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Vasconcelos AC, Aburad C, Lima IFP, Santos SMM, Freitas SAJDE, Franco A, Rode SM, Paranhos LR. A scientific survey on 1550 cases of oral lesions diagnosed in a Brazilian referral center. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2017; 89:1691-1697. [PMID: 28813105 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201720170006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to perform an epidemiological survey on the prevalence rate of oral lesions diagnosed in a referral center in Brazil and to establish association between the lesions and the age and gender of the affected patients. This analytical observational study analyzed 3521 medical records of anatomopathological exams of the Pathological Anatomy and Cytopathology Laboratory of the Cancer Hospital of the state of Mato Grosso (Brazil), from December 2011 to September 2015. A total of 1550 relevant medical records was detected. Patients aging between 41 and 60 consisted of 42.84% of the sample. Males were more affected than females (60.13%). Inflammatory processess consisted of the most prevalent diagnosis (43.29%), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (6.06%), and periapical granuloma (5.23%). Oral health public policies must give major attention to Brazilian males aged between the fourth and sixth decades of life in order to improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur C Vasconcelos
- Cancer Hospital of Mato Grosso, Av. Historiador Rubens de Mendonça, 5500, Sub. Esquina, 78055-500 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Carlos Aburad
- Cancer Hospital of Mato Grosso, Av. Historiador Rubens de Mendonça, 5500, Sub. Esquina, 78055-500 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Igor F P Lima
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Sergipe, Av. Governador Marcelo Déda Chagas, 13, São José, 49400-000 Lagarto, SE, Brazil
| | - Sheila M M Santos
- Post-Graduation Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Sergipe, Rua Cláudio Batista, s/n, Bairro Sanatório, 49060-100 Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Silas Antonio J DE Freitas
- Post-Graduation Program in Applied Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Vila Universitária, 17012-901 Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Ademir Franco
- Department of Stomatology, Federal University of Paraná, Av. Prefeito Lothário Meissner, 632, Jardim Botânico, 80210-170 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Sigmar M Rode
- Paulista State University Júlio de Mesquista Filho, Science and Technology Institute, Campus São José dos Campos, Department of Dental Materials and Prostheses, Av. Engenheiro Francisco José Longo, 777, Jardim São Dimas, 12201-970 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz R Paranhos
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Sergipe, Av. Governador Marcelo Déda Chagas, 13, São José, 49400-000 Lagarto, SE, Brazil
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152
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Bartold PM, Van Dyke TE. Host modulation: controlling the inflammation to control the infection. Periodontol 2000 2017; 75:317-329. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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153
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Subchronic Infection of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia Stimulates an Immune Response but Not Arthritis in Experimental Murine Model. Int J Dent 2017; 2017:2052938. [PMID: 28676826 PMCID: PMC5476872 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2052938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have proposed that Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Tannerella forsythia (Tf) promote a nonspecific inflammatory response that could produce systemic disease. Oral inoculation of Pg and Tf on the immune and arthritis response was evaluated in BALB/C mice divided into four groups: (1) sham; (2) food contaminated with Pg/Tf; (3) complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) + Pg/Tf; and (4) CFA alone. CFA was administered subcutaneously on days 1 and 14. The arthritis response was monitored for 21 days after day 14 of CFA administration. IL-1β and IL-6 were determined in serum. T cell activation was evaluated by CD25 in salivary lymph nodes or mouse spleen. Pad inflammation appeared by day 19 in the CFA group, but animals with bacteria inoculation presented a delay. A significant increase in IL-6 was found in Groups 3 and 4, but not with respect to IL-1β. We observed an increase in CD25 in cells derived from cervical nodes and in animals with bacteria inoculation and CFA. A local immune response was observed in mice inoculated with Pg and Tf (T cell activation); a systemic response was observed with CFA. Since pad inflammation was delayed by bacterial inoculation this suggests that local T cell activation could decrease pad inflammation.
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154
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The influence of the commensal microbiota on distal tumor-promoting inflammation. Semin Immunol 2017; 32:62-73. [PMID: 28687194 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Commensal microbes inhabit barrier surfaces, providing a first line of defense against invading pathogens, aiding in metabolic function of the host, and playing a vital role in immune development and function. Several recent studies have demonstrated that commensal microbes influence systemic immune function and homeostasis. For patients with extramucosal cancers, or cancers occurring distal to barrier surfaces, the role of commensal microbes in influencing tumor progression is beginning to be appreciated. Extrinsic factors such as chronic inflammation, antibiotics, and chemotherapy dysregulate commensal homeostasis and drive tumor-promoting systemic inflammation through a variety of mechanisms, including disruption of barrier function and bacterial translocation, release of soluble inflammatory mediators, and systemic changes in metabolic output. Conversely, it has also been demonstrated that certain immune therapies, immunogenic chemotherapies, and checkpoint inhibitors rely on the commensal microbiota to facilitate anti-tumor immune responses. Thus, it is evident that the mechanisms associated with commensal microbe facilitation of both pro- and anti-tumor immune responses are context dependent and rely upon a variety of factors present within the tumor microenvironment and systemic periphery. The goal of this review is to highlight the various contexts during which commensal microbes orchestrate systemic immune function with a focus on describing possible scenarios where the loss of microbial homeostasis enhances tumor progression.
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155
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Magennis EP, Francini N, Mastrotto F, Catania R, Redhead M, Fernandez-Trillo F, Bradshaw D, Churchley D, Winzer K, Alexander C, Mantovani G. Polymers for binding of the gram-positive oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180087. [PMID: 28672031 PMCID: PMC5495209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is the most significant pathogenic bacterium implicated in the formation of dental caries and, both directly and indirectly, has been associated with severe conditions such as multiple sclerosis, cerebrovascular and peripheral artery disease. Polymers able to selectively bind S. mutans and/or inhibit its adhesion to oral tissue in a non-lethal manner would offer possibilities for addressing pathogenicity without selecting for populations resistant against bactericidal agents. In the present work two libraries of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (pDMAEMA)-based polymers were synthesized with various proportions of either N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium cationic- or sulfobetaine zwitterionic groups. These copolymers where initially tested as potential macromolecular ligands for S. mutans NCTC 10449, whilst Escherichia coli MG1655 was used as Gram-negative control bacteria. pDMAEMA-derived materials with high proportions of zwitterionic repeating units were found to be selective for S. mutans, in both isolated and S. mutans-E. coli mixed bacterial cultures. Fully sulfobetainized pDMAEMA was subsequently found to bind/cluster preferentially Gram-positive S. mutans and S. aureus compared to Gram negative E. coli and V. harveyi. A key initial stage of S. mutans pathogenesis involves a lectin-mediated adhesion to the tooth surface, thus the range of potential macromolecular ligands was further expanded by investigating two glycopolymers bearing α-mannopyranoside and β-galactopyranoside pendant units. Results with these polymers indicated that preferential binding to either S. mutans or E. coli can be obtained by modulating the glycosylation pattern of the chosen multivalent ligands without incurring unacceptable cytotoxicity in a model gastrointestinal cell line. Overall, our results allowed to identify a structure-property relationship for the potential antimicrobial polymers investigated, and suggest that preferential binding to Gram-positive S. mutans could be achieved by fine-tuning of the recognition elements in the polymer ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene P. Magennis
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nora Francini
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Mastrotto
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Rosa Catania
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Redhead
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - David Bradshaw
- GlaxoSmithKline, St Georges Avenue, Weybridge, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - David Churchley
- GlaxoSmithKline, St Georges Avenue, Weybridge, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Winzer
- BBSRC/EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre (SBRC), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron Alexander
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Mantovani
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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156
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Marchi-Alves LM, Freitas D, de Andrade D, de Godoy S, Toneti AN, Mendes IAC. Characterization of Oral Microbiota in Removable Dental Prosthesis Users: Influence of Arterial Hypertension. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:3838640. [PMID: 28713826 PMCID: PMC5497639 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3838640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies have described the possible relation between oral infections and atherosclerotic events. OBJECTIVE To characterize the oral microbiota of normotensive and hypertensive users of dental prostheses. METHODS The sample consisted of 41 complete dental prosthesis users, divided into groups: 21 participants with systemic arterial hypertension and 20 normotensive participants. The data collection included the characteristics of the sociodemographic variables and the determination of the microbial load in the saliva. For the descriptive analyses, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences was used. The description of the proportional differences between the groups was based on the application of Mann-Whitney's statistical test. Statistical significance was set at 5% (p < 0.05). RESULTS The analysis of the oral microbiota showed the vast growth of aerobic microorganisms in all samples from both groups. The microbial load of streptococci and staphylococci was significantly higher among hypertensive participants. Candida yeasts were detected in the saliva culture of most samples. The hypertensive participants rank in the category of very high colonization index/high risk of infection related to this microorganism. CONCLUSIONS The mouth of dental prosthesis users, especially when hypertensive, can constitute an important reservoir of pathogens, indicating an established inflammatory or infectious condition or risk for developing this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dayana Freitas
- Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Denise de Andrade
- Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Simone de Godoy
- Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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157
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Maisonneuve P, Amar S, Lowenfels A. Periodontal disease, edentulism, and pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann Oncol 2017; 28:985-995. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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158
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Pawashe KG, Tewary S, Sanyal PK, Nilesh K. An In vitro Comparative Evaluation of Disinfectants on Standard and Clinical Microbial Strains on Heat Cure Resins. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:ZC54-ZC58. [PMID: 28658908 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/24759.9866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral cavity is colonised by numerous micro-organisms that form a biofilm on the acrylic resin. Hence, routine hygiene is essential to prevent oral mucosal inflammation and lesions. Knowledge of appropriate disinfecting agents for acrylic resins is crucial in this context. AIM To compare and evaluate the effectiveness of four commercially available disinfectants on heat cure acrylic resin specimens contaminated with standard and clinical strains of two micro-organisms commonly inhabiting the oral microflora. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred acrylic resin specimens (n=200), 10 in each group were contaminated in vitro with 1x106 cells/ml suspensions of standard and clinical strains of micro-organisms (Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans) and were immersed in four disinfectants (1% sodium hypochlorite, 2% chlorhexidine digluconate, 2% glutaraldehyde and 3.8% sodium perborate) for 10 minutes. The control group was not subjected to any disinfection process. For collection of clinical strains, oral swab was passed over the buccal mucosa and grown on blood agar culture media. Organism confirmation was done by growing them on selective culture media. Final counts of micro-organisms per ml were performed by plating method for evaluation of microbial level reduction. Results obtained were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey's test. RESULTS Standard strains of Candida albicans (C) and Streptoccocus mutans (S) subjected to various disinfectants showed varied mean Colony Forming Units per ml (CFU/ml) from <10,000 to 25,000 and <10000 to <50,000 respectively. Clinical strains and of Candida albicans (C) and Streptococcus mutans (S) subjected to various disinfectants showed varied mean CFU/ml from <10,000 to 50,000 and from 10,000 to 50,000 respectively. Control groups showed maximum mean CFU/ml (>105). All intergroup comparisons were highly significant (p<0.001; HS) and intragroup comparisons were significant (p<0.05; S) except the comparison of clinical strains of Streptococcusmutans subjected to 2% chlorhexidine digluconate and 2% glutaraldehyde which was found to be non significant (p>0.05; NS). CONCLUSION Almost 1% sodium hypochlorite was found to be the most effective disinfectant for both Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. The least effective disinfectant being: 3.8% sodium perborate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Gajanan Pawashe
- Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University, Malkapur, Karad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shivsagar Tewary
- Reader, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University, Malkapur, Karad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pronob Kumar Sanyal
- Professor and Head, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University, Malkapur, Karad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kumar Nilesh
- Reader, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University, Malkapur, Karad, Maharashtra, India
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159
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Ren W, Zhang Q, Liu X, Zheng S, Ma L, Chen F, Xu T, Xu B. Exploring the oral microflora of preschool children. J Microbiol 2017; 55:531-537. [PMID: 28434085 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-017-6474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The oral cavity is one of the most important and complicated habitats in our body and supports diverse microbial communities. In this study, we aimed to determine the bacterial diversity and composition of various oral micro-niches. Samples were collected from supragingival plaque, saliva, and tongue coating from 10 preschool children (30 samples total). 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing dataset generated 314,639 clean reads with an average of 10,488 ± 2,787 reads per sample. The phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria were predominant, accounting for more than 90% of the total sequences. We found the highest α diversity, microbial richness, and evenness in plaque, compared with saliva and tongue coating. Plaque was also distinguished from saliva and tongue coating by phylogenetic distances (weighted UniFrac). Taxa with different relative abundances were further identified, confirming the existence of microbial differences across the three niches. Core microbiomes were defined of each niche; however, only a small proportion of operational taxonomic units (8.07%) were shared by the three niches. Coaggregation between Actinomyces spp. and Streptococcus spp. and other correlations among periodontal pathogens, such as Prevotella, Fusobacteria, Capnocytophaga, and Tannerella, were shown by a co-occurrence network. In summary, our study provides a framework of oral microbial communities in the population of preschool children as a baseline for further studies of oral diseases related to microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ren
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xuenan Liu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Shuguo Zheng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Lili Ma
- Stomatology Center, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Feng Chen
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Baohua Xu
- Stomatology Center, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.
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160
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Coretti L, Cuomo M, Florio E, Palumbo D, Keller S, Pero R, Chiariotti L, Lembo F, Cafiero C. Subgingival dysbiosis in smoker and non‑smoker patients with chronic periodontitis. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2007-2014. [PMID: 28260061 PMCID: PMC5364964 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is one of the most common oral inflammatory diseases, and results in connective tissue degradation and gradual tooth loss. It manifests with formation of periodontal pockets, in which anaerobic and Gram‑negative bacteria proliferate rapidly. Consequently, alteration of the subgingival microbiota is considered the primary etiologic agent of periodontitis. Previous studies have reported that smokers are at increased risk of periodontal disease, in both prevalence and severity, indicating that smoking is a risk factor for the onset and progression of the pathology. In the present study, 16S rRNA sequencing was employed to assess the subgingival microbiota in 6 smoker patients with chronic periodontitis, 6 non‑smoker patients with chronic periodontitis and 8 healthy controls. The results demonstrated significant alterations in the microbial structure of periodontitis patients. High relative abundance of Parvimonans, Desulfubulbus, Paludibacter, Haemophilus, and Sphaerochaeta genera characterized subgingival microbiota of periodontitis patients, both smokers and non‑smokers. Due to the high precision and sensitivity of the 16S rRNA sequencing method, analysis for low‑abundant genera (including Pedobacter, Granulicatella, Paracoccus, Atopobium, Bifidobacterium, Coprococcus, Oridobacteriu, Peptococcus, Oscillospira and Akkermansia) was feasible, and revealed novel phylotypes associated with periodontitis. Of note, a major microbial community alteration was evident in smoker patients, suggesting an association between smoking and severity of subgingival dysbiosis. The present study confirmed that chronic periodontitis is a polymicrobial disease where changes in the equilibrium of subgingival microbiota contribute to severity of pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Coretti
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, I-80131 Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariella Cuomo
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, I-80131 Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ermanno Florio
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, I-80131 Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Palumbo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Keller
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, I-80131 Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaela Pero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Chiariotti
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, I-80131 Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Lembo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Cafiero
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, I-80131 Naples, Italy
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161
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Reynolds-Campbell G, Nicholson A, Thoms-Rodriguez CA. Oral Bacterial Infections: Diagnosis and Management. Dent Clin North Am 2017; 61:305-318. [PMID: 28317568 DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The human oral cavity contains more than 500 different bacterial species. These organisms belong to several phyla including Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Tenericutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Euryarchaeota, Chlamydiae, and Spirochaetes. Many of these have the ability to colonize the gingival crevices and the outer surface of the tooth forming biofilms often leading to dental plaque formation. These bacteria produce acid that erode teeth causing cavities or infections. The diagnosis of these infections is often clinical and antibiotics are used empirically to treat some infections or as prophylaxis. The characterization, definitive diagnosis, and susceptibility testing of oral bacterial infections are valuable in guiding appropriate therapy and in prevention of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alison Nicholson
- Department of Microbiology, The University of the West Indies, Mona, KGN 7, Jamaica, West Indies
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162
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Lima BP, Shi W, Lux R. Identification and characterization of a novel Fusobacterium nucleatum adhesin involved in physical interaction and biofilm formation with Streptococcus gordonii. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6. [PMID: 28173636 PMCID: PMC5458471 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To successfully colonize the oral cavity, bacteria must directly or indirectly adhere to available oral surfaces. Fusobacterium nucleatum plays an important role in oral biofilm community development due to its broad adherence abilities, serving as a bridge between members of the oral biofilm that cannot directly bind to each other. In our efforts to characterize the molecular mechanisms utilized by F. nucleatum to physically bind to key members of the oral community, we investigated the involvement of F. nucleatum outer membrane proteins in its ability to bind to the pioneer biofilm colonizer, Streptococcus gordonii. Here, we present evidence that in addition to the previously characterized fusobacterial adhesin RadD, the interaction between F. nucleatum ATCC 23726 and S. gordonii V288 involves a second outer membrane protein, which we named coaggregation mediating protein A (CmpA). We also characterized the role of CmpA in dual‐species biofilm formation with S. gordonii V288, evaluated growth‐phase‐dependent as well as biofilm expression profiles of radD and cmpA, and confirmed an important role for CmpA, especially under biofilm growth conditions. Our findings underscore the complex set of specific interactions involved in physical binding and thus community integration of interacting bacterial species. This complex set of interactions could have critical implications for the formation and maturation of the oral biofilms in vivo, and could provide clues to the mechanism behind the distribution of organisms inside the human oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Lima
- Division of Constitutive and Regenerative Sciences, University of California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wenyuan Shi
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, University of California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Renate Lux
- Division of Constitutive and Regenerative Sciences, University of California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, University of California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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163
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Kato I, Vasquez A, Moyerbrailean G, Land S, Djuric Z, Sun J, Lin HS, Ram JL. Nutritional Correlates of Human Oral Microbiome. J Am Coll Nutr 2017; 36:88-98. [PMID: 27797671 PMCID: PMC5477991 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2016.1185386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite many potential effects of the oral microbiome on oral and systemic health, scant information is available regarding the associations between diet and the oral microbiome. METHODS Oral rinse DNA samples from 182 participants in a population-based case-control study for colorectal cancer were used to amplify a V3-V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA gene. The amplicons were sequenced using Illumina MiSeq paired end chemistry on 2 runs, yielding approximately 33 million filtered reads that were assigned to bacterial classes. Relative abundances of each class and family as well microbial diversity/richness indices were correlated with selected dietary intakes from a food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and vitamin C intakes were consistently correlated with alpha (within-subjects) diversity indexes in both richness and diversity. SFA intake was positively correlated with relative abundance of betaproteobacteria and fusobacteria. Vitamin C and other vitamins with correlated intakes-for example, the B vitamins and vitamin E-exhibited positive correlations with fusobacteria class, its family Leptotrichiaceae and a clostridia family Lachnospiraceae. In addition, glycemic load was positively correlated with Lactobacillaceae abundance. CONCLUSION The observed associations in this study were modest. However, the results suggest that the effects of diets are likely to be habitat specific, and observations from the gut microbiome are not transferrable to the oral microbiome. Further studies are warranted, incorporating a range of host biomarkers, such as cytohistological, molecular, or biochemical measurements, in order to address biological consequences of these dietary intakes in human oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Kato
- a Department of Oncology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan
- b Department of Pathology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan
| | - Adrian Vasquez
- c Department of Physiology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan
| | - Gregory Moyerbrailean
- d Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan
| | - Susan Land
- a Department of Oncology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan
| | - Zora Djuric
- f Department of Family Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan
| | - Jun Sun
- g Department of Medicine, School of Medicine , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois
| | - Ho-Sheng Lin
- e Department of Otolaryngology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan
| | - Jeffrey L Ram
- c Department of Physiology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan
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Yilmaz Ö, Lee KL. The inflammasome and danger molecule signaling: at the crossroads of inflammation and pathogen persistence in the oral cavity. Periodontol 2000 2017; 69:83-95. [PMID: 26252403 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are an oligomeric assembly of multiprotein complexes that activate the caspase-1-dependent maturation and the subsequent secretion of inflammatory interleukin-1beta and interleukin-18 cytokines in response to a 'danger signal' in vertebrates. The assessment of their significance continues to grow rapidly as the complex biology of various chronic inflammatory conditions is better dissected. Increasing evidence strongly links inflammasomes and host-derived small 'danger molecule ATP' signaling with the modulation of the host immune response by microbial colonizers as well as with potential altering of the microbiome structure and intermicrobial interactions in the host. All of these factors eventually lead to the destructive chronic inflammatory disease state. In the oral cavity, a highly dynamic and multifaceted interplay takes place between the signaling of endogenous danger molecules and colonizing microbes on the mucosal surfaces. This interaction may redirect the local microenvironment to favor the conversion of the resident microbiome toward pathogenicity. This review outlines the major components of the known inflammasome complexes/mechanisms and highlights their regulation, in particular, by oral microorganisms, in relation to periodontal disease pathology. Better characterization of the cellular and molecular biology of the inflammasome will probably identify important potential therapeutic targets for the treatment and prevention of periodontal disease, as well as for other debilitating chronic diseases.
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166
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Stothart MR, Bobbie CB, Schulte-Hostedde AI, Boonstra R, Palme R, Mykytczuk NCS, Newman AEM. Stress and the microbiome: linking glucocorticoids to bacterial community dynamics in wild red squirrels. Biol Lett 2017; 12:20150875. [PMID: 26740566 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial diversity within animals is emerging as an essential component of health, but it is unknown how stress may influence the microbiome. We quantify a proximate link between the oral microbiome and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity using faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM) in wild red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). Not only was bacterial diversity lower at higher levels of FGM, but also between capture periods a change in bacterial relative abundance was related to an increase in FGM. These linkages between the HPA axis and microbiome communities represent a powerful capacity for stress to have multi-dimensional effects on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason R Stothart
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Colleen B Bobbie
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 2C6
| | | | - Rudy Boonstra
- Centre for Neurobiology of Stress, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Nadia C S Mykytczuk
- Living with Lakes Centre, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 2C6
| | - Amy E M Newman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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167
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Lu P, Zhang CH, Lifshitz LM, ZhuGe R. Extraoral bitter taste receptors in health and disease. J Gen Physiol 2017; 149:181-197. [PMID: 28053191 PMCID: PMC5299619 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201611637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs or T2Rs) belong to the superfamily of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors, which are the targets of >50% of drugs currently on the market. Canonically, T2Rs are located in taste buds of the tongue, where they initiate bitter taste perception. However, accumulating evidence indicates that T2Rs are widely expressed throughout the body and mediate diverse nontasting roles through various specialized mechanisms. It has also become apparent that T2Rs and their polymorphisms are associated with human disorders. In this review, we summarize the physiological and pathophysiological roles that extraoral T2Rs play in processes as diverse as innate immunity and reproduction, and the major challenges in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Cheng-Hai Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Lawrence M Lifshitz
- Biomedical Imaging Group, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605.,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Ronghua ZhuGe
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 .,Biomedical Imaging Group, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
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168
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Ackerman AL, Underhill DM. The mycobiome of the human urinary tract: potential roles for fungi in urology. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:31. [PMID: 28217696 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.12.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The mycobiome, defined as the fungal microbiota within a host environment, is an important but understudied component of the human microbial ecosystem. New culture-independent approaches to determine microbial diversity, such as next-generation sequencing methods, have discovered specific, characteristic, commensal fungal populations present in different body sites. These studies have also identified diverse patterns in fungal communities associated with various diseases. While alterations in urinary bacterial communities have been noted in disease states, a comprehensive description of the urinary mycobiome has been lacking. Early evidence suggests the urinary mycobiome is a diverse community with high intraindividual variability. In other disease systems, the mycobiome is thought to interact with other biomes and the host to play a role in organ homeostasis and pathology; further study will be needed to elucidate the role fungi play in bladder health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lenore Ackerman
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David M Underhill
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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169
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Impact of Microbiota on Resistance to Ocular Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Induced Keratitis. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005855. [PMID: 27658245 PMCID: PMC5033354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of the ocular microbiota has been reported but functional analyses to evaluate its significance in regulating ocular immunity are currently lacking. We compared the relative contribution of eye and gut commensals in regulating the ocular susceptibility to Pseudomonas aeruginosa–induced keratitis. We find that in health, the presence of microbiota strengthened the ocular innate immune barrier by significantly increasing the concentrations of immune effectors in the tear film, including secretory IgA and complement proteins. Consistent with this view, Swiss Webster (SW) mice that are typically resistant to P. aeruginosa–induced keratitis become susceptible due to the lack of microbiota. This was exemplified by increased corneal bacterial burden and elevated pathology of the germ free (GF) mice when compared to the conventionally maintained SW mice. The protective immunity was found to be dependent on both eye and gut microbiota with the eye microbiota having a moderate, but significant impact on the resistance to infection. These events were IL-1ß–dependent as corneal IL-1ß levels were decreased in the infected GF and antibiotic-treated mice when compared to the SPF controls, and neutralization of IL-1ß increased the ocular bacterial burden in the SPF mice. Monocolonizing GF mice with Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus sp. isolated from the conjunctival swabs was sufficient to restore resistance to infection. Cumulatively, these data underline a previously unappreciated role for microbiota in regulating susceptibility to ocular keratitis. We predict that these results will have significant implications for contact lens wearers, where alterations in the ocular commensal communities may render the ocular surface vulnerable to infections. Contact lens wear is associated with frequent Pseudomonas aeruginosa–induced keratitis, however the reasons for this association remain unclear. Recent genomics–based approaches revealed that contact lens wearers harbor altered ocular commensal communities when compared to non-lens wearers raising important questions, namely, does wearing of contact lenses increase the frequency of keratitis in patients due to contamination of the contact lenses with species derived from the skin or does ocular microbiota exert immune functions that are required for the maintenance of ocular health? We demonstrate a clear role for ocular microbiota in regulating protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa–induced infections. At the ocular surface, commensal bacteria provide signals that regulate the magnitude of neutrophil recruitment during infection. These events may be driven by a frequent gram-positive commensal–Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (CNS) sp. In addition to the impact of ocular microbiota, there is an important contribution of gut microbiota that stimulate neutrophil development in the bone marrow, thereby regulating the pool of mature neutrophils and their activation state. Cumulatively, these data show for the first time a role for microbiota in regulating the susceptibility to P. aeruginosa–keratitis.
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170
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Nallabelli N, Patil PP, Pal VK, Singh N, Jain A, Patil PB, Grover V, Korpole S. Biochemical and genome sequence analyses of Megasphaera sp. strain DISK18 from dental plaque of a healthy individual reveals commensal lifestyle. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33665. [PMID: 27651180 PMCID: PMC5030485 DOI: 10.1038/srep33665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of the work in periodontal microbiology in recent years has focused on identifying and understanding periodontal pathogens. As the majority of oral microbes have not yet been isolated in pure form, it is essential to understand the phenotypic characteristics of microbes to decipher their role in oral environment. In this study, strain DISK18 was isolated from gingival sulcus and identified as a Megasphaera species. Although metagenomics studies revealed Megasphaera species as a major group within the oral habitat, they have never been isolated in cultivable form to date. Therefore, we have characterized the DISK18 strain to better understand its role in the periodontal ecosystem. Strain Megasphaera sp. DISK18 displayed the ability to adhere and self-aggregate, which are essential requisite features for inhabiting and persisting in oral cavity. It also coaggregated with other pioneer oral colonizers like Streptococcus and Lactobacillus species but not with Veillonella. This behaviour points towards its role in the ecologic succession of a multispecies biofilm as an early colonizer. The absence of virulence determining genes as observed in whole genome sequence analysis coupled with an inability to degrade collagen reveals that Megasphaera sp. strain DISK18 is likely not a pathogenic species and emphasizes its commensal lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Namrata Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashish Jain
- Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Vishakha Grover
- Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Suresh Korpole
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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171
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Sheth CC, Makda K, Dilmahomed Z, González R, Luzi A, Jovani-Sancho MDM, Veses V. Alcohol and tobacco consumption affect the oral carriage of Candida albicans and mutans streptococci. Lett Appl Microbiol 2016; 63:254-9. [PMID: 27450704 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study sought to determine if there is a relationship between the consumption of alcohol and tobacco and oral colonization by mutans streptococci and Candida species. Subjects were recruited from the University Dental Clinic of CEU Cardenal Herrera University (Moncada, Valencia). Information on alcohol and tobacco consumption was obtained by questionnaire. Individual stimulated saliva samples from 105 patients were obtained and selective media was used to isolate and quantify mutans streptococci and Candida spp. colony forming units per millilitre of saliva (CFU ml(-1) ). Samples were stratified by duration and quantity of alcohol and tobacco consumption. Alcohol consumption statistically significantly decreased oral carriage of mutans streptococci, whereas there was no effect on Candida albicans colonization levels. Tobacco users were found to harbour elevated levels of C. albicans; however, there was no observed effect on bacterial colonization by mutans streptococci. The carriage of other species investigated, such as Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis and lactobacilli, do not show a response to the consumption of the stimulants analysed. Microbial colonization of the oral cavity changes in a species-specific manner in response to dietary and social habits such as drinking alcohol and smoking. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY In this paper, we evaluate the effect of alcohol and tobacco consumption on key species of the oral microflora. Our results show species-specific changes in two major opportunistic pathogens, such as Candida albicans and mutans streptococci, whereas other members of oral microflora are not affected by the consumption of the stimulants studied. We believe this original paper will contribute to raise awareness among the dental community towards a more personalized oral health assessment, taking in consideration alcohol and tobacco consumption in the prevention of specific oral and systemic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Sheth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - K Makda
- Dentistry Department, School of Health Sciences, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Z Dilmahomed
- Dentistry Department, School of Health Sciences, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - R González
- Dentistry Department, School of Health Sciences, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - A Luzi
- Dentistry Department, School of Health Sciences, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Del M Jovani-Sancho
- Dentistry Department, School of Health Sciences, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - V Veses
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Moncada, Valencia, Spain.
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172
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Almeida-da-Silva CLC, Morandini AC, Ulrich H, Ojcius DM, Coutinho-Silva R. Purinergic signaling during Porphyromonas gingivalis infection. Biomed J 2016; 39:251-260. [PMID: 27793267 PMCID: PMC6140136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances unraveling mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions in innate immunity, the participation of purinergic signaling in infection-driven inflammation remains an emerging research field with many unanswered questions. As one of the most-studied oral pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered as a keystone pathogen with a central role in development of periodontal disease. This pathogen needs to evade immune-mediated defense mechanisms and tolerate inflammation in order to survive in the host. In this review, we summarize evidence showing that purinergic signaling modulates P. gingivalis survival and cellular immune responses, and discuss the role played by inflammasome activation and cell death during P. gingivalis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Carolina Morandini
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, USA
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David M Ojcius
- Immunobiology Program, Biophysics Institute of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, USA
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Immunobiology Program, Biophysics Institute of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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173
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Darzi Y, Jiao Y, Hasegawa M, Moon H, Núñez G, Inohara N, Raes J. The Genomic Sequence of the Oral Pathobiont Strain NI1060 Reveals Unique Strategies for Bacterial Competition and Pathogenicity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158866. [PMID: 27409077 PMCID: PMC4943601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain NI1060 is an oral bacterium responsible for periodontitis in a murine ligature-induced disease model. To better understand its pathogenicity, we have determined the complete sequence of its 2,553,982 bp genome. Although closely related to Pasteurella pneumotropica, a pneumonia-associated rodent commensal based on its 16S rRNA, the NI1060 genomic content suggests that they are different species thriving on different energy sources via alternative metabolic pathways. Genomic and phylogenetic analyses showed that strain NI1060 is distinct from the genera currently described in the family Pasteurellaceae, and is likely to represent a novel species. In addition, we found putative virulence genes involved in lipooligosaccharide synthesis, adhesins and bacteriotoxic proteins. These genes are potentially important for host adaption and for the induction of dysbiosis through bacterial competition and pathogenicity. Importantly, strain NI1060 strongly stimulates Nod1, an innate immune receptor, but is defective in two peptidoglycan recycling genes due to a frameshift mutation. The in-depth analysis of its genome thus provides critical insights for the development of NI1060 as a prime model system for infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Darzi
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Microbiology Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yizu Jiao
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mizuho Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Henry Moon
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Naohiro Inohara
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JR); (NI)
| | - Jeroen Raes
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Microbiology Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail: (JR); (NI)
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174
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Gomez GF, Huang R, MacPherson M, Ferreira Zandona AG, Gregory RL. Photo Inactivation of Streptococcus mutans Biofilm by Violet-Blue light. Curr Microbiol 2016; 73:426-433. [PMID: 27278805 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Among various preventive approaches, non-invasive phototherapy/photodynamic therapy is one of the methods used to control oral biofilm. Studies indicate that light at specific wavelengths has a potent antibacterial effect. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of violet-blue light at 380-440 nm to inhibit biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans or kill S. mutans. S. mutans UA159 biofilm cells were grown for 12-16 h in 96-well flat-bottom microtiter plates using tryptic soy broth (TSB) or TSB with 1 % sucrose (TSBS). Biofilm was irradiated with violet-blue light for 5 min. After exposure, plates were re-incubated at 37 °C for either 2 or 6 h to allow the bacteria to recover. A crystal violet biofilm assay was used to determine relative densities of the biofilm cells grown in TSB, but not in TSBS, exposed to violet-blue light. The results indicated a statistically significant (P < 0.05) decrease compared to the non-treated groups after the 2 or 6 h recovery period. Growth rates of planktonic and biofilm cells indicated a significant reduction in the growth rate of the violet-blue light-treated groups grown in TSB and TSBS. Biofilm viability assays confirmed a statistically significant difference between violet-blue light-treated and non-treated groups in TSB and TSBS. Visible violet-blue light of the electromagnetic spectrum has the ability to inhibit S. mutans growth and reduce the formation of S. mutans biofilm. This in vitro study demonstrated that violet-blue light has the capacity to inhibit S. mutans biofilm formation. Potential clinical applications of light therapy in the future remain bright in preventing the development and progression of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace F Gomez
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, 1121 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Ruijie Huang
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, 1121 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section of South Renmin Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Meoghan MacPherson
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, 1947 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Andrea G Ferreira Zandona
- Department of Operative Dentistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill - School of Dentistry, 436 Brauer Hall, Room 447, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7450, USA
| | - Richard L Gregory
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, 1121 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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175
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Jang CH, Piao YL, Huang X, Yoon EJ, Park SH, Lee K, Zhan CG, Cho H. Modeling and Re-Engineering of Azotobacter vinelandii Alginate Lyase to Enhance Its Catalytic Efficiency for Accelerating Biofilm Degradation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156197. [PMID: 27253324 PMCID: PMC4890793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alginate is known to prevent elimination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Alginate lyase (AlgL) might therefore facilitate treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected cystic fibrosis patients. However, the catalytic activity of wild-type AlgL is not sufficiently high. Therefore, molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis of AlgL might assist in enzyme engineering for therapeutic development. AlgL, isolated from Azotobacter vinelandii, catalyzes depolymerization of alginate via a β-elimination reaction. AlgL was modeled based on the crystal structure template of Sphingomonas AlgL species A1-III. Based on this computational analysis, AlgL was subjected to site-directed mutagenesis to improve its catalytic activity. The kcat/Km of the K194E mutant showed a nearly 5-fold increase against the acetylated alginate substrate, as compared to the wild-type. Double and triple mutants (K194E/K245D, K245D/K319A, K194E/K245D/E312D, and K194E/K245D/K319A) were also prepared. The most potent mutant was observed to be K194E/K245D/K319A, which has a 10-fold improved kcat value (against acetylated alginate) compared to the wild-type enzyme. The antibiofilm effect of both AlgL forms was identified in combination with piperacillin/tazobactam (PT) and the disruption effect was significantly higher in mutant AlgL combined with PT than wild-type AlgL. However, for both the wild-type and K194E/K245D/K319A mutant, the use of the AlgL enzyme alone did not show significant antibiofilm effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Ho Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 501–757, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Lan Piao
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501–759, South Korea
| | - Xiaoqin Huang
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, United States of America
| | - Eun Jeong Yoon
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501–759, South Korea
| | - So Hee Park
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501–759, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Changwon National University, Changwon, Kyongnam, 641–773, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, United States of America
| | - Hoon Cho
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501–759, South Korea
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176
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Correa-Fiz F, Fraile L, Aragon V. Piglet nasal microbiota at weaning may influence the development of Glässer's disease during the rearing period. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:404. [PMID: 27230662 PMCID: PMC4881051 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbiota, the ensemble of microorganisms on a particular body site, has been extensively studied during the last few years, and demonstrated to influence the development of many diseases. However, these studies focused mainly on the human digestive system, while the populations in the respiratory tract have been poorly assessed, especially in pigs. The nasal mucosa of piglets is colonized by an array of bacteria, many of which are unknown. Among the early colonizers, Haemophilus parasuis also has clinical importance, since it is also the etiological agent of Glässer's disease. This disease produces economical losses in all the countries with pig production, and the factors influencing its development are not totally understood. Hence, the purpose of this work was to characterize the nasal microbiota composition of piglets, and its possible role in Glässer's disease development. RESULTS Seven farms from Spain (4 with Glässer's disease and 3 control farms without any respiratory disease) and three farms from UK (all control farms) were studied. Ten piglets from each farm were sampled at 3-4 weeks of age before weaning. The total DNA extracted from nasal swabs was used to amplify the 16S RNA gene for sequencing in Illumina MiSeq. Sequencing data was quality filtered and analyzed using QIIME software. The diversity of the nasal microbiota was low in comparison with other body sites, showing a maximum number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) per pig of 1,603, clustered in five phyla. Significant differences were found at various taxonomical levels, when the microbiota was compared regarding the farm health status. Healthy status was associated to higher species richness and diversity, and UK farms demonstrated the highest diversity. CONCLUSIONS The composition of the nasal microbiota of healthy piglets was uncovered and different phylotypes were shown to be significantly altered in animals depending on the clinical status of the farm of origin. Several OTUs at genus level were identified over-represented in piglets from control farms, indicating their potential as probiotics. Although we provide relevant data, fully metagenomic approaches could give light on the genes and metabolic pathways involved in the roles of the nasal microbiota to prevent respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Correa-Fiz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Lorenzo Fraile
- Departament de Producció Animal, ETSEA, Universitat de Lleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Virginia Aragon
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
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177
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Kugadas A, Gadjeva M. Impact of Microbiome on Ocular Health. Ocul Surf 2016; 14:342-9. [PMID: 27189865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ocular surface is continuously exposed to the environment and, therefore, it is surprising that it harbors only few commensals with low degree of diversity. This unique aspect of the ocular surface physiology prompts the question whether there are core ocular commensal communities and how they affect ocular immunity. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of what is known about the ocular surface commensals in health and disease and what we would like to learn in the near future. In addition, we discuss how microbiota at sites other than the eye may influence ocular immune responses. The information discussed in the review has been gathered using PubMed searches for literature published from January 1982 to December 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abirami Kugadas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mihaela Gadjeva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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178
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Córdoba A, Hierro-Oliva M, Pacha-Olivenza MÁ, Fernández-Calderón MC, Perelló J, Isern B, González-Martín ML, Monjo M, Ramis JM. Direct Covalent Grafting of Phytate to Titanium Surfaces through Ti-O-P Bonding Shows Bone Stimulating Surface Properties and Decreased Bacterial Adhesion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:11326-11335. [PMID: 27088315 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Myo-inositol hexaphosphate, also called phytic acid or phytate (IP6), is a natural molecule abundant in vegetable seeds and legumes. Among other functions, IP6 inhibits bone resorption. It is adsorbed on the surface of hydroxyapatite, inhibiting its dissolution and decreasing the progressive loss of bone mass. We present here a method to directly functionalize Ti surfaces covalently with IP6, without using a cross-linker molecule, through the reaction of the phosphate groups of IP6 with the TiO2 layer of Ti substrates. The grafting reaction consisted of an immersion in an IP6 solution to allow the physisorption of the molecules onto the substrate, followed by a heating step to obtain its chemisorption, in an adaptation of the T-Bag method. The reaction was highly dependent on the IP6 solution pH, only achieving a covalent Ti-O-P bond at pH 0. We evaluated two acidic pretreatments of the Ti surface, to increase its hydroxylic content, HNO3 30% and HF 0.2%. The structure of the coated surfaces was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and ellipsometry. The stability of the IP6 coating after three months of storage and after sterilization with γ-irradiation was also determined. Then, we evaluated the biological effect of Ti-IP6 surfaces in vitro on MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells, showing an osteogenic effect. Finally, the effect of the surfaces on the adhesion and biofilm viability of oral microorganisms S. mutans and S. sanguinis was also studied, and we found that Ti-IP6 surfaces decreased the adhesion of S. sanguinis. A surface that actively improves osseointegration while decreasing the bacterial adhesion could be suitable for use in bone implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Córdoba
- Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of Balearic Islands , Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma , 07010 Palma, España
| | - Margarita Hierro-Oliva
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura , Badajoz, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Pacha-Olivenza
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura , Badajoz, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Madrid, Spain
| | - María Coronada Fernández-Calderón
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura , Badajoz, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Perelló
- Laboratoris Sanifit , ParcBIT, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Bernat Isern
- Laboratoris Sanifit , ParcBIT, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - María Luisa González-Martín
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura , Badajoz, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Monjo
- Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of Balearic Islands , Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma , 07010 Palma, España
| | - Joana M Ramis
- Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of Balearic Islands , Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma , 07010 Palma, España
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179
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Laredo-Naranjo MA, Carrillo-Gonzalez R, De La Garza-Ramos MA, Garza-Navarro MA, Torre-Martinez HHH, Del Angel-Mosqueda C, Mercado-Hernandez R, Carrillo-Fuentevilla R. Antimicrobial properties and dental pulp stem cell cytotoxicity using carboxymethyl cellulose-silver nanoparticles deposited on titanium plates. ACTA BIOMATERIALIA ODONTOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 2016. [PMID: 28642914 PMCID: PMC5433232 DOI: 10.3109/23337931.2016.1160783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial properties and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) cytotoxicity of synthesized carboxymethyl cellulose-silver nanoparticles impregnated on titanium plates. Material and methods: The antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles in a carboxymethyl cellulose matrix impregnated on titanium plates (Ti-AgNPs) in three concentrations: 16%, 50% and 100% was determined by adding these to bacterial cultures of Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The Ti-AgNPs cytotoxicity on DPSCs was determined using a fluorimetric cytotoxicity assay with 0.12% chlorhexidine as a positive control. Results: Silver nanoparticles in all concentrations were antimicrobial, with concentrations of 50% and 100% being more cytotoxic with 4% cell viability. Silver nanoparticles 16% had a cell viability of 95%, being less cytotoxic than 0.12% chlorhexidine. Conclusions: Silver nanoparticles are a promising structure because of their antimicrobial properties. These have high cell viability at a concentration of 16%, and are less toxic than chlorhexidine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Myriam Angelica De La Garza-Ramos
- Posgrado de Ortodoncia, Facultad de Odontologia, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo LeónMonterreyMexico.,Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo LeonMonterreyMexico
| | - Marco Antonio Garza-Navarro
- Centro de Innovacion, Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingenieria y Tecnologia, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecanica y Electrica, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo LeonMonterreyMexico
| | - Hilda H H Torre-Martinez
- Posgrado de Ortodoncia, Facultad de Odontologia, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo LeónMonterreyMexico
| | - Casiano Del Angel-Mosqueda
- Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo LeonMonterreyMexico.,Instituto de Biotecnologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo LeonMonterreyMexico
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180
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181
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Sands KM, Twigg JA, Lewis MAO, Wise MP, Marchesi JR, Smith A, Wilson MJ, Williams DW. Microbial profiling of dental plaque from mechanically ventilated patients. J Med Microbiol 2015; 65:147-159. [PMID: 26690690 PMCID: PMC5115166 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-organisms isolated from the oral cavity may translocate to the lower airways during mechanical ventilation (MV) leading to ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Changes within the dental plaque microbiome during MV have been documented previously, primarily using culture-based techniques. The aim of this study was to use community profiling by high throughput sequencing to comprehensively analyse suggested microbial changes within dental plaque during MV. Bacterial 16S rDNA gene sequences were obtained from 38 samples of dental plaque sampled from 13 mechanically ventilated patients and sequenced using the Illumina platform. Sequences were processed using Mothur, applying a 97 % gene similarity cut-off for bacterial species level identifications. A significant ‘microbial shift’ occurred in the microbial community of dental plaque during MV for nine out of 13 patients. Following extubation, or removal of the endotracheal tube that facilitates ventilation, sampling revealed a decrease in the relative abundance of potential respiratory pathogens and a compositional change towards a more predominantly (in terms of abundance) oral microbiota including Prevotella spp., and streptococci. The results highlight the need to better understand microbial shifts in the oral microbiome in the development of strategies to reduce VAP, and may have implications for the development of other forms of pneumonia such as community-acquired infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty M Sands
- Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Joshua A Twigg
- Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Michael A O Lewis
- Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Matt P Wise
- Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Julian R Marchesi
- School of Biosciences, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.,Centre for Digestive and Gut Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ann Smith
- School of Biosciences, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Melanie J Wilson
- Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, UK
| | - David W Williams
- Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, UK
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182
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Zhang LW, Fu JY, Hua H, Yan ZM. Efficacy and safety of miconazole for oral candidiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Dis 2015; 22:185-95. [PMID: 26456226 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of miconazole for treating oral candidiasis. Twelve electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials evaluating treatments for oral candidiasis and complemented by hand searching. The clinical and mycological outcomes, as well as adverse effects, were set as the primary outcome criteria. Seventeen trials were included in this review. Most studies were considered to have a high or moderate level of bias. Miconazole was more effective than nystatin for thrush. For HIV-infected patients, there was no significant difference in the efficacy between miconazole and other antifungals. For denture wearers, microwave therapy was significantly better than miconazole. No significant difference was found in the safety evaluation between miconazole and other treatments. The relapse rate of miconazole oral gel may be lower than that of other formulations. This systematic review and meta-analysis indicated that miconazole may be an optional choice for thrush. Microwave therapy could be an effective adjunct treatment for denture stomatitis. Miconazole oral gel may be more effective than other formulations with regard to long-term results. However, future studies that are adequately powered, large-scale, and well-designed are needed to provide higher-quality evidence for the management of oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-W Zhang
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - J-Y Fu
- Department of stomatology, Peking University International Hospital, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - H Hua
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Z-M Yan
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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183
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Andjelkovic M, Sojic LT, Lemic AM, Nikolic N, Kannosh IY, Milasin J. Does the Prevalence of Periodontal Pathogens Change in Elderly Edentulous Patients after Complete Denture Treatment? J Prosthodont 2015; 26:364-369. [DOI: 10.1111/jopr.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Andjelkovic
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine; University of Belgrade; Serbia
| | | | | | - Nadja Nikolic
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine; University of Belgrade; Serbia
| | | | - Jelena Milasin
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine; University of Belgrade; Serbia
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184
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Stone VN, Parikh HI, El-rami F, Ge X, Chen W, Zhang Y, Kellogg GE, Xu P. Identification of Small-Molecule Inhibitors against Meso-2, 6-Diaminopimelate Dehydrogenase from Porphyromonas gingivalis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141126. [PMID: 26544875 PMCID: PMC4636305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Species-specific antimicrobial therapy has the potential to combat the increasing threat of antibiotic resistance and alteration of the human microbiome. We therefore set out to demonstrate the beginning of a pathogen-selective drug discovery method using the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis as a model. Through our knowledge of metabolic networks and essential genes we identified a “druggable” essential target, meso-diaminopimelate dehydrogenase, which is found in a limited number of species. We adopted a high-throughput virtual screen method on the ZINC chemical library to select a group of potential small-molecule inhibitors. Meso-diaminopimelate dehydrogenase from P. gingivalis was first expressed and purified in Escherichia coli then characterized for enzymatic inhibitor screening studies. Several inhibitors with similar structural scaffolds containing a sulfonamide core and aromatic substituents showed dose-dependent inhibition. These compounds were further assayed showing reasonable whole-cell activity and the inhibition mechanism was determined. We conclude that the establishment of this target and screening strategy provides a model for the future development of new antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria N. Stone
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Hardik I. Parikh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Fadi El-rami
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Xiuchun Ge
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Weihau Chen
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Glen E. Kellogg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ping Xu
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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185
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Kanagalingam J, Feliciano R, Hah JH, Labib H, Le TA, Lin JC. Practical use of povidone-iodine antiseptic in the maintenance of oral health and in the prevention and treatment of common oropharyngeal infections. Int J Clin Pract 2015; 69:1247-56. [PMID: 26249761 PMCID: PMC6767541 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To better inform medical practitioners on the role of antiseptics in oropharyngeal health and disease, this article focuses on povidone-iodine (PVP-I), an established and widely-available antiseptic agent. METHODOLOGY Review of the anti-infective profile, efficacy and safety of PVP-I in managing common upper respiratory tract infections such as the common cold, influenza and tonsillo-pharyngitis, as well as oral complications resulting from cancer treatment (oral mucositis), and dental conditions (periodontitis, caries). RESULTS Antiseptics with broad-spectrum anti-infective activity and low resistance potential offer an attractive option in both infection control and prevention. While there is some evidence of benefit of antiseptics in a variety of clinical settings that include dental and oral hygiene, dermatology, oncology, and pulmonology, there appears to be discordance between the evidence-base and practice. This is especially apparent in the management and prevention of oropharyngeal infections, for which the use of antiseptics varies considerably between clinical practices, and is in marked contrast to their dermal application, where they are extensively used as both a prophylaxis and a treatment of skin and wound infections, thus minimising the use of antibiotics. CONCLUSION The link between oral and oropharyngeal health status and susceptibility to infection has long been recognised. The high rates of antibiotic misuse and subsequent development of bacterial resistance (e.g. increasing vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)) in large parts of the world, especially across Asia Pacific, highlight the need for identifying alternative antimicrobials that would minimise the use of these medications. This, together with recent large-scale outbreaks of, for example, avian and swine influenza virus, further underline the importance of an increasing armamentarium for infection prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kanagalingam
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, NTU-Imperial College, Singapore
| | - R Feliciano
- Department of Otolaryngology, St Luke's Medical Center, Global City, Philippines
| | - J H Hah
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - H Labib
- Dr. Hussein Labib Dental Clinic, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - T A Le
- Department of Oncology, Cho Ray hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - J-C Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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186
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Zancolli G, Mahsberg D, Sickel W, Keller A. Reptiles as Reservoirs of Bacterial Infections: Real Threat or Methodological Bias? MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2015; 70:579-584. [PMID: 25921519 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0618-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections secondary to snakebites and human pathogens (e.g., Salmonella) have been linked to the oral microbiota of snakes and pet reptiles. Based on culture-dependent studies, it is speculated that snakes' oral microbiota reflects the fecal flora of their ingested preys. However, cultured-based techniques have been shown to be limited as they fail to identify unculturable microorganisms which represent the vast majority of the microbial diversity. Here, we used culture-independent high-throughput sequencing to identify reptile-associated pathogens and to characterize the oral microbial community of five snakes, one gecko, and two terrapins. Few potential human pathogens were detected at extremely low frequencies. Moreover, bacterial taxa represented in the snake's oral cavity bore little resemblance to their preys' fecal microbiota. Overall, we found distinct, highly diverse microbial communities with consistent, species-specific patterns contrary to previous culture-based studies. Our study does not support the widely held assumption that reptiles' oral cavity acts as pathogen reservoir and provides important insights for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Zancolli
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- School of Biological Sciences, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK.
| | - Dieter Mahsberg
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Sickel
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- DNA Analytics Core Facility, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Keller
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- DNA Analytics Core Facility, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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187
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Ferreira CFDG, Camargo PC, Benelli EM. Formation of Organized Protein Thin Films with External Electric Field. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:12561-7. [PMID: 26322628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b04952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of an external electric field on the formation of protein GlnB-Hs films and on its buffer solution on siliconized glass slides has been analyzed by current versus electric field curves and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The Herbaspirillum seropedicae GlnB protein (GlnB-Hs) is a globular, soluble homotrimer (36 kDa) with its 3-D structure previously determined. Concentrations of 10 nM native denatured GlnB-Hs protein were deposited on siliconized glass slides under ambient conditions. Immediately after solution deposition a maximum electric field of 30 kV/m was applied with rates of 3 V/s. The measured currents were surface currents and were analyzed as transport current. Electric current started to flow only after a minimum electric field (critical value) for the systems analyzed. The AFM images showed films with a high degree of directional organization only when the proteins were present in the solution. These results showed that the applied electric field favored directional organization of the protein GlnB-Hs films and may contribute to understand the formation of protein films under applied electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecília Fabiana da G Ferreira
- PIPE, Federal University of Paraná , Centro Politécnico - Adm. Building, 2° Floor, 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná , P.O. Box 19046, 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Camargo
- PIPE, Federal University of Paraná , Centro Politécnico - Adm. Building, 2° Floor, 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná , P.O. Box 19046, 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Elaine M Benelli
- PIPE, Federal University of Paraná , Centro Politécnico - Adm. Building, 2° Floor, 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná , P.O. Box 19046, 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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188
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Bellmann S, Carlander D, Fasano A, Momcilovic D, Scimeca JA, Waldman WJ, Gombau L, Tsytsikova L, Canady R, Pereira DIA, Lefebvre DE. Mammalian gastrointestinal tract parameters modulating the integrity, surface properties, and absorption of food-relevant nanomaterials. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 7:609-22. [PMID: 25641962 PMCID: PMC4949541 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many natural chemicals in food are in the nanometer size range, and the selective uptake of nutrients with nanoscale dimensions by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a normal physiological process. Novel engineered nanomaterials (NMs) can bring various benefits to food, e.g., enhancing nutrition. Assessing potential risks requires an understanding of the stability of these entities in the GI lumen, and an understanding of whether or not they can be absorbed and thus become systemically available. Data are emerging on the mammalian in vivo absorption of engineered NMs composed of chemicals with a range of properties, including metal, mineral, biochemical macromolecules, and lipid-based entities. In vitro and in silico fluid incubation data has also provided some evidence of changes in particle stability, aggregation, and surface properties following interaction with luminal factors present in the GI tract. The variables include physical forces, osmotic concentration, pH, digestive enzymes, other food, and endogenous biochemicals, and commensal microbes. Further research is required to fill remaining data gaps on the effects of these parameters on NM integrity, physicochemical properties, and GI absorption. Knowledge of the most influential luminal parameters will be essential when developing models of the GI tract to quantify the percent absorption of food-relevant engineered NMs for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessio Fasano
- Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dragan Momcilovic
- Department of Health and Human Services, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lyubov Tsytsikova
- Center for Risk Science Innovation and Application, ILSI Research Foundation, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Richard Canady
- Center for Risk Science Innovation and Application, ILSI Research Foundation, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dora I A Pereira
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - David E Lefebvre
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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189
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Zwetyenga N, See LA, Szwebel J, Beuste M, Aragou M, Oeuvrard C, Martin D, Emparanza A. [Noma]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 116:261-79. [PMID: 26235765 DOI: 10.1016/j.revsto.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Noma is a necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis known since Antiquity. It occurs mostly in poor countries, the Sahel countries being the most affected. Each year, several hundred thousand cases are reported. Noma affects especially malnourished children who are less than 6 years old and rarely adults with acquired immunodeficiency (HIV, cancer). Ulcerative lesion is occurring rapidly due to the production of endotoxins by bacteria from oral commensal, telluric and animal origin. Necrotic debridement leads to huge defects: loss of soft tissue (skin, nerves, vessels, eye), bone (maxilla, mandible) and teeth. Death occurs rapidly in a few weeks in 80 % of the cases. In case of survival, the consequences are functional, aesthetic, psychological and social. The goal of the treatment in the acute phase is the patient's survival and the fight against limited mouth opening. The management of the phase of sequela is an anaesthetic, surgical and physiotherapy challenge. Its purpose is the social reintegration of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zwetyenga
- Service de stomatologie, chirurgie maxillo-faciale, chirurgie plastique esthétique et reconstructrice, chirurgie de la main, centre hospitalier universitaire de Dijon, boulevard Delattre-de-Tassigny, 21000 Dijon, France; Laboratoire EA 4268 4IS, université de Franche-Comte, place Saint-Jacques, 35000 Besançon, France.
| | - L-A See
- Service de stomatologie, chirurgie maxillo-faciale, chirurgie plastique esthétique et reconstructrice, chirurgie de la main, centre hospitalier universitaire de Dijon, boulevard Delattre-de-Tassigny, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - J Szwebel
- Service de chirurgie plastique, hôpital Saint-Joseph, 185, rue Raymond-Losserand, 75674 Paris, France
| | - M Beuste
- CHRU, 80054 Amiens cedex 1, France
| | - M Aragou
- Département d'anesthésie, hôpital Saint-Joseph, 185, rue Raymond-Losserand, 75674 Paris, France
| | - C Oeuvrard
- Département d'anesthésie, centre hospitalier universitaire de Dijon, boulevard de Lattre-de-Tassigny, 21000 Dijon, France
| | | | - A Emparanza
- Calle Federico García Lorca, 7, 20014, San Sebastian, Espagne
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190
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Inhibition of Oral Streptococci Growth Induced by the Complementary Action of Berberine Chloride and Antibacterial Compounds. Molecules 2015. [PMID: 26225951 PMCID: PMC6332409 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200813705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synergistic interactions between natural bioactive compounds from medicinal plants and antibiotics may exhibit therapeutic benefits, acting against oral cariogenic and opportunistic pathogens. The aim of the presented work was to assess the antibacterial activity of berberine chloride (BECl) in light of the effect exerted by common antibiotics on selected reference strains of oral streptococci (OST), and to evaluate the magnitude of interactions. Three representative oral microorganisms were investigated: Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 (SM), S. sanguinis ATCC 10556 (SS), S. oralis ATCC 9811 (SO) and microdilution tests, along with disc diffusion assays were applied. Here, we report that growth (viability) of all oral streptococci was reduced by exposure to BECl and was dependent primarily on exposure/incubation time. A minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of BECl against OST ranged from 512 µg/mL (SS) to 1024 µg/mL (SM, SO). The most noticeable antibacterial effects were observed for S. sanguinis (MIC 512 µg/mL) and the most significant synergistic action was found for the combinations BECl-penicillin, BECl-clindamycin and BECl-erythromycin. The S. oralis reflects the highest MBC value as assessed by the AlamarBlue assay (2058 µg/mL). The synergy between berberine and common antibiotics demonstrates its potential use as a novel antibacterial tool for opportunistic infections and also provides a rational basis for the use of berberine as an oral hygiene measure.
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191
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Vanhoecke BWA, De Ryck TRG, De boel K, Wiles S, Boterberg T, Van de Wiele T, Swift S. Low-dose irradiation affects the functional behavior of oral microbiota in the context of mucositis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015. [PMID: 26202372 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215595467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of host-microbe interactions in the pathobiology of oral mucositis is still unclear; therefore, this study aimed to unravel the effect of irradiation on behavioral characteristics of oral microbial species in the context of mucositis. Using various experimental in vitro setups, the effects of irradiation on growth and biofilm formation of two Candida spp., Streptococcus salivarius and Klebsiella oxytoca in different culture conditions were evaluated. Irradiation did not affect growth of planktonic cells, but reduced the number of K. oxytoca cells in newly formed biofilms cultured in static conditions. Biofilm formation of K. oxytoca and Candida glabrata was affected by irradiation and depended on the culturing conditions. In the presence of mucins, these effects were lost, indicating the protective nature of mucins. Furthermore, the Galleria melonella model was used to study effects on microbial virulence. Irradiated K. oxytoca microbes were more virulent in G. melonella larvae compared to the nonirradiated ones. Our data indicate that low-dose irradiation can have an impact on functional characteristics of microbial species. Screening for pathogens like K. oxytoca in the context of mucosits could be useful to allow early detection and immediate intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara W A Vanhoecke
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tine R G De Ryck
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin De boel
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siouxsie Wiles
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Tom Boterberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon Swift
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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192
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Zhang F, He S, Jin J, Dong G, Wu H. Exploring salivary microbiota in AIDS patients with different periodontal statuses using 454 GS-FLX Titanium pyrosequencing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:55. [PMID: 26191508 PMCID: PMC4488753 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are at high risk of opportunistic infections. Oral manifestations have been associated with the level of immunosuppression, these include periodontal diseases, and understanding the microbial populations in the oral cavity is crucial for clinical management. The aim of this study was to examine the salivary bacterial diversity in patients newly admitted to the AIDS ward of the Public Health Clinical Center (China). Saliva samples were collected from 15 patients with AIDS who were randomly recruited between December 2013 and March 2014. Extracted DNA was used as template to amplify bacterial 16S rRNA. Sequencing of the amplicon library was performed using a 454 GS-FLX Titanium sequencing platform. Reads were optimized and clustered into operational taxonomic units for further analysis. A total of 10 bacterial phyla (106 genera) were detected. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria were preponderant in the salivary microbiota in AIDS patients. The pathogen, Capnocytophaga sp., and others not considered pathogenic such as Neisseria elongata, Streptococcus mitis, and Mycoplasma salivarium but which may be opportunistic infective agents were detected. Dialister pneumosintes, Eubacterium infirmum, Rothia mucilaginosa, and Treponema parvum were preponderant in AIDS patients with periodontitis. Patients with necrotic periodontitis had a distinct salivary bacterial profile from those with chronic periodontitis. This is the first study using advanced sequencing techniques focused on hospitalized AIDS patients showing the diversity of their salivary microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Shenghua He
- Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu Chengdu, China
| | - Jieqi Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Guangyan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Hongkun Wu
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
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193
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Chatzivasileiou K, Kriebel K, Steinhoff G, Kreikemeyer B, Lang H. Do oral bacteria alter the regenerative potential of stem cells? A concise review. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2067-74. [PMID: 26058313 PMCID: PMC4568911 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely recognized as critical players in tissue regeneration. New insights into stem cell biology provide evidence that MSCs may also contribute to host defence and inflammation. In case of tissue injury or inflammatory diseases, e.g. periodontitis, stem cells are mobilized towards the site of damage, thus coming in close proximity to bacteria and bacterial components. Specifically, in the oral cavity, complex ecosystems of commensal bacteria live in a mutually beneficial state with the host. However, the formation of polymicrobial biofilm communities with pathogenic properties may trigger an inadequate host inflammatory-immune response, leading to the disruption of tissue homoeostasis and development of disease. Because of their unique characteristics, MSCs are suggested as crucial regulators of tissue regeneration even under such harsh environmental conditions. The heterogeneous effects of bacteria on MSCs across studies imply the complexity underlying the interactions between stem cells and bacteria. Hence, a better understanding of stem cell behaviour at sites of inflammation appears to be a key strategy in developing new approaches for in situ tissue regeneration. Here, we review the literature on the effects of oral bacteria on cell proliferation, differentiation capacity and immunomodulation of dental-derived MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Chatzivasileiou
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Katja Kriebel
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Gustav Steinhoff
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hermann Lang
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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194
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Hirschfeld J, Dommisch H, Skora P, Horvath G, Latz E, Hoerauf A, Waller T, Kawai T, Jepsen S, Deschner J, Bekeredjian-Ding I. Neutrophil extracellular trap formation in supragingival biofilms. Int J Med Microbiol 2015; 305:453-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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195
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Abstract
All treatment involving the use of biomaterials in the body can affect the host in positive or negative ways. The microbiological environment in the oral cavity is affected by the composition and shape of the biomaterials used for oral restorations. This may impair the patients’ oral health and sometimes their general health as well. Many factors determine the composition of the microbiota and the formation of biofilm in relation to biomaterials such as, surface roughness, surface energy and chemical composition, This paper aims to give an overview of the scientific literature regarding the association between the chemical, mechanical and physical properties of dental biomaterials and oral biofilm formation, with emphasis on current research and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Øilo
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Aarstadveien 19, Bergen NO-5009, Norway
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +47-55586638; Fax: +47-55586489
| | - Vidar Bakken
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 65, The Laboratory Building, Bergen NO-5021, Norway; E-Mail:
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196
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Johnson L, Atanasova KR, Bui PQ, Lee J, Hung SC, Yilmaz Ö, Ojcius DM. Porphyromonas gingivalis attenuates ATP-mediated inflammasome activation and HMGB1 release through expression of a nucleoside-diphosphate kinase. Microbes Infect 2015; 17:369-77. [PMID: 25828169 PMCID: PMC4426005 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many intracellular pathogens evade the innate immune response in order to survive and proliferate within infected cells. We show that Porphyromonas gingivalis, an intracellular opportunistic pathogen, uses a nucleoside-diphosphate kinase (NDK) homolog to inhibit innate immune responses due to stimulation by extracellular ATP, which acts as a danger signal that binds to P2X7 receptors and induces activation of an inflammasome and caspase-1. Thus, infection of gingival epithelial cells (GECs) with wild-type P. gingivalis results in inhibition of ATP-induced caspase-1 activation. However, ndk-deficient P. gingivalis is less effective than wild-type P. gingivalis in reducing ATP-mediated caspase-1 activation and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, from infected GECs. Furthermore, P. gingivalis NDK modulates release of high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), a pro-inflammatory danger signal, which remains associated with chromatin in healthy cells. Unexpectedly, infection with either wild-type or ndk-deficient P. gingivalis causes release of HMGB1 from the nucleus to the cytosol. But HMGB1 is released to the extracellular space when uninfected GECs are further stimulated with ATP, and there is more HMGB1 released from the cells when ATP-treated cells are infected with ndk-deficient mutant than wild-type P. gingivalis. Our results reveal that NDK plays a significant role in inhibiting P2X7-dependent inflammasome activation and HMGB1 release from infected GECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Johnson
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Kalina R Atanasova
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Phuong Q Bui
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Jungnam Lee
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Shu-Chen Hung
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
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197
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Chen H, Liu Y, Zhang M, Wang G, Qi Z, Bridgewater L, Zhao L, Tang Z, Pang X. A Filifactor alocis-centered co-occurrence group associates with periodontitis across different oral habitats. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9053. [PMID: 25761675 PMCID: PMC4356962 DOI: 10.1038/srep09053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a highly prevalent polymicrobial disease worldwide, yet the synergistic pattern of the multiple oral pathogens involved is still poorly characterized. Here, saliva, supragingival and subgingival plaque samples from periodontitis patients and periodontally healthy volunteers were collected and profiled with 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Different oral habitats harbored significantly different microbiota, and segregation of microbiota composition between periodontitis and health was observed as well. Two-step redundancy analysis identified twenty-one OTUs, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Filifactor alocis, as potential pathogens that were significantly associated with periodontitis and with two periodontitis diagnostic parameters (pocket depth and attachment loss) in both saliva and supragingival plaque habitats. Interestingly, pairwise correlation analysis among the 21 OTUs revealed that Filifactor alocis was positively correlated with seven other putative pathogens (R > 0.6, P < 0.05), forming a co-occurrence group that was remarkably enriched in all three habitats of periodontitis patients. This bacterial cluster showed a higher diagnostic value for periodontitis than did any individual potential pathogens, especially in saliva. Thus, our study identified a potential synergistic ecological pattern involving eight co-infecting pathogens across various oral habitats, providing a new framework for understanding the etiology of periodontitis and developing new diagnoses and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Menghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guoyang Wang
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhengnan Qi
- Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Laura Bridgewater
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Liping Zhao
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China [2] Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zisheng Tang
- Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiaoyan Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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198
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Weese SJ, Nichols J, Jalali M, Litster A. The oral and conjunctival microbiotas in cats with and without feline immunodeficiency virus infection. Vet Res 2015; 46:21. [PMID: 25879465 PMCID: PMC4348098 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral and conjunctival microbiotas likely play important roles in protection from opportunistic infections, while also being the source of potential pathogens. Yet, there has been limited investigation in cats, and the impact of comorbidities such as feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection has not been reported. Oral and conjunctival swabs were collected from cats with FIV infection and FIV-uninfected controls, and subjected to 16S rRNA gene (V4) PCR and next generation sequencing. 9,249 OTUs were identified from conjunctival swabs, yet the most common 20 (0.22%) OTUs accounted for 76% of sequences. The two most abundant OTUs both belonged to Staphylococcus, and accounted for 37% of sequences. Cats with FIV infection had significantly lower relative abundances of Verrucomicrobia, Fibrobacteres, Spirochaetes, Bacteroidetes and Tenericutes, and a higher relative abundance of Deinococcus-Thermus. There were significant differences in both community membership (P = 0.006) and community structure (P = 0.02) between FIV-infected and FIV-uninfected cats. FIV-infected cats had significantly higher relative abundances of Fusobacteria and Actinobacteria in the oral cavity, and significantly higher relative abundances of several bacterial classes including Fusobacteria (0.022 vs 0.007, P = 0.006), Actinobacteria (0.017 vs 0.003, P = 0.003), Sphingobacteria (0.00015 vs 0.00003, P = 0.0013) and Flavobacteria (0.0073 vs 0.0034, P = 0.030). The feline conjunctival and oral microbiotas are complex polymicrobial communities but dominated by a limited number of genera. There is an apparent impact of FIV infection on various components of the microbiota, and assessment of the clinical relevance of these alterations in required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.
| | - Jamieson Nichols
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Mohammad Jalali
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.
| | - Annette Litster
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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199
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Aruni AW, Dou Y, Mishra A, Fletcher HM. The Biofilm Community-Rebels with a Cause. CURRENT ORAL HEALTH REPORTS 2015; 2:48-56. [PMID: 26120510 PMCID: PMC4478205 DOI: 10.1007/s40496-014-0044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Oral Biofilms are one of the most complex and diverse ecosystem developed by successive colonization of more than 600 bacterial taxa. Development starts with the attachment of early colonizers such as Actinomyces species and oral streptococci on the acquired pellicle and tooth enamel. These bacteria not only adhere to tooth surface but also interact with each other and lay foundation for attachment of bridging colonizer such as Fusobacterium nucleatum followed by late colonizers including the red complex species: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola-the founders of periodontal disease. As the biofilm progresses from supragingival sites to subgingival sites, the environment changes from aerobic to anaerobic thus favoring the growth of mainly Gram-negative obligate anaerobes while restricting the growth of the early Gram-positive facultative aerobes. Microbes present at supragingival level are mainly related to gingivitis and root-caries whereas subgingival species advance the destruction of teeth supporting tissues and thus causing periodontitis. This review summarizes our present understanding and recent developments on the characteristic features of supra- and subgingival biofilms, interaction between different genera and species of bacteria constituting these biofilms and draws our attention to the role of some of the recently discovered members of the oral community.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Wilson Aruni
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA-92354
| | - Yuetan Dou
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA-92354
| | - Arunima Mishra
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA-92354
| | - Hansel M. Fletcher
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA-92354
- Institute of Oral Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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200
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do Nascimento C, Paulo DF, Pita MS, Pedrazzi V, de Albuquerque Junior RF. Microbial diversity of the supra- and subgingival biofilm of healthy individuals after brushing with chlorhexidine- or silver-coated toothbrush bristles. Can J Microbiol 2015; 61:112-23. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2014-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticulate silver has recently been reported as an effective antimicrobial agent. The aim of this clinical study was to investigate the potential changes on the oral microbiota of healthy individuals after controlled brushing with chlorhexidine- or silver-coated toothbrush bristles. Twenty-four healthy participants were enrolled in this investigation and randomly submitted to 3 interventions. All the participants received, in a crossover format, the following toothbrushing interventions: (i) chlorhexidine-coated bristles, (ii) silver-coated bristles, and (iii) conventional toothbrush (Control). All the interventions had a duration of 30 days. The DNA checkerboard hybridization method was used to identify and quantify up to 43 microbial species colonizing the supra- and subgingival biofilm. The supragingival samples presented higher genome counts than the subgingival samples (p < 0.0001). The total genome counts from the Control group showed the highest values, followed by the silver and chlorhexidine groups (p < 0.0001). After 4 weeks of brushing, the silver-coated and chlorhexidine-coated bristles were capable of reducing or maintaining lower levels of the bacterial counts of the putative periodontal pathogens Tanerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Other major periodontal pathogens, such as Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella nigrescens, and Parvimonas micra, were also detected at lower levels. The toothbrush bristles impregnated with silver nanoparticles reduced the total and individual genome count in the supra- and subgingival biofilm after 4 weeks of brushing. Chlorhexidine was not effective in reducing the total genome counts in both supra- or subgingival biofilm after 4 weeks of brushing. Chlorhexidine reduced the individual genome counts in the supragingival biofilm for most of the target species, including putative periodontal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássio do Nascimento
- Faculty of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Molecular Diagnosis Laboratory, University of São Paulo, Av. Café s/n°, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto-SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Diana Ferreira Paulo
- Faculty of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Molecular Diagnosis Laboratory, University of São Paulo, Av. Café s/n°, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto-SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Murillo Sucena Pita
- Faculty of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Molecular Diagnosis Laboratory, University of São Paulo, Av. Café s/n°, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto-SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Pedrazzi
- Faculty of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Molecular Diagnosis Laboratory, University of São Paulo, Av. Café s/n°, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto-SP, 14040-904, Brazil
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