151
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Escobedo N, Proulx ST, Karaman S, Dillard ME, Johnson N, Detmar M, Oliver G. Restoration of lymphatic function rescues obesity in Prox1-haploinsufficient mice. JCI Insight 2016; 1. [PMID: 26973883 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.85096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prox1 heterozygous mice have a defective lymphatic vasculature and develop late-onset obesity. Chyle abnormally leaks from those vessels, accumulates in the surrounding tissues, and causes an increase in adipose tissue. We characterized the lymphatics of Prox1+/- mice to determine whether the extent of obesity correlated with the severity of lymphatic defects. The lymphatic vasculature in Prox1+/- mice exhibited reduced tracer clearance from the ear skin, dysfunctional perfusion of the lower legs, and reduced tracer uptake into the deep lymphatic collectors during mechanostimulation prior to the onset of obesity. Ear lymphatic vessels and leg collectors in Prox1+/- mice were disorganized and irregular, further confirming that defective lymphatic vessels are associated with obesity in Prox1+/- mice. We now provide conclusive in vivo evidence that demonstrates that leaky lymphatics mediate obesity in Prox1+/- mice, as restoration of lymphatic vasculature function was sufficient to rescue the obesity features in Prox1+/- mice. Finally, depth-lipomic profiling of lymph contents showed that free fatty acids induce adipogenesis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Escobedo
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Steven T Proulx
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sinem Karaman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miriam E Dillard
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nicole Johnson
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guillermo Oliver
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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152
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Li L, Yu J, Duan Z, Dang HX. The effect of NFATc1 on vascular generation and the possible underlying mechanism in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:1457-66. [PMID: 26820075 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) on the growth and vascular generation of human ovarian carcinoma SKOV3 cell-transplanted tumors in nude mice and explored the possible underlying mechanism. NFATc1 siRNA was transfected into the SKOV3 cells, which were then subjected to immunofluorescence tests and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to determine the transfection-induced inhibition rate. The tumor volumes in the nude mice in all groups were measured to determine the in vivo antitumor effect of NFATc1 siRNA. Immunohistochemical (IHC) methods were employed to detect NFATc1 expression in tumor tissue, combined with cytokeratin (CK) staining to label the epithelial origin of the tumor tissue. CD34 and podoplanin were used as markers for labeling microvessels and microlymphatic vessels, respectively. The densities of microvessels and microlymphatic vessels in each group were calculated and statistically analyzed. RT-PCR and western blotting were performed to detect the protein and mRNA expression levels of NFATc1, the ELR+ CXC chemokine interleukin (IL)-8, fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), and platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF BB) in xenografted tumor tissue in all groups. NFATc1 was highly expressed in tumor tissue in the control groups. The intervention group exhibited a tumor growth inhibition rate of 57.08% and presented a lower tumor weight and volume compared with the two control groups. In the control groups, the microvessel densities were 12.00 ± 1.65 and 11.47 ± 0.32, respectively, and the microlymphatic vessel densities were 10.03 ± 0.96 and 9.95 ± 1.12; these values were significantly higher than in the intervention group. RT-PCR and western blot shows that NFATc1 siRNA could markedly suppress the expression of IL-8, FGF-2 and PDGF BB at the mRNA and the protein level. In conclusion, it was shown that NFATc1 siRNA significantly suppresses the growth and vascular generation of SKOV3 human ovarian carcinoma cell-transplanted tumors subcutaneously xenografted into nude mice. The downregulation of the expression of IL-8, FGF-2 and PDGF BB may be one of the mechanisms underlying the above inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- Department of Physical Examination, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jihui Yu
- Department of Physical Examination, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoning Duan
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Xing Dang
- Department of PICU, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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153
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Yang JF, Walia A, Huang YH, Han KY, Rosenblatt MI, Azar DT, Chang JH. Understanding lymphangiogenesis in knockout models, the cornea, and ocular diseases for the development of therapeutic interventions. Surv Ophthalmol 2015; 61:272-96. [PMID: 26706194 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A major focus of cancer research for several decades has been understand the ability of tumors to induce new blood vessel formation, a process known as angiogenesis. Unfortunately, only limited success has been achieved in the clinical application of angiogenesis inhibitors. We now know that lymphangiogenesis, the growth of lymphatic vessels, likely also plays a major role in tumor progression. Thus, therapeutic strategies targeting lymphangiogenesis or both lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis may represent promising approaches for treating cancer and other diseases. Importantly, research progress toward understanding lymphangiogenesis is significantly behind that related to angiogenesis. A PubMed search of "angiogenesis" returns nearly 80,000 articles, whereas a search of "lymphangiogenesis" returns 2,635 articles. This stark contrast can be explained by the lack of molecular markers for identifying the invisible lymphatic vasculature that persisted until less than 2 decades ago, combined with the intensity of research interest in angiogenesis during the past half century. Still, significant strides have been made in developing strategies to modulate lymphangiogenesis, largely using ocular disease models. Here we review the current knowledge of lymphangiogenesis in the context of knockout models, ocular diseases, the biology of activators and inhibitors, and the potential for therapeutic interventions targeting this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amit Walia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yu-hui Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kyu-yeon Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark I Rosenblatt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dimitri T Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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154
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Norman S, Riley PR. Anatomy and development of the cardiac lymphatic vasculature: Its role in injury and disease. Clin Anat 2015; 29:305-15. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.22638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Norman
- Department of Physiology; Anatomy and Genetics; University of Oxford; Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. Riley
- Department of Physiology; Anatomy and Genetics; University of Oxford; Oxford United Kingdom
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155
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Huethorst E, Krebber MM, Fledderus JO, Gremmels H, Xu YJ, Pei J, Verhaar MC, Cheng C. Lymphatic Vascular Regeneration: The Next Step in Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015. [PMID: 26204330 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in interstitial fluid drainage, lipid absorption, and immunological defense. Lymphatic dysfunction results in lymphedema, fluid accumulation, and swelling of soft tissues, as well as a potentially impaired immune response. Lymphedema significantly reduces quality of life of patients on a physical, mental, social, and economic basis. Current therapeutic approaches in treatment of lymphatic disease are limited. Over the last decades, great progress has been made in the development of therapeutic strategies to enhance vascular regeneration. These solutions to treat vascular disease may also be applicable in the treatment of lymphatic diseases. Comparison of the organogenic process and biological organization of the vascular and lymphatic systems and studies in the regulatory mechanisms involved in lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis show many common features. In this study, we address the similarities between both transport systems, and focus in depth on the biology of lymphatic development. Based on the current advances in vascular regeneration, we propose different strategies for lymphatic tissue engineering that may be used for treatment of primary and secondary lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Huethorst
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, DIGD, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Merle M Krebber
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, DIGD, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost O Fledderus
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, DIGD, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Gremmels
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, DIGD, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yan Juan Xu
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, DIGD, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jiayi Pei
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, DIGD, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, DIGD, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Cheng
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, DIGD, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands .,2 Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter , Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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156
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Geng X, Cha B, Mahamud MR, Lim KC, Silasi-Mansat R, Uddin MKM, Miura N, Xia L, Simon AM, Engel JD, Chen H, Lupu F, Srinivasan RS. Multiple mouse models of primary lymphedema exhibit distinct defects in lymphovenous valve development. Dev Biol 2015; 409:218-233. [PMID: 26542011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymph is returned to the blood circulation exclusively via four lymphovenous valves (LVVs). Despite their vital importance, the architecture and development of LVVs is poorly understood. We analyzed the formation of LVVs at the molecular and ultrastructural levels during mouse embryogenesis and identified three critical steps. First, LVV-forming endothelial cells (LVV-ECs) differentiate from PROX1(+) progenitors and delaminate from the luminal side of the veins. Second, LVV-ECs aggregate, align perpendicular to the direction of lymph flow and establish lympho-venous connections. Finally, LVVs mature with the recruitment of mural cells. LVV morphogenesis is disrupted in four different mouse models of primary lymphedema and the severity of LVV defects correlate with that of lymphedema. In summary, we have provided the first and the most comprehensive analysis of LVV development. Furthermore, our work suggests that aberrant LVVs contribute to lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Geng
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Boksik Cha
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Md Riaj Mahamud
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kim-Chew Lim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert Silasi-Mansat
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Mohammad K M Uddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Miura
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Lijun Xia
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Florea Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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157
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Koltowska K, Paterson S, Bower NI, Baillie GJ, Lagendijk AK, Astin JW, Chen H, Francois M, Crosier PS, Taft RJ, Simons C, Smith KA, Hogan BM. mafba is a downstream transcriptional effector of Vegfc signaling essential for embryonic lymphangiogenesis in zebrafish. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1618-30. [PMID: 26253536 PMCID: PMC4536310 DOI: 10.1101/gad.263210.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Koltowska et al. used a forward genetic screen in zebrafish to identify the transcription factor mafba as essential for lymphatic vessel development. Vegfc signaling increases mafba expression to control downstream transcription, and this relationship is SoxF transcription factor-dependent. The lymphatic vasculature plays roles in tissue fluid balance, immune cell trafficking, fatty acid absorption, cancer metastasis, and cardiovascular disease. Lymphatic vessels form by lymphangiogenesis, the sprouting of new lymphatics from pre-existing vessels, in both development and disease contexts. The apical signaling pathway in lymphangiogenesis is the VEGFC/VEGFR3 pathway, yet how signaling controls cellular transcriptional output remains unknown. We used a forward genetic screen in zebrafish to identify the transcription factor mafba as essential for lymphatic vessel development. We found that mafba is required for the migration of lymphatic precursors after their initial sprouting from the posterior cardinal vein. mafba expression is enriched in sprouts emerging from veins, and we show that mafba functions cell-autonomously during lymphatic vessel development. Mechanistically, Vegfc signaling increases mafba expression to control downstream transcription, and this regulatory relationship is dependent on the activity of SoxF transcription factors, which are essential for mafba expression in venous endothelium. Here we identify an indispensable Vegfc–SoxF–Mafba pathway in lymphatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Koltowska
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Scott Paterson
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Neil I Bower
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Gregory J Baillie
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Anne K Lagendijk
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jonathan W Astin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Huijun Chen
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mathias Francois
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Philip S Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Ryan J Taft
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Cas Simons
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kelly A Smith
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Benjamin M Hogan
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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158
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Sabine A, Bovay E, Demir CS, Kimura W, Jaquet M, Agalarov Y, Zangger N, Scallan JP, Graber W, Gulpinar E, Kwak BR, Mäkinen T, Martinez-Corral I, Ortega S, Delorenzi M, Kiefer F, Davis MJ, Djonov V, Miura N, Petrova TV. FOXC2 and fluid shear stress stabilize postnatal lymphatic vasculature. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3861-77. [PMID: 26389677 DOI: 10.1172/jci80454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomechanical forces, such as fluid shear stress, govern multiple aspects of endothelial cell biology. In blood vessels, disturbed flow is associated with vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, and promotes endothelial cell proliferation and apoptosis. Here, we identified an important role for disturbed flow in lymphatic vessels, in which it cooperates with the transcription factor FOXC2 to ensure lifelong stability of the lymphatic vasculature. In cultured lymphatic endothelial cells, FOXC2 inactivation conferred abnormal shear stress sensing, promoting junction disassembly and entry into the cell cycle. Loss of FOXC2-dependent quiescence was mediated by the Hippo pathway transcriptional coactivator TAZ and, ultimately, led to cell death. In murine models, inducible deletion of Foxc2 within the lymphatic vasculature led to cell-cell junction defects, regression of valves, and focal vascular lumen collapse, which triggered generalized lymphatic vascular dysfunction and lethality. Together, our work describes a fundamental mechanism by which FOXC2 and oscillatory shear stress maintain lymphatic endothelial cell quiescence through intercellular junction and cytoskeleton stabilization and provides an essential link between biomechanical forces and endothelial cell identity that is necessary for postnatal vessel homeostasis. As FOXC2 is mutated in lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome, our data also underscore the role of impaired mechanotransduction in the pathology of this hereditary human disease.
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159
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Kazenwadel J, Harvey NL. Morphogenesis of the lymphatic vasculature: A focus on new progenitors and cellular mechanisms important for constructing lymphatic vessels. Dev Dyn 2015; 245:209-19. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kazenwadel
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology; Adelaide Australia
| | - Natasha L. Harvey
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology; Adelaide Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
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160
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Kanady JD, Munger SJ, Witte MH, Simon AM. Combining Foxc2 and Connexin37 deletions in mice leads to severe defects in lymphatic vascular growth and remodeling. Dev Biol 2015; 405:33-46. [PMID: 26079578 PMCID: PMC4529811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Connexins (Cxs), proteins that are vital for intercellular communication in vertebrates, have recently been shown to play a critical role in lymphatic development. However, our knowledge is currently limited regarding the functional relationships of Cxs with other proteins and signaling pathways. Cell culture studies have shown that Cx37 is necessary for coordinated activation of the transcription factor NFATc1, which cooperates with Foxc2 (another transcription factor) during lymphatic endothelial development. These data suggest that Cxs, Foxc2, and NFATc1 are part of a common developmental pathway. Here, we present a detailed characterization of Foxc2(+/-)Cx37(-/-) mice, demonstrating that lymphatic network architecture and valve formation rely on the concurrent embryonic expression and function of Foxc2 and Cx37. Foxc2(+/-)Cx37(-/-) mice have lymphedema in utero, exhibit craniofacial abnormalities, show severe dilation of intestinal lymphatics, display abnormal lacteal development, lack lymphatic valves, and typically die perinatally (outcomes not seen in Foxc2(+/-) or Cx37(-/-) mice separately). We provide a rigorous, quantitative documentation of lymphatic vascular network changes that highlight the specific structural alterations that occur in Foxc2(+/-)Cx37(-/-) mice. These data provide further evidence suggesting that Foxc2 and Cx37 are elements in a common molecular pathway directing lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Kanady
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | | | - Marlys H Witte
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Alexander M Simon
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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161
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Sweet DT, Jiménez JM, Chang J, Hess PR, Mericko-Ishizuka P, Fu J, Xia L, Davies PF, Kahn ML. Lymph flow regulates collecting lymphatic vessel maturation in vivo. J Clin Invest 2015. [PMID: 26214523 DOI: 10.1172/jci79386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluid shear forces have established roles in blood vascular development and function, but whether such forces similarly influence the low-flow lymphatic system is unknown. It has been difficult to test the contribution of fluid forces in vivo because mechanical or genetic perturbations that alter flow often have direct effects on vessel growth. Here, we investigated the functional role of flow in lymphatic vessel development using mice deficient for the platelet-specific receptor C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC2) as blood backfills the lymphatic network and blocks lymph flow in these animals. CLEC2-deficient animals exhibited normal growth of the primary mesenteric lymphatic plexus but failed to form valves in these vessels or remodel them into a structured, hierarchical network. Smooth muscle cell coverage (SMC coverage) of CLEC2-deficient lymphatic vessels was both premature and excessive, a phenotype identical to that observed with loss of the lymphatic endothelial transcription factor FOXC2. In vitro evaluation of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) revealed that low, reversing shear stress is sufficient to induce expression of genes required for lymphatic valve development and identified GATA2 as an upstream transcriptional regulator of FOXC2 and the lymphatic valve genetic program. These studies reveal that lymph flow initiates and regulates many of the key steps in collecting lymphatic vessel maturation and development.
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162
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Abstract
Hemodynamic forces regulate many aspects of blood vessel disease and development, including susceptibility to atherosclerosis and remodeling of primary blood vessels into a mature vascular network. Vessels of the lymphatic circulatory system are also subjected to fluid flow-associated forces, but the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which these forces regulate the formation and maintenance of lymphatic vessels remain largely uncharacterized. This issue of the JCI includes two articles that begin to address how fluid flow influences lymphatic vessel development and function. Sweet et al. demonstrate that lymph flow is essential for the remodeling of primary lymphatic vessels, for ensuring the proper distribution of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and for the development and maturation of lymphatic valves. Kazenwadel et al. show that flow-induced lymphatic valve development is initiated by the upregulation of GATA2, which has been linked to lymphedema in patients with Emberger syndrome. Together, these observations and future studies inspired by these results have potential to lead to the development of strategies for the treatment of lymphatic disorders.
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163
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Kazenwadel J, Betterman KL, Chong CE, Stokes PH, Lee YK, Secker GA, Agalarov Y, Demir CS, Lawrence DM, Sutton DL, Tabruyn SP, Miura N, Salminen M, Petrova TV, Matthews JM, Hahn CN, Scott HS, Harvey NL. GATA2 is required for lymphatic vessel valve development and maintenance. J Clin Invest 2015. [PMID: 26214525 DOI: 10.1172/jci78888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous germline mutations in the zinc finger transcription factor GATA2 have recently been shown to underlie a range of clinical phenotypes, including Emberger syndrome, a disorder characterized by lymphedema and predisposition to myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia (MDS/AML). Despite well-defined roles in hematopoiesis, the functions of GATA2 in the lymphatic vasculature and the mechanisms by which GATA2 mutations result in lymphedema have not been characterized. Here, we have provided a molecular explanation for lymphedema predisposition in a subset of patients with germline GATA2 mutations. Specifically, we demonstrated that Emberger-associated GATA2 missense mutations result in complete loss of GATA2 function, with respect to the capacity to regulate the transcription of genes that are important for lymphatic vessel valve development. We identified a putative enhancer element upstream of the key lymphatic transcriptional regulator PROX1 that is bound by GATA2, and the transcription factors FOXC2 and NFATC1. Emberger GATA2 missense mutants had a profoundly reduced capacity to bind this element. Conditional Gata2 deletion in mice revealed that GATA2 is required for both development and maintenance of lymphovenous and lymphatic vessel valves. Together, our data unveil essential roles for GATA2 in the lymphatic vasculature and explain why a select catalogue of human GATA2 mutations results in lymphedema.
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164
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Sheik Y, Qureshi SF, Mohhammed B, Nallari P. FOXC2andFLT4Gene Variants in Lymphatic Filariasis. Lymphat Res Biol 2015; 13:112-9. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2014.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen Sheik
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | | | - Pratibha Nallari
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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165
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although inflammation-induced expansion of the intestinal lymphatic vasculature (lymphangiogenesis) is known to be a crucial event in limiting inflammatory processes, through clearance of interstitial fluid and immune cells, considerably less is known about the impact of an impaired lymphatic clearance function (as seen in inflammatory bowel diseases) on this cascade. We aimed to investigate whether the impaired intestinal lymphatic drainage function observed in FoxC2 mice would influence the course of disease in a model of experimental colitis. METHODS Acute dextran sodium sulfate colitis was induced in wild-type and haploinsufficient FoxC2 mice, and survival, disease activity, colonic histopathological injury, neutrophil, T-cell, and macrophage infiltration were evaluated. Functional and structural changes in the intestinal lymphatic vessel network were analyzed, including submucosal edema, vessel morphology, and lymphatic vessel density. RESULTS We found that FoxC2 downregulation in FoxC2 mice significantly increased the severity and susceptibility to experimental colitis, as displayed by lower survival rates, increased disease activity, greater histopathological injury, and elevated colonic neutrophil, T-cell, and macrophage infiltration. These findings were accompanied by structural (dilated torturous lymphatic vessels) and functional (greater submucosal edema, higher immune cell burden) changes in the intestinal lymphatic vasculature. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that sufficient lymphatic clearance plays a crucial role in limiting the initiation and perpetuation of experimental colitis and those disturbances in the integrity of the intestinal lymphatic vessel network could intensify intestinal inflammation. Future therapies might be able to exploit these processes to restore and maintain adequate lymphatic clearance function in inflammatory bowel disease.
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166
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Cdk5 controls lymphatic vessel development and function by phosphorylation of Foxc2. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7274. [PMID: 26027726 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system maintains tissue fluid balance, and dysfunction of lymphatic vessels and valves causes human lymphedema syndromes. Yet, our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying lymphatic vessel development is still limited. Here, we show that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is an essential regulator of lymphatic vessel development. Endothelial-specific Cdk5 knockdown causes congenital lymphatic dysfunction and lymphedema due to defective lymphatic vessel patterning and valve formation. We identify the transcription factor Foxc2 as a key substrate of Cdk5 in the lymphatic vasculature, mechanistically linking Cdk5 to lymphatic development and valve morphogenesis. Collectively, our findings show that Cdk5-Foxc2 interaction represents a critical regulator of lymphatic vessel development and the transcriptional network underlying lymphatic vascular remodeling.
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167
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Burger NB, Bekker MN, de Groot CJM, Christoffels VM, Haak MC. Why increased nuchal translucency is associated with congenital heart disease: a systematic review on genetic mechanisms. Prenat Diagn 2015; 35:517-28. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B. Burger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Mireille N. Bekker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | | | - Vincent M. Christoffels
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Monique C. Haak
- Department of Obstetrics; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
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Simons M, Alitalo K, Annex BH, Augustin HG, Beam C, Berk BC, Byzova T, Carmeliet P, Chilian W, Cooke JP, Davis GE, Eichmann A, Iruela-Arispe ML, Keshet E, Sinusas AJ, Ruhrberg C, Woo YJ, Dimmeler S. State-of-the-Art Methods for Evaluation of Angiogenesis and Tissue Vascularization: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circ Res 2015; 116:e99-132. [PMID: 25931450 DOI: 10.1161/res.0000000000000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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169
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Qu X, Zhou B, Scott Baldwin H. Tie1 is required for lymphatic valve and collecting vessel development. Dev Biol 2015; 399:117-128. [PMID: 25576926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tie1 is a receptor tyrosine kinase with broad expression in embryonic endothelium. Reduction of Tie1 levels in mouse embryos with a hypomorphic Tie1 allele resulted in abnormal lymphatic patterning and architecture, decreased lymphatic draining efficiency, and ultimately, embryonic demise. Here we report that Tie1 is present uniformly throughout the lymphatics and from late embryonic/early postnatal stages, becomes more restricted to lymphatic valve regions. To investigate later events of lymphatic development, we employed Cre-loxP recombination utilizing a floxed Tie1 allele and an Nfatc1Cre line, to provide loxP excision predominantly in lymphatic endothelium and developing valves. Interestingly, unlike the early prenatal defects previously described by ubiquitous endothelial deletion, excision of Tie1 with Nfatc1Cre resulted in abnormal lymphatic defects in postnatal mice and was characterized by agenesis of lymphatic valves and a deficiency of collecting lymphatic vessels. Attenuation of Tie1 signaling in lymphatic endothelium prevented initiation of lymphatic valve specification by Prox1 high expression lymphatic endothelial cells that is associated with the onset of turbulent flow in the lymphatic circulation. Our findings reveal a fundamental role for Tie1 signaling during lymphatic vessel remodeling and valve morphogenesis and implicate it as a candidate gene involved in primary lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghu Qu
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY 10461, USA
| | - H Scott Baldwin
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Cell and Development Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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170
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Secker GA, Harvey NL. VEGFR signaling during lymphatic vascular development: From progenitor cells to functional vessels. Dev Dyn 2014; 244:323-31. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve A. Secker
- Centre for Cancer Biology; University of South Australia, and SA Pathology; Adelaide Australia
| | - Natasha L. Harvey
- Centre for Cancer Biology; University of South Australia, and SA Pathology; Adelaide Australia
- School of Medicine; University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
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171
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Srinivasan RS, Escobedo N, Yang Y, Interiano A, Dillard ME, Finkelstein D, Mukatira S, Gil HJ, Nurmi H, Alitalo K, Oliver G. The Prox1-Vegfr3 feedback loop maintains the identity and the number of lymphatic endothelial cell progenitors. Genes Dev 2014; 28:2175-87. [PMID: 25274728 PMCID: PMC4180978 DOI: 10.1101/gad.216226.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The lack of Prox1 activity results in the complete absence of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). Here, Srinivasan et al. identified Vegfr3, the cognate receptor of the lymphangiogenic growth factor Vegfc, as a dosage-dependent, direct in vivo target of Prox1. Vegfr3 regulates Prox1 by establishing a feedback loop necessary to maintain the identity of LEC progenitors, and Vegfc-mediated activation of Vegfr3 signaling is necessary to maintain Prox1 expression in LEC progenitors. The mammalian lymphatic vasculature is important for returning fluids from the extracellular tissue milieu back to the blood circulation. We showed previously that Prox1 dosage is important for the development of the mammalian lymphatic vasculature. The lack of Prox1 activity results in the complete absence of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). In Prox1 heterozygous embryos, the number of LECs is reduced because of a decrease in the progenitor pool in the cardinal vein. This reduction is caused by some progenitor cells being unable to maintain Prox1 expression. In this study, we identified Vegfr3, the cognate receptor of the lymphangiogenic growth factor Vegfc, as a dosage-dependent, direct in vivo target of Prox1. Using various mouse models, we also determined that Vegfr3 regulates Prox1 by establishing a feedback loop necessary to maintain the identity of LEC progenitors and that Vegfc-mediated activation of Vegfr3 signaling is necessary to maintain Prox1 expression in LEC progenitors. We propose that this feedback loop is the main sensing mechanism controlling the number of LEC progenitors and, as a consequence, the number of budding LECs that will form the embryonic lymphatic vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - David Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Suraj Mukatira
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | | | - Harri Nurmi
- Wihuri Research Institute, Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute, Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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172
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Shoemaker LD, Fuentes LF, Santiago SM, Allen BM, Cook DJ, Steinberg GK, Chang SD. Human brain arteriovenous malformations express lymphatic-associated genes. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2014; 1:982-95. [PMID: 25574473 PMCID: PMC4284124 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are devastating, hemorrhage-prone, cerebrovascular lesions characterized by well-defined feeding arteries, draining vein(s) and the absence of a capillary bed. The endothelial cells (ECs) that comprise AVMs exhibit a loss of arterial and venous specification. Given the role of the transcription factor COUP-TFII in vascular development, EC specification, and pathological angiogenesis, we examined human AVM tissue to determine if COUP-FTII may have a role in AVM disease biology. Methods We examined 40 human brain AVMs by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and qRT-PCR for the expression of COUP-TFII as well as other genes involved in venous and lymphatic development, maintenance, and signaling. We also examined proliferation and EC tube formation with human umbilical ECs (HUVEC) following COUP-TFII overexpression. Results We report that AVMs expressed COUP-TFII, SOX18, PROX1, NFATC1, FOXC2, TBX1, LYVE1, Podoplanin, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, contained Ki67-positive cells and heterogeneously expressed genes involved in Hedgehog, Notch, Wnt, and VEGF signaling pathways. Overexpression of COUP-TFII alone in vitro resulted in increased EC proliferation and dilated tubes in an EC tube formation assay in HUVEC. Interpretation This suggests AVM ECs are further losing their arterial/venous specificity and acquiring a partial lymphatic molecular phenotype. There was significant correlation of gene expression with presence of clinical edema and acute hemorrhage. While the precise role of these genes in the formation, stabilization, growth and risk of hemorrhage of AVMs remains unclear, these findings have potentially important implications for patient management and treatment choice, and opens new avenues for future work on AVM disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorelei D Shoemaker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Neuromolecular Innovation Program, Stanford University 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California, 94305
| | - Laurel F Fuentes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Neuromolecular Innovation Program, Stanford University 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California, 94305
| | - Shauna M Santiago
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Neuromolecular Innovation Program, Stanford University 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California, 94305
| | - Breanna M Allen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Neuromolecular Innovation Program, Stanford University 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California, 94305
| | - Douglas J Cook
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies and the Department of Surgery, Queen's University Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary K Steinberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Neuromolecular Innovation Program, Stanford University 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California, 94305
| | - Steven D Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Neuromolecular Innovation Program, Stanford University 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California, 94305
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173
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Roost MS, van Iperen L, de Melo Bernardo A, Mummery CL, Carlotti F, de Koning EJ, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM. Lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis during human fetal pancreas development. Vasc Cell 2014; 6:22. [PMID: 25785186 PMCID: PMC4362646 DOI: 10.1186/2045-824x-6-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The complex endocrine and exocrine functionality of the human pancreas depends on an efficient fluid transport through the blood and the lymphatic vascular systems. The lymphatic vasculature has key roles in the physiology of the pancreas and in regulating the immune response, both important for developing successful transplantation and cell-replacement therapies to treat diabetes. However, little is known about how the lymphatic and blood systems develop in humans. Here, we investigated the establishment of these two vascular systems in human pancreas organogenesis in order to understand neovascularization in the context of emerging regenerative therapies. Methods We examined angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis during human pancreas development between 9 and 22 weeks of gestation (W9-W22) by immunohistochemistry. Results As early as W9, the peri-pancreatic mesenchyme was populated by CD31-expressing blood vessels as well as LYVE1- and PDPN-expressing lymphatic vessels. The appearance of smooth muscle cell-coated blood vessels in the intra-pancreatic mesenchyme occurred only several weeks later and from W14.5 onwards the islets of Langerhans also became heavily irrigated by blood vessels. In contrast to blood vessels, LYVE1- and PDPN-expressing lymphatic vessels were restricted to the peri-pancreatic mesenchyme until later in development (W14.5-W17), and some of these invading lymphatic vessels contained smooth muscle cells at W17. Interestingly, between W11-W22, most large caliber lymphatic vessels were lined with a characteristic, discontinuous, collagen type IV-rich basement membrane. Whilst lymphatic vessels did not directly intrude the islets of Langerhans, three-dimensional reconstruction revealed that they were present in the vicinity of islets of Langerhans between W17-W22. Conclusion Our data suggest that the blood and lymphatic machinery in the human pancreas is in place to support endocrine function from W17-W22 onwards. Our study provides the first systematic assessment of the progression of lymphangiogenesis during human pancreatic development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2045-824X-6-22) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias S Roost
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth van Iperen
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ana de Melo Bernardo
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Françoise Carlotti
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco Jp de Koning
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands ; Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, University Medical Center, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susana M Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands ; Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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174
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Liu X, Pasula S, Song H, Tessneer KL, Dong Y, Hahn S, Yago T, Brophy ML, Chang B, Cai X, Wu H, McManus J, Ichise H, Georgescu C, Wren JD, Griffin C, Xia L, Srinivasan RS, Chen H. Temporal and spatial regulation of epsin abundance and VEGFR3 signaling are required for lymphatic valve formation and function. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra97. [PMID: 25314967 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic valves prevent the backflow of the lymph fluid and ensure proper lymphatic drainage throughout the body. Local accumulation of lymphatic fluid in tissues, a condition called lymphedema, is common in individuals with malformed lymphatic valves. The vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR3) is required for the development of lymphatic vascular system. The abundance of VEGFR3 in collecting lymphatic trunks is high before valve formation and, except at valve regions, decreases after valve formation. We found that in mesenteric lymphatics, the abundance of epsin 1 and 2, which are ubiquitin-binding adaptor proteins involved in endocytosis, was low at early stages of development. After lymphatic valve formation, the initiation of steady shear flow was associated with an increase in the abundance of epsin 1 and 2 in collecting lymphatic trunks, but not in valve regions. Epsin 1 and 2 bound to VEGFR3 and mediated the internalization and degradation of VEGFR3, resulting in termination of VEGFR3 signaling. Mice with lymphatic endothelial cell-specific deficiency of epsin 1 and 2 had dilated lymphatic capillaries, abnormally high VEGFR3 abundance in collecting lymphatics, immature lymphatic valves, and defective lymph drainage. Deletion of a single Vegfr3 allele or pharmacological suppression of VEGFR3 signaling restored normal lymphatic valve development and lymph drainage in epsin-deficient mice. Our findings establish a critical role for epsins in the temporal and spatial regulation of VEGFR3 abundance and signaling in collecting lymphatic trunks during lymphatic valve formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Liu
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Satish Pasula
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Hoogeun Song
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Kandice L Tessneer
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Yunzhou Dong
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Scott Hahn
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Tadayuki Yago
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Megan L Brophy
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Baojun Chang
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Cai
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - John McManus
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Hirotake Ichise
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Constantin Georgescu
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Jonathan D Wren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA. Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Courtney Griffin
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA. Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73126, USA
| | - Lijun Xia
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA.
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175
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Thomson BR, Heinen S, Jeansson M, Ghosh AK, Fatima A, Sung HK, Onay T, Chen H, Yamaguchi S, Economides AN, Flenniken A, Gale NW, Hong YK, Fawzi A, Liu X, Kume T, Quaggin SE. A lymphatic defect causes ocular hypertension and glaucoma in mice. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4320-4. [PMID: 25202984 DOI: 10.1172/jci77162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness, afflicting more than 60 million people worldwide. Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) due to impaired aqueous humor drainage is a major risk factor for the development of glaucoma. Here, we demonstrated that genetic disruption of the angiopoietin/TIE2 (ANGPT/TIE2) signaling pathway results in high IOP, buphthalmos, and classic features of glaucoma, including retinal ganglion degeneration and vision loss. Eyes from mice with induced deletion of Angpt1 and Angpt2 (A1A2Flox(WB) mice) lacked drainage pathways in the corneal limbus, including Schlemm's canal and lymphatic capillaries, which share expression of the PROX1, VEGFR3, and FOXC family of transcription factors. VEGFR3 and FOXCs have been linked to lymphatic disorders in patients, and FOXC1 has been linked to glaucoma. In contrast to blood endothelium, in which ANGPT2 is an antagonist of ANGPT1, we have shown that both ligands cooperate to regulate TIE2 in the lymphatic network of the eye. While A1A2Flox(WB) mice developed high IOP and glaucoma, expression of ANGPT1 or ANGPT2 alone was sufficient for ocular drainage. Furthermore, we demonstrated that loss of FOXC2 from lymphatics results in TIE2 downregulation, suggesting a mechanism for ocular defects in patients with FOXC mutations. These data reveal a pathogenetic and molecular basis for glaucoma and demonstrate the importance of angiopoietin ligand cooperation in the lymphatic endothelium.
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176
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Zheng W, Nurmi H, Appak S, Sabine A, Bovay E, Korhonen EA, Orsenigo F, Lohela M, D'Amico G, Holopainen T, Leow CC, Dejana E, Petrova TV, Augustin HG, Alitalo K. Angiopoietin 2 regulates the transformation and integrity of lymphatic endothelial cell junctions. Genes Dev 2014; 28:1592-603. [PMID: 25030698 PMCID: PMC4102766 DOI: 10.1101/gad.237677.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic endothelial cell junctions in lymphatic capillaries transform from a zipper-like to a button-like pattern during development. Here, Zheng et al. found that an Angiopoietin 2 (ANG2)-blocking antibody inhibits embryonic lymphangiogenesis, whereas endothelium-specific ANG2 overexpression induced lymphatic hyperplasia. ANG2 inhibition blocked VE-cadherin phosphorylation and suppressed the onset of lymphatic valve formation and subsequent valve maturation. These data identify ANG2 as the first essential regulator of the functionally important interendothelial cell–cell junctions that form during lymphatic development. Primitive lymphatic vessels are remodeled into functionally specialized initial and collecting lymphatics during development. Lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) junctions in initial lymphatics transform from a zipper-like to a button-like pattern during collecting vessel development, but what regulates this process is largely unknown. Angiopoietin 2 (Ang2) deficiency leads to abnormal lymphatic vessels. Here we found that an ANG2-blocking antibody inhibited embryonic lymphangiogenesis, whereas endothelium-specific ANG2 overexpression induced lymphatic hyperplasia. ANG2 inhibition blocked VE-cadherin phosphorylation at tyrosine residue 685 and the concomitant formation of button-like junctions in initial lymphatics. The defective junctions were associated with impaired lymph uptake. In collecting lymphatics, adherens junctions were disrupted, and the vessels leaked upon ANG2 blockade or gene deletion. ANG2 inhibition also suppressed the onset of lymphatic valve formation and subsequent valve maturation. These data identify ANG2 as the first essential regulator of the functionally important interendothelial cell–cell junctions that form during lymphatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Wihuri Research Institute, Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Harri Nurmi
- Wihuri Research Institute, Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Sila Appak
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Amélie Sabine
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Epalinges CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Esther Bovay
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Epalinges CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Emilia A Korhonen
- Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Fabrizio Orsenigo
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy; Department of Biotechnological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan 20129, Italy
| | - Marja Lohela
- Biomedicum Imaging Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Gabriela D'Amico
- Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Tanja Holopainen
- Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | | | - Elisabetta Dejana
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy; Department of Biotechnological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan 20129, Italy
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Epalinges CH-1066, Switzerland; Swiss Institute for Cancer Research, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Hellmut G Augustin
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute, Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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177
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Corà D, Astanina E, Giraudo E, Bussolino F. Semaphorins in cardiovascular medicine. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:589-98. [PMID: 25154329 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
During organogenesis, patterning is primarily achieved by the combined actions of morphogens. Among these, semaphorins represent a general system for establishing the appropriate wiring architecture of biological nets. Originally discovered as evolutionarily conserved steering molecules for developing axons, subsequent studies on semaphorins expanded their functions to the cardiovascular and immune systems. Semaphorins participate in cardiac organogenesis and control physiological vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, which result from a balance between pro- and anti-angiogenic signals. These signals are altered in several diseases. In this review, we discuss the role of semaphorins in vascular biology, emphasizing the mechanisms by which these molecules control vascular patterning and lymphangiogenesis, as well as in genetically inherited and degenerative vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Corà
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, Torino, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Elena Astanina
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, Torino, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Enrico Giraudo
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Torino, Candiolo, Italy; Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Federico Bussolino
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, Torino, Candiolo, Italy.
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178
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Bazigou E, Wilson JT, Moore JE. Primary and secondary lymphatic valve development: molecular, functional and mechanical insights. Microvasc Res 2014; 96:38-45. [PMID: 25086182 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fluid homeostasis in vertebrates critically relies on the lymphatic system forming a hierarchical network of lymphatic capillaries and collecting lymphatics, for the efficient drainage and transport of extravasated fluid back to the cardiovascular system. Blind-ended lymphatic capillaries employ specialized junctions and anchoring filaments to encourage a unidirectional flow of the interstitial fluid into the initial lymphatic vessels, whereas collecting lymphatics are responsible for the active propulsion of the lymph to the venous circulation via the combined action of lymphatic muscle cells and intraluminal valves. Here we describe recent findings on molecular and physical factors regulating the development and maturation of these two types of valves and examine their role in tissue-fluid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Bazigou
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - John T Wilson
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - James E Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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179
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Vittet D. Lymphatic collecting vessel maturation and valve morphogenesis. Microvasc Res 2014; 96:31-7. [PMID: 25020266 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature plays an essential role in the maintenance of tissue interstitial fluid balance and in the immune response. After capture of fluids, proteins and antigens by lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic collecting vessels ensure lymph transport. An important component to avoid lymph backflow and to allow a unidirectional flow is the presence of intraluminal valves. Defects in the function of collecting vessels lead to lymphedema. Several important factors and signaling pathways involved in lymphatic collecting vessel maturation and valve morphogenesis have now been discovered. The present review summarizes the current knowledge about the key steps of lymphatic collecting vessel development and maturation and focuses on the regulatory mechanisms involved in lymphatic valve formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vittet
- Inserm, U1036, Grenoble, F-38000 France, CEA, DSV, iRTSV, Laboratoire Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, Grenoble, F-38000 France, Univ Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000 France.
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180
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Wang Y, Simons M. Flow-regulated lymphatic vasculature development and signaling. Vasc Cell 2014; 6:14. [PMID: 25053993 PMCID: PMC4105398 DOI: 10.1186/2045-824x-6-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of blood flow in regulating signaling pathways and gene expression in the blood vasculature is well known. Recent studies have identified equally important roles of flow-mediated signaling in the lymphatic circulation including control of lymphatic vascular growth, remodeling, regeneration and maintenance of the lymphatic fate. In this review, we summarize these advances focusing on the role of fluid dynamics in control of lymphatic vasculature formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdi Wang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, 300 George St, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Michael Simons
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, 300 George St, New Haven, CT 06520, USA ; Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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181
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Pan Y, Wang WD, Yago T. Transcriptional regulation of podoplanin expression by Prox1 in lymphatic endothelial cells. Microvasc Res 2014; 94:96-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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182
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Chen H, Griffin C, Xia L, Srinivasan RS. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of lymphatic vascular maturation. Microvasc Res 2014; 96:16-22. [PMID: 24928499 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vasculature is necessary for maintaining fluid homeostasis in vertebrates. During embryogenesis lymphatic endothelial cells originate from the veins as a homogeneous population. These cells undergo a series of changes at the morphological and molecular levels to become mature lymphatic vasculature that consists of lymphatic capillaries, collecting lymphatic vessels and valves. In this article we summarize our current knowledge about these steps and highlight some black boxes that require further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Courtney Griffin
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Lijun Xia
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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183
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Murtomaki A, Uh MK, Kitajewski C, Zhao J, Nagasaki T, Shawber CJ, Kitajewski J. Notch signaling functions in lymphatic valve formation. Development 2014; 141:2446-51. [PMID: 24917500 PMCID: PMC4050693 DOI: 10.1242/dev.101188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Collecting lymphatic ducts contain intraluminal valves that prevent backflow. In mice, lymphatic valve morphogenesis begins at embryonic day 15.5 (E15.5). In the mesentery, Prox1 expression is high in valve-forming lymphatic endothelial cells, whereas cells of the lymphatic ducts express lower levels of Prox1. Integrin α9, fibronectin EIIIA, Foxc2, calcineurin and the gap junction protein Cx37 are required for lymphatic valve formation. We show that Notch1 is expressed throughout the developing mesenteric lymphatic vessels at E16.5, and that, by E18.5, Notch1 expression becomes highly enriched in the lymphatic valve endothelial cells. Using a Notch reporter mouse, Notch activity was detected in lymphatic valves at E17.5 and E18.5. The role of Notch in lymphatic valve morphogenesis was studied using a conditional lymphatic endothelial cell driver either to delete Notch1 or to express a dominant-negative Mastermind-like (DNMAML) transgene. Deletion of Notch1 led to an expansion of Prox1(high) cells, a defect in Prox1(high) cell reorientation and a decrease in integrin α9 expression at sites of valve formation. Expression of DNMAML, which blocks all Notch signaling, resulted in a more severe phenotype characterized by a decrease in valves, failure of Prox1(high) cells to cluster, and rounding of the nuclei and decreased fibronectin-EIIIA expression in the Prox1(high) cells found at valve sites. In human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells, activation of Notch1 or Notch4 induced integrin α9, fibronectin EIIIA and Cx37 expression. We conclude that Notch signaling is required for proper lymphatic valve formation and regulates integrin α9 and fibronectin EIIIA expression during valve morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino Murtomaki
- Department of OB/GYN, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA Division of Genetics, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Biocenter, University of Helsinki, POB 56, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Minji K Uh
- Department of OB/GYN, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Chris Kitajewski
- Department of OB/GYN, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Takayuki Nagasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Carrie J Shawber
- Department of OB/GYN, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jan Kitajewski
- Department of OB/GYN, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA Department of Pathology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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184
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Shen B, Shang Z, Wang B, Zhang L, Zhou F, Li T, Chu M, Jiang H, Wang Y, Qiao T, Zhang J, Sun W, Kong X, He Y. Genetic Dissection of Tie Pathway in Mouse Lymphatic Maturation and Valve Development. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1221-30. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
The genetic program underlying lymphatic development is still incompletely understood. This study aims to dissect the role of receptor tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF (epidermal growth factor)-like domains 1 (Tie1) and Tie2 in lymphatic formation using genetically modified mouse models.
Approach and Results—
We generated conditional knockout mouse models targeting Tie1, Tie2, and angiopoietin-2 in this study.
Tie1
Δ
ICD
/Δ
ICD
mice, with its intracellular domain targeted, appeared normal at E10.5 but displayed subcutaneous edema by E13.5. Lymph sac formation occurred in
Tie1
Δ
ICD
/Δ
ICD
mice, but they had defects with the remodeling of primary lymphatic network to form collecting vessels and valvulogenesis. Consistently, induced deletion of Tie1-ICD postnatally using a ubiquitous Cre deleter led to abnormal lymphangiogenesis and valve formation in
Tie1-ICD
iUCKO/
−
mice. In comparison with the lymphatic phenotype of Tie1 mutants, we found that the diameter of lymphatic capillaries was significantly less in mice deficient of angiopoietin-2, besides the disruption of collecting lymphatic vessel formation as previously reported. There was also no lymphedema observed in
Ang2
−/−
mice during embryonic development, which differs from that of
Tie1
Δ
ICD
/Δ
ICD
mice. We further investigated whether Tie1 exerted its function via Tie2 during lymphatic development. To our surprise, genetic deletion of Tie2 (
Tie2
iUCKO/
−
) in neonate mice did not affect lymphatic vessel growth and maturation.
Conclusions—
In contrast to the important role of Tie2 in the regulation of blood vascular development, Tie1 is crucial in the process of lymphatic remodeling and maturation, which is independent of Tie2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Shen
- From the Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (B.S., Z.S., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., M.C., H.J., Y.W., Y.H.); Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Disease Study, Model Animal Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (B.S., B.W., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., J.Z., W.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower
| | - Zhi Shang
- From the Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (B.S., Z.S., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., M.C., H.J., Y.W., Y.H.); Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Disease Study, Model Animal Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (B.S., B.W., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., J.Z., W.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower
| | - Bo Wang
- From the Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (B.S., Z.S., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., M.C., H.J., Y.W., Y.H.); Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Disease Study, Model Animal Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (B.S., B.W., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., J.Z., W.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower
| | - Luqing Zhang
- From the Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (B.S., Z.S., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., M.C., H.J., Y.W., Y.H.); Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Disease Study, Model Animal Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (B.S., B.W., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., J.Z., W.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower
| | - Fei Zhou
- From the Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (B.S., Z.S., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., M.C., H.J., Y.W., Y.H.); Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Disease Study, Model Animal Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (B.S., B.W., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., J.Z., W.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower
| | - Taotao Li
- From the Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (B.S., Z.S., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., M.C., H.J., Y.W., Y.H.); Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Disease Study, Model Animal Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (B.S., B.W., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., J.Z., W.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower
| | - Man Chu
- From the Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (B.S., Z.S., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., M.C., H.J., Y.W., Y.H.); Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Disease Study, Model Animal Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (B.S., B.W., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., J.Z., W.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower
| | - Haijuan Jiang
- From the Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (B.S., Z.S., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., M.C., H.J., Y.W., Y.H.); Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Disease Study, Model Animal Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (B.S., B.W., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., J.Z., W.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower
| | - Ying Wang
- From the Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (B.S., Z.S., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., M.C., H.J., Y.W., Y.H.); Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Disease Study, Model Animal Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (B.S., B.W., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., J.Z., W.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower
| | - Tong Qiao
- From the Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (B.S., Z.S., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., M.C., H.J., Y.W., Y.H.); Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Disease Study, Model Animal Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (B.S., B.W., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., J.Z., W.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower
| | - Jun Zhang
- From the Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (B.S., Z.S., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., M.C., H.J., Y.W., Y.H.); Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Disease Study, Model Animal Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (B.S., B.W., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., J.Z., W.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower
| | - Wei Sun
- From the Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (B.S., Z.S., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., M.C., H.J., Y.W., Y.H.); Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Disease Study, Model Animal Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (B.S., B.W., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., J.Z., W.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower
| | - Xiangqing Kong
- From the Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (B.S., Z.S., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., M.C., H.J., Y.W., Y.H.); Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Disease Study, Model Animal Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (B.S., B.W., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., J.Z., W.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower
| | - Yulong He
- From the Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (B.S., Z.S., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., M.C., H.J., Y.W., Y.H.); Laboratory of Vascular and Cancer Biology, MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Disease Study, Model Animal Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (B.S., B.W., L.Z., F.Z., T.L., J.Z., W.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower
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Ruddell A, Croft A, Kelly-Spratt K, Furuya M, Kemp CJ. Tumors induce coordinate growth of artery, vein, and lymphatic vessel triads. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:354. [PMID: 24886322 PMCID: PMC4045915 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumors drive blood vessel growth to obtain oxygen and nutrients to support tumor expansion, and they also can induce lymphatic vessel growth to facilitate fluid drainage and metastasis. These processes have generally been studied separately, so that it is not known how peritumoral blood and lymphatic vessels grow relative to each other. METHODS The murine B16-F10 melanoma and chemically-induced squamous cell carcinoma models were employed to analyze large red-colored vessels growing between flank tumors and draining lymph nodes. Immunostaining and microscopy in combination with dye injection studies were used to characterize these vessels. RESULTS Each peritumoral red-colored vessel was found to consist of a triad of collecting lymphatic vessel, vein, and artery, that were all enlarged. Peritumoral veins and arteries were both functional, as detected by intravenous dye injection. The enlarged lymphatic vessels were functional in most mice by subcutaneous dye injection assay, however tumor growth sometimes blocked lymph drainage to regional lymph nodes. Large red-colored vessels also grew between benign papillomas or invasive squamous cell carcinomas and regional lymph nodes in chemical carcinogen-treated mice. Immunostaining of the red-colored vessels again identified the clustered growth of enlarged collecting lymphatics, veins, and arteries in the vicinity of these spontaneously arising tumors. CONCLUSIONS Implanted and spontaneously arising tumors induce coordinate growth of blood and lymphatic vessel triads. Many of these vessel triads are enlarged over several cm distance between the tumor and regional lymph nodes. Lymphatic drainage was sometimes blocked in mice before lymph node metastasis was detected, suggesting that an unknown mechanism alters lymph drainage patterns before tumors reach draining lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna Ruddell
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St., Box 357190, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Alexandra Croft
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St., Box 357190, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Momoko Furuya
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher J Kemp
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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186
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Abstract
Abstract
Lymphatic vasculature is increasingly recognized as an important factor both in the regulation of normal tissue homeostasis and immune response and in many diseases, such as inflammation, cancer, obesity, and hypertension. In the last few years, in addition to the central role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C/VEGF receptor-3 signaling in lymphangiogenesis, significant new insights were obtained about Notch, transforming growth factor β/bone morphogenetic protein, Ras, mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, and Ca2+/calcineurin signaling pathways in the control of growth and remodeling of lymphatic vessels. An emerging picture of lymphangiogenic signaling is complex and in many ways distinct from the regulation of angiogenesis. This complexity provides new challenges, but also new opportunities for selective therapeutic targeting of lymphatic vasculature.
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187
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Abstract
The two vascular systems of our body are the blood and lymphatic vasculature. Our understanding of the cellular and molecular processes controlling the development of the lymphatic vasculature has progressed significantly in the last decade. In mammals, this is a stepwise process that starts in the embryonic veins, where lymphatic EC (LEC) progenitors are initially specified. The differentiation and maturation of these progenitors continues as they bud from the veins to produce scattered primitive lymph sacs, from which most of the lymphatic vasculature is derived. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the key steps leading to the formation of a functional lymphatic vasculature.
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188
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Minami T. Calcineurin-NFAT activation and DSCR-1 auto-inhibitory loop: how is homoeostasis regulated? J Biochem 2014; 155:217-26. [PMID: 24505143 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvu006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signalling plays a critical role not only in the immune and nervous systems, but also in cardiovascular development and pathological endothelial cell activation during angiogenesis or inflammation. Studies in NFAT-null mice demonstrated that there is high redundancy between functions of the different NFAT family members. Deletion of only one NFAT causes mild phenotypes, but compound deletions of multiple NFAT family members leads to severe abnormalities in multiple organ systems. Genome-wide transcription analysis revealed that many NFAT target genes are related to cell growth and inflammation, whereas the gene most strongly induced by NFAT in endothelial cells is an auto-inhibitory molecule, Down syndrome critical region (DSCR)-1. The NFAT-DSCR-1 signalling axis may vary depending on the cell-type or signal dosage level under the microenvironment. In the endothelium, stable expression of the DSCR-1 short isoform attenuates septic inflammatory shock, tumour growth and tumour metastasis to lung. Moreover, dysfunction of DSCR-1 and the NFAT priming kinase, DYRK1A, prevents NFAT nuclear occupancy. This change in NFAT nuclear localization is responsible for many of the features of Down syndrome. Thus, fine-tuning of the NFAT-DSCR-1 negative feedback loop may enable therapeutic manipulation in vasculopathic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Minami
- Div. of Vascular Biology, RCAST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
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189
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Meens MJ, Sabine A, Petrova TV, Kwak BR. Connexins in lymphatic vessel physiology and disease. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1271-7. [PMID: 24457200 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Connexins are transmembrane proteins that form gap junction- and hemi-channels. Once inserted into the membrane, hemi-channels (connexons) allow for diffusion of ions and small molecules (<1 kDa) between the extracellular space and the cytosol. Gap junction channels allow diffusion of similar molecules between the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. The expression and function of connexins in blood vessels has been intensely studied in the last few decades. In contrast, only a few studies paid attention to lymphatic vessels; convincing in vivo data with respect to expression patterns of lymphatic connexins and their functional roles have only recently begun to emerge. Interestingly, mutations in connexin genes have been linked to diseases of lymphatic vasculature, most notably primary and secondary lymphedema. This review summarizes the available data regarding lymphatic connexins. More specifically it addresses (i) early studies aimed at presence of gap junction-like structures in lymphatic vessels, (ii) more recent studies focusing on lymphatic connexins using genetically engineered mice, and (iii) results of clinical studies that have reported lymphedema-linked mutations in connexin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlijn J Meens
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Internal Medicine - Cardiology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Amélie Sabine
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Brenda R Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Internal Medicine - Cardiology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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190
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Zhou HJ, Chen X, Huang Q, Liu R, Zhang H, Wang Y, Jin Y, Liang X, Lu L, Xu Z, Min W. AIP1 mediates vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor-3-dependent angiogenic and lymphangiogenic responses. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:603-15. [PMID: 24407031 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.303053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the novel function of ASK1-interacting protein-1 (AIP1) in vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-3 signaling, and VEGFR-3-dependent angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. APPROACH AND RESULTS AIP1, a signaling scaffold protein, is highly expressed in the vascular endothelium. We have previously reported that AIP1 functions as an endogenous inhibitor in pathological angiogenesis by blocking VEGFR-2 activity. Surprisingly, here we observe that mice with a global deletion of AIP1-knockout mice (AIP1-KO) exhibit reduced retinal angiogenesis with less sprouting and fewer branches. Vascular endothelial cell (but not neuronal)-specific deletion of AIP1 causes similar defects in retinal angiogenesis. The reduced retinal angiogenesis correlates with reduced expression in VEGFR-3 despite increased VEGFR-2 levels in AIP1-KO retinas. Consistent with the reduced expression of VEGFR-3, AIP1-KO show delayed developmental lymphangiogenesis in neonatal skin and mesentery, and mount weaker VEGF-C-induced cornea lymphangiogenesis. In vitro, human lymphatic endothelial cells with AIP1 small interfering RNA knockdown, retinal endothelial cells, and lymphatic endothelial cells isolated from AIP1-KO all show attenuated VEGF-C-induced VEGFR-3 signaling. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that AIP1 via vegfr-3-specific miR-1236 increases VEGFR-3 protein expression and that, by directly binding to VEGFR-3, it enhances VEGFR-3 endocytosis and stability. CONCLUSION Our in vivo and in vitro results provide the first insight into the mechanism by which AIP1 mediates VEGFR-3-dependent angiogenic and lymphangiogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjiao Jenny Zhou
- From the Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (H.J.Z., X.C., Q.H., H.Z., Y.W., Y.J., W.M.); State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (H.J.Z., X.C., X.L., L.L.); Diseases of the Aorta Lab, Center for the Endothelium, Vascular Biology Program, Centenary Institute and University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); Department of Ophthalmology, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, China (Z.X.)
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Transcriptional control of lymphatic endothelial cell type specification. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2014; 214:5-22. [PMID: 24276883 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1646-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is the "sewer system" of our body as it plays an important role in transporting tissue fluids and extravasated plasma proteins back to the blood circulation and absorbs lipids from the intestinal tract. Malfunction of the lymphatic vasculature can result in lymphedema and obesity. The lymphatic system is also important for the immune response and is one of the main routes for the spreading of metastatic tumor cells. The development of the mammalian lymphatic vasculature is a stepwise process that requires the specification of lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) progenitors in the embryonic veins, and the subsequent budding of those LEC progenitors from the embryonic veins to give rise to the primitive lymph sacs from which the entire lymphatic vasculature will eventually be derived. This process was first proposed by Florence Sabin over a century ago and was recently confirmed by several studies using lineage tracing and gene manipulation. Over the last decade, significant advances have been made in understanding the transcriptional control of lymphatic endothelial cell type differentiation. Here we summarize our current knowledge about the key transcription factors that are necessary to regulate several aspects of lymphatic endothelial specification and differentiation.
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Sabine A, Petrova TV. Interplay of mechanotransduction, FOXC2, connexins, and calcineurin signaling in lymphatic valve formation. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2014; 214:67-80. [PMID: 24276887 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1646-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The directional flow of lymph is maintained by hundreds of intraluminal lymphatic valves. Lymphatic valves are crucial to prevent lymphedema, accumulation of fluid in the tissues, and to ensure immune surveillance; yet, the mechanisms of valve formation are only beginning to be elucidated. In this chapter, we will discuss the main steps of lymphatic valve morphogenesis, the important role of mechanotransduction in this process, and the genetic program regulated by the transcription factor Foxc2, which is indispensable for all steps of valve development. Failure to form mature collecting lymphatic vessels and valves causes the majority of postsurgical lymphedema, e.g., in breast cancer patients. Therefore, this knowledge will be useful for diagnostics and development of better treatments of secondary lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Sabine
- Department of Oncology, CHUV-UNIL, Ch. des Boveresses 155, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
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193
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Lutter S, Makinen T. Regulation of Lymphatic Vasculature by Extracellular Matrix. DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE LYMPHATIC VASCULAR SYSTEM 2014; 214:55-65. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1646-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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194
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Tatin F. [Lymphatic valve morphogenesis]. Med Sci (Paris) 2013; 29:1074-6. [PMID: 24356131 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20132912004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Tatin
- Lymphatic development, Cancer Research-London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln Inn's Fields, WC2A 3LY London, Royaume-Uni
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195
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Planas-Paz L, Lammert E. Mechanical forces in lymphatic vascular development and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4341-54. [PMID: 23665871 PMCID: PMC11113353 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1358-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is essential for fluid homeostasis and transport of immune cells, inflammatory molecules, and dietary lipids. It is composed of a hierarchical network of blind-ended lymphatic capillaries and collecting lymphatic vessels, both lined by lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). The low hydrostatic pressure in lymphatic capillaries, their loose intercellular junctions, and attachment to the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) permit passage of extravasated blood plasma from the interstitium into the lumen of the lymphatic capillaries. It is generally thought that interstitial fluid accumulation leads to a swelling of the ECM, to which the LECs of lymphatic capillaries adhere, for example via anchoring filaments. As a result, LECs are pulled away from the vascular lumen, the junctions open, and fluid enters the lymphatic vasculature. The collecting lymphatic vessels then gather the plasma fluid from the capillaries and carry it through the lymph nodes to the blood circulation. The collecting vessels contain intraluminal bicuspid valves that prevent fluid backflow, and are embraced by smooth muscle cells that contribute to fluid transport. Although the lymphatic vessels are regular subject to mechanical strain, our knowledge of its influence on lymphatic development and pathologies is scarce. Here, we discuss the mechanical forces and molecular mechanisms regulating lymphatic vascular growth and maturation in the developing mouse embryo. We also consider how the lymphatic vasculature might be affected by similar mechanomechanisms in two pathological processes, namely cancer cell dissemination and secondary lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Planas-Paz
- Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich-Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany,
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196
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Dunworth WP, Cardona-Costa J, Bozkulak EC, Kim JD, Meadows S, Fischer JC, Wang Y, Cleaver O, Qyang Y, Ober EA, Jin SW. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 signaling negatively modulates lymphatic development in vertebrate embryos. Circ Res 2013; 114:56-66. [PMID: 24122719 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The emergence of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) seems to be highly regulated during development. Although several factors that promote the differentiation of LECs in embryonic development have been identified, those that negatively regulate this process are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to delineate the role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2 signaling in lymphatic development. METHODS AND RESULTS BMP2 signaling negatively regulates the formation of LECs. Developing LECs lack any detectable BMP signaling activity in both zebrafish and mouse embryos, and excess BMP2 signaling in zebrafish embryos and mouse embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid bodies substantially decrease the emergence of LECs. Mechanistically, BMP2 signaling induces expression of miR-31 and miR-181a in a SMAD-dependent mechanism, which in turn results in attenuated expression of prospero homeobox protein 1 during development. CONCLUSIONS Our data identify BMP2 as a key negative regulator for the emergence of the lymphatic lineage during vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Dunworth
- From the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (W.P.D., J.C.-C., E.C.B., J.-D.K., Y.W., Y.Q., S-W.J.); MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Division of Developmental Biology, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom (J.C.F., E.A.O.); and Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (S.M., O.C.)
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197
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Watanabe A, Suzuki H, Yokobori T, Altan B, Kubo N, Araki K, Wada S, Mochida Y, Sasaki S, Kashiwabara K, Hosouchi Y, Kuwano H. Forkhead box protein C2 contributes to invasion and metastasis of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, resulting in a poor prognosis. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:1427-32. [PMID: 23919841 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (EHCC) is a cancer with a poor prognosis, and the postoperative survival of patients depends on the existence of invasion and metastasis. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important step in EHCC invasion and metastasis. Forkhead box protein C2 (FOXC2) is a transcription factor that has been reported to induce the EMT. Therefore we examined the correlation between FOXC2 expression and clinical pathological factors, and analysed the function of FOXC2. The expression of FOXC2 in 77 EHCC cases was investigated by immunohistochemical staining, and the relationship between FOXC2 expression and clinicopathological factor was assessed. Knockdown by small interfering RNA (siRNA) was performed to determine the roles of FOXC2 in EHCC cell line. FOXC2 expression correlated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0205). Patients in the high FOXC2 expression group had a poorer prognosis than the patients in the low FOXC2 expression group. Moreover, FOXC2 knockdown inhibited cell motility and invasion, and decreased the expression of EMT markers (N-cadherin, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -2) and Angiopietin-2 (Ang-2). The EMT inducer FOXC2 contributes to a poor prognosis and cancer progression. FOXC2 may be a promising molecular target for regulating EHCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Watanabe
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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EMILIN1/α9β1 integrin interaction is crucial in lymphatic valve formation and maintenance. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:4381-94. [PMID: 24019067 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00872-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vasculature plays a crucial role in the maintenance of tissue interstitial fluid balance. The role of functional collecting lymphatic vessels in lymph transport has been recently highlighted in pathologies leading to lymphedema, for which treatments are currently unavailable. Intraluminal valves are of paramount importance in this process. However, valve formation and maturation have not been entirely elucidated yet, in particular, the role played by the extracellular matrix (ECM). We hypothesized that EMILIN1, an ECM multidomain glycoprotein, regulates lymphatic valve formation and maintenance. Using a mouse knockout model, we show that in the absence of EMILIN1, mice exhibit defects in lymphatic valve structure and in lymph flow. By applying morphometric in vitro and in vivo functional assays, we conclude that this impaired phenotype depends on the lack of α9β1 integrin engagement, the specific lymphatic endothelial cell receptor for EMILIN1, and the ensuing derangement of cell proliferation and migration. Our data demonstrate a fundamental role for EMILIN1-integrin α9 interaction in lymphatic vasculature, especially in lymphatic valve formation and maintenance, and underline the importance of this ECM component in displaying a regulatory function in proliferation and acting as a "guiding" molecule in migration of lymphatic endothelial cells.
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199
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Dellinger MT, Meadows SM, Wynne K, Cleaver O, Brekken RA. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 promotes the development of the lymphatic vasculature. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74686. [PMID: 24023956 PMCID: PMC3759473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) is highly expressed by lymphatic endothelial cells and has been shown to stimulate lymphangiogenesis in adult mice. However, the role VEGFR2 serves in the development of the lymphatic vascular system has not been defined. Here we use the Cre-lox system to show that the proper development of the lymphatic vasculature requires VEGFR2 expression by lymphatic endothelium. We show that Lyve-1wt/Cre;Vegfr2flox/flox mice possess significantly fewer dermal lymphatic vessels than Vegfr2flox/flox mice. Although Lyve-1wt/Cre;Vegfr2flox/flox mice exhibit lymphatic hypoplasia, the lymphatic network is functional and contains all of the key features of a normal lymphatic network (initial lymphatic vessels and valved collecting vessels surrounded by smooth muscle cells (SMCs)). We also show that Lyve-1Cre mice display robust Cre activity in macrophages and in blood vessels in the yolk sac, liver and lung. This activity dramatically impairs the development of blood vessels in these tissues in Lyve-1wt/Cre;Vegfr2flox/flox embryos, most of which die after embryonic day14.5. Lastly, we show that inactivation of Vegfr2 in the myeloid lineage does not affect the development of the lymphatic vasculature. Therefore, the abnormal lymphatic phenotype of Lyve-1wt/Cre;Vegfr2flox/flox mice is due to the deletion of Vegfr2 in the lymphatic vasculature not macrophages. Together, this work demonstrates that VEGFR2 directly promotes the expansion of the lymphatic network and further defines the molecular mechanisms controlling the development of the lymphatic vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Dellinger
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Stryder M. Meadows
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Katherine Wynne
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rolf A. Brekken
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
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Mendola A, Schlögel MJ, Ghalamkarpour A, Irrthum A, Nguyen HL, Fastré E, Bygum A, van der Vleuten C, Fagerberg C, Baselga E, Quere I, Mulliken JB, Boon LM, Brouillard P, Vikkula M. Mutations in the VEGFR3 signaling pathway explain 36% of familial lymphedema. Mol Syndromol 2013; 4:257-66. [PMID: 24167460 DOI: 10.1159/000354097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphedema is caused by dysfunction of lymphatic vessels, leading to disabling swelling that occurs mostly on the extremities. Lymphedema can be either primary (congenital) or secondary (acquired). Familial primary lymphedema commonly segregates in an autosomal dominant or recessive manner. It can also occur in combination with other clinical features. Nine mutated genes have been identified in different isolated or syndromic forms of lymphedema. However, the prevalence of primary lymphedema that can be explained by these genetic alterations is unknown. In this study, we investigated 7 of these putative genes. We screened 78 index patients from families with inherited lymphedema for mutations in FLT4, GJC2, FOXC2, SOX18, GATA2, CCBE1, and PTPN14. Altogether, we discovered 28 mutations explaining 36% of the cases. Additionally, 149 patients with sporadic primary lymphedema were screened for FLT4, FOXC2, SOX18, CCBE1, and PTPN14. Twelve mutations were found that explain 8% of the cases. Still unidentified is the genetic cause of primary lymphedema in 64% of patients with a family history and 92% of sporadic cases. Identification of those genes is important for understanding of etiopathogenesis, stratification of treatments and generation of disease models. Interestingly, most of the proteins that are encoded by the genes mutated in primary lymphedema seem to act in a single functional pathway involving VEGFR3 signaling. This underscores the important role this pathway plays in lymphatic development and function and suggests that the unknown genes also have a role.
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