151
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The small GTPase RhoG regulates microtubule-mediated focal adhesion disassembly. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5163. [PMID: 30914742 PMCID: PMC6435757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41558-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesions (FA) are a complex network of proteins that allow the cell to form physical contacts with the extracellular matrix (ECM). FA assemble and disassemble in a dynamic process, orchestrated by a variety of cellular components. However, the underlying mechanisms that regulate adhesion turnover remain poorly understood. Here we show that RhoG, a Rho GTPase related to Rac, modulates FA dynamics. When RhoG expression is silenced, FA are more stable and live longer, resulting in an increase in the number and size of adhesions, which are also more mature and fibrillar-like. Silencing RhoG also increases the number and thickness of stress fibers, which are sensitive to blebbistatin, suggesting contractility is increased. The molecular mechanism by which RhoG regulates adhesion turnover is yet to be characterized, but our results demonstrate that RhoG plays a role in the regulation of microtubule-mediated FA disassembly.
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152
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Sao K, Jones TM, Doyle AD, Maity D, Schevzov G, Chen Y, Gunning PW, Petrie RJ. Myosin II governs intracellular pressure and traction by distinct tropomyosin-dependent mechanisms. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1170-1181. [PMID: 30865560 PMCID: PMC6724525 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-06-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) substrate rigidity promotes myosin II activity to increase traction force in a process negatively regulated by tropomyosin (Tpm) 2.1. We recently discovered that actomyosin contractility can increase intracellular pressure and switch tumor cells from low-pressure lamellipodia to high-pressure lobopodial protrusions during three-dimensional (3D) migration. However, it remains unclear whether these myosin II–generated cellular forces are produced simultaneously, and by the same molecular machinery. Here we identify Tpm 1.6 as a positive regulator of intracellular pressure and confirm that Tpm 2.1 is a negative regulator of traction force. We find that Tpm 1.6 and 2.1 can control intracellular pressure and traction independently, suggesting these myosin II–dependent forces are generated by distinct mechanisms. Further, these tropomyosin-regulated mechanisms can be integrated to control complex cell behaviors on 2D and in 3D environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimheak Sao
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Tia M Jones
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Andrew D Doyle
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Debonil Maity
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Galina Schevzov
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Peter W Gunning
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ryan J Petrie
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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153
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Hyaluronan Disrupts Cardiomyocyte Organization within 3D Fibrin-Based Hydrogels. Biophys J 2019; 116:1340-1347. [PMID: 30878203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix in vivo contains variable but often large amounts of glycosaminoglycans that influence cell and tissue function. Hyaluronan (HA) is an abundant glycosaminoglycan within the extracellular matrix of the myocardium during early development and in the aftermath of a myocardial infarction. Its flexible anionic structure has a strong influence on mechanical response and interstitial fluid flow within the matrix. Additionally, HA has a direct, biochemical effect on cells through an array of cell-surface receptors, including CD44, RHAMM/CD168, and other surface-exposed structures. Recent studies have shown that HA modulates the response of cardiomyocytes and other cell types to two-dimensional substrates of varying elastic moduli. This study investigates the force response to HA of cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts within three-dimensional matrices of variable composition and mechanical properties in vitro. HA significantly decreased the force exerted by the cell-matrix constructs in a tensiometer testing platform and within microfabricated tissue gauges. However, its effect was no different from that of alginate, an anionic polysaccharide with the same charge density but no specific transmembrane receptors. Therefore, these results establish that HA exerts a generic physical-chemical effect within three-dimensional hydrogels that must be accounted for when interrogating cell-matrix interactions.
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154
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The Functional Implications of Endothelial Gap Junctions and Cellular Mechanics in Vascular Angiogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020237. [PMID: 30781714 PMCID: PMC6406946 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis—the sprouting and growth of new blood vessels from the existing vasculature—is an important contributor to tumor development, since it facilitates the supply of oxygen and nutrients to cancer cells. Endothelial cells are critically affected during the angiogenic process as their proliferation, motility, and morphology are modulated by pro-angiogenic and environmental factors associated with tumor tissues and cancer cells. Recent in vivo and in vitro studies have revealed that the gap junctions of endothelial cells also participate in the promotion of angiogenesis. Pro-angiogenic factors modulate gap junction function and connexin expression in endothelial cells, whereas endothelial connexins are involved in angiogenic tube formation and in the cell migration of endothelial cells. Several mechanisms, including gap junction function-dependent or -independent pathways, have been proposed. In particular, connexins might have the potential to regulate cell mechanics such as cell morphology, cell migration, and cellular stiffness that are dynamically changed during the angiogenic processes. Here, we review the implication for endothelial gap junctions and cellular mechanics in vascular angiogenesis.
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155
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Wang Q, Wang D, Shibata S, Ji T, Zhang L, Zhang R, Yang H, Ma L, Jiao J. Group I metabotropic glutamate receptor activation induces TRPC6-dependent calcium influx and RhoA activation in cultured human kidney podocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 511:374-380. [PMID: 30782481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Researches have shown that mice lacking the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR) showed albuminuria, remodeling of F-actin, with loss of stress fibers. Selective group I mGluRs agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) attenuated albuminuria in several rodent models of nephrotic syndrome. However, the molecular mechanism is obscure. Using a human podocyte cell line, we here investigated the molecular mechanisms of group I mGluRs-induced calcium influx and the formation of stress fibers. Our data showed that group I mGluRs activation by DHPG induced a significant calcium influx, and promoted cytoskeletal stress fiber formation and focal adhesions in podocytes. Pre-incubating podocytes with non-selective inhibitor of transient receptor potential channels (TRPC), or the knockdown of TRPC6 attenuated the calcium influx and the stress fiber formation induced by DHPG. Further, DHPG resulted in an increase of active RhoA expression. However, the knockdown of RhoA by siRNA abolished the DHPG-induced increase in stress fibers. Additionally, nonselective inhibitors of TRPC or TRPC6 knockdown clearly inhibited RhoA activation induced by DHPG, as assessed by Glutathione-S-transferase pull-down assay followed by Western blotting. Taken together, our findings suggest TRPC6 regulates actin stress fiber formation and focal adhesions via the RhoA pathway in response to group I mGluRs activation. Our data can potentially explain the mechanism of protective action of group I mGluRs in glomerular podocyte injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Derun Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shigeru Shibata
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tianrong Ji
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - He Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Linlin Ma
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jundong Jiao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Institute of Nephrology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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156
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Al-Rekabi Z, Fura AM, Juhlin I, Yassin A, Popowics TE, Sniadecki NJ. Hyaluronan-CD44 interactions mediate contractility and migration in periodontal ligament cells. Cell Adh Migr 2019; 13:138-150. [PMID: 30676222 PMCID: PMC6527381 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2019.1568140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of hyaluronan (HA) in periodontal healing has been speculated via its interaction with the CD44 receptor. While HA-CD44 interactions have previously been implicated in numerous cell types; effect and mechanism of exogenous HA on periodontal ligament (PDL) cells is less clear. Herein, we examine the effect of exogenous HA on contractility and migration in human and murine PDL cells using arrays of microposts and time-lapse microscopy. Our findings observed HA-treated human PDL cells as more contractile and less migratory than untreated cells. Moreover, the effect of HA on contractility and focal adhesion area was abrogated when PDL cells were treated with Y27632, an inhibitor of rho-dependent kinase, but not when these cells were treated with ML-7, an inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase. Our results provide insight into the mechanobiology of PDL cells, which may contribute towards the development of therapeutic strategies for periodontal healing and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Al-Rekabi
- a Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Adriane M Fura
- b Department of Bioengineering , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Ilsa Juhlin
- a Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Alaa Yassin
- c Department of Periodontics , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Tracy E Popowics
- d Department of Oral Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Nathan J Sniadecki
- a Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Bioengineering , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,e Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
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157
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Cao J, Schnittler H. Putting VE-cadherin into JAIL for junction remodeling. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/1/jcs222893. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.222893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Junction dynamics of endothelial cells are based on the integration of signal transduction, cytoskeletal remodeling and contraction, which are necessary for the formation and maintenance of monolayer integrity, but also enable repair and regeneration. The VE-cadherin–catenin complex forms the molecular basis of the adherence junctions and cooperates closely with actin filaments. Several groups have recently described small actin-driven protrusions at the cell junctions that are controlled by the Arp2/3 complex, contributing to cell junction regulation. We identified these protrusions as the driving force for VE-cadherin dynamics, as they directly induce new VE-cadherin-mediated adhesion sites, and have accordingly referred to these structures as junction-associated intermittent lamellipodia (JAIL). JAIL extend over only a few microns and thus provide the basis for a subcellular regulation of adhesion. The local (subcellular) VE-cadherin concentration and JAIL formation are directly interdependent, which enables autoregulation. Therefore, this mechanism can contribute a subcellularly regulated adaptation of cell contact dynamics, and is therefore of great importance for monolayer integrity and relative cell migration during wound healing and angiogenesis, as well as for inflammatory responses. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms and functions underlying these actin-driven protrusions and consider their contribution to the dynamic regulation of endothelial cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Cao
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster Germany
| | - Hans Schnittler
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster Germany
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158
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Talin: a protein designed for mechanotransduction. Emerg Top Life Sci 2018; 2:673-675. [PMID: 33530661 PMCID: PMC7288989 DOI: 10.1042/etls20180179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mechanotransduction, the topic of this volume, has become a major area of cell biological research. That cells respond to their external environments has been known for decades; however, research was largely confined to studying how cells respond to soluble factors and not mechanical forces. Here, I will use talin, a canonical mechanosensitive protein, to illustrate certain emerging concepts.
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159
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Cao Y, Lei Y, Luo Y, Tan T, Du B, Zheng Y, Sun L, Liang Q. The actomyosin network is influenced by NMHC IIA and regulated by Crp F46, which is involved in controlling cell migration. Exp Cell Res 2018; 373:119-131. [PMID: 30336116 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
When a cell migrates, the centrosome positions between the nucleus and the leading edge of migration via the microtubule system. The protein CrpF46 (centrosome-related protein F46) has a known role during mitosis and centrosome duplication. However, how CrpF46 efficiently regulates centrosome-related cell migration is unclear. Here, we report that knockdown of CrpF46 resulted in the disruption of microtubule arrangement, with impaired centrosomal reorientation, and slowed down cell migration. In cells that express low levels of CrpF46, stress fibers were weakened, which could be rescued by recovering Flag-CrpF46. We also found that CrpF46 interacted with non-muscle myosin high chain IIA (NMHC IIA) and that its three coiled-coil domains are pivotal for its binding to NMHC IIA. Additionally, analyses of phosphorylation of NMHC IIA and RLC (regulatory light chain) demonstrated that CrpF46 was associated with myosin IIA during filament formation. Indirect immunofluorescence images indicated that NM IIA filaments were inhibited when CrpF46 was under-expressed. Thus, CrpF46 regulates cell migration by centrosomal reorientation and altering the function of the actomyosin network by controlling specific phosphorylation of myosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Yan Lei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Yang Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Tan Tan
- School of Pharmacology and Biology, University of South China, Hunan Province Cooperative innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Baochen Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Yanbo Zheng
- The Institute of Medical Biotechnology (IMB) of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Le Sun
- AbMax Biotechnology Co., Beijing 101111, PR China
| | - Qianjin Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
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160
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Barui A, Datta P. Biophysical factors in the regulation of asymmetric division of stem cells. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 94:810-827. [PMID: 30467934 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Barui
- Centre for Healthcare Science and TechnologyIndian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur Howrah West Bengal 711103 India
| | - Pallab Datta
- Centre for Healthcare Science and TechnologyIndian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur Howrah West Bengal 711103 India
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161
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Mollaeian K, Liu Y, Bi S, Wang Y, Ren J, Lu M. Nonlinear Cellular Mechanical Behavior Adaptation to Substrate Mechanics Identified by Atomic Force Microscope. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113461. [PMID: 30400365 PMCID: PMC6274799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell–substrate interaction plays an important role in intracellular behavior and function. Adherent cell mechanics is directly regulated by the substrate mechanics. However, previous studies on the effect of substrate mechanics only focused on the stiffness relation between the substrate and the cells, and how the substrate stiffness affects the time-scale and length-scale of the cell mechanics has not yet been studied. The absence of this information directly limits the in-depth understanding of the cellular mechanotransduction process. In this study, the effect of substrate mechanics on the nonlinear biomechanical behavior of living cells was investigated using indentation-based atomic force microscopy. The mechanical properties and their nonlinearities of the cells cultured on four substrates with distinct mechanical properties were thoroughly investigated. Furthermore, the actin filament (F-actin) cytoskeleton of the cells was fluorescently stained to investigate the adaptation of F-actin cytoskeleton structure to the substrate mechanics. It was found that living cells sense and adapt to substrate mechanics: the cellular Young’s modulus, shear modulus, apparent viscosity, and their nonlinearities (mechanical property vs. measurement depth relation) were adapted to the substrates’ nonlinear mechanics. Moreover, the positive correlation between the cellular poroelasticity and the indentation remained the same regardless of the substrate stiffness nonlinearity, but was indeed more pronounced for the cells seeded on the softer substrates. Comparison of the F-actin cytoskeleton morphology confirmed that the substrate affects the cell mechanics by regulating the intracellular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyvan Mollaeian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Siyu Bi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Juan Ren
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Meng Lu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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162
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Zielinski A, Linnartz C, Pleschka C, Dreissen G, Springer R, Merkel R, Hoffmann B. Reorientation dynamics and structural interdependencies of actin, microtubules and intermediate filaments upon cyclic stretch application. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2018; 75:385-394. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zielinski
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-7: Biomechanics; Jülich Germany
| | - Christina Linnartz
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-7: Biomechanics; Jülich Germany
| | - Catharina Pleschka
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-7: Biomechanics; Jülich Germany
| | - Georg Dreissen
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-7: Biomechanics; Jülich Germany
| | - Ronald Springer
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-7: Biomechanics; Jülich Germany
| | - Rudolf Merkel
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-7: Biomechanics; Jülich Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-7: Biomechanics; Jülich Germany
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163
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Warner H, Wilson BJ, Caswell PT. Control of adhesion and protrusion in cell migration by Rho GTPases. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 56:64-70. [PMID: 30292078 PMCID: PMC6368645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is a critical process that underpins a number of physiological and pathological contexts such as the correct functioning of the immune system and the spread of metastatic cancer cells. Central to this process are the Rho family of GTPases, which act as core regulators of cell migration. Rho GTPases are molecular switches that associate with lipid membranes and act to choreograph molecular events that underpin cell migration. Specifically, these GTPases play critical roles in coordinating force generation through driving the formation of cellular protrusions as well as cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions. Here we provide an update on the many roles of Rho-family GTPases in coordinating protrusion and adhesion formation in the context of cell migration, as well as describing how their activity is controlled to by a variety of complex signalling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Warner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Beverley J Wilson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Patrick T Caswell
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
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164
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Fu P, Shaaya M, Harijith A, Jacobson JR, Karginov A, Natarajan V. Sphingolipids Signaling in Lamellipodia Formation and Enhancement of Endothelial Barrier Function. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 82:1-31. [PMID: 30360778 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids, first described in the brain in 1884, are important structural components of biological membranes of all eukaryotic cells. In recent years, several lines of evidence support the critical role of sphingolipids such as sphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and ceramide as anti- or pro-inflammatory bioactive lipid mediators in a variety of human pathologies including pulmonary and vascular disorders. Among the sphingolipids, S1P is a naturally occurring agonist that exhibits potent barrier enhancing property in the endothelium by signaling via G protein-coupled S1P1 receptor. S1P, S1P analogs, and other barrier enhancing agents such as HGF, oxidized phospholipids, and statins also utilize the S1P/S1P1 signaling pathway to generate membrane protrusions or lamellipodia, which have been implicated in resealing of endothelial gaps and maintenance of barrier integrity. A better understanding of sphingolipids mediated regulation of lamellipodia formation and barrier enhancement of the endothelium will be critical for the development of sphingolipid-based therapies to alleviate pulmonary disorders such as sepsis-, radiation-, and mechanical ventilation-induced acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panfeng Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mark Shaaya
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Anantha Harijith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Jacobson
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Andrei Karginov
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Viswanathan Natarajan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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165
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Bosma EK, van Noorden CJF, Schlingemann RO, Klaassen I. The role of plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein in pathological breakdown of blood-brain and blood-retinal barriers: potential novel therapeutic target for cerebral edema and diabetic macular edema. Fluids Barriers CNS 2018; 15:24. [PMID: 30231925 PMCID: PMC6146740 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-018-0109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breakdown of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) or inner blood–retinal barrier (BRB), induced by pathologically elevated levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or other mediators, can lead to vasogenic edema and significant clinical problems such as neuronal morbidity and mortality, or vision loss. Restoration of the barrier function with corticosteroids in the brain, or by blocking VEGF in the eye are currently the predominant treatment options for brain edema and diabetic macular edema, respectively. However, corticosteroids have side effects, and VEGF has important neuroprotective, vascular protective and wound healing functions, implying that long-term anti-VEGF therapy may also induce adverse effects. We postulate that targeting downstream effector proteins of VEGF and other mediators that are directly involved in the regulation of BBB and BRB integrity provide more attractive and safer treatment options for vasogenic cerebral edema and diabetic macular edema. The endothelial cell-specific protein plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein (PLVAP), a protein associated with trans-endothelial transport, emerges as candidate for this approach. PLVAP is expressed in a subset of endothelial cells throughout the body where it forms the diaphragms of caveolae, fenestrae and trans-endothelial channels. However, PLVAP expression in brain and eye barrier endothelia only occurs in pathological conditions associated with a compromised barrier function such as cancer, ischemic stroke and diabetic retinopathy. Here, we discuss the current understanding of PLVAP as a structural component of endothelial cells and regulator of vascular permeability in health and central nervous system disease. Besides providing a perspective on PLVAP identification, structure and function, and the regulatory processes involved, we also explore its potential as a novel therapeutic target for vasogenic cerebral edema and retinal macular edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda K Bosma
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J F van Noorden
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Reinier O Schlingemann
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ingeborg Klaassen
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Room L3-154, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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166
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Fischer RS, Lam PY, Huttenlocher A, Waterman CM. Filopodia and focal adhesions: An integrated system driving branching morphogenesis in neuronal pathfinding and angiogenesis. Dev Biol 2018; 451:86-95. [PMID: 30193787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Single cell branching during development in vertebrates is typified by neuronal branching to form neurites and vascular branches formed by sprouting angiogenesis. Neurons and endothelial tip cells possess subcellular protrusions that share many common features from the morphological to the molecular level. Both systems utilize filopodia as their cellular protrusion organelles and depend on specific integrin-mediated adhesions to the local extracellular matrix for guidance in their pathfinding. We discuss the similar molecular machineries involved in these two types of cell branch formation and use their analogy to propose a new mechanism for angiogenic filopodia function, namely as adhesion assembly sites. In support of this model we provide primary data of angiogenesis in zebrafish in vivo showing that the actin assembly factor VASP participates in both filopodia formation and adhesion assembly at the base of the filopodia, enabling forward progress of the tip cell. The use of filopodia and their associated adhesions provide a common mechanism for neuronal and endothelial pathfinding during development in response to extracellular matrix cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Fischer
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States
| | - Pui-Ying Lam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, United States
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, United States
| | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States.
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167
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Esfahani AM, Zhao W, Chen JY, Huang C, Xi N, Xi J, Yang R. On the Measurement of Energy Dissipation of Adhered Cells with the Quartz Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10340-10349. [PMID: 30088414 PMCID: PMC6669898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported the finding of a linear correlation between the change of energy dissipation (Δ D) of adhered cells measured with the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and the level of focal adhesions of the cells. To account for this correlation, we have developed a theoretical framework for assessing the Δ D-response of adhered cells. We rationalized that the mechanical energy of an oscillating QCM-D sensor coupled with a cell monolayer is dissipated through three main processes: the interfacial friction through the dynamic restructuring (formation and rupture) of cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) bonds, the interfacial viscous damping by the liquid trapped between the QCM-D sensor and the basal membrane of the cell layer, and the intracellular viscous damping through the viscous slip between the cytoplasm and stress fibers as well as among stress fibers themselves. Our modeling study shows that the interfacial viscous damping by the trapped liquid is the primary process for energy dissipation during the early stage of the cell adhesion, whereas the dynamic restructuring of cell-ECM bonds becomes more prevalent during the later stage of the cell adhesion. Our modeling study also establishes a positive linear correlation between the Δ D-response and the level of cell adhesion quantified with the number of cell-ECM bonds, which corroborates our previous experimental finding. This correlation with a wide well-defined linear dynamic range provides a much needed theoretical validation of the dissipation monitoring function of the QCM-D as a powerful quantitative analytical tool for cell study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Monemian Esfahani
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 48824, United States
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 48824, United States
| | - Jennifer Y. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Changjin Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Ning Xi
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, HK, China
| | - Jun Xi
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ruiguo Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 48824, United States
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168
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Mechano-molecular transduction: Putting the pieces together. Biophys Chem 2018; 241:15-19. [PMID: 30077014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
When subjected to extracellular mechanical loads, cells express a variety of responses ranging from differentiation to apoptosis. The transducing mechanism between the physical stimulus and the molecular response is known as mechanotransduction. In this study, a mechano-molecular model is established that facilitates the integration of cellular mechanics with molecular signaling. It reveals a unique coupling mechanism between the physical stimuli, the extracellular mechanical properties, and the Rho signaling pathway. Myosin activation is shown to be correlated with the rate of intracellular activity and found to vary extremely for different extracellular rigidities. These findings can explain and interpret the fundamental observations of mechanotransduction.
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169
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Giannini M, Primerano C, Berger L, Giannaccini M, Wang Z, Landi E, Cuschieri A, Dente L, Signore G, Raffa V. Nano-topography: Quicksand for cell cycle progression? NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:2656-2665. [PMID: 30010000 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The 3-D spatial and mechanical features of nano-topography can create alternative environments, which influence cellular response. In this paper, murine fibroblast cells were grown on surfaces characterized by protruding nanotubes. Cells cultured on such nano-structured surface exhibit stronger cellular adhesion compared to control groups, but despite the fact that stronger adhesion is generally believed to promote cell cycle progression, the time cells spend in G1 phase is doubled. This apparent contradiction is solved by confocal microscopy analysis, which shows that the nano-topography inhibits actin stress fiber formation. In turn, this impairs RhoA activation, which is required to suppress the inhibition of cell cycle progression imposed by p21/p27. This finding suggests that the generation of stress fibers, required to impose the homeostatic intracellular tension, rather than cell adhesion/spreading is the limiting factor for cell cycle progression. Indeed, nano-topography could represent a unique tool to inhibit proliferation in adherent well-spread cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liron Berger
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Zhigang Wang
- Institute for Medical Science and Technology, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
| | - Elena Landi
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alfred Cuschieri
- Institute for Medical Science and Technology, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
| | - Luciana Dente
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Signore
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy; NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Pisa, Italy.
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170
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Monaghan-Benson E, Wittchen ES, Doerschuk CM, Burridge K. A Rnd3/p190RhoGAP pathway regulates RhoA activity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis fibroblasts. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2165-2175. [PMID: 29995590 PMCID: PMC6249798 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-11-0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an incurable disease of the lung that is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), resulting in disruption of normal lung function. The signals regulating fibrosis include both transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and tissue rigidity and a major signaling pathway implicated in fibrosis involves activation of the GTPase RhoA. During studies exploring how elevated RhoA activity is sustained in IPF, we discovered that not only is RhoA activated by profibrotic stimuli but also that the expression of Rnd3, a major antagonist of RhoA activity, and the activity of p190RhoGAP (p190), a Rnd3 effector, are both suppressed in IPF fibroblasts. Restoration of Rnd3 levels in IPF fibroblasts results in an increase in p190 activity, a decrease in RhoA activity and a decrease in the overall fibrotic phenotype. We also find that treatment with IPF drugs nintedanib and pirfenidone decreases the fibrotic phenotype and RhoA activity through up-regulation of Rnd3 expression and p190 activity. These data provide evidence for a pathway in IPF where fibroblasts down-regulate Rnd3 levels and p190 activity to enhance RhoA activity and drive the fibrotic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Monaghan-Benson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Erika S Wittchen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Claire M Doerschuk
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Keith Burridge
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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171
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Tojkander S, Ciuba K, Lappalainen P. CaMKK2 Regulates Mechanosensitive Assembly of Contractile Actin Stress Fibers. Cell Rep 2018; 24:11-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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172
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Lee S, Kassianidou E, Kumar S. Actomyosin stress fiber subtypes have unique viscoelastic properties and roles in tension generation. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:1992-2004. [PMID: 29927349 PMCID: PMC6232976 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-02-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Actomyosin stress fibers (SFs) support cell shape and migration by directing intracellular tension to the extracellular matrix (ECM) via focal adhesions. Migrating cells exhibit three SF subtypes (dorsal SFs, transverse arcs, and ventral SFs), which differ in their origin, location, and ECM connectivity. While each subtype is hypothesized to play unique structural roles, this idea has not been directly tested at the single-SF level. Here, we interrogate the mechanical properties of single SFs of each subtype based on their retraction kinetics following laser incision. While each SF subtype bears distinct mechanical properties, these properties are highly interdependent, with incision of dorsal fibers producing centripetal recoil of adjacent transverse arcs and the retraction of incised transverse arcs being limited by attachment points to dorsal SFs. These observations hold whether cells are allowed to spread freely or are confined to crossbow ECM patterns. Consistent with this interdependence, subtype-specific knockdown of dorsal SFs (palladin) or transverse arcs (mDia2) influences ventral SF retraction. These altered mechanics are partially phenocopied in cells cultured on ECM microlines that preclude assembly of dorsal SFs and transverse arcs. Our findings directly demonstrate that different SF subtypes play distinct roles in generating tension and form a mechanically interdependent network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Lee
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1762.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1762
| | - Elena Kassianidou
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1762.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1762
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1762.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1762.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1762
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173
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TARFULEA NICOLETA. A DISCRETE MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR SINGLE AND COLLECTIVE MOVEMENT IN AMOEBOID CELLS. J BIOL SYST 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218339018500134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we develop a new discrete mathematical model for individual and collective cell motility. We introduce a mechanical model for the movement of a cell on a two-dimensional rigid surface to describe and investigate the cell–cell and cell–substrate interactions. The cell cytoskeleton is modeled as a series of springs and dashpots connected in parallel. The cell–substrate attachments and the cell protrusions are also included. In particular, this model is used to describe the directed movement of endothelial cells on a Matrigel plate. We compare the results from our model with experimental data. We show that cell density and substrate rigidity play an important role in network formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- NICOLETA TARFULEA
- Department of Mathematics, Purdue University Northwest, 2200 169th Street, Hammond, Indiana 46323, USA
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174
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Trial J, Cieslik KA. Changes in cardiac resident fibroblast physiology and phenotype in aging. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H745-H755. [PMID: 29906228 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00237.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac fibroblast plays a central role in tissue homeostasis and in repair after injury. With aging, dysregulated cardiac fibroblasts have a reduced capacity to activate a canonical transforming growth factor-β-Smad pathway and differentiate poorly into contractile myofibroblasts. That results in the formation of an insufficient scar after myocardial infarction. In contrast, in the uninjured aged heart, fibroblasts are activated and acquire a profibrotic phenotype that leads to interstitial fibrosis, ventricular stiffness, and diastolic dysfunction, all conditions that may lead to heart failure. There is an apparent paradox in aging, wherein reparative fibrosis is impaired but interstitial, adverse fibrosis is augmented. This could be explained by analyzing the effectiveness of signaling pathways in resident fibroblasts from young versus aged hearts. Whereas defective signaling by transforming growth factor-β leads to insufficient scar formation by myofibroblasts, enhanced activation of the ERK1/2 pathway may be responsible for interstitial fibrosis mediated by activated fibroblasts. Listen to this article's corresponding podcast at https://ajpheart.podbean.com/e/fibroblast-phenotypic-changes-in-the-aging-heart/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn Trial
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
| | - Katarzyna A Cieslik
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
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175
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Ntantie E, Allen MJ, Fletcher J, Nkembo AT, Lamango NS, Ikpatt OF. Suppression of focal adhesion formation may account for the suppression of cell migration, invasion and growth of non-small cell lung cancer cells following treatment with polyisoprenylated cysteinyl amide inhibitors. Oncotarget 2018; 9:25781-25795. [PMID: 29899821 PMCID: PMC5995249 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory cells form extracellular matrix attachments called focal-adhesions. Focal adhesion assembly and disassembly are regulated by the Rho family of small GTPases. We previously reported that polyisoprenylated cysteinyl amide inhibitors (PCAIs) suppress Rho protein levels, disrupting F-actin cytoskeleton remodeling in the formation of lamellipodia and filopodia. In this study, we investigated whether these observations effect focal adhesion formation, which involves cell surface receptors known as integrins and several signaling/adaptor proteins such as vinculin, α-actinin, Rock kinases and phospho-Myosin Light Chain-2 (p-MLC-2), that foster the linkage of the actin cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. We observed that treatment of H1299 cells with 5 μM PCAIs for 24 h markedly diminished the level of full-length integrin α4 by at least 24% relative to controls. PCAIs at 5 μM, diminished the levels of vinculin by at least 50%. Immunofluorescent analysis showed at least a 76% decrease in the number of vinculin-focal adhesion punctates. In addition, PCAIs diminished Rock1 levels by 25% and its substrate, p-MLC-2 by 75%. PCAIs did not significantly alter the levels of integrin β5, α-actinin, and Rock2, suggesting that the effects of the PCAIs are target specific. Our data indicate that the PCAIs alter the levels of the Rho proteins and their effectors to abrogate their functions in cytoskeleton remodeling thereby suppressing focal adhesion formation. This in turn results in a PCAIs-induced decrease in cell invasion, thus making the PCAIs propitious agents for the inhibition of cancer growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ntantie
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Michaela J. Allen
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Jerrine Fletcher
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Augustine T. Nkembo
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Nazarius S. Lamango
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Offiong F. Ikpatt
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33027, USA
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176
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van Loosdregt IAEW, Kamps MAF, Oomens CWJ, Loerakker S, Broers JLV, Bouten CVC. Lmna knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts are less contractile than their wild-type counterparts. Integr Biol (Camb) 2018; 9:709-721. [PMID: 28702670 DOI: 10.1039/c7ib00069c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to maintain tissue homeostasis and functionality, adherent cells need to sense and respond to environmental mechanical stimuli. An important ability that adherent cells need in order to properly sense and respond to mechanical stimuli is the ability to exert contractile stress onto the environment via actin stress fibers. The actin stress fibers form a structural chain between the cells' environment via focal adhesions and the nucleus via the nuclear lamina. In case one of the links in this chain is missing or aberrant, contractile stress generation will be affected. This is especially the case in laminopathic cells, which have a missing or mutated form of the LMNA gene encoding for part of the nuclear lamina. Using the thin film method combined with sample specific finite element modeling, we quantitatively showed a fivefold lower contractile stress generation of Lmna knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) as compared to wild-type MEFs. Via fluorescence microscopy it was demonstrated that the lower contractile stress generation was associated with an impaired actin stress fiber organization with thinner actin fibers and smaller focal adhesions. Similar experiments with wild-type MEFs with chemically disrupted actin stress fibers verified these findings. These data illustrate the importance of an organized actin stress fiber network for contractile stress generation and demonstrate the devastating effect of an impaired stress fiber organization in laminopathic fibroblasts. Next to this, the thin film method is expected to be a promising tool in unraveling contractility differences between fibroblasts with different types of laminopathic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A E W van Loosdregt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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177
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Karki P, Birukova AA. Substrate stiffness-dependent exacerbation of endothelial permeability and inflammation: mechanisms and potential implications in ALI and PH (2017 Grover Conference Series). Pulm Circ 2018; 8:2045894018773044. [PMID: 29714090 PMCID: PMC5987909 DOI: 10.1177/2045894018773044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of endothelial barrier integrity is absolutely essential to prevent the vascular leak associated with pneumonia, pulmonary edema resulting from inhalation of toxins, acute elevation to high altitude, traumatic and septic lung injury, acute lung injury (ALI), and its life-threatening complication, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In addition to the long-known edemagenic and inflammatory agonists, emerging evidences suggest that factors of endothelial cell (EC) mechanical microenvironment such as blood flow, mechanical strain of the vessel, or extracellular matrix stiffness also play an essential role in the control of endothelial permeability and inflammation. Recent studies from our group and others have demonstrated that substrate stiffening causes endothelial barrier disruption and renders EC more susceptible to agonist-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement and inflammation. Further in vivo studies have provided direct evidence that proinflammatory stimuli increase lung microvascular stiffness which in turn exacerbates endothelial permeability and inflammation and perpetuates a vicious circle of lung inflammation. Accumulating evidence suggests a key role for RhoA GTPases signaling in stiffness-dependent mechanotransduction mechanisms defining EC permeability and inflammatory responses. Vascular stiffening is also known to be a key contributor to other cardiovascular diseases such as arterial pulmonary hypertension (PH), although the precise role of stiffness in the development and progression of PH remains to be elucidated. This review summarizes the current understanding of stiffness-dependent regulation of pulmonary EC permeability and inflammation, and discusses potential implication of pulmonary vascular stiffness alterations at macro- and microscale in development and modulation of ALI and PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap Karki
- 12264 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anna A Birukova
- 12264 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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178
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Patnaik SR, Zhang X, Biswas L, Akhtar S, Zhou X, Kusuluri DK, Reilly J, May-Simera H, Chalmers S, McCarron JG, Shu X. RPGR protein complex regulates proteasome activity and mediates store-operated calcium entry. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23183-23197. [PMID: 29796181 PMCID: PMC5955404 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliopathies are a group of genetically heterogeneous disorders, characterized by defects in cilia genesis or maintenance. Mutations in the RPGR gene and its interacting partners, RPGRIP1 and RPGRIP1L, cause ciliopathies, but the function of their proteins remains unclear. Here we show that knockdown (KD) of RPGR, RPGRIP1 or RPGRIP1L in hTERT-RPE1 cells results in abnormal actin cytoskeleton organization. The actin cytoskeleton rearrangement is regulated by the small GTPase RhoA via the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. RhoA activity was upregulated in the absence of RPGR, RPGRIP1 or RPGRIP1L proteins. In RPGR, RPGRIP1 or RPGRIP1L KD cells, we observed increased levels of DVl2 and DVl3 proteins, the core components of the PCP pathway, due to impaired proteasomal activity. RPGR, RPGRIP1 or RPGRIP1L KD cells treated with thapsigargin (TG), an inhibitor of sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca2+- ATPases, showed impaired store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), which is mediated by STIM1 and Orai1 proteins. STIM1 was not localized to the ER-PM junction upon ER store depletion in RPGR, RPGRIP1 or RPGRIP1L KD cells. Our results demonstrate that the RPGR protein complex is required for regulating proteasomal activity and for modulating SOCE, which may contribute to the ciliopathy phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Rani Patnaik
- Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, Scotland
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, Scotland
| | - Lincoln Biswas
- Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, Scotland
| | - Saeed Akhtar
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Xinzhi Zhou
- Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, Scotland
| | - Deva Krupakar Kusuluri
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - James Reilly
- Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, Scotland
| | - Helen May-Simera
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Susan Chalmers
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland
| | - John G. McCarron
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland
| | - Xinhua Shu
- Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, Scotland
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179
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De Ieso ML, Yool AJ. Mechanisms of Aquaporin-Facilitated Cancer Invasion and Metastasis. Front Chem 2018; 6:135. [PMID: 29922644 PMCID: PMC5996923 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, and its incidence is rising with numbers expected to increase 70% in the next two decades. The fact that current mainline treatments for cancer patients are accompanied by debilitating side effects prompts a growing demand for new therapies that not only inhibit growth and proliferation of cancer cells, but also control invasion and metastasis. One class of targets gaining international attention is the aquaporins, a family of membrane-spanning water channels with diverse physiological functions and extensive tissue-specific distributions in humans. Aquaporins−1,−2,−3,−4,−5,−8, and−9 have been linked to roles in cancer invasion, and metastasis, but their mechanisms of action remain to be fully defined. Aquaporins are implicated in the metastatic cascade in processes of angiogenesis, cellular dissociation, migration, and invasion. Cancer invasion and metastasis are proposed to be potentiated by aquaporins in boosting tumor angiogenesis, enhancing cell volume regulation, regulating cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions, interacting with actin cytoskeleton, regulating proteases and extracellular-matrix degrading molecules, contributing to the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transitions, and interacting with signaling pathways enabling motility and invasion. Pharmacological modulators of aquaporin channels are being identified and tested for therapeutic potential, including compounds derived from loop diuretics, metal-containing organic compounds, plant natural products, and other small molecules. Further studies on aquaporin-dependent functions in cancer metastasis are needed to define the differential contributions of different classes of aquaporin channels to regulation of fluid balance, cell volume, small solute transport, signal transduction, their possible relevance as rate limiting steps, and potential values as therapeutic targets for invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L De Ieso
- Department of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrea J Yool
- Department of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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180
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Filipe EC, Chitty JL, Cox TR. Charting the unexplored extracellular matrix in cancer. Int J Exp Pathol 2018; 99:58-76. [PMID: 29671911 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is present in all solid tissues and considered a master regulator of cell behaviour and phenotype. The importance of maintaining the correct biochemical and biophysical properties of the ECM, and the subsequent regulation of cell and tissue homeostasis, is illustrated by the simple fact that the ECM is highly dysregulated in many different types of disease, especially cancer. The loss of tissue ECM homeostasis and integrity is seen as one of the hallmarks of cancer and typically defines transitional events in progression and metastasis. The vast majority of cancer studies place an emphasis on exploring the behaviour and intrinsic signalling pathways of tumour cells. Their goal was to identify ways to target intracellular pathways regulating cancer. Cancer progression and metastasis are powerfully influenced by the ECM and thus present a vast, unexplored repository of anticancer targets that we are only just beginning to tap into. Deconstructing the complexity of the tumour ECM landscape and identifying the interactions between the many cell types, soluble factors and extracellular-matrix proteins have proved challenging. Here, we discuss some of the emerging tools and platforms being used to catalogue and chart the ECM in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysse C Filipe
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jessica L Chitty
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas R Cox
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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181
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Kuragano M, Uyeda TQP, Kamijo K, Murakami Y, Takahashi M. Different contributions of nonmuscle myosin IIA and IIB to the organization of stress fiber subtypes in fibroblasts. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:911-922. [PMID: 29467250 PMCID: PMC5896930 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-04-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated that myosin IIA and IIB are essential for the formation of transverse arcs and ventral stress fibers, respectively. Furthermore, we illustrated the roles of both isoforms in lamellar flattening and also raised the possibility that actin filaments in ventral stress fibers are in a stretched conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kuragano
- Graduate School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Taro Q. P. Uyeda
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Keiju Kamijo
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan
| | - Yota Murakami
- Graduate School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
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182
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An automated quantitative analysis of cell, nucleus and focal adhesion morphology. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195201. [PMID: 29601604 PMCID: PMC5877879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherent cells sense the physical properties of their environment via focal adhesions. Improved understanding of how cells sense and response to their physical surroundings is aided by quantitative evaluation of focal adhesion size, number, orientation, and distribution in conjunction with the morphology of single cells and the corresponding nuclei. We developed a fast, user-friendly and automated image analysis algorithm capable of capturing and characterizing these individual components with a high level of accuracy. We demonstrate the robustness and applicability of the algorithm by quantifying morphological changes in response to a variety of environmental changes as well as manipulations of cellular components of mechanotransductions. Finally, as a proof-of-concept we use our algorithm to quantify the effect of Rho-associated kinase inhibitor Y-27632 on focal adhesion maturation. We show that a decrease in cell contractility leads to a decrease in focal adhesion size and aspect ratio.
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183
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Nalluri SM, O'Connor JW, Virgi GA, Stewart SE, Ye D, Gomez EW. TGFβ1-induced expression of caldesmon mediates epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2018; 75:201-212. [PMID: 29466836 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important process that mediates organ development and wound healing, and in pathological contexts, it can contribute to the progression of fibrosis and cancer. During EMT, cells exhibit marked changes in cytoskeletal organization and increased expression of a variety of actin associated proteins. Here, we sought to determine the role of caldesmon in mediating EMT in response to transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. We find that the expression level and phosphorylation state of caldesmon increase as a function of time following induction of EMT by TGFβ1 and these changes in caldesmon correlate with increased focal adhesion number and size and increased cell contractility. Knockdown and forced expression of caldesmon in epithelial cells reveals that caldesmon expression plays an important role in regulating the expression of the myofibroblast marker alpha smooth muscle actin. Results from these studies provide insight into the role of cytoskeletal associated proteins in the regulation of EMT and may suggest ways to target the cell cytoskeleton for regulating EMT processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep M Nalluri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Joseph W O'Connor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Gage A Virgi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Samantha E Stewart
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Dan Ye
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Esther W Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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184
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Rajagopal V, Holmes WR, Lee PVS. Computational modeling of single-cell mechanics and cytoskeletal mechanobiology. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 10:e1407. [PMID: 29195023 PMCID: PMC5836888 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellular cytoskeletal mechanics plays a major role in many aspects of human health from organ development to wound healing, tissue homeostasis and cancer metastasis. We summarize the state-of-the-art techniques for mathematically modeling cellular stiffness and mechanics and the cytoskeletal components and factors that regulate them. We highlight key experiments that have assisted model parameterization and compare the advantages of different models that have been used to recapitulate these experiments. An overview of feed-forward mechanisms from signaling to cytoskeleton remodeling is provided, followed by a discussion of the rapidly growing niche of encapsulating feedback mechanisms from cytoskeletal and cell mechanics to signaling. We discuss broad areas of advancement that could accelerate research and understanding of cellular mechanobiology. A precise understanding of the molecular mechanisms that affect cell and tissue mechanics and function will underpin innovations in medical device technologies of the future. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2018, 10:e1407. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1407 This article is categorized under: Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Rajagopal
- Cell Structure and Mechanobiology Group, Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - William R. Holmes
- Department of Physics and AstronomyVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Peter Vee Sin Lee
- Cell and Tissue Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
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185
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Kaida T, Nitta H, Kitano Y, Yamamura K, Arima K, Izumi D, Higashi T, Kurashige J, Imai K, Hayashi H, Iwatsuki M, Ishimoto T, Hashimoto D, Yamashita Y, Chikamoto A, Imanura T, Ishiko T, Beppu T, Baba H. C5a receptor (CD88) promotes motility and invasiveness of gastric cancer by activating RhoA. Oncotarget 2018; 7:84798-84809. [PMID: 27756879 PMCID: PMC5356699 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Anaphylatoxin C5a is a strong chemoattractant of the complement system that binds the C5a receptor (C5aR). The expression of C5aR is associated with poor prognosis in several cancers. However, the role of C5aR in gastric cancer (GC) is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the role of C5aR on GC cell motility and invasion. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The mechanism of invasion via C5aR was assessed by analyzing cytoskeletal rearrangement and RhoA activity after C5a treatment. Moreover, we investigated the relationship between C5aR expression and the prognosis of GC patients. RESULTS Two human GC cell lines (MKN1 and MKN7) had high C5aR expression. An invasion assay revealed that C5a stimulation promoted the invasive ability of MKN1 and MKN7 cells and that this was suppressed by knockdown of C5aR using siRNA or a C5aR-antagonist. Moreover, overexpression of C5aR in GC cells enhanced the conversion of RhoA-guanosine diphosphate (RhoA-GDP) to RhoA-guanosine triphosphate (RhoA-GTP) after C5a stimulation and caused morphological changes, including increased expression of stress fibers and filopodia. Examination of tumor specimens from 100 patients with GC revealed that high C5aR expression (35 of 100 samples, 35.0%) was associated with increased invasion depth, vascular invasion and advanced stage. The 5-year overall survival of patients with high or low C5aR expression was 58.2% and 68.5%, respectively (p=0.008). CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to demonstrate that C5aR promotes GC cell invasion by activating RhoA and is associated with a poor prognosis in GC patients. Therefore, this study provides a biomarker for GC patients who require an advanced therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Kaida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Nitta
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Kitano
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kensuke Yamamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kota Arima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Izumi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takaaki Higashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Junji Kurashige
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Katsunori Imai
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masaaki Iwatsuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Ishimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoichi Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akira Chikamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takahisa Imanura
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Ishiko
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toru Beppu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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186
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Fessenden TB, Beckham Y, Perez-Neut M, Ramirez-San Juan G, Chourasia AH, Macleod KF, Oakes PW, Gardel ML. Dia1-dependent adhesions are required by epithelial tissues to initiate invasion. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1485-1502. [PMID: 29437785 PMCID: PMC5881494 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201703145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing tissues change shape and tumors initiate spreading through collective cell motility. Conserved mechanisms by which tissues initiate motility into their surroundings are not known. We investigated cytoskeletal regulators during collective invasion by mouse tumor organoids and epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) acini undergoing branching morphogenesis in collagen. Use of the broad-spectrum formin inhibitor SMIFH2 prevented the formation of migrating cell fronts in both cell types. Focusing on the role of the formin Dia1 in branching morphogenesis, we found that its depletion in MDCK cells does not alter planar cell motility either within the acinus or in two-dimensional scattering assays. However, Dia1 was required to stabilize protrusions extending into the collagen matrix. Live imaging of actin, myosin, and collagen in control acini revealed adhesions that deformed individual collagen fibrils and generated large traction forces, whereas Dia1-depleted acini exhibited unstable adhesions with minimal collagen deformation and lower force generation. This work identifies Dia1 as an essential regulator of tissue shape changes through its role in stabilizing focal adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim B Fessenden
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Franck Institute, and Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.,Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Yvonne Beckham
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Franck Institute, and Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Mathew Perez-Neut
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.,Ben May Department of Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Guillermina Ramirez-San Juan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Aparajita H Chourasia
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.,Ben May Department of Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Kay F Macleod
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.,Ben May Department of Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Patrick W Oakes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - Margaret L Gardel
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Franck Institute, and Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL .,Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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187
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Kapoor A, Barai A, Thakur B, Das A, Patwardhan SR, Monteiro M, Gaikwad S, Bukhari AB, Mogha P, Majumder A, De A, Ray P, Sen S. Soft drug-resistant ovarian cancer cells migrate via two distinct mechanisms utilizing myosin II-based contractility. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:392-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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188
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Chengappa P, Sao K, Jones TM, Petrie RJ. Intracellular Pressure: A Driver of Cell Morphology and Movement. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 337:185-211. [PMID: 29551161 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular pressure, generated by actomyosin contractility and the directional flow of water across the plasma membrane, can rapidly reprogram cell shape and behavior. Recent work demonstrates that cells can generate intracellular pressure with a range spanning at least two orders of magnitude; significantly, pressure is implicated as an important regulator of cell dynamics, such as cell division and migration. Changes to intracellular pressure can dictate the mechanisms by which single human cells move through three-dimensional environments. In this review, we chronicle the classic as well as recent evidence demonstrating how intracellular pressure is generated and maintained in metazoan cells. Furthermore, we highlight how this potentially ubiquitous physical characteristic is emerging as an important driver of cell morphology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimheak Sao
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tia M Jones
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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189
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Charrier EE, Pogoda K, Wells RG, Janmey PA. Control of cell morphology and differentiation by substrates with independently tunable elasticity and viscous dissipation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:449. [PMID: 29386514 PMCID: PMC5792430 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02906-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of extracellular matrices can control the function of cells. Studies of cellular responses to biomimetic soft materials have been largely restricted to hydrogels and elastomers that have stiffness values independent of time and extent of deformation, so the substrate stiffness can be unambiguously related to its effect on cells. Real tissues, however, often have loss moduli that are 10 to 20% of their elastic moduli and behave as viscoelastic solids. The response of cells to a time-dependent viscous loss is largely uncharacterized because appropriate viscoelastic materials are lacking for quantitative studies. Here we report the synthesis of soft viscoelastic solids in which the elastic and viscous moduli can be independently tuned to produce gels with viscoelastic properties that closely resemble those of soft tissues. Systematic alteration of the hydrogel viscosity demonstrates the time dependence of cellular mechanosensing and the influence of viscous dissipation on cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth E Charrier
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3340 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Katarzyna Pogoda
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3340 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342, Krakow, Poland
| | - Rebecca G Wells
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3340 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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190
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Bulgakova NA, Wellmann J, Brown NH. Diverse integrin adhesion stoichiometries caused by varied actomyosin activity. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.160250. [PMID: 28446705 PMCID: PMC5413901 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells in an organism are subjected to numerous sources of external and internal forces, and are able to sense and respond to these forces. Integrin-mediated adhesion links the extracellular matrix outside cells to the cytoskeleton inside, and participates in sensing, transmitting and responding to forces. While integrin adhesion rapidly adapts to changes in forces in isolated migrating cells, it is not known whether similar or more complex responses occur within intact, developing tissues. Here, we studied changes in integrin adhesion composition upon different contractility conditions in Drosophila embryonic muscles. We discovered that all integrin adhesion components tested were still present at muscle attachment sites (MASs) when either cytoplasmic or muscle myosin II was genetically removed, suggesting a primary role of a developmental programme in the initial assembly of integrin adhesions. Contractility does, however, increase the levels of integrin adhesion components, suggesting a mechanism to balance the strength of muscle attachment to the force of muscle contraction. Perturbing contractility in distinct ways, by genetic removal of either cytoplasmic or muscle myosin II or eliminating muscle innervation, each caused unique alterations to the stoichiometry at MASs. This suggests that different integrin-associated proteins are added to counteract different kinds of force increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Bulgakova
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience and The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Jutta Wellmann
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience and The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Nicholas H Brown
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience and The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
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191
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Exposing Cell-Itary Confinement: Understanding the Mechanisms of Confined Single Cell Migration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1092:139-157. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-95294-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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192
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Nguyen HG, Metavarayuth K, Wang Q. Upregulation of osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells with virus-based thin films. Nanotheranostics 2018; 2:42-58. [PMID: 29291162 PMCID: PMC5743837 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.19974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A major aim of tissue engineering is to develop biomimetic scaffolding materials that can guide the proliferation, self-renewal and differentiation of multipotent stem cells into specific lineages. Cellular functions can be controlled by the interactions between cells and biomaterials. Therefore, the surface chemistry and topography of support materials play a pivotal role in modulating cell behaviors at many stages of cell growth and development. Due to their highly ordered structure and programmable surface chemistries, which provide unique topography as biomaterials, viral nanoparticles have been utilized as building blocks for targeted cell growth and differentiation. This review article discusses the fabrication of two-dimensional virus-based thin film on substrates and highlights the study of the effect of chemical and physical cues introduced by plant virus nanoparticle thin films on the promotion of osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Giang Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Kamolrat Metavarayuth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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193
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Cleghorn WM, Bulus N, Kook S, Gurevich VV, Zent R, Gurevich EV. Non-visual arrestins regulate the focal adhesion formation via small GTPases RhoA and Rac1 independently of GPCRs. Cell Signal 2018; 42:259-269. [PMID: 29133163 PMCID: PMC5732042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Arrestins recruit a variety of signaling proteins to active phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptors in the plasma membrane and to the cytoskeleton. Loss of arrestins leads to decreased cell migration, altered cell shape, and an increase in focal adhesions. Small GTPases of the Rho family are molecular switches that regulate actin cytoskeleton and affect a variety of dynamic cellular functions including cell migration and cell morphology. Here we show that non-visual arrestins differentially regulate RhoA and Rac1 activity to promote cell spreading via actin reorganization, and focal adhesion formation via two distinct mechanisms. Arrestins regulate these small GTPases independently of G-protein-coupled receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney M Cleghorn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Nada Bulus
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Seunghyi Kook
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Roy Zent
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, TN, 37232, United States
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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194
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Kim P, Chu N, Davis J, Kim DH. Mechanoregulation of Myofibroblast Fate and Cardiac Fibrosis. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 2:1700172. [PMID: 31406913 PMCID: PMC6690497 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During myocardial infarction, myocytes die and are replaced by a specialized fibrotic extracellular matrix, otherwise known as scarring. Fibrotic scarring presents a tremendous hemodynamic burden on the heart, as it creates a stiff substrate, which resists diastolic filling. Fibrotic mechanisms result in permanent scarring which often leads to hypertrophy, arrhythmias, and a rapid progression to failure. Despite the deep understanding of fibrosis in other tissues, acquired through previous investigations, the mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis remain unclear. Recent studies suggest that biochemical cues as well as mechanical cues regulate cells in myocardium. However, the steps in myofibroblast transdifferentiation, as well as the molecular mechanisms of such transdifferentiation in vivo, are poorly understood. This review is focused on defining myofibroblast physiology, scar mechanics, and examining current findings of myofibroblast regulation by mechanical stress, stiffness, and topography for understanding fibrotic disease dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nick Chu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jennifer Davis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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195
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Qian W, Gong L, Cui X, Zhang Z, Bajpai A, Liu C, Castillo AB, Teo JCM, Chen W. Nanotopographic Regulation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Osteogenesis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:41794-41806. [PMID: 29116745 PMCID: PMC11093279 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b16314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation can be manipulated by nanotopographic interface providing a unique strategy to engineering stem cell therapy and circumventing complex cellular reprogramming. However, our understanding of the nanotopographic-mechanosensitive properties of MSCs and the underlying biophysical linkage of the nanotopography-engineered stem cell to directed commitment remains elusive. Here, we show that osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs (hMSCs) can be largely promoted using our nanoengineered topographic glass substrates in the absence of dexamethasone, a key exogenous factor for osteogenesis induction. We demonstrate that hMSCs sense and respond to surface nanotopography, through modulation of adhesion, cytoskeleton tension, and nuclear activation of TAZ (transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif), a transcriptional modulator of hMSCs. Our findings demonstrate the potential of nanotopographic surfaces as noninvasive tools to advance cell-based therapies for bone engineering and highlight the origin of biophysical response of hMSC to nanotopography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Qian
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 11201, USA
| | - Lanqi Gong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 11201, USA
| | - Xin Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 11201, USA
| | - Zijing Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 11201, USA
| | - Apratim Bajpai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 11201, USA
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 11201, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Alesha B. Castillo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 11201, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Jeremy C. M. Teo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, 127788, UAE
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 11201, USA
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196
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Daoud A, Gopal U, Kaur J, Isaacs JS. Molecular and functional crosstalk between extracellular Hsp90 and ephrin A1 signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:106807-106819. [PMID: 29290990 PMCID: PMC5739775 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eph receptor tyrosine kinase family member EphA2 plays a pivotal role in modulating cytoskeletal dynamics to control cancer cell motility and invasion. EphA2 is frequently upregulated in diverse solid tumors and has emerged as a viable druggable target. We previously reported that extracellular Hsp90 (eHsp90), a known pro-motility and invasive factor, collaborates with EphA2 to regulate tumor invasion in the absence of its cognate ephrin ligand. Here, we aimed to further define the molecular and functional relationship between EphA2 and eHsp90. Ligand dependent ephrin A1 signaling promotes RhoA activation and altered cell morphology to favor transient cell rounding, retraction, and diminished adhesion. Exposure of EphA2-expressing cancer cells to ligand herein revealed a unique role for eHsp90 as an effector of cytoskeletal remodeling. Notably, blockade of eHsp90 via either neutralizing antibodies or administration of cell-impermeable Hsp90-targeted small molecules significantly attenuated ligand dependent cell rounding in diverse tumor types. Although eHsp90 blockade did not appear to influence receptor internalization, downstream signaling events were augmented. In particular, eHsp90 activated a Src-RhoA axis to enhance ligand dependent cell rounding, retraction, and ECM detachment. Moreover, eHsp90 signaling via this axis stimulated activation of the myosin pathway, culminating in formation of an EphA2-myosin complex. Inhibition of either eHsp90 or Src was sufficient to impair ephrin A1 mediated Rho activation, activation of myosin intermediates, and EphA2-myosin complex formation. Collectively, our data support a paradigm whereby eHsp90 and EphA2 exhibit molecular crosstalk and functional cooperation within a ligand dependent context to orchestrate cytoskeletal events controlling cell morphology and attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkader Daoud
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, SC, 29412, Charleston, USA
| | - Udhayakumar Gopal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, SC, 29412, Charleston, USA.,Current address: Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, NC, 27708, Durham, USA
| | - Jasmine Kaur
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, SC, 29412, Charleston, USA
| | - Jennifer S Isaacs
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, SC, 29412, Charleston, USA
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197
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Sonavane PR, Wang C, Dzamba B, Weber GF, Periasamy A, DeSimone DW. Mechanical and signaling roles for keratin intermediate filaments in the assembly and morphogenesis of Xenopus mesendoderm tissue at gastrulation. Development 2017; 144:4363-4376. [PMID: 28982683 PMCID: PMC5769636 DOI: 10.1242/dev.155200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The coordination of individual cell behaviors is a crucial step in the assembly and morphogenesis of tissues. Xenopus mesendoderm cells migrate collectively along a fibronectin (FN) substrate at gastrulation, but how the adhesive and mechanical forces required for these movements are generated and transmitted is unclear. Traction force microscopy (TFM) was used to establish that traction stresses are limited primarily to leading edge cells in mesendoderm explants, and that these forces are balanced by intercellular stresses in follower rows. This is further reflected in the morphology of these cells, with broad lamellipodial protrusions, mature focal adhesions and a gradient of activated Rac1 evident at the leading edge, while small protrusions, rapid turnover of immature focal adhesions and lack of a Rac1 activity gradient characterize cells in following rows. Depletion of keratin (krt8) with antisense morpholinos results in high traction stresses in follower row cells, misdirected protrusions and the formation of actin stress fibers anchored in streak-like focal adhesions. We propose that maintenance of mechanical integrity in the mesendoderm by keratin intermediate filaments is required to balance stresses within the tissue to regulate collective cell movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja R Sonavane
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, P.O. Box 800732, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, P.O. Box 800732, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Bette Dzamba
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, P.O. Box 800732, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Gregory F Weber
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, P.O. Box 800732, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Ammasi Periasamy
- Keck Center for Cellular Imaging, Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Douglas W DeSimone
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, P.O. Box 800732, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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198
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Fine N, Dimitriou ID, Rottapel R. Go with the flow: GEF-H1 mediated shear stress mechanotransduction in neutrophils. Small GTPases 2017; 11:23-31. [PMID: 29188751 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1332505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils in circulation experience significant shear forces due to blood flow when they tether to the vascular endothelium. Biochemical and biophysical responses of neutrophils to the physical force of flowing blood modulate their behavior and promote tissue recruitment under pro-inflammatory conditions. Neutrophil mechanotransduction responses occur through mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. In our recent work, we showed that GEF-H1, a RhoA specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), is required to maintain neutrophil motility and migration in response to shear stress. GEF-H1 re-localizes to flottilin-rich uropods in neutrophils in response to fluid shear stress and promotes spreading and crawling on activated endothelial cells. GEF-H1 drives cellular contractility through myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation downstream of the Rho-ROCK signaling axis. We propose that GEF-H1-dependent cell spreading and crawling in shear stress-dependent neutrophil recruitment from the vasculature are due to the specific localization of Rho-induced contractility in the uropod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Fine
- Matrix Dynamics Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ioannis D Dimitriou
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Rottapel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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199
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李 丽, 杨 泳, 刘 星, 张 川, 叶 青, 后 文, 赵 艳, 肖 高, 李 鑫, 李 艳, 刘 睿. [Pathogenic role of leukotriene B4 in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell hyper- permeability induced by one lung ventilation in rabbits]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2017; 37:1523-1528. [PMID: 29180335 PMCID: PMC6779633 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.11.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the pathogenic role of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in increased pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell permeability induced by one lung ventilation (OLV) in rabbits. METHODS Forty-eight healthy Japanese white rabbits were randomly divided into control group (group C), saline pretreatment group (group S), bestatin (a leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) inhibitor) plus saline pretreatment group (group B), OLV group (group O), saline pretreatment plus OLV group (group SO) and bestatin plus saline pretreatment with OLV group (group BO). ELISA was used to detect LTB4 content in the lung tissues, and LTA4H and phospholipase Cεl (PLCEl) expressions were examined by Western blotting and quantitative PCR. The wet/dry weight (W/D) ratio of the lung, lung permeability index and the expressions of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) protein and mRNA in the lung tissues were determined to evaluate the permeability of the pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs). The severities of lung injury were evaluated by lung histomorphological scores. RESULTS No significant differences were found among groups C, S and B except that LTA4H expressions was significantly lower in group B than in groups C and S (P<0.05). OLV significantly increased the expressions of LTA4H (P<0.05) and resulted in LTB4 overproduction in the lungs (P<0.05) accompanied by significantly enhanced PLCE1 expression and PMVEC permeability (P<0.05). Pretreatment with bestatin, significantly reduced the expression of LTA4H and LTB4 production (P<0.05) and down-regulated the expression of PLCE1 in the lungs of the rabbits receiving OLV (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Bestatin plays a protective role in OLV-induced rabbit lung injury by downregulating LTA4H to reduce the production of LTB4 in the lungs. LTB4 can increase PMVEC permeability by up-regulating PLCE1 expression in rabbits with OLV-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- 丽莎 李
- 云南省第一人民医院麻醉科,云南 昆明 6500322Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, China
| | - 泳 杨
- 昆明医科大学医学机能实验中心,云南 昆明 650500Experimental Center of Medical Function, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - 星玲 刘
- 云南省第一人民医院麻醉科,云南 昆明 6500322Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, China
| | - 川荛 张
- 昆明医科大学医学机能实验中心,云南 昆明 650500Experimental Center of Medical Function, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - 青妍 叶
- 昆明医科大学医学机能实验中心,云南 昆明 650500Experimental Center of Medical Function, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - 文俊 后
- 昆明医科大学医学机能实验中心,云南 昆明 650500Experimental Center of Medical Function, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - 艳花 赵
- 云南省第一人民医院麻醉科,云南 昆明 6500322Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, China
| | - 高鹏 肖
- 云南省第一人民医院麻醉科,云南 昆明 6500322Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, China
| | - 鑫楠 李
- 云南省第一人民医院麻醉科,云南 昆明 6500322Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, China
| | - 艳华 李
- 云南省第一人民医院麻醉科,云南 昆明 6500322Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, China
| | - 睿 刘
- 云南省第一人民医院麻醉科,云南 昆明 6500322Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, China
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200
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Chen
- The Biological Design Center, Boston University, Massachusetts, MA 02215, USA; and Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MA 02138, USA
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