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Gao Y, Li S, Bao X, Luo C, Yang H, Wang J, Zhao S, Zheng N. Transcriptional and Proteomic Analysis Revealed a Synergistic Effect of Aflatoxin M1 and Ochratoxin A Mycotoxins on the Intestinal Epithelial Integrity of Differentiated Human Caco-2 Cells. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:3128-3142. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Gao
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Songli Li
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Bao
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Chaochao Luo
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Huaigu Yang
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, PR China
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152
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Dietary interventions for autism spectrum disorder: New perspectives from the gut-brain axis. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:577-582. [PMID: 30036560 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is still controversy surrounding the effectiveness of dietary interventions for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), namely the gluten-free/casein free diet and the ketogenic diet. Additionally, as studies mainly investigated their impact on ASD symptoms and behaviors, much remains unknown about their mechanisms of action and physiological effects. Given the recent surge of global interest in the gut-brain axis and its involvement in ASD, we underline the importance of understanding the physiological effects of such restrictive diets that remove certain nutritional items from one's diet. Some evidence has emerged with findings of the gut-microbial, inflammatory, and neuronal effects of these diets. We propose probiotics as a potential alternative that can serve similar biological purposes as these elimination diets and outline different physiological routes whereby probiotics can lead to improvements for individuals with ASD. We hope that future research can delineate the complete physiological effects of these diets. Such knowledge can guide the creation of more informed interventions, which conserve the components resulting in positive behavioral change while being less restrictive and devoid of the harmful effects of limiting certain nutrients.
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153
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Kang JE, Kim HD, Park SY, Pan JG, Kim JH, Yum DY. Dietary Supplementation With a Bacillus Superoxide Dismutase Protects Against γ-Radiation-induced Oxidative Stress and Ameliorates Dextran Sulphate Sodium-induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice. J Crohns Colitis 2018; 12:860-869. [PMID: 29547907 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Commercial superoxide dismutase [SOD] is derived from melon extract and has a potential as a dietary supplement due to its beneficial antioxidative effects. We aimed to improve the productivity of SOD compared with plant SOD by using a generally regarded as safe [GRAS] microorganism, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and assess its antioxidative effect using γ-radiation- and dextransulphate sodium [DSS]-induced oxidative models in mice. METHODS We identified the sodA gene encoding manganese-containing SODs [Mn-SOD] in B. amyloliquefaciens, constructed a Mn-SOD deficient mutant, and screened a high-SOD-producing strain. We compared the antioxidative effect of orally administered enteric-coated SOD protein partially purified from B. amyloliquefaciens with wild-type and high-SOD-producing strain spores. The effect of SOD on DSS-induced colitis was also investigated. Colonic inflammation was assessed using disease activity index, macroscopic and histological damage scores, antioxidant enzyme activities, and inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS The SOD activity of B. amyloliquefaciens is derived from secreted Mn-SOD encoded by the sodA gene, as shown by comparing sodA knock-out mutant spores with wild-type and high-SOD-producing spores. Enteric-coated SOD of B. amyloliquefaciens appears to be effective in reducing oxidative stress in γ-radiation- and DSS-induced mouse models. Co-administration of SOD with wild-type B. amyloliquefaciens or high-SOD-producer strain spores showed a synergistic effect. SOD enzyme and B. amyloliquefaciens spores contribute to the reduction of oxidative stress and inflammatory response in DSS-induced colitis. CONCLUSIONS Mn-SOD of B. amyloliquefaciens could be another source of SOD supplement and may be useful to prevent and treat ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kang
- GenoFocus, Inc., Techno 1-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyun-Do Kim
- GenoFocus, Inc., Techno 1-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Soo-Young Park
- GenoFocus, Inc., Techno 1-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae-Gu Pan
- GenoFocus, Inc., Techno 1-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Kim
- GenoFocus, Inc., Techno 1-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Do-Young Yum
- GenoFocus, Inc., Techno 1-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
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154
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Zonulin level, a marker of intestinal permeability, is increased in association with liver enzymes in young adolescents. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 481:218-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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155
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Van Buiten CB, Lambert JD, Elias RJ. Green Tea Polyphenols Mitigate Gliadin-Mediated Inflammation and Permeability in Vitro. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700879. [PMID: 29704403 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Green tea, a polyphenol-rich beverage, has been reported to mitigate a number of inflammatory and hypersensitivity disorders in laboratory models, and has been shown to moderate pathways related to food allergies in vitro. The present study investigates the impact of decaffeinated green tea extract (GTE) on the digestion of gliadin protein in vitro and the effect of physical interactions with GTE on the ability of gliadin to stimulate celiac disease-related symptoms in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS Complexation of GTE and gliadin in vitro is confirmed by monitoring increases in turbidity upon titration of GTE into a gliadin solution. This phenomenon is also observed during in vitro digestion when gliadin is exposed to the digestive proteases pepsin and trypsin. SDS-PAGE and enzymatic assays reveal that GTE inhibits digestive protease activity and gliadin digestion. In differentiated Caco-2 cell monolayers as a model of the small intestinal epithelium, complexation of gliadin with GTE reduces gliadin-stimulated monolayer permeability and the release of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8. CONCLUSION There are potential beneficial effects of GTE as an adjuvant therapy for celiac disease through direct interaction between gliadin proteins and green tea polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene B Van Buiten
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Joshua D Lambert
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ryan J Elias
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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156
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Inflammatory response of gliadin protein isolated from various wheat varieties on human intestinal cell line. J Cereal Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
Gluten‐related disorders are a complex group of diseases that involve the activation of the immune system triggered by the ingestion of gluten. Among these, celiac disease, with a prevalence of 1 %, is the most investigated, but recently, a new pathology, named nonceliac gluten sensitivity, was reported with a general prevalence of 7 %. Finally, there other less‐prevalent gluten‐related diseases such as wheat allergy, gluten ataxia, and dermatitis herpetiformis (with an overall prevalence of less than 0.1 %). As mentioned, the common molecular trigger is gluten, a complex mixture of storage proteins present in wheat, barley, and a variety of oats that are not fully degraded by humans. The most‐studied protein related to disease is gliadin, present in wheat, which possesses in its sequence many pathological fragments. Despite a lot of effort to treat these disorders, the only effective method is a long‐life gluten‐free diet. This Review summarizes the actual knowledge of gluten‐related disorders from a translational chemistry point of view. We discuss what is currently known from the literature about the interaction of gluten with the gut and the critical host responses it evokes and, finally, connect them to our current and novel molecular understanding of the supramolecular organization of gliadin and the 33‐mer gliadin peptide fragment under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Lammers
- Laboratory Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control VU University Medical Center 1081 Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Maria G Herrera
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry Institute of biological chemistry and Physicochemical CONICET-University of Buenos Aires Junín 956 C1113AAD Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Veronica I Dodero
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry III Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE Zonulin is considered as a biomarker of increased intestinal permeability. The relationship between intestinal permeability and obesity is known, and many studies have investigated the relationship between intestinal permeability and liver disease. Thus, we aimed to investigate the potential association between plasma zonulin concentrations and fatty liver in obese men. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 140 obese men without inflammatory bowel diseases, autoimmune diseases, and severe liver diseases were included. The subjects were divided into three groups: normal, mild fatty liver, and moderate-to-severe fatty liver, according to abdominal ultrasonography findings. We subdivided the subjects into two subgroups based on the amount of alcohol consumption (appropriate drinking and hazardous drinking), and subgroup analyses were performed. RESULTS The mean plasma zonulin concentrations (ng/mL) in the normal, mild fatty liver, and moderate-to-severe fatty liver groups were 0.618, 2.143, and 5.815, respectively (P<0.001). A multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed an odds ratio (OR) of 1.77 (P=0.015) in the moderate-to-severe fatty liver group. The median plasma zonulin concentrations (ng/mL) in the appropriate drinking subgroup of the fatty liver groups were 0.002, 0.500, and 6.550, respectively (P-trend<0.001), and in the hazardous drinking subgroup were 0.002, 0.590, and 5.800, respectively (P-trend=0.001). The ORs for moderate-to-severe fatty liver were 1.91 (P=0.039) in the appropriate drinking group and 1.56 (P=0.045) in the hazardous drinking group. CONCLUSION Plasma zonulin concentrations were elevated among obese men. A significant association was found between zonulin concentrations and severity of fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Sol Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Family Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hae-Jin Ko
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Family Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
- Correspondence: Hae-Jin Ko, Department of Family Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 130 Dongdeok-ro, Jung-gu, 41944 Daegu, South Korea, Tel +82 53 200 6578, Fax +82 53 200 5480, Email
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159
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Scheffler L, Crane A, Heyne H, Tönjes A, Schleinitz D, Ihling CH, Stumvoll M, Freire R, Fiorentino M, Fasano A, Kovacs P, Heiker JT. Widely Used Commercial ELISA Does Not Detect Precursor of Haptoglobin2, but Recognizes Properdin as a Potential Second Member of the Zonulin Family. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:22. [PMID: 29459849 PMCID: PMC5807381 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence for the role of impaired intestinal permeability in obesity and associated metabolic diseases. Zonulin is an established serum marker for intestinal permeability and identical to pre-haptoglobin2. Here, we aimed to investigate the relationship between circulating zonulin and metabolic traits related to obesity. METHODS Serum zonulin was measured by using a widely used commercial ELISA kit in 376 subjects from the metabolically well-characterized cohort of Sorbs from Germany. In addition, haptoglobin genotype was determined in DNA samples from all study subjects. RESULTS As zonulin concentrations did not correlate to the haptoglobin genotypes, we investigated the specificity of the zonulin ELISA assay using antibody capture experiments, mass spectrometry, and Western blot analysis. Using serum samples that gave the highest or lowest ELISA signals, we detected several proteins that are likely to be captured by the antibody in the present kit. However, none of these proteins corresponds to pre-haptoglobin2. We used increasing concentrations of recombinant pre-haptoglobin2 and complement C3 as one of the representative captured proteins and the ELISA kit did not detect either. Western blot analysis using both the polyclonal antibodies used in this kit and monoclonal antibodies rose against zonulin showed a similar protein recognition pattern but with different intensity of detection. The protein(s) measured using the ELISA kit was (were) significantly increased in patients with diabetes and obesity and correlated strongly with markers of the lipid and glucose metabolism. Combining mass spectrometry and Western blot analysis using the polyclonal antibodies used in the ELISA kit, we identified properdin as another member of the zonulin family. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that the zonulin ELISA does not recognize pre-haptoglobin2, rather structural (and possibly functional) analog proteins belonging to the mannose-associated serine protease family, with properdin being the most likely possible candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Scheffler
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alyce Crane
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henrike Heyne
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dorit Schleinitz
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian H. Ihling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rachel Freire
- Mucosal Immunology And Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital––Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria Fiorentino
- Mucosal Immunology And Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital––Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Mucosal Immunology And Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital––Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: John T. Heiker, ; Peter Kovacs,
| | - John T. Heiker
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: John T. Heiker, ; Peter Kovacs,
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160
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Serena G, Fasano A. Use of Probiotics to Prevent Celiac Disease and IBD in Pediatrics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1125:69-81. [PMID: 30565165 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs) is increasing worldwide. Their dramatic rise associated with limited effective strategies to slow down these epidemics calls for a better understanding of their pathophysiology in order to decrease the burdens on childhood. Several cross-sectional studies have demonstrated the association between intestinal dysbiosis and active diseases. Although informative, these studies do not mechanistically link alterations of the microflora with disease pathogenesis and, therefore, with potential therapeutic targets. More prospective studies are needed to determine whether intestinal dysbiosis plays a causative role in the onset and development of CIDs. Furthermore, given the complexity of the microflora interaction with the host, it is necessary to design a systems-level model of interactions between the host and the development of disease by integrating microbiome, metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metabolomics with either clinical either environmental data.In this chapter we will discuss the current knowledge regarding the microbiome's contribution to celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease with a particular focus on how probiotics may be used as potential preventive therapy for CIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Serena
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children - Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children - Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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161
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Leccioli V, Oliveri M, Romeo M, Berretta M, Rossi P. A New Proposal for the Pathogenic Mechanism of Non-Coeliac/Non-Allergic Gluten/Wheat Sensitivity: Piecing Together the Puzzle of Recent Scientific Evidence. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111203. [PMID: 29099090 PMCID: PMC5707675 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coeliac/non-allergic gluten/wheat sensitivity (NCG/WS) is a gluten-related disorder, the pathogenesis of which remains unclear. Recently, the involvement of an increased intestinal permeability has been recognized in the onset of this clinical condition. However, mechanisms through which it takes place are still unclear. In this review, we attempt to uncover these mechanisms by providing, for the first time, an integrated vision of recent scientific literature, resulting in a new hypothesis about the pathogenic mechanisms involved in NCG/WS. According to this, the root cause of NCG/WS is a particular dysbiotic profile characterized by decreased butyrate-producing-Firmicutes and/or Bifidobacteria, leading to low levels of intestinal butyrate. Beyond a critical threshold of the latter, a chain reaction of events and vicious circles occurs, involving other protagonists such as microbial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) and wheat α-amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATIs). NCG/WS is likely to be a multi-factor-onset disorder, probably transient and preventable, related to quality and balance of the diet, and not to the presence of gluten in itself. If future studies confirm our proposal, this would have important implications both for the definition of the disease, as well as for the prevention and therapeutic-nutritional management of individuals with NCG/WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Leccioli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Mara Oliveri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Marcello Romeo
- C.E.R.H.M. Center for Experimental Research for Human Microbiome Ludes H.E.I., Pietro Stiges Palace, Strait Street, 1436 Valletta, Malta.
| | - Massimiliano Berretta
- Department of Medical Oncology, CRO-Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy.
| | - Paola Rossi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Lozano-Ojalvo D, López-Fandiño R. Immunomodulating peptides for food allergy prevention and treatment. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1629-1649. [PMID: 28102702 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1275519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Among the most promising strategies currently assayed against IgE-mediated allergic diseases stands the possibility of using immunomodulating peptides to induce oral tolerance toward offending food allergens or even to prevent allergic sensitization. This review focuses on the beneficial effects of food derived immunomodulating peptides on food allergy, which can be directly exerted in the intestinal tract or once being absorbed through the intestinal epithelial barrier to interact with immune cells. Food peptides influence intestinal homeostasis by maintaining and reinforcing barrier function or affecting intestinal cell-signalling to nearby immune cells and mucus secretion. In addition, they can stimulate cells of the innate and adaptive immune system while supressing inflammatory responses. Peptides represent an attractive alternative to whole allergens to enhance the safety and efficacy of immunotherapy treatments. The conclusions drawn from curative and preventive experiments in murine models are promising, although there is a need for more pre-clinical studies to further explore the immunomodulating strategy and its mechanisms and for a deeper knowledge of the peptide sequence and structural requirements that determine the immunoregulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo
- a Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Rosina López-Fandiño
- a Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM) , Madrid , Spain
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Abstract
Complex, diverse and rarely appearing without comorbidity, the autism spectrum disorders continue to be a source of research interest. With core symptoms variably impacting on social communication skills, the traditional focus of many research efforts has centred on the brain and how genetic and environmental processes impact on brain structure, function and/or connectivity to account for various behavioural presentations. Alongside emerging ideas on autistic traits being present in various clinical states, the autisms, and the overrepresentation of several comorbid conditions impacting on quality of life, other research avenues have opened up. The central role of the brain in relation to autism may be at least partially influenced by the functions of other organs. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract represents an important biological system pertinent to at least some autism. The notion of a gut-brain-behaviour axis has garnered support from various findings: an overrepresentation of functional and pathological bowel states, bowel and behavioural findings showing bidirectional associations, a possible relationship between diet, GI function and autism and recently, greater focus on aspects of the GI tract such as the collected gut microbiota in relation to autism. Gaps remain in our knowledge of the functions of the GI tract linked to autism, specifically regarding mechanisms of action onward to behavioural presentation. Set however within the context of diversity in the presentation of autism, science appears to be moving towards defining important GI-related autism phenotypes with the possibility of promising dietary and other related intervention options onward to improving quality of life.
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164
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Changes in paracellular permeability induced by Pepsin-Trypsin digested Gliadin (PTG): Role of polyamines in the Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG protective action. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Vojdani A, Vojdani E, Kharrazian D. Fluctuation of zonulin levels in blood vs stability of antibodies. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:5669-5679. [PMID: 28883692 PMCID: PMC5569281 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i31.5669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the measurement of zonulin level and antibodies of zonulin and other tight junction proteins in the blood of controls and celiac disease patients.
METHODS This study was conducted to assess the variability or stability of zonulin levels vs IgA and IgG antibodies against zonulin in blood samples from 18 controls at 0, 6, 24 and 30 h after blood draw. We also measured zonulin level as well as zonulin, occludin, vinculin, aquaporin 4 and glial fibrillary acidic protein antibodies in the sera of 30 patients with celiac disease and 30 controls using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methodology.
RESULTS The serum zonulin level in 6 out of 18 subjects was low or < 2.8 ng/mL and was very close to the detection limit of the assay. The other 12 subjects had zonulin levels of > 2.8 ng/mL and showed significant fluctuation from sample to sample. Comparatively, zonulin antibody measured in all samples was highly stable and reproducible from sample to sample. Celiac disease patients showed zonulin levels with a mean of 8.5 ng/mL compared to 3.7 ng/mL in controls (P < 0.0001). Elevation of zonulin level at 2SD above the mean was demonstrated in 37% of celiac disease patients, while antibodies against zonulin, occludin and other tight junction proteins was detected in up to 86% of patients with celiac disease.
CONCLUSION Due to its fluctuation, a single measurement of zonulin level is not recommended for assessment of intestinal barrier integrity. Measurement of IgG and IgA antibodies against zonulin, occludin, and other tight junction proteins is proposed for the evaluation of the loss of intestinal barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristo Vojdani
- Department of Preventive Medicie, Loma Linda University, Evans Hall, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
- Immunosciences Lab., Inc., Los Angeles, CA 90035, United States
| | - Elroy Vojdani
- Regenera Wellness, Los Angeles, CA 90025 United States
| | - Datis Kharrazian
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- TRANSCEND Research, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
- Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
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167
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Zonulin: A Potential Marker of Intestine Injury in Newborns. DISEASE MARKERS 2017; 2017:2413437. [PMID: 28769143 PMCID: PMC5523403 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2413437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Zonulin (ZO), a new diagnostic biomarker of intestinal permeability, was tested in newborns presenting symptoms of infection and/or inflammation of the gut or being at risk of intestinal pathology. MATERIAL AND METHODS Serum ZO was assessed in 81 newborns diagnosed with sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), rotavirus infection, and gastroschisis, also in extremely low gestational age babies, and in controls (healthy newborns). ZO concentration was compared to C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) values, leucocyte and platelet count, basic demographic data, and the value of the Neonatal Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (NTISS). RESULTS Median values of ZO were markedly higher in groups with rotavirus infection and gastroschisis (36.0 (1-3Q: 26.0-43.2) and 20.3 (1-3Q: 17.7-28.2) ng/ml, resp.) versus controls (3.5 (1-3Q: 2.7-4.8) ng/ml). Its concentration in the NEC group was twice as high as in controls but did not reach statistical significance. ZO levels were not related to NTISS, CRP, and PCT. CONCLUSIONS Zonulin is a promising biomarker of intestinal condition, markedly elevated in rotavirus infections. Its role in defining the severity of necrotizing enterocolitis and the risk for perforation is not well described and needs further evaluation. An increase in zonulin may not be parallel to the release of inflammatory markers, and low CRP should not exclude an injury to neonatal intestine.
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Sturgeon C, Lan J, Fasano A. Zonulin transgenic mice show altered gut permeability and increased morbidity/mortality in the DSS colitis model. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1397:130-142. [PMID: 28423466 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased small intestinal permeability (IP) has been proposed to be an integral element, along with genetic makeup and environmental triggers, in the pathogenies of chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs). We identified zonulin as a master regular of intercellular tight junctions linked to the development of several CIDs. We aim to study the role of zonulin-mediated IP in the pathogenesis of CIDs. Zonulin transgenic Hp2 mice (Ztm) were subjected to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) treatment for 7 days, followed by 4-7 days' recovery and compared to C57Bl/6 (wild-type (WT)) mice. IP was measured in vivo and ex vivo, and weight, histology, and survival were monitored. To mechanistically link zonulin-dependent impairment of small intestinal barrier function with clinical outcome, Ztm were treated with the zonulin inhibitor AT1001 added to drinking water in addition to DSS. We observed increased morbidity (more pronounced weight loss and colitis) and mortality (40-70% compared with 0% in WT) at 11 days post-DSS treatment in Ztm compared with WT mice. Both in vivo and ex vivo measurements showed an increased IP at baseline in Ztm compared to WT mice, which was exacerbated by DSS treatment and was associated with upregulation of zonulin gene expression (fourfold in the duodenum, sixfold in the jejunum). Treatment with AT1001 prevented the DSS-induced increased IP both in vivo and ex vivo without changing zonulin gene expression and completely reverted morbidity and mortality in Ztm. Our data show that zonulin-dependent small intestinal barrier impairment is an early step leading to the break of tolerance with subsequent development of CIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Sturgeon
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Center for Celiac Research, and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts.,Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jinggang Lan
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Center for Celiac Research, and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Center for Celiac Research, and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts.,European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Salerno, Italy
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169
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Ergün C, Urhan M, Ayer A. A review on the relationship between gluten and schizophrenia: Is gluten the cause? Nutr Neurosci 2017; 21:455-466. [PMID: 28393621 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1313569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a chronic disease that possesses various clinical manifestations. It presents rather heterogeneous characteristics with respect to onset type, symptoms, and the course of the disease. Although the lifetime prevalence is as low as 1%, it can cause serious disability. Thus, it is very important to develop efficient treatment methods. In some studies, it is hypothesized that removing gluten from the diet leads to a significant improvement in disease symptoms. Epidemiological studies revealed that the prevalence of celiac disease among schizophrenic patients is almost two times higher than that of the general population. OBJECTIVE In this review, we evaluate the effects of gluten and celiac disease on the onset of schizophrenia. Efficacy of gluten-free diet applications, antibody response against gluten, and the interaction of the brain-gut axis and the presence of common genetic points are also investigated. METHODS Without any publication date restriction, Pubmed database searches were made for 'schizophrenia, gluten, gliadin, celiac disease, exorphin, brain-gut axis, psychiatric disorders.' The keywords and the articles about the schizophrenia-celiac disease relationship are included in our review. RESULTS Several studies presented evidence to suggest that symptoms associated with schizophrenia were minimized when gluten was excluded from patients' diets. Immunological searches revealed that most schizophrenic patients with increased anti-gliadin antibodies did not possess celiac disease; yet, the presence of increased antibodies against gliadin can be the share point of the immunological abnormalities found in both of the diseases. DISCUSSION There were no consistent results in the clinical, immunological, microbiological, and epidemiological studies that investigated the relationship between schizophrenia and celiac disease. This presents a need for a larger scale study to confirm the presence of this suggested correlation between schizophrenia and celiac disease. The underlying mechanisms between the two diseases should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Ergün
- a Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics , Bahçeşehir University , Beşiktaş, Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Murat Urhan
- b Manisa Mental Health and Diseases Hospital , Şehitler Street, 45020 Manisa , Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ayer
- b Manisa Mental Health and Diseases Hospital , Şehitler Street, 45020 Manisa , Turkey
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170
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Van Spaendonk H, Ceuleers H, Witters L, Patteet E, Joossens J, Augustyns K, Lambeir AM, De Meester I, De Man JG, De Winter BY. Regulation of intestinal permeability: The role of proteases. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:2106-2123. [PMID: 28405139 PMCID: PMC5374123 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i12.2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal barrier is - with approximately 400 m2 - the human body’s largest surface separating the external environment from the internal milieu. This barrier serves a dual function: permitting the absorption of nutrients, water and electrolytes on the one hand, while limiting host contact with noxious luminal antigens on the other hand. To maintain this selective barrier, junction protein complexes seal the intercellular space between adjacent epithelial cells and regulate the paracellular transport. Increased intestinal permeability is associated with and suggested as a player in the pathophysiology of various gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease and type 1 diabetes. The gastrointestinal tract is exposed to high levels of endogenous and exogenous proteases, both in the lumen and in the mucosa. There is increasing evidence to suggest that a dysregulation of the protease/antiprotease balance in the gut contributes to epithelial damage and increased permeability. Excessive proteolysis leads to direct cleavage of intercellular junction proteins, or to opening of the junction proteins via activation of protease activated receptors. In addition, proteases regulate the activity and availability of cytokines and growth factors, which are also known modulators of intestinal permeability. This review aims at outlining the mechanisms by which proteases alter the intestinal permeability. More knowledge on the role of proteases in mucosal homeostasis and gastrointestinal barrier function will definitely contribute to the identification of new therapeutic targets for permeability-related diseases.
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171
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Hundsberger H, Koppensteiner A, Hofmann E, Ripper D, Pflüger M, Stadlmann V, Klein CT, Kreiseder B, Katzlinger M, Eger A, Forster F, Missbichler A, Wiesner C. A Screening Approach for Identifying Gliadin Neutralizing Antibodies on Epithelial Intestinal Caco-2 Cells. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 22:1035-1043. [DOI: 10.1177/2472555217697435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory condition caused by the ingestion of gliadin-containing food in genetically susceptible individuals. Undigested peptides of gliadin exert various effects, including increased intestinal permeability and inflammation in the small intestine. Although many therapeutic approaches are in development, a gluten-free diet is the only effective treatment for CD. Affecting at least 1% of the population in industrialized countries, it is important to generate therapeutic options against CD. Here, we describe the establishment of a high-throughput screening (HTS) platform based on AlphaLISA and electrical cell–substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) technology for the identification of anti-inflammatory and barrier-protective compounds in human enterocytes after pepsin-trypsin-digested gliadin (PT-gliadin) treatment. Our results show that the combination of these HTS technologies enables fast, reliable, simple, and label-free screening of IgY antibodies against PT-gliadin. Using this platform, we have identified a new chicken anti-PT-gliadin IgY antibody as a potential anti-CD agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hundsberger
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Anita Koppensteiner
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Hofmann
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Doris Ripper
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Maren Pflüger
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Krems, Krems, Austria
| | | | - Christian Theodor Klein
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Birgit Kreiseder
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Krems, Krems, Austria
| | | | - Andreas Eger
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Krems, Krems, Austria
| | | | | | - Christoph Wiesner
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Krems, Krems, Austria
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172
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Akbari P, Braber S, Varasteh S, Alizadeh A, Garssen J, Fink-Gremmels J. The intestinal barrier as an emerging target in the toxicological assessment of mycotoxins. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:1007-1029. [PMID: 27417439 PMCID: PMC5316402 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1794-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins, the secondary metabolites of fungal species, are the most frequently occurring natural food contaminants in human and animal diets. Risk assessment of mycotoxins focused as yet on their mutagenic, genotoxic and potential carcinogenic effects. Recently, there is an increasing awareness of the adverse effects of various mycotoxins on vulnerable structures in the intestines. In particular, an impairment of the barrier function of the epithelial lining cells and the sealing tight junction proteins has been noted, as this could result in an increased translocation of luminal antigens and pathogens and an excessive activation of the immune system. The current review aims to provide a summary of the available evidence regarding direct effects of various mycotoxins on the intestinal epithelial barrier. Available data, based on different cellular and animal studies, show that food-associated exposure to certain mycotoxins, especially trichothecenes and patulin, affects the intestinal barrier integrity and can result in an increased translocation of harmful stressors. It is therefore hypothesized that human exposure to certain mycotoxins, particularly deoxynivalenol, as the major trichothecene, may play an important role in etiology of various chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, and in the prevalence of food allergies, particularly in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Akbari
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Soheil Varasteh
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arash Alizadeh
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Nutricia Research, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Fink-Gremmels
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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173
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Circulating Zonulin Correlates with Density of Enteroviruses and Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells in the Small Bowel Mucosa of Celiac Disease Patients. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:358-371. [PMID: 27995404 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4403-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired intestinal integrity, including increased permeability of the small bowel mucosa, has been shown in patients with celiac disease (CD) as well as with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Zonulin (ZO, pre-haptoglobin), a tight junction regulator, plays a particular role in the regulation of intestinal barrier function and in the pathogenesis of the above-mentioned diseases. AIM To investigate whether enteroviruses (EVs) and immunoregulatory cells are associated with intestinal permeability in patients with CD alone and with coexistent T1D. MATERIALS AND METHODS Altogether 80 patients (mean age 10.68 ± 6.69 years) who had undergone small bowel biopsy were studied. Forty patients with functional dyspepsia and normal small bowel mucosa formed the control group. The circulating ZO level in sera was evaluated using ELISA. The densities of EV, FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO+) dendritic cells (DCs) and glutamic acid dexarboxylase (GAD)65+ cells in small bowel mucosa were investigated by immunohistochemistry. The expression analysis of FOXP3, tight junction protein 1 (TJP1), gap junction (GJA1), IDO and CD103 genes was evaluated by real-time PCR. RESULTS The ZO level was higher in CD patients compared to subjects with a normal small bowel mucosa, particularly in those with Marsh IIIc atrophy (p = 0.01), and correlated with the density of EV (r = 0.63; p = 0.0003) and IDO+ DCs (r = 0.58; p = 0.01) in the small bowel mucosa. The density of GAD65+ epithelial cells was correlated with the density of EV (r = 0.59; p = 0.03) and IDO+ DCs (r = 0.78; p = 0.004) in CD patients. The relative expression of FOXP3 mRNA in the small bowel mucosa tissue was significantly higher in patients with CD, compared to subjects with a normal mucosa, and correlated with the density of EV (r = 0.62; p = 0.017) as well as with the relative expression of IDO mRNA (r = 0.54; p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS The CD is associated with elevation of the circulating ZO level, the value of which correlates with the density of EV in CD patients with severe atrophic changes in the small bowel mucosa, particularly in cases of concomitant T1D. The CD is also characterized by the close relationship of the density of GAD65+ epithelial cells with the EV, ZO level and IDO+ DCs.
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174
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Kumar J, Kumar M, Pandey R, Chauhan NS. Physiopathology and Management of Gluten-Induced Celiac Disease. J Food Sci 2017; 82:270-277. [PMID: 28140462 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proline- and glutamine-rich gluten proteins are one of the major constituents of cereal dietary proteins, which are largely resistant to complete cleavage by the human gastrointestinal (GI) digestive enzymes. Partial digestion of gluten generates approximately 35 amino acids (aa) immunomodulatory peptides which activate T-cell-mediated immune system, followed by immunological inflammation of mucosa leading to the onset of celiac disease (CD). CD is an autoimmune disease associated with HLA-DQ2/DQ8 polymorphism and dysbiosis of gut microbiota. CD is either diagnosed using duodenal mucosal biopsis or serological testing for transglutaminase 2 (TG2) specific antibodies (IgA and IgG). Current therapy for CD management is gluten-free diet, while other therapies like glutenase, probiotics, immunomodulation, jamming of HLA-DQ2, inhibition of TG2, and gluten tolerance aided by gluten tolerizing vaccines are being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Kumar
- Dept. of Biochemistry, M.D. Univ., Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Dept. of Biochemistry, M.D. Univ., Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- Ayurgenomics Unit-TRISUTRA, Inst. of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, 110020, India
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Salvo Romero E, Alonso Cotoner C, Pardo Camacho C, Casado Bedmar M, Vicario M. The intestinal barrier function and its involvement in digestive disease. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS 2017; 107:686-96. [PMID: 26541659 DOI: 10.17235/reed.2015.3846/2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal mucosal surface is lined with epithelial cells representing an effective barrier made up with intercellular junctions that separate the inner and the outer environments, and block the passage of potentially harmful substances. However, epithelial cells are also responsible for the absorption of nutrients and electrolytes, hence a semipermeable barrier is required that selectively allows a number of substances in while keeping others out. To this end, the intestine developed the "intestinal barrier function", a defensive system involving various elements, both intra- and extracellular, that work in a coordinated way to impede the passage of antigens, toxins, and microbial byproducts, and simultaneously preserves the correct development of the epithelial barrier, the immune system, and the acquisition of tolerance against dietary antigens and the intestinal microbiota. Disturbances in the mechanisms of the barrier function favor the development of exaggerated immune responses; while exact implications remain unknown, changes in intestinal barrier function have been associated with the development of inflammatory conditions in the gastrointestinal tract. This review details de various elements of the intestinal barrier function, and the key molecular and cellular changes described for gastrointestinal diseases associated with dysfunction in this defensive mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - María Vicario
- Gastroenteroogia, Vall d'Hebron Institut de REcerca, España
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176
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Iacomino G, Di Stasio L, Fierro O, Picariello G, Venezia A, Gazza L, Ferranti P, Mamone G. Protective effects of ID331 Triticum monococcum gliadin on in vitro models of the intestinal epithelium. Food Chem 2016; 212:537-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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177
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Sturgeon C, Fasano A. Zonulin, a regulator of epithelial and endothelial barrier functions, and its involvement in chronic inflammatory diseases. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1251384. [PMID: 28123927 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1251384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Beside digesting nutrients and absorbing solutes and electrolytes, the intestinal epithelium with its barrier function is in charge of a tightly controlled antigen trafficking from the intestinal lumen to the submucosa. This trafficking dictates the delicate balance between tolerance and immune response causing inflammation. Loss of barrier function secondary to upregulation of zonulin, the only known physiological modulator of intercellular tight junctions, leads to uncontrolled influx of dietary and microbial antigens. Additional insights on zonulin mechanism of action and the recent appreciation of the role that altered intestinal permeability can play in the development and progression of chronic inflammatory disorders has increased interest of both basic scientists and clinicians on the potential role of zonulin in the pathogenesis of these diseases. This review focuses on the recent research implicating zonulin as a master regulator of intestinal permeability linked to the development of several chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Sturgeon
- Center for Celiac Research and Treatment, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston, MA, USA; Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Center for Celiac Research and Treatment, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston, MA, USA; European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Salerno, Italy
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178
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König J, Wells J, Cani PD, García-Ródenas CL, MacDonald T, Mercenier A, Whyte J, Troost F, Brummer RJ. Human Intestinal Barrier Function in Health and Disease. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2016; 7:e196. [PMID: 27763627 PMCID: PMC5288588 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2016.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract consists of an enormous surface area that is optimized to efficiently absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food. At the same time, it needs to provide a tight barrier against the ingress of harmful substances, and protect against a reaction to omnipresent harmless compounds. A dysfunctional intestinal barrier is associated with various diseases and disorders. In this review, the role of intestinal permeability in common disorders such as infections with intestinal pathogens, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, and food allergies will be discussed. In addition, the effect of the frequently prescribed drugs proton pump inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on intestinal permeability, as well as commonly used methods to assess barrier function will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia König
- Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Jerry Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics, Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, WELBIO-Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Tom MacDonald
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Annick Mercenier
- Nutrition and Health Research, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Whyte
- European Branch, The International Life Sciences Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Freddy Troost
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert-Jan Brummer
- Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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179
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Symptoms attributed to gluten consumption are frequently reported evoking the need for differentiating nonceliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) from other gluten-related disorders such as celiac disease and wheat allergy. This review discusses diagnostic criteria and research to date on the pathogenesis and diagnosis of NCGS. RECENT FINDINGS There is recent evidence to support NCGS as a distinct clinical entity. The symptoms attributed to NCGS are nonspecific, overlapping with those reported in patients with celiac disease and irritable bowel syndrome. In contrast to celiac disease and wheat allergy, the diagnosis of NCGS is more challenging because there are no specific clinical biomarkers and because the pathogenesis of NCGS is largely not well understood. The pathogenesis of NCGS may reflect alterations in innate immunity to gluten or other components of wheat, may be linked with autoimmunity, or is a result of a reaction to gluten as a fermentable carbohydrate. SUMMARY NCGS is a newly characterized and evolving clinical entity that requires ruling out other causes of wheat-related or gluten-related gastrointestinal symptoms, including celiac disease and wheat allergy, coupled with double-blind placebo-controlled crossover challenge with gluten.
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180
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Transport of wheat gluten exorphins A5 and C5 through an in vitro model of intestinal epithelium. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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181
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Silvester JA, Graff LA, Rigaux L, Walker JR, Duerksen DR. Symptomatic suspected gluten exposure is common among patients with coeliac disease on a gluten-free diet. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 44:612-9. [PMID: 27443825 PMCID: PMC5283559 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A gluten-free diet is the only recommended treatment for coeliac disease. AIM To determine the prevalence and characteristics of reactions to gluten among persons with coeliac disease on a gluten-free diet. METHODS Adults with biopsy proven, newly diagnosed coeliac disease were prospectively enrolled. A survey related to diet adherence and reactions to gluten was completed at study entry and 6 months. The Coeliac Symptom Index, Coeliac Diet Assessment Tool (CDAT) and Gluten-Free Eating Assessment Tool (GF-EAT) were used to measure coeliac disease symptoms and gluten-free diet adherence. RESULTS Of the 105 participants, 91% reported gluten exposure <1 per month and median CDAT score was 9 (IQR 8-11), consistent with adequate adherence. A suspected symptomatic reaction to gluten was reported by 66%. Gluten consumption was unsuspected until a reaction occurred (63%) or resulted from problems ordering in a restaurant (29%). The amount of gluten consumed ranged from cross-contact (30%) to a major ingredient (10%). Median time to symptom onset was 1 h (range 10 min to 48 h), and median symptom duration was 24 h (range 1 h to 8 days). Common symptoms included abdominal pain (80%), diarrhoea (52%), fatigue (33%), headache (30%) and irritability (29%). CONCLUSIONS Reactions to suspected gluten exposure are common among patients with coeliac disease on a gluten-free diet. Eating at restaurants and other peoples' homes remain a risk for unintentional gluten exposure. When following individuals with coeliac disease, clinicians should include questions regarding reactions to gluten as part of their assessment of gluten-free diet adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn A Silvester
- College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5,Celiac Research Program, Harvard Medical School, 300 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215
| | | | - Lisa Rigaux
- St Boniface Hospital, 409 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6
| | - John R Walker
- College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5
| | - Donald R Duerksen
- College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5,St Boniface Hospital, 409 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6
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182
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Structural and Functional Changes in the Tight Junctions of Asymptomatic and Serology-negative First-degree Relatives of Patients With Celiac Disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2016; 50:551-60. [PMID: 26535478 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ten to 15% of first-degree relatives (FDRs) of celiac disease (CeD) patients develop CeD. Although intestinal barrier functions (intestinal permeability) are abnormal in the subset of serology-negative FDRs, what leads to the abnormal barrier function is not known. GOALS To study the ultrastructure and functions of tight junctions in serology-negative FDRs of CeD patients. STUDY The intestinal permeability was measured in 97 asymptomatic and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody (anti-tTG Ab)-negative FDRs (using the lactulose mannitol ratio) and in 75 controls. The ultrastructure of tight junctions using transmission electron microscopy, and the expression of key tight junction proteins (claudin-2, claudin-3, occludin, JAM-A, and ZO-1) and zonulin using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry were assessed in anti-tTG Ab-negative, HLA-DQ2/-DQ8-positive FDRs having normal villi and in disease controls. In addition, the serum zonulin level was measured in 172 anti-tTG Ab-negative FDRs and 198 controls. RESULTS The intestinal permeability was significantly increased in FDRs than in controls. Ultrastructural abnormalities such as dilatation of the tight junction (P=0.004) and loss of the pentalaminar structure (P=0.001) were more common in FDRs than in disease controls. There was significant underexpression of tight junction proteins ZO-1 (P=0.040) and occludin (P=0.041) in FDRs. There was no significant difference in the serum zonulin level between FDRs and controls (P=0.154). CONCLUSIONS Even asymptomatic, anti-tTG-Ab-negative FDRs with a normal villous histology have both ultrastructural and functional abnormalities in tight junctions. These findings are indirect evidence of the presence of tight junction abnormalities before the onset of the disease and may have therapeutic implications.
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183
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Svensson J, Sildorf SM, Pipper CB, Kyvsgaard JN, Bøjstrup J, Pociot FM, Mortensen HB, Buschard K. Potential beneficial effects of a gluten-free diet in newly diagnosed children with type 1 diabetes: a pilot study. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:994. [PMID: 27398272 PMCID: PMC4936999 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2641-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Gluten-free diet has shown promising effects in preventing type 1 diabetes (T1D) in animals as well as beneficial effects on the immune system. Gluten-free diet at diabetes onset may alter the natural course and outcome of autoimmune diseases such as T1D. METHODS In a 12-month study, 15 children newly diagnosed with T1D were instructed to follow a gluten-free diet. Questionnaires were used to evaluate adherence to the gluten-free diet. Partial remission (PR) was defined by insulin dose-adjusted A1c (IDAA1c) ≤9 or stimulated C-peptide (SCP) >300 pmol/L measured 90 min after a liquid mixed meal at the inclusion, six and 12 months after onset. The intervention group was compared with two previous cohorts. Linear mixed models were used to estimate differences between cohorts. RESULTS After 6 months, more children on a gluten-free diet tended to have SCP values above 300 pmol/L compared to the European cohort (p = 0.08). The adherence to a gluten-free diet decreased during the 12-month study period. After 1 year there was no difference in SCP levels or percentage in remission according to SCP (p > 0.1). Three times as many children were still in PR based on IDAA1c (p < 0.05). Twelve months after onset HbA1c were 21 % lower and IDAA1c >1 unit lower in the cohort on a gluten-free diet compared to the two previous cohorts (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Gluten-free diet is feasible in highly motivated families and is associated with a significantly better outcome as assessed by HbA1c and IDAA1c. This finding needs confirmation in a randomized trial including screening for quality of life. (Clinicaltrials.gov number NCT02284815).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannet Svensson
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Children and Adolescents, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Stine Møller Sildorf
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Children and Adolescents, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Christian B Pipper
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie N Kyvsgaard
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Children and Adolescents, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Julie Bøjstrup
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Children and Adolescents, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Flemming M Pociot
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Children and Adolescents, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Henrik B Mortensen
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Children and Adolescents, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Karsten Buschard
- The Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Biocenter, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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184
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Kurada S, Yadav A, Leffler DA. Current and novel therapeutic strategies in celiac disease. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2016; 9:1211-23. [PMID: 27322016 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2016.1200463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A gluten free diet (GFD) is the only available treatment for celiac disease (CD). However many patients fail to respond fully clinically or histologically. Several surveys highlight the psychosocial implications of adherence to a GFD. Hence, efforts are ongoing to develop therapeutic strategies beyond a GFD. AREAS COVERED We conducted a search of PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov to extract articles on CD using keywords including 'celiac disease' and 'refractory celiac disease' (RCD) and focused on articles conducting pathophysiologic and therapeutic research in/ex-vivo models and human trials. We highlight novel therapeutics that manipulate these mechanisms including tight junction regulators, glutenases, gluten sequestrants and immunotherapy using vaccines, nanoparticles that may serve as adjuncts to a GFD or more ambitiously to allow for gluten consumption. We also highlight the role of anti-inflammatories, immunosuppressants and monoclonal antibodies in RCD. Expert commentary: Therapeutics including tight junction regulators, glutenases have the potential to be approved for non-responsive CD or as gluten adjuncts. We expect results of various phase 1/2 trials using AMG 714, BL 7010, IgY antibodies to be published. In the interim, off-label use of 5 amino-salicylates, budesonide, nucleoside analogues and newer biologics developed for other inflammatory diseases will be used in RCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Kurada
- a Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,b Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center , Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA.,c Celiac Research Program, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Abhijeet Yadav
- a Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,c Celiac Research Program, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Daniel A Leffler
- a Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,c Celiac Research Program, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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Impact of gut microbiota on diabetes mellitus. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2016; 42:303-315. [PMID: 27179626 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Various functions of the gut are regulated by sophisticated interactions among its functional elements, including the gut microbiota. These microorganisms play a crucial role in gastrointestinal mucosa permeability. They control the fermentation and absorption of dietary polysaccharides to produce short-chain fatty acids, which may explain their importance in the regulation of fat accumulation and the subsequent development of obesity-related diseases, suggesting that they are a crucial mediator of obesity and its consequences. In addition, gut bacteria play a crucial role in the host immune system, modulation of inflammatory processes, extraction of energy from the host diet and alterations of human gene expression. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota has been shown to confer a number of health benefits to the host. Simple therapeutic strategies targeted at attenuating the progression of chronic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance are urgently required to prevent or slow the development of diabetes in susceptible individuals. The main objective of this review is to address the pathogenic association between gut microbiota and diabetes, and to explore any novel related therapeutic targets. New insights into the role of the gut microbiota in diabetes could lead to the development of integrated strategies using probiotics to prevent and treat these metabolic disorders.
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186
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Osipenko MF, Shrainer EV, Parfenov AI. [Successes and unsolved problems in the study of celiac disease]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2016; 88:97-100. [PMID: 27135107 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh201688297-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The review gives current views on the problem of celiac disease (gluten enteropathy). It presents the pathogenetic components of pathology development, associations with the specific features of the microflora in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as groups at risk for this pathology. The idea on other types of gluten intolerance is briefly given. Current elaborated approaches to gluten enteropathy therapy are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Osipenko
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E V Shrainer
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A I Parfenov
- Moscow Clinical Research and Practical Center, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
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187
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A novel method for imaging sites of paracellular passage of macromolecules in epithelial sheets. J Control Release 2016; 229:70-79. [PMID: 26995760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of intestinal barrier function is key to elucidating oral delivery routes of therapeutics as well as to understanding various diseases that involve the mucosal immune system. Passage of macromolecules across barrier-forming epithelia is classically analyzed by means of various tracer flux measurements. This approach averages over contributions from many cells and lacks labeling of passage-sites. Thus, abundance and nature of involved cells have remained unidentified. We present a novel method that allowed for optical analysis of passage of various macromolecules on large-scale and single-cell level. To achieve tracking of passage loci in epithelia at submicrometer resolution we used biotinylated and fluorescent macromolecules that bind to basolateral membranes pre-labeled with cell-adherent avidin. We applied this method to epithelial cell lines and isolated mucosae in order to 3-dimensionally determine barrier leak properties over time. Tracer passage was found in all epithelia examined. However, it was infrequent, strikingly inhomogeneous, depended on culture duration and tightness of the monolayer. Stimulating passage with barrier-perturbing agents increased the number of leaks exposition time-dependently in cell lines and explanted mucosae. After stepwise opening of the paracellular passage pathway, integrated tracer-signal measured by our assay strictly correlated to simultaneously performed standard fluxes. Thus, our assay allows for the study of transepithelial macromolecule passage in various physiological and pathological conditions.
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188
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Karakuła-Juchnowicz H, Szachta P, Opolska A, Morylowska-Topolska J, Gałęcka M, Juchnowicz D, Krukow P, Lasik Z. The role of IgG hypersensitivity in the pathogenesis and therapy of depressive disorders. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 20:110-118. [PMID: 25268936 DOI: 10.1179/1476830514y.0000000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Depressive episodes are associated not only with changes in neurotransmission in the central nervous system, but also may lead to structural changes in the brain through neuroendocrine, inflammatory, and immunological mechanisms. The aim of this article is to present a new hypothesis connecting the inflammatory theory of depression with IgG food hypersensitivity and leaky gut syndrome. This new potential pathway that may mediate the pathogenesis of depression implies the existence of subsequent developmental stages. Overproduction of zonulin triggered, for example, by gliadin through activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and protease-activated receptor causes loosening of the tight junction barrier and an increase in permeability of the gut wall ('leaky gut'). This results in a process allowing larger molecules that would normally stay in the gut to cross into the bloodstream and in the induction of IgG-dependent food sensitivity. This condition causes an increased immune response and consequently induces the release of proinflammatory cytokines, which in turn may lead to the development of depressive symptoms. It seems advisable to assess the intestinal permeability using as a marker, for example, zonulin and specific IgG concentrations against selected nutritional components in patients with depression. In the case of increased IgG concentrations, the implementation of an elimination-rotation diet may prove to be an effective method of reducing inflammation. This new paradigm in the pathogenesis of depressive disorders linking leaky gut, IgG-dependent food sensitivity, inflammation, and depression is promising, but still needs further studies to confirm this theory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aneta Opolska
- c Department of Dietetics Higher School of Social Sciences , Lublin , Poland
| | | | | | | | - Paweł Krukow
- a Department of Clinical Neuropsychiatry Medical University , Lublin , Poland
| | - Zofia Lasik
- b Institute for Microecology , Poznań , Poland
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189
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Herrera MG, Veuthey TV, Dodero VI. Self-organization of gliadin in aqueous media under physiological digestive pHs. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 141:565-575. [PMID: 26897550 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we showed that gliadin, a complex protein system related to celiac disease and other human diseases, is spontaneously self-organized in a very dilute solution at pH 3.0 and 7.0 in water under low ionic strength (10mM NaCl). The spontaneous self-organization at pH 3.0 increases the apparent solubility due to the formation of finite sized aggregates, such as those formed in the micellization of amphiphilic molecules. Switching the pH from 3.0 to 7.0 lead to a phase separation, however part of the nano-particles are stable remaining disperse in water after centrifugation. Also, beside the pH change led to changes in protein composition and concentration, we determined that the secondary structure of both system is the same. Moreover, Tyrs are slightly more buried and Trps are slightly more exposed to water at pH 7.0 than those at pH 3.0. Electron microscopy techniques showed that both gliadin systems are composed of nanostructures and in the case of pH 7.0 amorphous microaggregates were found, too. Only nanostructures at pH 3.0 showed a micromolar binding affinity to Nile red probe, suggesting the presence of accessible hydrophobic patches which are not more accessible at pH 7.0. All our results suggest that gliadin is able to self-organized at pH 3.0 forming protein micelles type nanostructures (ζ=+13, 42 ± 1.55 mV), meanwhile at 7.0 the decrease of superficial charge to ζ of +4, 78 ± 0.48 mV led to the formation of stable colloidal nanoparticles, unable to interact with Nile red probe. Our findings may open new perspectives for the understanding of gliadin ability to avoid proteolysis, to reach and cross the intestinal lumen and to trigger different immunological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- María G Herrera
- Departamento de Química-INQUISUR, Universidad Nacional del Su- CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Tania V Veuthey
- Departamento de Química-INQUISUR, Universidad Nacional del Su- CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Verónica I Dodero
- Departamento de Química-INQUISUR, Universidad Nacional del Su- CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Organische Chemie, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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190
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Xu Q, Li X, Wang E, He Y, Yin B, Fang D, Wang G, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W. A cellular model for screening of lactobacilli that can enhance tight junctions. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24148d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A new cellular model was established for screening the probiotics with direct effects on tight junction restoration efficiently.
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191
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LIS DANA, STELLINGWERFF TRENT, KITIC CECILIAM, AHUJA KIRANDK, FELL JAMES. No Effects of a Short-Term Gluten-free Diet on Performance in Nonceliac Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47:2563-70. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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192
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Marietta EV, Nadeau AM, Cartee AK, Singh I, Rishi A, Choung RS, Wu TT, Rubio-Tapia A, Murray JA. Immunopathogenesis of olmesartan-associated enteropathy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 42:1303-14. [PMID: 26423313 PMCID: PMC4626300 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olmesartan-associated enteropathy (OAE) is characterised by diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, weight loss and severe sprue-like enteropathy, all of which are resolved after discontinuation of olmesartan medoximil. AIM To determine the mechanistic similarities of OAE with coeliac sprue. METHODS Duodenal biopsies were extracted from OAE patients before (n = 11) or after (n = 17) discontinuation of olmesartan medoxomil (on or off olmesartan medoxomil). There were seven 'on/off' paired samples. Formalin-fixed biopsies were stained for CD8, CD4, FoxP3, IL-15R and psmad 2/3. Caco2 cells (human colonic epithelial line) were treated with olmesartan medoxomil and stained for IL-15, IL-15R and ZO-1. RESULTS In the 'on olmesartan medoxomil' duodenal biopsies, a significant increase in the numbers of CD8+ cells and the number of cells that are FoxP3+ (a regulatory T-cell marker) are present in the duodenum as compared to the duodenal biopsies from patients who discontinued olmesartan medoxomil. IL15R expression is also increased with olmesartan medoxomil use. Evaluation of the effect of olmesartan medoxomil upon Caco-2 cells demonstrated that IL15 expression is increased in response to olmesartan medoxomil treatment. Further, ZO-1, a tight junction protein, is disrupted in olmesartan medoxomil-treated Caco-2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Olmesartan-associated enteropathy shares many features with coeliac disease, including symptoms and immunopathogenic pathways, such as increased numbers of CD8+ cells and corresponding overexpression of IL15 by epithelial cells. Taken together, the treatment of epithelial cells with olmesartan medoxomil induces a response by intestinal epithelial cells that is similar to the innate effects of gluten upon the epithelium of coeliac patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric V. Marietta
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ashley M. Nadeau
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amanda K. Cartee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ishtpreet Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Abdul Rishi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rok Seon Choung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tsung-Teh Wu
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alberto Rubio-Tapia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joseph A. Murray
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Wheat gluten intake increases weight gain and adiposity associated with reduced thermogenesis and energy expenditure in an animal model of obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 40:479-86. [PMID: 26443339 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The association between gluten and body weight is inconsistent. Previously, we showed that a gluten-free diet reduces weight gain without changing food intake in mice fed high-fat diets. In the present study, we investigated the effects of gluten intake on fat metabolism, thermogenesis and energy expenditure in mice fed a standard or high-fat diet. METHODS Mice were fed four different experimental diets during 8 weeks: a control-standard diet (CD), a CD added with 4.5% of wheat gluten (CD-G), a high-fat diet (HFD) and a HFD added with 4.5% of wheat gluten (HFD-G). After 8 weeks, the mice received (99m)Tc-radiolabeled gluten orally to study gluten absorption and biodistribution or they underwent indirect calorimetry. After killing, subcutaneous and brown adipose tissues (SAT and BAT) were collected to assess thermogenesis-related protein expression. Lipid metabolism was studied in adipocyte cultures from the four groups. RESULTS Despite having had the same energy intake, CD-G and HFD-G mice exhibited increased body weight and fat deposits compared with their respective controls. (99m)Tc-GLU or its peptides were detected in the blood, liver and visceral adipose tissue, suggesting that gluten can even reach extraintestinal organs. Uncoupling protein-1 expression was reduced in the BAT of HFD-G and in the SAT of CD-G and HFD-G mice. Indirect calorimetry showed lower oxygen volume consumption in CD-G and HFD-G groups compared with their controls. In HFD mice, daily energy expenditure was reduced with gluten intake. Gluten also reduced adiponectin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α and PPARγ and hormone-sensitive lipase in cultures of isolated adipocytes from HFD mice, whereas in the CD-G group, gluten intake increased interleukin-6 expression and tended to increase that of tumor necrosis factor. CONCLUSIONS Wheat gluten promotes weight gain in animals on both HFD and CD, partly by reducing the thermogenic capacity of adipose tissues.
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Bidmon-Fliegenschnee B, Lederhuber HC, Csaicsich D, Pichler J, Herzog R, Memaran-Dadgar N, Huber WD, Aufricht C, Kratochwill K. Overexpression of Hsp70 confers cytoprotection during gliadin exposure in Caco-2 cells. Pediatr Res 2015; 78:358-64. [PMID: 26086640 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Celiac disease (CD), cytoskeletal integrity of intestinal cells is disrupted by gliadin exposure. This study investigates the role of heat shock protein (Hsp)70 during cytoskeletal recovery in CD by assessing its induction and effects on junctional proteins. METHODS Using an in-vitro model of CD, cytoskeletal injury and recovery was assessed in gliadin-exposed Caco-2 cells by measuring cellular distribution of ezrin, E-cadherin, and Hsp70 by differential centrifugation. Effects of Hsp70 were tested by an in-vitro repair assay, based on the incubation of injured or recovered cytoskeletal cellular fractions in noncytoskeletal supernatants containing low or high levels of Hsp70, or by transient transfection of Caco-2 cells with Hsp70. RESULTS Cytoskeletal disruption of ezrin and E-cadherin was demonstrated in gliadin-exposed Caco-2 cells by their significant shift from the cytoskeletal pellet into the noncytoskeletal supernatant fraction. Recovery from gliadin exposure was associated with induction and cytoskeletal redistribution of Hsp70. The in-vitro repair assay delineated direct evidence for HSP-mediated repair by stabilization of junctional proteins by Hsp70. Overexpression of Hsp70 resulted in significantly increased cytoskeletal integrity. CONCLUSION Our results establish an essential role of HSP-mediated cytoskeletal repair in Caco-2 cells during recovery from in-vitro gliadin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans Ch Lederhuber
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Csaicsich
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Pichler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rebecca Herzog
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nima Memaran-Dadgar
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Huber
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Aufricht
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Kratochwill
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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195
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Lammers KM, Chieppa M, Liu L, Liu S, Omatsu T, Janka-Junttila M, Casolaro V, Reinecker HC, Parent CA, Fasano A. Gliadin Induces Neutrophil Migration via Engagement of the Formyl Peptide Receptor, FPR1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138338. [PMID: 26378785 PMCID: PMC4574934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gliadin, the immunogenic component within gluten and trigger of celiac disease, is known to induce the production of Interleukin-8, a potent neutrophil-activating and chemoattractant chemokine. We sought to study the involvement of neutrophils in the early immunological changes following gliadin exposure. Methods Utilizing immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, the redistribution of major tight junction protein, Zonula occludens (ZO)-1, and neutrophil recruitment were assessed in duodenal tissues of gliadin-gavaged C57BL/6 wild-type and Lys-GFP reporter mice, respectively. Intravital microscopy with Lys-GFP mice allowed monitoring of neutrophil recruitment in response to luminal gliadin exposure in real time. In vitro chemotaxis assays were used to study murine and human neutrophil chemotaxis to gliadin, synthetic alpha-gliadin peptides and the neutrophil chemoattractant, fMet-Leu-Phe, in the presence or absence of a specific inhibitor of the fMet-Leu-Phe receptor-1 (FPR1), cyclosporine H. An irrelevant protein, zein, served as a control. Results Redistribution of ZO-1 and an influx of CD11b+Lys6G+ cells in the lamina propria of the small intestine were observed upon oral gavage of gliadin. In vivo intravital microscopy revealed a slowing down of GFP+ cells within the vessels and influx in the mucosal tissue within 2 hours after challenge. In vitro chemotaxis assays showed that gliadin strongly induced neutrophil migration, similar to fMet-Leu-Phe. We identified thirteen synthetic gliadin peptide motifs that induced cell migration. Blocking of FPR1 completely abrogated the fMet-Leu-Phe-, gliadin- and synthetic peptide-induced migration. Conclusions Gliadin possesses neutrophil chemoattractant properties similar to the classical neutrophil chemoattractant, fMet-Leu-Phe, and likewise uses FPR1 in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Lammers
- Department of Pediatrics, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital East, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Marcello Chieppa
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lunhua Liu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tatsushi Omatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mirkka Janka-Junttila
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vincenzo Casolaro
- Department of Pediatrics, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital East, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hans-Christian Reinecker
- Department of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Carole A. Parent
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Department of Pediatrics, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital East, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
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196
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The Role of Gluten in Celiac Disease and Type 1 Diabetes. Nutrients 2015; 7:7143-62. [PMID: 26343710 PMCID: PMC4586524 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) are autoimmune conditions in which dietary gluten has been proven or suggested to play a pathogenic role. In CD; gluten is established as the instigator of autoimmunity; the autoimmune process is halted by removing gluten from the diet; which allows for resolution of celiac autoimmune enteropathy and subsequent normalization of serological markers of the disease. However; an analogous causative agent has not yet been identified for T1D. Nevertheless; the role of dietary gluten in development of T1D and the potentially beneficial effect of removing gluten from the diet of patients with T1D are still debated. In this review; we discuss the comorbid occurrence of CD and T1D and explore current evidences for the specific role of gluten in both conditions; specifically focusing on current evidence on the effect of gluten on the immune system and the gut microbiota.
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197
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Stein J, Schuppan D. Coeliac Disease - New Pathophysiological Findings and Their Implications for Therapy. VISZERALMEDIZIN 2015; 30:156-65. [PMID: 26288589 PMCID: PMC4513807 DOI: 10.1159/000365099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Coeliac disease (CD) is one of the most common diseases worldwide, resulting from a combination of environmental (gluten) and genetic (human leucocyte antigen (HLA) and non-HLA genes) factors. Depending on the geographical location, the prevalence of CD has been estimated to approximate 0.5-1%. The only treatment currently available for CD is a gluten-free diet (GFD) excluding gluten-containing cereals such as wheat, rye, and barley, and other foodstuffs with natural or added gluten. However, adherence rates and patient acceptance are often poor. Moreover, even in fully adherent patients, the diet may fail to induce clinical or histological improvement. Hence, it is unsurprising that studies show CD patients to be highly interested in non-dietary alternatives. The following review focuses on current pathophysiological concepts of CD, spotlighting those pathways which may serve as new possible, non-dietary therapeutic targets in the treatment of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Stein
- Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Sachsenhausen Hospital, Teaching Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany ; Interdisciplinary Crohn Colitis Centre Rhein-Main, Frankfurt/M., Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center, Hospital Mainz, Germany ; Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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198
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Gujral N, Suh JW, Sunwoo HH. Effect of anti-gliadin IgY antibody on epithelial intestinal integrity and inflammatory response induced by gliadin. BMC Immunol 2015; 16:41. [PMID: 26156219 PMCID: PMC4495697 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-015-0104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pepsin-trypsin resistant gliadin (PT-gliadin) promotes intestinal tissue inflammation and increases paracellular permeability of immunogenic gliadin peptides into the lamina propria. This leads to the complications seen in the pathogenesis of celiac disease (CD). In this study, specific anti-gliadin IgY antibody was produced and evaluated for its efficacy on gliadin induced intestinal integrity impairment and proinflammatory effects on intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cell culture model for CD. METHODS Caco-2 (passages 20-24) monolayers were subjected to 7 experimental conditions (n=3 each): phosphate buffered saline (PBS; control), pancreatic digested-casein (PD-casein; negative control), PT-gliadin (positive control), non-specific IgY with PT-gliadin, and anti-wheat gliadin IgY with PT-gliadin at a ratio of 1:6,000, 1:3,000 and 1:1,500. Caco-2 monolayers were then evaluated for effects of gliadin and/or anti-wheat gliadin IgY after 24 h exposure. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to quantify anti-inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-1β) 5 days after cells were exposed to PT-gliadin and/or anti-wheat gliadin IgY. RESULTS Among other conditions, anti-wheat gliadin IgY at a ratio of 1:3,000 (anti-gliadin IgY: PT-gliadin) significantly prevented gliadin toxicity on Caco-2 by maintaining intestinal integrity, inhibiting phenol red permeation, and inhibiting gliadin absorption and production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) as compared to PT-gliadin stimulated cultures (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The anti-wheat gliadin IgY antibody produced in this study has proved to inhibit absorption of gliadin and gliadin-induced inflammatory response in Caco2 cell culture model of CD. Anti-gliadin IgY, therefore has potential to be used as an oral passive antibody therapy to treat CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiyana Gujral
- 3142G Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy & Health Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, 11361 - 87 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Ju Won Suh
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, Myongji University, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do, 449-728, Korea.
| | - Hoon H Sunwoo
- 3142G Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy & Health Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, 11361 - 87 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.
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199
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Plugis NM, Khosla C. Therapeutic approaches for celiac disease. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2015; 29:503-21. [PMID: 26060114 PMCID: PMC4465084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease is a common, lifelong autoimmune disorder for which dietary control is the only accepted form of therapy. A strict gluten-free diet is burdensome to patients and can be limited in efficacy, indicating there is an unmet need for novel therapeutic approaches to supplement or supplant dietary therapy. Many molecular events required for disease pathogenesis have been recently characterized and inspire most current and emerging drug-discovery efforts. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) confirm the importance of human leukocyte antigen genes in our pathogenic model and identify a number of new risk loci in this complex disease. Here, we review the status of both emerging and potential therapeutic strategies in the context of disease pathophysiology. We conclude with a discussion of how genes identified during GWAS and follow-up studies that enhance susceptibility may offer insight into developing novel therapies.
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200
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Jamnik J, García-Bailo B, Borchers CH, El-Sohemy A. Gluten Intake Is Positively Associated with Plasma α2-Macroglobulin in Young Adults. J Nutr 2015; 145:1256-62. [PMID: 25855121 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.212829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gluten-free foods have increased in popularity over the past decade and are now being consumed by individuals without celiac disease. However, the physiologic effects of gluten intake in individuals without celiac disease remain unknown. High-abundance plasma proteins involved in inflammation, endothelial function, and other physiologic pathways may represent potential biomarkers of biological effects of gluten intake. OBJECTIVE The objective was to examine the association between gluten intake and plasma proteomic biomarkers in a population of adults without clinically diagnosed celiac disease. METHODS Subjects (n = 1095) were participants of the Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health Study, a cross-sectional examination of young adults aged 20-29 y. Dietary gluten intake was estimated by using a 1-mo, 196-item semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. The concentrations of 54 plasma proteins were measured simultaneously by liquid chromatography/multiple-reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. The association between gluten intake and each proteomic biomarker was examined by using general linear models. Analyses were then conducted in individuals who do not have the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2 or DQ8 risk variants required for the development of celiac disease to determine whether any associations observed could have been due to undiagnosed cases of celiac disease. RESULTS Increased gluten intake was associated with increased concentrations of plasma α2-macroglobulin (P = 0.01), a marker of inflammation and cytokine release. The association remained after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, ethnicity, physical activity, energy intake, fiber intake, and hormonal contraceptive use among women. This relation was not modified by HLA risk variants. CONCLUSION Gluten consumption is associated with increased plasma α2-macroglobulin in young adults, which appears to be independent of celiac disease, suggesting possible effects of gluten on inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Jamnik
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; and
| | - Bibiana García-Bailo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; and
| | - Christoph H Borchers
- Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Ahmed El-Sohemy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; and
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