gardner B, Miller T, DeJesus A, Earley JU, Hadhazy M, Smith LR, Barton ER, Molkentin JD, McNally EM. Targeting latent TGFβ release in muscular dystrophy. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:259ra144. [PMID: 25338755 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Latent transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) binding proteins (LTBPs) bind to inactive TGFβ in the extracellular matrix. In mice, muscular dystrophy symptoms are intensified by a genetic polymorphism that changes the hinge region of LTBP, leading to increased proteolytic susceptibility and TGFβ release. We have found that the hinge region of human LTBP4 was also readily proteolysed and that proteolysis could be blocked by an antibody to the hinge region. Transgenic mice were generated to carry a bacterial artificial chromosome encoding the human LTBP4 gene. These transgenic mice displayed larger myofibers, increased damage after muscle injury, and enhanced TGFβ signaling. In the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, the human LTBP4 transgene exacerbated muscular dystrophy symptoms and resulted in weaker muscles with an increased inflammatory infiltrate and greater LTBP4 cleavage in vivo. Blocking LTBP4 cleavage may be a therapeutic strategy to reduce TGFβ release and activity and decrease inflammation and muscle damage in muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermelinda Ceco
- Committee on Cell Physiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sasha Bogdanovich
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Brandon Gardner
- Molecular Pathogenesis and Molecular Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tamari Miller
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Adam DeJesus
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Judy U Earley
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michele Hadhazy
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lucas R Smith
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elisabeth R Barton
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Elizabeth M McNally
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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161
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Jensen SA, Iqbal S, Bulsiewicz A, Handford PA. A microfibril assembly assay identifies different mechanisms of dominance underlying Marfan syndrome, stiff skin syndrome and acromelic dysplasias. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4454-63. [PMID: 25979247 PMCID: PMC4492404 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrillin-1 is the major component of the 10–12 nm diameter extracellular matrix microfibrils. The majority of mutations affecting the human fibrillin-1 gene, FBN1, result in Marfan syndrome (MFS), a common connective tissue disorder characterised by tall stature, ocular and cardiovascular defects. Recently, stiff skin syndrome (SSS) and a group of syndromes known collectively as the acromelic dysplasias, which typically result in short stature, skin thickening and joint stiffness, have been linked to FBN1 mutations that affect specific domains of the fibrillin-1 protein. Despite their apparent phenotypic differences, dysregulation of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is a common factor in all of these disorders. Using a newly developed assay to track the secretion and incorporation of full-length, GFP-tagged fibrillin-1 into the extracellular matrix, we investigated whether or not there were differences in the secretion and microfibril assembly profiles of fibrillin-1 variants containing substitutions associated with MFS, SSS or the acromelic dysplasias. We show that substitutions in fibrillin-1 domains TB4 and TB5 that cause SSS and the acromelic dysplasias do not prevent fibrillin-1 from being secreted or assembled into microfibrils, whereas MFS-associated substitutions in these domains result in a loss of recombinant protein in the culture medium and no association with microfibrils. These results suggest fundamental differences in the dominant pathogenic mechanisms underlying MFS, SSS and the acromelic dysplasias, which give rise to TGFβ dysregulation associated with these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha A Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Sarah Iqbal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Alicja Bulsiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Penny A Handford
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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162
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Hinz B. The extracellular matrix and transforming growth factor-β1: Tale of a strained relationship. Matrix Biol 2015; 47:54-65. [PMID: 25960420 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Physiological tissue repair aims at restoring the mechano-protective properties of the extracellular matrix. Consequently, redundant regulatory mechanisms are in place ensuring that tissue remodeling terminates once matrix homeostasis is re-established. If these mechanisms fail, stromal cells become continuously activated, accumulate excessive amounts of stiff matrix, and fibrosis develops. In this mini-review, I develop the hypothesis that the mechanical state of the extracellular matrix and the pro-fibrotic transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 cooperate to regulate the remodeling activities of stromal cells. TGF-β1 is stored in the matrix as part of a large latent complex and can be activated by cell contractile force that is transmitted by integrins. Matrix straining and stiffening lower the threshold for TGF-β1 activation by increasing the mechanical resistance to cell pulling. Different elements of this mechanism can be pharmacologically targeted to interrupt the mechanical positive feedback loop of fibrosis, including specific integrins and matrix protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, FitzGerald Building, Room 234, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada.
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163
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Abstract
The LTBPs (or latent transforming growth factor β binding proteins) are important components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that interact with fibrillin microfibrils and have a number of different roles in microfibril biology. There are four LTBPs isoforms in the human genome (LTBP-1, -2, -3, and -4), all of which appear to associate with fibrillin and the biology of each isoform is reviewed here. The LTBPs were first identified as forming latent complexes with TGFβ by covalently binding the TGFβ propeptide (LAP) via disulfide bonds in the endoplasmic reticulum. LAP in turn is cleaved from the mature TGFβ precursor in the trans-golgi network but LAP and TGFβ remain strongly bound through non-covalent interactions. LAP, TGFβ, and LTBP together form the large latent complex (LLC). LTBPs were originally thought to primarily play a role in maintaining TGFβ latency and targeting the latent growth factor to the extracellular matrix (ECM), but it has also been shown that LTBP-1 participates in TGFβ activation by integrins and may also regulate activation by proteases and other factors. LTBP-3 appears to have a role in skeletal formation including tooth development. As well as having important functions in TGFβ regulation, TGFβ-independent activities have recently been identified for LTBP-2 and LTBP-4 in stabilizing microfibril bundles and regulating elastic fiber assembly.
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164
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Mecham RP, Gibson MA. The microfibril-associated glycoproteins (MAGPs) and the microfibrillar niche. Matrix Biol 2015; 47:13-33. [PMID: 25963142 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The microfibril-associated glycoproteins MAGP-1 and MAGP-2 are extracellular matrix proteins that interact with fibrillin to influence microfibril function. The two proteins are related through a 60 amino acid matrix-binding domain but their sequences differ outside of this region. A distinguishing feature of both proteins is their ability to interact with TGFβ family growth factors, Notch and Notch ligands, and multiple elastic fiber proteins. MAGP-2 can also interact with αvβ3 integrins via a RGD sequence that is not found in MAGP-1. Morpholino knockdown of MAGP-1 expression in zebrafish resulted in abnormal vessel wall architecture and altered vascular network formation. In the mouse, MAGP-1 deficiency had little effect on elastic fibers in blood vessels and lung but resulted in numerous unexpected phenotypes including bone abnormalities, hematopoietic changes, increased fat deposition, diabetes, impaired wound repair, and a bleeding diathesis. Inactivation of the gene for MAGP-2 in mice produced a neutropenia yet had minimal effects on bone or adipose homeostasis. Double knockouts had phenotypes characteristic of each individual knockout as well as several additional traits only seen when both genes are inactivated. A common mechanism underlying all of the traits associated with the knockout phenotypes is altered TGFβ signaling. This review summarizes our current understanding of the function of the MAGPs and discusses ideas related to their role in growth factor regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Mark A Gibson
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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165
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DPY-17 and MUA-3 Interact for Connective Tissue-Like Tissue Integrity in Caenorhabditis elegans: A Model for Marfan Syndrome. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2015; 5:1371-8. [PMID: 25917920 PMCID: PMC4502371 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.018465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
mua-3 is a Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of the mammalian fibrillin1, a monogenic cause of Marfan syndrome. We identified a new mutation of mua-3 that carries an in-frame deletion of 131 amino acids in the extracellular domain, which allows the mutants to survive in a temperature-dependent manner; at the permissive temperature, the mutants grow normally without obvious phenotypes, but at the nonpermissive temperature, more than 90% die during the L4 molt due to internal organ detachment. Using the temperature-sensitive lethality, we performed unbiased genetic screens to isolate suppressors to find genetic interactors of MUA-3. From two independent screens, we isolated mutations in dpy-17 as a suppressor. RNAi of dpy-17 in mua-3 rescued the lethality, confirming dpy-17 is a suppressor. dpy-17 encodes a collagen known to genetically interact with dpy-31, a BMP-1/Tolloid-like metalloprotease required for TGFβ activation in mammals. Human fibrillin1 mutants fail to sequester TGFβ2 leading to excess TGFβ signaling, which in turn contributes to Marfan syndrome or Marfan-related syndrome. Consistent with that, RNAi of dbl-1, a TGFβ homolog, modestly rescued the lethality of mua-3 mutants, suggesting a potentially conserved interaction between MUA-3 and a TGFβ pathway in C. elegans. Our work provides genetic evidence of the interaction between TGFβ and a fibrillin homolog, and thus provides a simple yet powerful genetic model to study TGFβ function in development of Marfan pathology.
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Crosas-Molist E, Meirelles T, López-Luque J, Serra-Peinado C, Selva J, Caja L, Gorbenko Del Blanco D, Uriarte JJ, Bertran E, Mendizábal Y, Hernández V, García-Calero C, Busnadiego O, Condom E, Toral D, Castellà M, Forteza A, Navajas D, Sarri E, Rodríguez-Pascual F, Dietz HC, Fabregat I, Egea G. Vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic changes in patients with Marfan syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:960-72. [PMID: 25593132 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Marfan's syndrome is characterized by the formation of ascending aortic aneurysms resulting from altered assembly of extracellular matrix microfibrils and chronic tissue growth factor (TGF)-β signaling. TGF-β is a potent regulator of the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype. We hypothesized that as a result of the chronic TGF-β signaling, VSMC would alter their basal differentiation phenotype, which could facilitate the formation of aneurysms. This study explores whether Marfan's syndrome entails phenotypic alterations of VSMC and possible mechanisms at the subcellular level. APPROACH AND RESULTS Immunohistochemical and Western blotting analyses of dilated aortas from Marfan patients showed overexpression of contractile protein markers (α-smooth muscle actin, smoothelin, smooth muscle protein 22 alpha, and calponin-1) and collagen I in comparison with healthy aortas. VSMC explanted from Marfan aortic aneurysms showed increased in vitro expression of these phenotypic markers and also of myocardin, a transcription factor essential for VSMC-specific differentiation. These alterations were generally reduced after pharmacological inhibition of the TGF-β pathway. Marfan VSMC in culture showed more robust actin stress fibers and enhanced RhoA-GTP levels, which was accompanied by increased focal adhesion components and higher nuclear localization of myosin-related transcription factor A. Marfan VSMC and extracellular matrix measured by atomic force microscopy were both stiffer than their respective controls. CONCLUSIONS In Marfan VSMC, both in tissue and in culture, there are variable TGF-β-dependent phenotypic changes affecting contractile proteins and collagen I, leading to greater cellular and extracellular matrix stiffness. Altogether, these alterations may contribute to the known aortic rigidity that precedes or accompanies Marfan's syndrome aneurysm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Crosas-Molist
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences (E.C.-M., T.M., C.S.-P, J.S., D.G, Y.M., V.H., E.S., G.E.), Departments of Physiological Sciences I (J.J.U., D.N.) and Physiological Sciences II (I.F.), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (E.C.), University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (M.C., G.E.); Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain (G.E.); Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (D.N.); Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil (T.M.); Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (E.C.-M., J.L.-L. L.C., E.B., I.F.); Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (O.B., F.R.-P.); Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-C., E.C., D.T.); Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain (M.C.); Cardiac Surgery Department, Marfan Syndrome Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (A.F.); and William S. Smilow Center for Marfan Syndrome Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.C.D.)
| | - Thayna Meirelles
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences (E.C.-M., T.M., C.S.-P, J.S., D.G, Y.M., V.H., E.S., G.E.), Departments of Physiological Sciences I (J.J.U., D.N.) and Physiological Sciences II (I.F.), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (E.C.), University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (M.C., G.E.); Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain (G.E.); Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (D.N.); Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil (T.M.); Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (E.C.-M., J.L.-L. L.C., E.B., I.F.); Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (O.B., F.R.-P.); Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-C., E.C., D.T.); Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain (M.C.); Cardiac Surgery Department, Marfan Syndrome Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (A.F.); and William S. Smilow Center for Marfan Syndrome Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.C.D.)
| | - Judit López-Luque
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences (E.C.-M., T.M., C.S.-P, J.S., D.G, Y.M., V.H., E.S., G.E.), Departments of Physiological Sciences I (J.J.U., D.N.) and Physiological Sciences II (I.F.), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (E.C.), University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (M.C., G.E.); Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain (G.E.); Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (D.N.); Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil (T.M.); Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (E.C.-M., J.L.-L. L.C., E.B., I.F.); Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (O.B., F.R.-P.); Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-C., E.C., D.T.); Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain (M.C.); Cardiac Surgery Department, Marfan Syndrome Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (A.F.); and William S. Smilow Center for Marfan Syndrome Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.C.D.)
| | - Carla Serra-Peinado
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences (E.C.-M., T.M., C.S.-P, J.S., D.G, Y.M., V.H., E.S., G.E.), Departments of Physiological Sciences I (J.J.U., D.N.) and Physiological Sciences II (I.F.), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (E.C.), University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (M.C., G.E.); Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain (G.E.); Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (D.N.); Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil (T.M.); Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (E.C.-M., J.L.-L. L.C., E.B., I.F.); Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (O.B., F.R.-P.); Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-C., E.C., D.T.); Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain (M.C.); Cardiac Surgery Department, Marfan Syndrome Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (A.F.); and William S. Smilow Center for Marfan Syndrome Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.C.D.)
| | - Javier Selva
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences (E.C.-M., T.M., C.S.-P, J.S., D.G, Y.M., V.H., E.S., G.E.), Departments of Physiological Sciences I (J.J.U., D.N.) and Physiological Sciences II (I.F.), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (E.C.), University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (M.C., G.E.); Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain (G.E.); Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (D.N.); Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil (T.M.); Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (E.C.-M., J.L.-L. L.C., E.B., I.F.); Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (O.B., F.R.-P.); Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-C., E.C., D.T.); Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain (M.C.); Cardiac Surgery Department, Marfan Syndrome Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (A.F.); and William S. Smilow Center for Marfan Syndrome Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.C.D.)
| | - Laia Caja
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences (E.C.-M., T.M., C.S.-P, J.S., D.G, Y.M., V.H., E.S., G.E.), Departments of Physiological Sciences I (J.J.U., D.N.) and Physiological Sciences II (I.F.), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (E.C.), University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (M.C., G.E.); Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain (G.E.); Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (D.N.); Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil (T.M.); Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (E.C.-M., J.L.-L. L.C., E.B., I.F.); Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (O.B., F.R.-P.); Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-C., E.C., D.T.); Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain (M.C.); Cardiac Surgery Department, Marfan Syndrome Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (A.F.); and William S. Smilow Center for Marfan Syndrome Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.C.D.)
| | - Darya Gorbenko Del Blanco
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences (E.C.-M., T.M., C.S.-P, J.S., D.G, Y.M., V.H., E.S., G.E.), Departments of Physiological Sciences I (J.J.U., D.N.) and Physiological Sciences II (I.F.), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (E.C.), University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (M.C., G.E.); Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain (G.E.); Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (D.N.); Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil (T.M.); Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (E.C.-M., J.L.-L. L.C., E.B., I.F.); Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (O.B., F.R.-P.); Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-C., E.C., D.T.); Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain (M.C.); Cardiac Surgery Department, Marfan Syndrome Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (A.F.); and William S. Smilow Center for Marfan Syndrome Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.C.D.)
| | - Juan José Uriarte
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences (E.C.-M., T.M., C.S.-P, J.S., D.G, Y.M., V.H., E.S., G.E.), Departments of Physiological Sciences I (J.J.U., D.N.) and Physiological Sciences II (I.F.), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (E.C.), University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (M.C., G.E.); Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain (G.E.); Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (D.N.); Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil (T.M.); Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (E.C.-M., J.L.-L. L.C., E.B., I.F.); Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (O.B., F.R.-P.); Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-C., E.C., D.T.); Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain (M.C.); Cardiac Surgery Department, Marfan Syndrome Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (A.F.); and William S. Smilow Center for Marfan Syndrome Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.C.D.)
| | - Esther Bertran
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences (E.C.-M., T.M., C.S.-P, J.S., D.G, Y.M., V.H., E.S., G.E.), Departments of Physiological Sciences I (J.J.U., D.N.) and Physiological Sciences II (I.F.), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (E.C.), University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (M.C., G.E.); Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain (G.E.); Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (D.N.); Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil (T.M.); Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (E.C.-M., J.L.-L. L.C., E.B., I.F.); Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (O.B., F.R.-P.); Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-C., E.C., D.T.); Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain (M.C.); Cardiac Surgery Department, Marfan Syndrome Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (A.F.); and William S. Smilow Center for Marfan Syndrome Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.C.D.)
| | - Yolanda Mendizábal
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences (E.C.-M., T.M., C.S.-P, J.S., D.G, Y.M., V.H., E.S., G.E.), Departments of Physiological Sciences I (J.J.U., D.N.) and Physiological Sciences II (I.F.), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (E.C.), University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (M.C., G.E.); Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain (G.E.); Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (D.N.); Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil (T.M.); Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (E.C.-M., J.L.-L. L.C., E.B., I.F.); Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (O.B., F.R.-P.); Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-C., E.C., D.T.); Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain (M.C.); Cardiac Surgery Department, Marfan Syndrome Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (A.F.); and William S. Smilow Center for Marfan Syndrome Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.C.D.)
| | - Vanessa Hernández
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences (E.C.-M., T.M., C.S.-P, J.S., D.G, Y.M., V.H., E.S., G.E.), Departments of Physiological Sciences I (J.J.U., D.N.) and Physiological Sciences II (I.F.), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (E.C.), University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (M.C., G.E.); Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain (G.E.); Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (D.N.); Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil (T.M.); Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (E.C.-M., J.L.-L. L.C., E.B., I.F.); Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (O.B., F.R.-P.); Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-C., E.C., D.T.); Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain (M.C.); Cardiac Surgery Department, Marfan Syndrome Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (A.F.); and William S. Smilow Center for Marfan Syndrome Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.C.D.)
| | - Carolina García-Calero
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences (E.C.-M., T.M., C.S.-P, J.S., D.G, Y.M., V.H., E.S., G.E.), Departments of Physiological Sciences I (J.J.U., D.N.) and Physiological Sciences II (I.F.), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (E.C.), University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (M.C., G.E.); Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain (G.E.); Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (D.N.); Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil (T.M.); Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (E.C.-M., J.L.-L. L.C., E.B., I.F.); Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (O.B., F.R.-P.); Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-C., E.C., D.T.); Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain (M.C.); Cardiac Surgery Department, Marfan Syndrome Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (A.F.); and William S. Smilow Center for Marfan Syndrome Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.C.D.)
| | - Oscar Busnadiego
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences (E.C.-M., T.M., C.S.-P, J.S., D.G, Y.M., V.H., E.S., G.E.), Departments of Physiological Sciences I (J.J.U., D.N.) and Physiological Sciences II (I.F.), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (E.C.), University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (M.C., G.E.); Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain (G.E.); Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (D.N.); Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil (T.M.); Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (E.C.-M., J.L.-L. L.C., E.B., I.F.); Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (O.B., F.R.-P.); Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-C., E.C., D.T.); Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain (M.C.); Cardiac Surgery Department, Marfan Syndrome Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (A.F.); and William S. Smilow Center for Marfan Syndrome Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.C.D.)
| | - Enric Condom
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences (E.C.-M., T.M., C.S.-P, J.S., D.G, Y.M., V.H., E.S., G.E.), Departments of Physiological Sciences I (J.J.U., D.N.) and Physiological Sciences II (I.F.), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (E.C.), University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (M.C., G.E.); Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain (G.E.); Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (D.N.); Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil (T.M.); Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (E.C.-M., J.L.-L. L.C., E.B., I.F.); Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (O.B., F.R.-P.); Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-C., E.C., D.T.); Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain (M.C.); Cardiac Surgery Department, Marfan Syndrome Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (A.F.); and William S. Smilow Center for Marfan Syndrome Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.C.D.)
| | - David Toral
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences (E.C.-M., T.M., C.S.-P, J.S., D.G, Y.M., V.H., E.S., G.E.), Departments of Physiological Sciences I (J.J.U., D.N.) and Physiological Sciences II (I.F.), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (E.C.), University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (M.C., G.E.); Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain (G.E.); Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (D.N.); Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil (T.M.); Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (E.C.-M., J.L.-L. L.C., E.B., I.F.); Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (O.B., F.R.-P.); Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-C., E.C., D.T.); Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain (M.C.); Cardiac Surgery Department, Marfan Syndrome Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (A.F.); and William S. Smilow Center for Marfan Syndrome Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.C.D.)
| | - Manel Castellà
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences (E.C.-M., T.M., C.S.-P, J.S., D.G, Y.M., V.H., E.S., G.E.), Departments of Physiological Sciences I (J.J.U., D.N.) and Physiological Sciences II (I.F.), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (E.C.), University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (M.C., G.E.); Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain (G.E.); Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (D.N.); Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil (T.M.); Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (E.C.-M., J.L.-L. L.C., E.B., I.F.); Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (O.B., F.R.-P.); Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-C., E.C., D.T.); Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain (M.C.); Cardiac Surgery Department, Marfan Syndrome Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (A.F.); and William S. Smilow Center for Marfan Syndrome Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.C.D.)
| | - Alberto Forteza
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences (E.C.-M., T.M., C.S.-P, J.S., D.G, Y.M., V.H., E.S., G.E.), Departments of Physiological Sciences I (J.J.U., D.N.) and Physiological Sciences II (I.F.), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (E.C.), University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (M.C., G.E.); Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain (G.E.); Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (D.N.); Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil (T.M.); Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (E.C.-M., J.L.-L. L.C., E.B., I.F.); Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (O.B., F.R.-P.); Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-C., E.C., D.T.); Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain (M.C.); Cardiac Surgery Department, Marfan Syndrome Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (A.F.); and William S. Smilow Center for Marfan Syndrome Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.C.D.)
| | - Daniel Navajas
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences (E.C.-M., T.M., C.S.-P, J.S., D.G, Y.M., V.H., E.S., G.E.), Departments of Physiological Sciences I (J.J.U., D.N.) and Physiological Sciences II (I.F.), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (E.C.), University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (M.C., G.E.); Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain (G.E.); Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (D.N.); Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil (T.M.); Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (E.C.-M., J.L.-L. L.C., E.B., I.F.); Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (O.B., F.R.-P.); Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-C., E.C., D.T.); Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain (M.C.); Cardiac Surgery Department, Marfan Syndrome Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (A.F.); and William S. Smilow Center for Marfan Syndrome Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.C.D.)
| | - Elisabet Sarri
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences (E.C.-M., T.M., C.S.-P, J.S., D.G, Y.M., V.H., E.S., G.E.), Departments of Physiological Sciences I (J.J.U., D.N.) and Physiological Sciences II (I.F.), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (E.C.), University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (M.C., G.E.); Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain (G.E.); Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (D.N.); Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil (T.M.); Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (E.C.-M., J.L.-L. L.C., E.B., I.F.); Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (O.B., F.R.-P.); Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-C., E.C., D.T.); Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain (M.C.); Cardiac Surgery Department, Marfan Syndrome Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (A.F.); and William S. Smilow Center for Marfan Syndrome Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.C.D.)
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Pascual
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences (E.C.-M., T.M., C.S.-P, J.S., D.G, Y.M., V.H., E.S., G.E.), Departments of Physiological Sciences I (J.J.U., D.N.) and Physiological Sciences II (I.F.), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (E.C.), University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (M.C., G.E.); Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain (G.E.); Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (D.N.); Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil (T.M.); Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (E.C.-M., J.L.-L. L.C., E.B., I.F.); Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (O.B., F.R.-P.); Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-C., E.C., D.T.); Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain (M.C.); Cardiac Surgery Department, Marfan Syndrome Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (A.F.); and William S. Smilow Center for Marfan Syndrome Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.C.D.)
| | - Harry C Dietz
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences (E.C.-M., T.M., C.S.-P, J.S., D.G, Y.M., V.H., E.S., G.E.), Departments of Physiological Sciences I (J.J.U., D.N.) and Physiological Sciences II (I.F.), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (E.C.), University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (M.C., G.E.); Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain (G.E.); Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (D.N.); Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil (T.M.); Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (E.C.-M., J.L.-L. L.C., E.B., I.F.); Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (O.B., F.R.-P.); Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-C., E.C., D.T.); Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain (M.C.); Cardiac Surgery Department, Marfan Syndrome Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (A.F.); and William S. Smilow Center for Marfan Syndrome Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.C.D.)
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences (E.C.-M., T.M., C.S.-P, J.S., D.G, Y.M., V.H., E.S., G.E.), Departments of Physiological Sciences I (J.J.U., D.N.) and Physiological Sciences II (I.F.), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (E.C.), University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (M.C., G.E.); Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain (G.E.); Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (D.N.); Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil (T.M.); Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (E.C.-M., J.L.-L. L.C., E.B., I.F.); Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (O.B., F.R.-P.); Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-C., E.C., D.T.); Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain (M.C.); Cardiac Surgery Department, Marfan Syndrome Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (A.F.); and William S. Smilow Center for Marfan Syndrome Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.C.D.)
| | - Gustavo Egea
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences (E.C.-M., T.M., C.S.-P, J.S., D.G, Y.M., V.H., E.S., G.E.), Departments of Physiological Sciences I (J.J.U., D.N.) and Physiological Sciences II (I.F.), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (E.C.), University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (M.C., G.E.); Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain (G.E.); Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (D.N.); Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil (T.M.); Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (E.C.-M., J.L.-L. L.C., E.B., I.F.); Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (O.B., F.R.-P.); Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-C., E.C., D.T.); Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain (M.C.); Cardiac Surgery Department, Marfan Syndrome Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (A.F.); and William S. Smilow Center for Marfan Syndrome Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.C.D.).
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167
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Trifirò G, Marelli S, Viecca M, Mora S, Pini A. Areal bone mineral density in children and adolescents with Marfan syndrome: evidence of an evolving problem. Bone 2015; 73:176-80. [PMID: 25511867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS), an autosomal dominant disorder of connective tissue, is due to defective fibrillin-1. Defects involve the cardiovascular system, the eye, the lungs, and the skeleton. The aim of the current study was to characterize the bone mineral status in children and adolescents with MFS. We performed an observational cross-sectional study and a longitudinal follow-up of two years. We enrolled 73 young patients with MFS (3-17years). A subset of 44 patients participated in the longitudinal study. Healthy children were studied as controls for biochemical analyses. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at lumbar spine, femoral neck and total femur by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. BMD values were expressed as Z-scores adjusted for height using height-for-age Z-scores. BMD measurements corrected for height were significantly lower than reference at all skeletal sites (P<0.0001). Patient on cardiac treatment with losartan had lower BMD measurements corrected for height compared to non-treated patients. Total femur BMD decreased significantly over time (P=0.027). BMD at the other two skeletal sites did not change significantly during follow-up, but remained significantly low compared to reference (P<0.0001). In conclusion, young patients with MFS have markedly low BMD at the lumbar spine and femur, and values show a tendency to decrease over time in the peripheral skeleton. Because increased life expectancy of MFS patients, the reduced BMD during childhood may lead to a low peak bone mass, increasing the fracture risk during adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Trifirò
- Department of Pediatrics, AO Salvini, Corso Europa 250, 20017 Rho, Italy
| | - Susan Marelli
- Marfan Clinic®, Department of Cardiology, L. Sacco Hospital, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Viecca
- Marfan Clinic®, Department of Cardiology, L. Sacco Hospital, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Mora
- Laboratory of Pediatric Endocrinology, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Pini
- Marfan Clinic®, Department of Cardiology, L. Sacco Hospital, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
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168
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Chondrodysplasias and TGFβ signaling. BONEKEY REPORTS 2015; 4:642. [PMID: 25798233 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2015.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human chondrodysplasias are a group of conditions that affect the cartilage. This review is focused on the involvement of transforming growth factor-β signaling in a group of chondrodysplasias, entitled acromelic dysplasia, characterized by short stature, short hands and restricted joint mobility.
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169
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Horiguchi M, Todorovic V, Hadjiolova K, Weiskirchen R, Rifkin DB. Abrogation of both short and long forms of latent transforming growth factor-β binding protein-1 causes defective cardiovascular development and is perinatally lethal. Matrix Biol 2015; 43:61-70. [PMID: 25805620 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Latent transforming growth factor-β binding protein-1 (LTBP-1) is an extracellular protein that is structurally similar to fibrillin and has an important role in controlling transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling by storing the cytokine in the extracellular matrix and by being involved in the conversion of the latent growth factor to its active form. LTBP-1 is found as both short (LTBP-1S) and long (LTBP-1L) forms, which are derived through the use of separate promoters. There is controversy regarding the importance of LTBP-1L, as Ltbp1L knockout mice showed multiple cardiovascular defects but the complete null mice did not. Here, we describe a third line of Ltbp1 knockout mice generated utilizing a conditional knockout strategy that ablated expression of both L and S forms of LTBP-1. These mice show severe developmental cardiovascular abnormalities and die perinatally; thus these animals display a phenotype similar to previously reported Ltbp1L knockout mice. We reinvestigated the other "complete" knockout line and found that these mice express a splice variant of LTBP-1L and, therefore, are not complete Ltbp1 knockouts. Our results clarify the phenotypes of Ltbp1 null mice and re-emphasize the importance of LTBP-1 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Horiguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Vesna Todorovic
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Krassimira Hadjiolova
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniel B Rifkin
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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170
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Hubmacher D, Wang LW, Mecham RP, Reinhardt DP, Apte SS. Adamtsl2 deletion results in bronchial fibrillin microfibril accumulation and bronchial epithelial dysplasia--a novel mouse model providing insights into geleophysic dysplasia. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:487-99. [PMID: 25762570 PMCID: PMC4415891 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.017046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the secreted glycoprotein ADAMTSL2 cause recessive geleophysic dysplasia (GD) in humans and Musladin–Lueke syndrome (MLS) in dogs. GD is a severe, often lethal, condition presenting with short stature, brachydactyly, stiff skin, joint contractures, tracheal-bronchial stenosis and cardiac valve anomalies, whereas MLS is non-lethal and characterized by short stature and severe skin fibrosis. Although most mutations in fibrillin-1 (FBN1) cause Marfan syndrome (MFS), a microfibril disorder leading to transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) dysregulation, domain-specific FBN1 mutations result in dominant GD. ADAMTSL2 has been previously shown to bind FBN1 and latent TGFβ-binding protein-1 (LTBP1). Here, we investigated mice with targeted Adamtsl2 inactivation as a new model for GD (Adamtsl2−/− mice). An intragenic lacZ reporter in these mice showed that ADAMTSL2 was produced exclusively by bronchial smooth muscle cells during embryonic lung development. Adamtsl2−/− mice, which died at birth, had severe bronchial epithelial dysplasia with abnormal glycogen-rich inclusions in bronchial epithelium resembling the cellular anomalies described previously in GD. An increase in microfibrils in the bronchial wall was associated with increased FBN2 and microfibril-associated glycoprotein-1 (MAGP1) staining, whereas LTBP1 staining was increased in bronchial epithelium. ADAMTSL2 was shown to bind directly to FBN2 with an affinity comparable to FBN1. The observed extracellular matrix (ECM) alterations were associated with increased bronchial epithelial TGFβ signaling at 17.5 days of gestation; however, treatment with TGFβ-neutralizing antibody did not correct the epithelial dysplasia. These investigations reveal a new function of ADAMTSL2 in modulating microfibril formation, and a previously unsuspected association with FBN2. Our studies suggest that the bronchial epithelial dysplasia accompanying microfibril dysregulation in Adamtsl2−/− mice cannot be reversed by TGFβ neutralization, and thus might be mediated by other mechanisms. Summary: The extracellular protein ADAMTSL2 is a crucial regulator of microfibril composition in the extracellular matrix of bronchial smooth muscle cells and influences bronchial epithelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Hubmacher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Lauren W Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dieter P Reinhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0C7
| | - Suneel S Apte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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171
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Bultmann-Mellin I, Conradi A, Maul AC, Dinger K, Wempe F, Wohl AP, Imhof T, Wunderlich FT, Bunck AC, Nakamura T, Koli K, Bloch W, Ghanem A, Heinz A, von Melchner H, Sengle G, Sterner-Kock A. Modeling autosomal recessive cutis laxa type 1C in mice reveals distinct functions for Ltbp-4 isoforms. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:403-15. [PMID: 25713297 PMCID: PMC4381339 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.018960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed an important role for LTBP-4 in elastogenesis. Its mutational inactivation in humans causes autosomal recessive cutis laxa type 1C (ARCL1C), which is a severe disorder caused by defects of the elastic fiber network. Although the human gene involved in ARCL1C has been discovered based on similar elastic fiber abnormalities exhibited by mice lacking the short Ltbp-4 isoform (Ltbp4S(-/-)), the murine phenotype does not replicate ARCL1C. We therefore inactivated both Ltbp-4 isoforms in the mouse germline to model ARCL1C. Comparative analysis of Ltbp4S(-/-) and Ltbp4-null (Ltbp4(-/-)) mice identified Ltbp-4L as an important factor for elastogenesis and postnatal survival, and showed that it has distinct tissue expression patterns and specific molecular functions. We identified fibulin-4 as a previously unknown interaction partner of both Ltbp-4 isoforms and demonstrated that at least Ltbp-4L expression is essential for incorporation of fibulin-4 into the extracellular matrix (ECM). Overall, our results contribute to the current understanding of elastogenesis and provide an animal model of ARCL1C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insa Bultmann-Mellin
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne Conradi
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra C Maul
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Dinger
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany. Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Frank Wempe
- Department of Molecular Hematology, University of Frankfurt Medical School, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander P Wohl
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Imhof
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany. Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - F Thomas Wunderlich
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany. Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, 50931 Cologne, Germany. Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander C Bunck
- Department of Radiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Tomoyuki Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Japan
| | - Katri Koli
- Research Programs Unit and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Ghanem
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Heinz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Harald von Melchner
- Department of Molecular Hematology, University of Frankfurt Medical School, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerhard Sengle
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany. Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anja Sterner-Kock
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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Transforming growth factor Beta family: insight into the role of growth factors in regulation of fracture healing biology and potential clinical applications. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:137823. [PMID: 25709154 PMCID: PMC4325469 DOI: 10.1155/2015/137823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family forms a group of three isoforms, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3, with their structure formed by interrelated dimeric polypeptide chains. Pleiotropic and redundant functions of the TGF-β family concern control of numerous aspects and effects of cell functions, including proliferation, differentiation, and migration, in all tissues of the human body. Amongst many cytokines and growth factors, the TGF-β family is considered a group playing one of numerous key roles in control of physiological phenomena concerning maintenance of metabolic homeostasis in the bone tissue. By breaking the continuity of bone tissue, a spread-over-time and complex bone healing process is initiated, considered a recapitulation of embryonic intracartilaginous ossification. This process is a cascade of local and systemic phenomena spread over time, involving whole cell lineages and various cytokines and growth factors. Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies in various models analysing cytokines and growth factors' involvement have shown that TGF-β has a leading role in the fracture healing process. This paper sums up current knowledge on the basis of available literature concerning the role of the TGF-β family in the fracture healing process.
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173
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Hanlon SD, Behzad AR, Sakai LY, Burns AR. Corneal stroma microfibrils. Exp Eye Res 2015; 132:198-207. [PMID: 25613072 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Elastic tissue was first described well over a hundred years ago and has since been identified in nearly every part of the body. In this review, we examine elastic tissue in the corneal stroma with some mention of other ocular structures which have been more thoroughly described in the past. True elastic fibers consist of an elastin core surrounded by fibrillin microfibrils. However, the presence of elastin fibers is not a requirement and some elastic tissue is comprised of non-elastin-containing bundles of microfibrils. Fibers containing a higher relative amount of elastin are associated with greater elasticity and those without elastin, with structural support. Recently it has been shown that the microfibrils, not only serve mechanical roles, but are also involved in cell signaling through force transduction and the release of TGF-β. A well characterized example of elastin-free microfibril bundles (EFMBs) is found in the ciliary zonules which suspend the crystalline lens in the eye. Through contraction of the ciliary muscle they exert enough force to reshape the lens and thereby change its focal point. It is believed that the molecules comprising these fibers do not turn-over and yet retain their tensile strength for the life of the animal. The mechanical properties of the cornea (strength, elasticity, resiliency) would suggest that EFMBs are present there as well. However, many authors have reported that, although present during embryonic and early postnatal development, EFMBs are generally not present in adults. Serial-block-face imaging with a scanning electron microscope enabled 3D reconstruction of elements in murine corneas. Among these elements were found fibers that formed an extensive network throughout the cornea. In single sections these fibers appeared as electron dense patches. Transmission electron microscopy provided additional detail of these patches and showed them to be composed of fibrils (∼10 nm diameter). Immunogold evidence clearly identified these fibrils as fibrillin EFMBs and EFMBs were also observed with TEM (without immunogold) in adult mammals of several species. Evidence of the presence of EFMBs in adult corneas will hopefully pique an interest in further studies that will ultimately improve our understanding of the cornea's biomechanical properties and its capacity to repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Hanlon
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 97204, USA.
| | - Ali R Behzad
- Imaging and Characterization Core Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lynn Y Sakai
- Shiners Hospital for Children and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Alan R Burns
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 97204, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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174
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Dabovic B, Robertson IB, Zilberberg L, Vassallo M, Davis EC, Rifkin DB. Function of latent TGFβ binding protein 4 and fibulin 5 in elastogenesis and lung development. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:226-36. [PMID: 24962333 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mice deficient in Latent TGFβ Binding Protein 4 (Ltbp4) display a defect in lung septation and elastogenesis. The lung septation defect is normalized by genetically decreasing TGFβ2 levels. However, the elastic fiber assembly is not improved in Tgfb2(-/-) ;Ltbp4S(-/-) compared to Ltbp4S(-/-) lungs. We found that decreased levels of TGFβ1 or TGFβ3 did not improve lung septation indicating that the TGFβ isoform elevated in Ltbp4S(-/-) lungs is TGFβ2. Expression of a form of Ltbp4 that could not bind latent TGFβ did not affect lung phenotype indicating that normal lung development does not require the formation of LTBP4-latent TGFβ complexes. Therefore, the change in TGFβ-level in the lungs is not directly related to Ltbp4 deficiency but probably is a consequence of changes in the extracellular matrix. Interestingly, combination of the Ltbp4S(-/-) mutation with a fibulin-5 null mutant in Fbln5(-/-) ;Ltbp4S(-/-) mice improves the lung septation compared to Ltbp4S(-/-) lungs. Large globular elastin aggregates characteristic for Ltbp4S(-/-) lungs do not form in Fbln5(-/-) ;Ltbp4S(-/-) lungs and EM studies showed that elastic fibers in Fbln5(-/-) ;Ltbp4S(-/-) lungs resemble those found in Fbln5(-/-) mice. These results are consistent with a role for TGFβ2 in lung septation and for Ltbp4 in regulating fibulin-5 dependent elastic fiber assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branka Dabovic
- Departments of Cell Biology, New York University Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, USA
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175
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Molecular mechanisms of inherited thoracic aortic disease - from gene variant to surgical aneurysm. Biophys Rev 2014; 7:105-115. [PMID: 28509973 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-014-0147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic dissection is a catastrophic event that has a high mortality rate. Thoracic aortic aneurysms are the clinically silent precursor that confers an increased risk of acute aortic dissection. There are several gene mutations that have been identified in key structural and regulatory proteins within the aortic wall that predispose to thoracic aneurysm formation. The most common and well characterised of these is the FBN1 gene mutation that is known to cause Marfan syndrome. Others less well-known mutations include TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 receptor mutations that cause Loeys-Dietz syndrome, Col3A1 mutations causing Ehlers-Danlos Type 4 syndrome and Smad3 and-4, ACTA2 and MYHII mutations that cause familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection. Despite the variation in the proteins affected by these genetic mutations, there is a unifying pathological end point of medial degeneration within the wall of the aorta characterised by vascular smooth muscle cell loss, fragmentation and loss of elastic fibers, and accumulation of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans within vascular smooth muscle cell-depleted areas of the aortic media. Our understanding of these mutations and their post-translational effects has led to a greater understanding of the pathophysiology that underlies thoracic aortic aneurysm formation. Despite this, there are still many unanswered questions regarding the molecular mechanisms. Further elucidation of the signalling pathways will help us identify targets that may be suitable modifiers to enhance treatment of this often fatal condition.
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176
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Riddell CE, Lobaton Garces JD, Adams S, Barribeau SM, Twell D, Mallon EB. Differential gene expression and alternative splicing in insect immune specificity. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1031. [PMID: 25431190 PMCID: PMC4302123 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ecological studies routinely show genotype-genotype interactions between insects and their parasites. The mechanisms behind these interactions are not clearly understood. Using the bumblebee Bombus terrestris/trypanosome Crithidia bombi model system (two bumblebee colonies by two Crithidia strains), we have carried out a transcriptome-wide analysis of gene expression and alternative splicing in bees during C. bombi infection. We have performed four analyses, 1) comparing gene expression in infected and non-infected bees 24 hours after infection by Crithidia bombi, 2) comparing expression at 24 and 48 hours after C. bombi infection, 3) determining the differential gene expression associated with the bumblebee-Crithidia genotype-genotype interaction at 24 hours after infection and 4) determining the alternative splicing associated with the bumblebee-Crithidia genotype-genotype interaction at 24 hours post infection. Results We found a large number of genes differentially regulated related to numerous canonical immune pathways. These genes include receptors, signaling pathways and effectors. We discovered a possible interaction between the peritrophic membrane and the insect immune system in defense against Crithidia. Most interestingly, we found differential expression and alternative splicing of immunoglobulin related genes (Dscam and Twitchin) are associated with the genotype-genotype interactions of the given bumblebee colony and Crithidia strain. Conclusions In this paper we have shown that the expression and alternative splicing of immune genes is associated with specific interactions between different host and parasite genotypes in this bumblebee/trypanosome model. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1031) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eamonn B Mallon
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, LE1 7RH Leicester, UK.
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177
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Ahonen SJ, Kaukonen M, Nussdorfer FD, Harman CD, Komáromy AM, Lohi H. A novel missense mutation in ADAMTS10 in Norwegian Elkhound primary glaucoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111941. [PMID: 25372548 PMCID: PMC4221187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary glaucoma is one of the most common causes of irreversible blindness both in humans and in dogs. Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy affecting the retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve, and elevated intraocular pressure is commonly associated with the disease. Glaucoma is broadly classified into primary open angle (POAG), primary closed angle (PCAG) and primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). Human glaucomas are genetically heterogeneous and multiple loci have been identified. Glaucoma affects several dog breeds but only three loci and one gene have been implicated so far. We have investigated the genetics of primary glaucoma in the Norwegian Elkhound (NE). We established a small pedigree around the affected NEs collected from Finland, US and UK and performed a genome-wide association study with 9 cases and 8 controls to map the glaucoma gene to 750 kb region on canine chromosome 20 (praw = 4.93×10−6, pgenome = 0.025). The associated region contains a previously identified glaucoma gene, ADAMTS10, which was subjected to mutation screening in the coding regions. A fully segregating missense mutation (p.A387T) in exon 9 was found in 14 cases and 572 unaffected NEs (pFisher = 3.5×10−27) with a high carrier frequency (25.3%). The mutation interrupts a highly conserved residue in the metalloprotease domain of ADAMTS10, likely affecting its functional capacity. Our study identifies the genetic cause of primary glaucoma in NEs and enables the development of a genetic test for breeding purposes. This study establishes also a new spontaneous canine model for glaucoma research to study the ADAMTS10 biology in optical neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saija J. Ahonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- The Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Kaukonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- The Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Forrest D. Nussdorfer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Christine D. Harman
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - András M. Komáromy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- The Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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178
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Klingberg F, Chow ML, Koehler A, Boo S, Buscemi L, Quinn TM, Costell M, Alman BA, Genot E, Hinz B. Prestress in the extracellular matrix sensitizes latent TGF-β1 for activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 207:283-97. [PMID: 25332161 PMCID: PMC4210443 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201402006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A mild strain induced by matrix remodeling mechanically primes latent TGF-β1 for its subsequent activation and release in response to contractile forces. Integrin-mediated force application induces a conformational change in latent TGF-β1 that leads to the release of the active form of the growth factor from the extracellular matrix (ECM). Mechanical activation of TGF-β1 is currently understood as an acute process that depends on the contractile force of cells. However, we show that ECM remodeling, preceding the activation step, mechanically primes latent TGF-β1 akin to loading a mechanical spring. Cell-based assays and unique strain devices were used to produce a cell-derived ECM of controlled organization and prestrain. Mechanically conditioned ECM served as a substrate to measure the efficacy of TGF-β1 activation after cell contraction or direct force application using magnetic microbeads. The release of active TGF-β1 was always higher from prestrained ECM as compared with unorganized and/or relaxed ECM. The finding that ECM prestrain regulates the bioavailability of TGF-β1 is important to understand the context of diseases that involve excessive ECM remodeling, such as fibrosis or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Klingberg
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Melissa L Chow
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Anne Koehler
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Stellar Boo
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Lara Buscemi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M Quinn
- Soft Tissue Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B2, Canada
| | - Mercedes Costell
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Proteins, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of València, 46100 València, Spain
| | - Benjamin A Alman
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Genot
- Centre Cardiothoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Université de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
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179
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180
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Suarez EM, Knackstedt RJ, Jenrette JM. Significant fibrosis after radiation therapy in a patient with Marfan syndrome. Radiat Oncol J 2014; 32:208-12. [PMID: 25324993 PMCID: PMC4194304 DOI: 10.3857/roj.2014.32.3.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Marfan syndrome is one of the collagen vascular diseases that theoretically predisposes patients to excessive radiation-induced fibrosis yet there is minimal published literature regarding this clinical scenario. We present a patient with a history of Marfan syndrome requiring radiation for a diagnosis of a right brachial plexus malignant nerve sheath tumor. It has been suggested that plasma transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) can be monitored as a predictor of subsequent fibrosis in this population of high risk patients. We therefore monitored the patient's TGF-β1 level during and after treatment. Despite maintaining stable levels of plasma TGF-β1, our patient still developed extensive fibrosis resulting in impaired range of motion. Our case reports presents a review of the literature of patients with Marfan syndrome requiring radiation therapy and the limitations of serum markers on predicting long-term toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Suarez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rebecca J Knackstedt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Joseph M Jenrette
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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181
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) has long been implicated in fibrotic diseases, including the multisystem fibrotic disease systemic sclerosis (SSc). Expression of TGF-β-regulated genes in fibrotic skin and lungs of patients with SSc correlates with disease activity, which points to this cytokine as the central mediator of pathogenesis. Patients with SSc often develop pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a particularly lethal complication caused by vascular dysfunction. Several genetic diseases with vascular features related to SSc, such as familial PAH and hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, are caused by mutations in the TGF-β-sensing ALK-1 signalling pathway. These observations suggest that increased TGF-β signalling causes both vascular and fibrotic features of SSc. The question of how latent TGF-β becomes activated in local SSc tissues is, therefore, central to the understanding of SSc. Both TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 can be activated by integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8, whose upregulation in bronchial epithelial cells can activate TGF-β in SSc lungs. Other αv integrins, thrombospondin-1 or altered TGF-β sequestration by matrix proteins might be important in other target tissues. How the immune system triggers this process remains unclear, although links between inflammation and TGF-β activation are emerging. Together, these observations provide an increasingly secure framework for understanding TGF-β in SSc pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lafyatis
- Boston University School of Medicine, E5 Arthritis Centre, 72 E. Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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182
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Sabatier L, Djokic J, Hubmacher D, Dzafik D, Nelea V, Reinhardt DP. Heparin/heparan sulfate controls fibrillin-1, -2 and -3 self-interactions in microfibril assembly. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2890-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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183
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Buchan JG, Alvarado DM, Haller GE, Cruchaga C, Harms MB, Zhang T, Willing MC, Grange DK, Braverman AC, Miller NH, Morcuende JA, Tang NLS, Lam TP, Ng BKW, Cheng JCY, Dobbs MB, Gurnett CA. Rare variants in FBN1 and FBN2 are associated with severe adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:5271-82. [PMID: 24833718 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) causes spinal deformity in 3% of children. Despite a strong genetic basis, few genes have been associated with AIS and the pathogenesis remains poorly understood. In a genome-wide rare variant burden analysis using exome sequence data, we identified fibrillin-1 (FBN1) as the most significantly associated gene with AIS. Based on these results, FBN1 and a related gene, fibrillin-2 (FBN2), were sequenced in a total of 852 AIS cases and 669 controls. In individuals of European ancestry, rare variants in FBN1 and FBN2 were enriched in severely affected AIS cases (7.6%) compared with in-house controls (2.4%) (OR = 3.5, P = 5.46 × 10(-4)) and Exome Sequencing Project controls (2.3%) (OR = 3.5, P = 1.48 × 10(-6)). Scoliosis severity in AIS cases was associated with FBN1 and FBN2 rare variants (P = 0.0012) and replicated in an independent Han Chinese cohort (P = 0.0376), suggesting that rare variants may be useful as predictors of curve progression. Clinical evaluations revealed that the majority of AIS cases with rare FBN1 variants do not meet diagnostic criteria for Marfan syndrome, though variants are associated with tall stature (P = 0.0035) and upregulation of the transforming growth factor beta pathway. Overall, these results expand our definition of fibrillin-related disorders to include AIS and open up new strategies for diagnosing and treating severe AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alan C Braverman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nancy H Miller
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80202, USA
| | - Jose A Morcuende
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | - Tsz-Ping Lam
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China and
| | | | | | - Matthew B Dobbs
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery St. Louis Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, MO 63131, USA
| | - Christina A Gurnett
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Department of Neurology Department of Pediatrics,
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184
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Romaniello F, Mazzaglia D, Pellegrino A, Grego S, Fiorito R, Ferlosio A, Chiariello L, Orlandi A. Aortopathy in Marfan syndrome: an update. Cardiovasc Pathol 2014; 23:261-6. [PMID: 24925629 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an inherited autosomal dominant multisystem disease caused by mutations in the FBN1 gene encoding fibrillin-1, an extracellular matrix glycoprotein widely distributed in mesenchymal-derived tissues that provide a scaffold for elastin deposition. MFS is characterized by variable clinical manifestations, including skeletal, ocular, and cardiovascular abnormalities; ascending aortic aneurysm with ensuing dissection and rupture is the main life-threatening cardiovascular manifestation of MFS. Histological aspects of MFS aortopathy include a medial degeneration from disarray and fragmentation of elastic fibers and accumulation of basophilic ground substance areas depleted of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Transmission electron microscopy well evidences the high number of interruptions and the thick appearance of the elastic lamellae and the accumulation of abundant extracellular glycosaminoglycan-rich material, sometimes SMCs showing a prevalent synthetic phenotype. The aberrant signaling of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) as the consequence of the altered structure of fibrillin-1 induces activation and the overexpression of Smad-dependent profibrotic signaling pathway and ERK1/2-mediated increased synthesis of matrix metalloproteinases. In addition, MFS is accompanied by an impaired aortic contractile function and aortic endothelial-dependent relaxation, which is caused by an enhancement of the oxidative stress and increased reactive oxygen species during the progression of the disease. Many studies are currently evaluating the contribution of TGF-β-mediated biomolecular pathways to the progression of MFS aortopathy and aneurysm development, in order to discover new targets for pharmacological strategies aimed to counteract aortic dilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Romaniello
- Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Dept. of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Mazzaglia
- Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Dept. of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pellegrino
- Cardiac Surgery, Dept. of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Grego
- Cardiac Surgery, Dept. of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Fiorito
- General Surgery, Dept. of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Amedeo Ferlosio
- Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Dept. of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Chiariello
- Cardiac Surgery, Dept. of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Augusto Orlandi
- Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Dept. of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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185
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Zhang K, Pan X, Zheng J, Xu D, Zhang J, Sun L. Comparative tissue proteomics analysis of thoracic aortic dissection with hypertension using the iTRAQ technique. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2014; 47:431-8. [PMID: 24760388 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezu171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify differentially expressed proteins from the aortic tissue of thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) with hypertension and normal aorta and to explore the potential molecular pathogenesis of TAD. METHODS Aortic tissue samples were collected from two groups of age- and gender-matched patients with TAD and normal aorta. These samples were subjected to isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation analysis to identify the proteins involved in TAD. Signalling pathways were analysed using the Metacore software, and the identified proteins were validated by western blotting. RESULTS A total of 36 proteins were identified between two groups, with 19 of them being significantly down-regulated and 17 up-regulated in patients with TAD. Proteins including fibrillin-1, emilin-1, decorin, protein DJ-1 and histone H4 were validated by western blotting. The enrichment analysis performed using the Metacore process networks data showed that cell adhesion_cell-matrix interactions, proteolysis_extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling and inflammation_interleukin 6 (IL-6) signalling were the main protein interaction networks involved in TAD. We further observed indications of increased transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling and impaired aortic wall remodelling, both of which may be molecular mechanisms for the pathogenesis of TAD. CONCLUSIONS The differentially expressed proteins identified in our study are mainly involved in cell-matrix interaction, ECM remodelling and inflammation. These mechanisms, combined with the TGF-β signalling pathway, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of TAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefeng Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Pan
- Beijing Aortic Disease Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Beijing Aortic Disease Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lizhong Sun
- Beijing Aortic Disease Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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186
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Gillis E, Kempers M, Salemink S, Timmermans J, Cheriex EC, Bekkers SCAM, Fransen E, De Die-Smulders CEM, Loeys BL, Van Laer L. An FBN1 deep intronic mutation in a familial case of Marfan syndrome: an explanation for genetically unsolved cases? Hum Mutat 2014; 35:571-4. [PMID: 24610719 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is caused by mutations in the FBN1 (fibrillin-1) gene, but approximately 10% of MFS cases remain genetically unsolved. Here, we report a new FBN1 mutation in an MFS family that had remained negative after extensive molecular genomic DNA FBN1 testing, including denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography, Sanger sequencing, and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Linkage analysis in the family and cDNA sequencing of the proband revealed a deep intronic point mutation in intron 56 generating a new splice donor site. This mutation results in the integration of a 90-bp pseudo-exon between exons 56 and 57 containing a stop codon, causing nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Although more than 90% of FBN1 mutations can be identified with regular molecular testing at the genomic level, deep intronic mutations will be missed and require cDNA sequencing or whole-genome sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Gillis
- Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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187
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Robertson IB, Handford PA, Redfield C. Backbone ¹H, ¹³C and ¹⁵N resonance assignment of the C-terminal EGF-cbEGF pair of LTBP1 and flanking residues. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2014; 8:159-163. [PMID: 23494870 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-013-9474-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Latent TGFβ binding protein 1 (LTBP1) is a large extracellular protein that has been shown to bind covalently to the propeptide of TGFβ cytokines and form a large latent complex, which is then incapable of binding TGFβ receptors. LTBP1 has also been demonstrated to interact with a number of insoluble extracellular matrix components, such as fibrillin, which may play a role in TGFβ regulation. Here we present the backbone (1)H, (13)C and (15)N assignments for two EGF domains of human LTBP1, and flanking regions, together forming a 12 kDa protein fragment at the C-terminus of LTBP1. This region is of particular interest as it is postulated to be involved in interactions with fibrillin microfibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian B Robertson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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188
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189
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Robertson IB, Osuch I, Yadin DA, Handford PA, Jensen SA, Redfield C. ¹H, ¹³C and ¹⁵N resonance assignments for the fibrillin-1 EGF2-EGF3-hybrid1-cbEGF1 four-domain fragment. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2014; 8:189-194. [PMID: 23649688 PMCID: PMC3955488 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-013-9481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fibrillins are large extracellular glycoproteins that form the principal component of microfibrils. These perform a vital structural function in the extracellular matrix of many tissues. Fibrillins have also been implicated in mediating a number of protein-protein interactions, some of which may be significant in regulating growth factors such as transforming growth factor β. Here we present the backbone and side-chain (1)H, (13)C and (15)N assignments for a 19 kDa protein fragment derived from the N-terminus of human fibrillin-1, encompassing four domains in total. These domains include the second and third epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) domains, the first hybrid domain (hyb1), and the first calcium-binding EGF domain of fibrillin-1. This region of fibrillin-1 is of particular interest as the hyb1 domain has been suggested to play a role in microfibril assembly, as well as several other protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian B. Robertson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU UK
| | - Isabelle Osuch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU UK
| | - David A. Yadin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU UK
| | - Penny A. Handford
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU UK
| | - Sacha A. Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU UK
| | - Christina Redfield
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU UK
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190
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Principe DR, Doll JA, Bauer J, Jung B, Munshi HG, Bartholin L, Pasche B, Lee C, Grippo PJ. TGF-β: duality of function between tumor prevention and carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:djt369. [PMID: 24511106 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several mechanisms underlying tumor progression have remained elusive, particularly in relation to transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). Although TGF-β initially inhibits epithelial growth, it appears to promote the progression of advanced tumors. Defects in normal TGF-β pathways partially explain this paradox, which can lead to a cascade of downstream events that drive multiple oncogenic pathways, manifesting as several key features of tumorigenesis (uncontrolled proliferation, loss of apoptosis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, sustained angiogenesis, evasion of immune surveillance, and metastasis). Understanding the mechanisms of TGF-β dysregulation will likely reveal novel points of convergence between TGF-β and other pathways that can be specifically targeted for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Principe
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology (DRP, JB, BJ) and Division of Hematology/Oncology (HGM), Department of Surgery, Division of GI Surgical Oncology (DRP, PJG), and Department of Urology (CL), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Biomedical Engineering. McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL (DRP); Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI (JAD); UMR INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France (LB); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (BP); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA (CL)
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191
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Papke CL, Yanagisawa H. Fibulin-4 and fibulin-5 in elastogenesis and beyond: Insights from mouse and human studies. Matrix Biol 2014; 37:142-9. [PMID: 24613575 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The fibulin family of extracellular matrix/matricellular proteins is composed of long fibulins (fibulin-1, -2, -6) and short fibulins (fibulin-3, -4, -5, -7) and is involved in protein-protein interaction with the components of basement membrane and extracellular matrix proteins. Fibulin-1, -2, -3, -4, and -5 bind the monomeric form of elastin (tropoelastin) in vitro and fibulin-2, -3, -4, and -5 are shown to be involved in various aspects of elastic fiber development in vivo. In particular, fibulin-4 and -5 are critical molecules for elastic fiber assembly and play a non-redundant role during elastic fiber formation. Despite manifestation of systemic elastic fiber defects in all elastogenic tissues, fibulin-5 null (Fbln5(-/-)) mice have a normal lifespan. In contrast, fibulin-4 null (Fbln4(-/-)) mice die during the perinatal period due to rupture of aortic aneurysms, indicating differential functions of fibulin-4 and fibulin-5 in normal development. In this review, we will update biochemical characterization of fibulin-4 and fibulin-5 and discuss their roles in elastogenesis and outside of elastogenesis based on knowledge obtained from loss-of-function studies in mouse and in human patients with FBLN4 or FBLN5 mutations. Finally, we will evaluate therapeutic options for matrix-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Papke
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA
| | - Hiromi Yanagisawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA.
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192
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Constam DB. Regulation of TGFβ and related signals by precursor processing. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 32:85-97. [PMID: 24508081 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Secreted cytokines of the TGFβ family are found in all multicellular organisms and implicated in regulating fundamental cell behaviors such as proliferation, differentiation, migration and survival. Signal transduction involves complexes of specific type I and II receptor kinases that induce the nuclear translocation of Smad transcription factors to regulate target genes. Ligands of the BMP and Nodal subgroups act at a distance to specify distinct cell fates in a concentration-dependent manner. These signaling gradients are shaped by multiple factors, including proteases of the proprotein convertase (PC) family that hydrolyze one or several peptide bonds between an N-terminal prodomain and the C-terminal domain that forms the mature ligand. This review summarizes information on the proteolytic processing of TGFβ and related precursors, and its spatiotemporal regulation by PCs during development and various diseases, including cancer. Available evidence suggests that the unmasking of receptor binding epitopes of TGFβ is only one (and in some cases a non-essential) function of precursor processing. Future studies should consider the impact of proteolytic maturation on protein localization, trafficking and turnover in cells and in the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Constam
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment SV ISREC, Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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193
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Robertson IB, Handford PA, Redfield C. NMR spectroscopic and bioinformatic analyses of the LTBP1 C-terminus reveal a highly dynamic domain organisation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87125. [PMID: 24489852 PMCID: PMC3906135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins from the LTBP/fibrillin family perform key structural and functional roles in connective tissues. LTBP1 forms the large latent complex with TGFβ and its propeptide LAP, and sequesters the latent growth factor to the extracellular matrix. Bioinformatics studies suggest the main structural features of the LTBP1 C-terminus are conserved through evolution. NMR studies were carried out on three overlapping C-terminal fragments of LTBP1, comprising four domains with characterised homologues, cbEGF14, TB3, EGF3 and cbEGF15, and three regions with no homology to known structures. The NMR data reveal that the four domains adopt canonical folds, but largely lack the interdomain interactions observed with homologous fibrillin domains; the exception is the EGF3-cbEGF15 domain pair which has a well-defined interdomain interface. 15N relaxation studies further demonstrate that the three interdomain regions act as flexible linkers, allowing a wide range of motion between the well-structured domains. This work is consistent with the LTBP1 C-terminus adopting a flexible “knotted rope” structure, which may facilitate cell matrix interactions, and the accessibility to proteases or other factors that could contribute to TGFβ activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian B. Robertson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Penny A. Handford
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (PAH); (CR)
| | - Christina Redfield
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (PAH); (CR)
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194
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Abstract
Fibrillins constitute the backbone of extracellular multifunctional assemblies present in elastic and non-elastic matrices, termed microfibrils. Assembly of fibrillins into microfibrils and their homoeostasis is poorly understood and is often compromised in connective tissue disorders such as Marfan syndrome and other fibrillinopathies. Using interaction mapping studies, we demonstrate that fibrillins require the complete gelatin-binding region of fibronectin for interaction, which comprises domains FNI6-FNI9. However, the interaction of fibrillin-1 with the gelatin-binding domain of fibronectin is not involved in fibrillin-1 network assembly mediated by human skin fibroblasts. We show further that the fibronectin network is essential for microfibril homoeostasis in early stages. Fibronectin is present in extracted mature microfibrils from tissue and cells as well as in some in situ microfibrils observed at the ultrastructural level, indicating an extended mechanism for the involvement of fibronectin in microfibril assembly and maturation.
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195
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Bazer FW, Johnson GA. Pig blastocyst–uterine interactions. Differentiation 2014; 87:52-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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196
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Wheeler JB, Ikonomidis JS, Jones JA. Connective tissue disorders and cardiovascular complications: the indomitable role of transforming growth factor-beta signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 802:107-27. [PMID: 24443024 PMCID: PMC4410689 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7893-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Marfan Syndrome (MFS) and Loeys-Dietz Syndrome (LDS) represent heritable connective tissue disorders that cosegregate with a similar pattern of cardiovascular defects (thoracic aortic aneurysm, mitral valve prolapse/regurgitation, and aortic root dilatation with regurgitation). This pattern of cardiovascular defects appears to be expressed along a spectrum of severity in many heritable connective tissue disorders and raises suspicion of a relationship between the normal development of connective tissues and the cardiovascular system. Given the evidence of increased transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling in MFS and LDS, this signaling pathway may represent the common link in this relationship. To further explore this hypothetical link, this chapter will review the TGF-β signaling pathway, heritable connective tissue syndromes related to TGF-β receptor (TGFBR) mutations, and discuss the pathogenic contribution of TGF-β to these syndromes with a primary focus on the cardiovascular system.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/drug therapy
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/genetics
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/surgery
- Aortic Valve/pathology
- Aortic Valve/surgery
- Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Heart Defects, Congenital/drug therapy
- Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics
- Heart Defects, Congenital/pathology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/surgery
- Heart Valve Diseases/drug therapy
- Heart Valve Diseases/genetics
- Heart Valve Diseases/pathology
- Heart Valve Diseases/surgery
- Humans
- Loeys-Dietz Syndrome/drug therapy
- Loeys-Dietz Syndrome/genetics
- Loeys-Dietz Syndrome/pathology
- Loeys-Dietz Syndrome/surgery
- Marfan Syndrome/drug therapy
- Marfan Syndrome/genetics
- Marfan Syndrome/pathology
- Marfan Syndrome/surgery
- Mutation
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Smad Proteins/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B. Wheeler
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - John S. Ikonomidis
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Jeffrey A. Jones
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
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197
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Chandramouli A, Simundza J, Pinderhughes A, Hiremath M, Droguett G, Frendewey D, Cowin P. Ltbp1L is focally induced in embryonic mammary mesenchyme, demarcates the ductal luminal lineage and is upregulated during involution. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R111. [PMID: 24262428 PMCID: PMC3978911 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Latent TGFβ binding proteins (LTBPs) govern TGFβ presentation and activation and are important for elastogenesis. Although TGFβ is well-known as a tumor suppressor and metastasis promoter, and LTBP1 is elevated in two distinct breast cancer metastasis signatures, LTBPs have not been studied in the normal mammary gland. Methods To address this we have examined Ltbp1 promoter activity throughout mammary development using an Ltbp1L-LacZ reporter as well as expression of both Ltbp1L and 1S mRNA and protein by qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Results Our data show that Ltbp1L is transcribed coincident with lumen formation, providing a rare marker distinguishing ductal from alveolar luminal lineages. Ltbp1L and Ltbp1S are silent during lactation but robustly induced during involution, peaking at the stage when the remodeling process becomes irreversible. Ltbp1L is also induced within the embryonic mammary mesenchyme and maintained within nipple smooth muscle cells and myofibroblasts. Ltbp1 protein exclusively ensheaths ducts and side branches. Conclusions These data show Ltbp1 is transcriptionally regulated in a dynamic manner that is likely to impose significant spatial restriction on TGFβ bioavailability during mammary development. We hypothesize that Ltbp1 functions in a mechanosensory capacity to establish and maintain ductal luminal cell fate, support and detect ductal distension, trigger irreversible involution, and facilitate nipple sphincter function.
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198
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Yu J, Urban J. Immunolocalisation of fibrillin microfibrils in the calf metacarpal and vertebral growth plate. J Anat 2013; 223:641-50. [PMID: 24117386 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Overgrowth of limbs and spinal deformities are typical clinical manifestations of Marfan syndrome (MFS) and congenital contractural arachnodactyly (CCA), caused by mutations of the genes encoding fibrillin-1 (FBN1) and fibrillin-2 (FBN2), respectively. FBN1 mutations are also associated with acromicric (AD) and geleophysic dysplasias (GD), and with Weill-Marchesani syndrome (WMS), which is characterised by short stature. The mechanisms leading to such abnormal skeletal growth and the involvement of the fibrillins are not understood. Postnatal longitudinal bone growth mainly occurs in the epiphyseal growth plate. Here we investigated the organisation of fibrillin microfibrils in the growth plate of the long bone and vertebra immunohistochemically. Fibrillin-1 was dual-immunostained with elastin, with fibrillin-2 or with collagen X. We report that fibrillin microfibrils are distributed throughout all regions of the growth plate, and that fibrillin-1 and fibrillin-2 were differentially organised. Fibrillin-1 was more abundant in the extracellular matrix of the resting and proliferative zones of the growth plate than in the hypertrophic zone. More fibrillin-2 was found in the calcified region than in the other regions. No elastin fibres were observed in either the proliferative or hypertrophic zones. This study indicates that, as fibrillin microfibrils are involved in growth factor binding and may play a mechanical role, they could be directly involved in regulating bone growth. Hence, mutations of the fibrillins could affect their functional role in growth and lead to the growth disorders seen in patients with MFS, CCA, AD, GD and WMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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199
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Wu D, Shen YH, Russell L, Coselli JS, LeMaire SA. Molecular mechanisms of thoracic aortic dissection. J Surg Res 2013; 184:907-24. [PMID: 23856125 PMCID: PMC3788606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) is a highly lethal vascular disease. In many patients with TAD, the aorta progressively dilates and ultimately ruptures. Dissection formation, progression, and rupture cannot be reliably prevented pharmacologically because the molecular mechanisms of aortic wall degeneration are poorly understood. The key histopathologic feature of TAD is medial degeneration, a process characterized by smooth muscle cell depletion and extracellular matrix degradation. These structural changes have a profound impact on the functional properties of the aortic wall and can result from excessive protease-mediated destruction of the extracellular matrix, altered signaling pathways, and altered gene expression. Review of the literature reveals differences in the processes that lead to ascending versus descending and sporadic versus hereditary TAD. These differences add to the complexity of this disease. Although tremendous progress has been made in diagnosing and treating TAD, a better understanding of the molecular, cellular, and genetic mechanisms that cause this disease is necessary to developing more effective preventative and therapeutic treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell Wu
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 390, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 335, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Ying H. Shen
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 390, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Ludivine Russell
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 390, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Joseph S. Coselli
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 390, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Scott A. LeMaire
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 390, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 335, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
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200
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Gillis E, Van Laer L, Loeys BL. Genetics of thoracic aortic aneurysm: at the crossroad of transforming growth factor-β signaling and vascular smooth muscle cell contractility. Circ Res 2013; 113:327-40. [PMID: 23868829 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.300675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aortic aneurysm, including both abdominal aortic aneurysm and thoracic aortic aneurysm, is the cause of death of 1% to 2% of the Western population. This review focuses only on thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections. During the past decade, the genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections has revealed perturbed extracellular matrix signaling cascade interactions and deficient intracellular components of the smooth muscle contractile apparatus as the key mechanisms. Based on the study of different Marfan mouse models and the discovery of several novel thoracic aortic aneurysm genes, the involvement of the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway has opened unexpected new avenues. Overall, these discoveries have 3 important consequences. First, the pathogenesis of thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections is better understood, although some controversy still exists. Second, the management strategies for the medical and surgical treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections are becoming increasingly gene-tailored. Third, the pathogenetic insights have delivered new treatment options that are currently being investigated in large clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Gillis
- Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium
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