151
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Cacioppo S. Neuroimaging of Female Sexual Desire and Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Sex Med Rev 2017; 5:434-444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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152
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Hu X, Liu Z, Chen W, Zheng J, Su N, Wang W, Lin C, Luo L. Individual Differences in the Accuracy of Judgments of Learning Are Related to the Gray Matter Volume and Functional Connectivity of the Left Mid-Insula. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:399. [PMID: 28824403 PMCID: PMC5539074 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The judgment of learning (JOL) is an important form of prospective metamemory judgment, and the biological basis of the JOL process is an important topic in metamemory research. Although previous task-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have examined the brain regions underlying the JOL process, the neural correlates of individual differences in JOL accuracy require further investigation. This study used structural and resting-state functional MRI to investigate whether individual differences in JOL accuracy are related to the gray matter (GM) volume and functional connectivity of the bilateral insula and medial Brodmann area (BA) 11, which are assumed to be related to JOL accuracy. We found that individual differences in JOL accuracy were related to the GM volume of the left mid-insula and to the functional connectivity between the left mid-insula and various other regions, including the left superior parietal lobule/precuneus, bilateral inferior parietal lobule/intraparietal sulcus, right frontal pole and left parahippocampal gyrus/fusiform gyrus/cerebellum. Further analyses indicated that the functional connectivity related to individual differences in JOL accuracy could be divided into two factors and might support information integration and selective attention processes underlying accurate JOLs. In addition, individual differences in JOL accuracy were not related to the GM volume or functional connectivity of the medial BA 11. Our findings provide novel evidence for the role of the left mid-insula and its functional connectivity in the JOL process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Zhaomin Liu
- School of Sociology, China University of Political Science and LawBeijing, China
| | - Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Ningxin Su
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Chongde Lin
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Liang Luo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China.,Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
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153
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Time Is Not Space: Core Computations and Domain-Specific Networks for Mental Travels. J Neurosci 2017; 36:11891-11903. [PMID: 27881776 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1400-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans can consciously project themselves in the future and imagine themselves at different places. Do mental time travel and mental space navigation abilities share common cognitive and neural mechanisms? To test this, we recorded fMRI while participants mentally projected themselves in time or in space (e.g., 9 years ago, in Paris) and ordered historical events from their mental perspective. Behavioral patterns were comparable for mental time and space and shaped by self-projection and by the distance of historical events to the mental position of the self, suggesting the existence of egocentric mapping in both dimensions. Nonetheless, self-projection in space engaged the medial and lateral parietal cortices, whereas self-projection in time engaged a widespread parietofrontal network. Moreover, while a large distributed network was found for spatial distances, temporal distances specifically engaged the right inferior parietal cortex and the anterior insula. Across these networks, a robust overlap was only found in a small region of the inferior parietal lobe, adding evidence for its role in domain-general egocentric mapping. Our findings suggest that mental travel in time or space capitalizes on egocentric remapping and on distance computation, which are implemented in distinct dimension-specific cortical networks converging in inferior parietal lobe. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT As humans, we can consciously imagine ourselves at a different time (mental time travel) or at a different place (mental space navigation). Are such abilities domain-general, or are the temporal and spatial dimensions of our conscious experience separable? Here, we tested the hypothesis that mental time travel and mental space navigation required the egocentric remapping of events, including the estimation of their distances to the self. We report that, although both remapping and distance computation are foundational for the processing of the temporal and spatial dimensions of our conscious experience, their neuroanatomical implementations were clearly dissociable and engaged distinct parietal and parietofrontal networks for mental space navigation and mental time travel, respectively.
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154
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The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat. J Neurosci 2017; 36:5115-27. [PMID: 27147663 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4262-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The processing of interoceptive signals in the insular cortex is thought to underlie self-awareness. However, the influence of interoception on visual awareness and the role of the insular cortex in this process remain unclear. Here, we show in a series of experiments that the relative timing of visual stimuli with respect to the heartbeat modulates visual awareness. We used two masking techniques and show that conscious access for visual stimuli synchronous to participants' heartbeat is suppressed compared with the same stimuli presented asynchronously to their heartbeat. Two independent brain imaging experiments using high-resolution fMRI revealed that the insular cortex was sensitive to both visible and invisible cardio-visual stimulation, showing reduced activation for visual stimuli presented synchronously to the heartbeat. Our results show that interoceptive insular processing affects visual awareness, demonstrating the role of the insula in integrating interoceptive and exteroceptive signals and in the processing of conscious signals beyond self-awareness. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT There is growing evidence that interoceptive signals conveying information regarding the internal state of the body influence perception and self-awareness. The insular cortex, which receives sensory inputs from both interoceptive and exteroceptive sources, is thought to integrate these multimodal signals. This study shows that cardiac interoceptive signals modulate awareness for visual stimuli such that visual stimuli occurring at the cardiac frequency take longer to access visual awareness and are more difficult to discriminate. Two fMRI experiments show that the insular region is sensitive to this cardio-visual synchrony even when the visual stimuli are rendered invisible through interocular masking. The results indicate a perceptual and neural suppression for visual events coinciding with cardiac interoceptive signals.
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155
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Zamorano AM, Cifre I, Montoya P, Riquelme I, Kleber B. Insula-based networks in professional musicians: Evidence for increased functional connectivity during resting state fMRI. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:4834-4849. [PMID: 28737256 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable research on experience-dependent neuroplasticity in professional musicians, detailed understanding of an involvement of the insula is only now beginning to emerge. We investigated the effects of musical training on intrinsic insula-based connectivity in professional classical musicians relative to nonmusicians using resting-state functional MRI. Following a tripartite scheme of insula subdivisions, coactivation profiles were analyzed for the posterior, ventral anterior, and dorsal anterior insula in both hemispheres. While whole-brain connectivity across all participants confirmed previously reported patterns, between-group comparisons revealed increased insular connectivity in musicians relative to nonmusicians. Coactivated regions encompassed constituents of large-scale networks involved in salience detection (e.g., anterior and middle cingulate cortex), affective processing (e.g., orbitofrontal cortex and temporal pole), and higher order cognition (e.g., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the temporoparietal junction), whereas no differences were found for the reversed group contrast. Importantly, these connectivity patterns were stronger in musicians who experienced more years of musical practice, including also sensorimotor regions involved in music performance (M1 hand area, S1, A1, and SMA). We conclude that musical training triggers significant reorganization in insula-based networks, potentially facilitating high-level cognitive and affective functions associated with the fast integration of multisensory information in the context of music performance. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4834-4849, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Zamorano
- Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS-IdISBa), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Ignacio Cifre
- University Ramon Llull, Blanquerna, FPCEE, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Montoya
- Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS-IdISBa), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Riquelme
- Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS-IdISBa), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Boris Kleber
- Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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156
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Inui T, Kumagaya S, Myowa-Yamakoshi M. Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis about the Etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:354. [PMID: 28744208 PMCID: PMC5504094 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous models or hypotheses of autism spectral disorder (ASD) failed to take into full consideration the chronological and causal developmental trajectory, leading to the emergence of diverse phenotypes through a complex interaction between individual etiologies and environmental factors. Those phenotypes include persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction (criteria A in DSM-5), and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities (criteria B in DSM-5). In this article, we proposed a domain-general model that can explain criteria in DSM-5 based on the assumption that the same etiological mechanism would trigger the various phenotypes observed in different individuals with ASD. In the model, we assumed the following joint causes as the etiology of autism: (1) Hypoplasia of the pons in the brainstem, occurring immediately following neural tube closure; and (2) Deficiency in the GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) developmental switch during the perinatal period. Microstructural abnormalities of the pons directly affect both the structural and functional development of the brain areas strongly connected to it, especially amygdala. The impairment of GABA switch could not only lead to the deterioration of inhibitory processing in the neural network, but could also cause abnormal cytoarchitecture. We introduced a perspective that atypical development in both brain structure and function can give full explanation of diverse phenotypes and pathogenetic mechanism of ASD. Finally, we discussed about neural mechanisms underlying the phenotypic characteristics of ASD that are not described in DSM-5 but should be considered as important foundation: sleep, global precedence, categorical perception, intelligence, interoception and motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Inui
- Department of Psychology, Otemon Gakuin UniversityOsaka, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Kumagaya
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
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157
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Altered Spontaneous Brain Activity in Children with Early Tourette Syndrome: a Resting-state fMRI Study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4808. [PMID: 28684794 PMCID: PMC5500479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04148-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a childhood-onset chronic disorder characterized by the presence of multiple motor and vocal tics. This study investigated the alterations of spontaneous brain activities in children with TS by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). We obtained rs-fMRI scans from 21 drug-naïve and pure TS children and 29 demographically matched healthy children. The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), fractional ALFF (fALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) of rs-fMRI data were calculated to measure spontaneous brain activity. We found significant alterations of ALFF or fALFF in vision-related structures including the calcarine sulcus, the cuneus, the fusiform gyrus, and the left insula in TS children. Decreased ReHo was found in the right cerebellum. Further analysis showed that the ReHo value of the right cerebellum was positively correlated with TS duration. Our study provides empirical evidence for abnormal spontaneous neuronal activity in TS patients, which may implicate the neurophysiological mechanism in TS children. Moreover, the right cerebellum can be potentially used as a biomarker for the pathophysiology of early TS in children.
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158
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Gupta A, Cole S, Labus JS, Joshi S, Nguyen TJ, Kilpatrick LA, Tillisch K, Naliboff BD, Chang L, Mayer EA. Gene expression profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells correlate with salience network activity in chronic visceral pain: A pilot study. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29:10.1111/nmo.13027. [PMID: 28191693 PMCID: PMC5503466 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distinct gene expression profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) consistent with increased sympathetic nervous system activity have been described in different populations under chronic stress. Neuroinflammatory brain changes, possibly related to the migration of primed monocytes to the brain, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of chronic pain. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a stress-sensitive gastrointestinal disorder associated with altered brain-gut interactions and increased sympathetic/vagal tone and anxiety. Reports about immune alterations in IBS are conflicting. This pilot study aimed to test how PBMC gene expression inflammatory profiles are correlated with altered brain signatures in the salience system. METHODS Sixteen IBS and 16 healthy controls (HCs) completed resting state MRI scans. Gene expression profiles in PBMCs were assessed using human transcriptome array-2. Bioinformatic analyses determined differential expression of PBMCs between IBS and HCs. Partial least squares, a multivariate analysis technique, was used to identify disease correlations between PBMC gene expression profiles and functional activity in the brain's salience network. KEY RESULTS Regions of the salience network, including the mid cingulate cortex, and mid and superior temporal gyrus were positively correlated with several pro-inflammatory genes (interleukin 6, APOL2) in IBS, but negatively correlated with several anti-inflammatory genes (KRT8, APOA4) in HCs. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Based on rodent studies, one may speculate that chronically activated stress signaling pathways in IBS maintain a pro-inflammatory state in the periphery. Alternatively, primed monocytes may migrate to the brain during stress, inducing regional neuroinflammatory changes in salience regions involved in the modulation of visceral sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpana Gupta
- Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA,David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA,Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA
| | - Steve Cole
- David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA,Department of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA
| | - Jennifer S. Labus
- Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA,David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA,Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA
| | - Swapna Joshi
- Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA,David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA,Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA,Center for Systems Biomedicine, UCLA
| | - Trang J. Nguyen
- Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA
| | - Lisa A. Kilpatrick
- Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA,David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA,Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA
| | - Kirsten Tillisch
- Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA,David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA,Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA,Integrative Medicine, GLA, VHA
| | - Bruce D. Naliboff
- Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA,David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA,Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA
| | - Lin Chang
- Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA,David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA,Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA
| | - Emeran A. Mayer
- Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA,David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA,Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA,Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA
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159
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Leppanen J, Cardi V, Paloyelis Y, Simmons A, Tchanturia K, Treasure J. FMRI Study of Neural Responses to Implicit Infant Emotion in Anorexia Nervosa. Front Psychol 2017; 8:780. [PMID: 28567026 PMCID: PMC5434152 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Difficulties in social–emotional processing have been proposed to play an important role in the development and maintenance of anorexia nervosa (AN). Few studies, thus far, have investigated neural processes that underlie these difficulties, including processing emotional facial expressions. However, the majority of these studies have investigated neural responses to adult emotional display, which may be confounded by elevated sensitivity to social rank and threat in AN. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the neural processes underlying implicit processing of positively and negatively valenced infant emotional display in AN. Twenty-one adult women with AN and twenty-six healthy comparison (HC) women were presented with images of positively valenced, negatively valenced, and neutral infant faces during a fMRI scan. Significant differences between the groups in positive > neutral and negative > neutral contrasts were investigated in a priori regions of interest, including the bilateral amygdala, insula, and lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC). The findings revealed that the AN participants showed relatively increased recruitment while the HC participants showed relatively reduced recruitment of the bilateral amygdala and the right dorsolateral PFC in the positive > neutral contrast. In the negative > neutral contrast, the AN group showed relatively increased recruitment of the left posterior insula while the HC groups showed relatively reduced recruitment of this region. These findings suggest that people with AN may engage in implicit prefrontal down-regulation of elevated limbic reactivity to positively social–emotional stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Leppanen
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Valentina Cardi
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Yannis Paloyelis
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Andy Simmons
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Kate Tchanturia
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondon, UK.,Department of Psychology, Ilia State UniversityTbilisi, Georgia
| | - Janet Treasure
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondon, UK
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160
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Trojano L, Caccavale M, De Bellis F, Crisci C. The brain and the subjective experience of time. A voxel based symptom-lesion mapping study. Behav Brain Res 2017; 329:26-34. [PMID: 28438556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to identify the anatomical bases involved in the subjective experience of time, by means of a voxel based symptom-lesion mapping (VLSM) study on patients with focal brain damage. Thirty-three patients (nineteen with right-hemisphere lesions -RBD, and fourteen with left lesion- LBD) and twenty-eight non-neurological controls (NNC) underwent the semi-structured QUEstionnaire for the Subjective experience of Time (QUEST) requiring retrospective and prospective judgements on self-relevant time intervals. All participants also completed tests to assess general cognitive functioning and two questionnaires to evaluate their emotional state. Both groups of brain-damaged patients achieved significantly different scores from NNC on the time performance, without differences between RBD and LBD. VLSM showed a cluster of voxels located in the right inferior parietal lobule significantly related to errors in the prospective items. The lesion subtraction analysis revealed two different patterns possibly associated with errors in the prospective items (the right inferior parietal cortex, rolandic operculum and posterior middle temporal gyrus) and in the retrospective items (superior middle temporal gyrus, white matter posterior to the insula).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Trojano
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Italy; ICS Maugeri, Telese Terme, Italy.
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161
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Abstract
Brain regions that process affect are strongly connected with visual regions, but the functional consequences of this structural organization have been relatively unexplored. How does the momentary affect of an observer influence perception? We induced either pleasant or unpleasant affect in participants and then recorded their neural activity using magnetoencephalography while they completed an object recognition task. We hypothesized, and found, that affect influenced the speed of object recognition by modulating the speed and amplitude of evoked responses in occipitotemporal cortex and regions important for representing affect. Furthermore, affect modulated functional interactions between affective and perceptual regions early during perceptual processing. These findings indicate that affect can serve as an important contextual influence on object recognition processes.
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162
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Silva AF, Zortea M, Carvalho S, Leite J, Torres ILDS, Fregni F, Caumo W. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates attention and pain in fibromyalgia: randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep 2017; 7:135. [PMID: 28273933 PMCID: PMC5427889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00185-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction in fibromyalgia patients has been reported, especially when increased attentional demands are required. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been effective in modulating attention. We tested the effects of a single session of tDCS coupled with a Go/No-go task in modulating three distinct attentional networks: alertness, orienting and executive control. Secondarily, the effect on pain measures was evaluated. Forty females with fibromyalgia were randomized to receive active or sham tDCS. Anodal stimulation (1 mA, 20 min) was applied over the DLPFC. Attention indices were assessed using the Attention Network Test (ANT). Heat pain threshold (HPTh) and tolerance (HPTo) were measured. Active compared to sham tDCS led to increased performance in the orienting (mean difference [MD] = 14.63) and executive (MD = 21.00) attention networks. There was no effect on alertness. Active tDCS increased HPTh as compared to sham (MD = 1.93) and HPTo (MD = 1.52). Regression analysis showed the effect on executive attention is mostly independent of the effect on pain. DLPFC may be an important target for neurostimulation therapies in addition to the primary motor cortex for patients who do not respond adequately to neurostimulation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ferreira Silva
- Post Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maxciel Zortea
- Post Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratory of Pain & Neuromodulation, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sandra Carvalho
- Spaulding Center of Neuromodulation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Neuropsychophysiology Laboratory, CIPsi, School of Psychology (EPsi), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jorge Leite
- Spaulding Center of Neuromodulation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Neuropsychophysiology Laboratory, CIPsi, School of Psychology (EPsi), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Iraci Lucena da Silva Torres
- Post Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Pharmacology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Spaulding Center of Neuromodulation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wolnei Caumo
- Post Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Pain & Neuromodulation, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Pharmacology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Pain and Palliative Care Service, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Surgery Department, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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163
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Adolfi F, Couto B, Richter F, Decety J, Lopez J, Sigman M, Manes F, Ibáñez A. Convergence of interoception, emotion, and social cognition: A twofold fMRI meta-analysis and lesion approach. Cortex 2017; 88:124-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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164
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Üstün S, Kale EH, Çiçek M. Neural Networks for Time Perception and Working Memory. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:83. [PMID: 28286475 PMCID: PMC5324352 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Time is an important concept which determines most human behaviors, however questions remain about how time is perceived and which areas of the brain are responsible for time perception. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between time perception and working memory in healthy adults. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used during the application of a visual paradigm. In all of the conditions, the participants were presented with a moving black rectangle on a gray screen. The rectangle was obstructed by a black bar for a time period and then reappeared again. During different conditions, participants (n = 15, eight male) responded according to the instructions they were given, including details about time and the working memory or dual task requirements. The results showed activations in right dorsolateral prefrontal and right intraparietal cortical networks, together with the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), anterior insula and basal ganglia (BG) during time perception. On the other hand, working memory engaged the left prefrontal cortex, ACC, left superior parietal cortex, BG and cerebellum activity. Both time perception and working memory were related to a strong peristriate cortical activity. On the other hand, the interaction of time and memory showed activity in the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). These results support a distributed neural network based model for time perception and that the intraparietal and posterior cingulate areas might play a role in the interface of memory and timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sertaç Üstün
- Department of Physiology, Ankara University School of Medicine Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre H Kale
- Brain Research Center, Ankara University Ankara, Turkey
| | - Metehan Çiçek
- Department of Physiology, Ankara University School of MedicineAnkara, Turkey; Brain Research Center, Ankara UniversityAnkara, Turkey
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165
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Fung BJ, Crone DL, Bode S, Murawski C. Cardiac Signals Are Independently Associated with Temporal Discounting and Time Perception. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:1. [PMID: 28174525 PMCID: PMC5258759 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac signals reflect the function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and have previously been associated with a range of self-regulatory behaviors such as emotion regulation and memory recall. It is unknown whether cardiac signals may also be associated with self-regulation in the temporal domain, in particular impulsivity. We assessed both decision impulsivity (temporal discounting, TD) and time perception impulsivity (duration reproduction, DR) in 120 participants while they underwent electrocardiography in order to test whether cardiac signals were related to these two aspects of impulsivity. We found that over the entire period of task performance, individuals with higher heart rates had a tendency toward lower discount rates, supporting previous research that has associated sympathetic responses with decreased impulsivity. We also found that low-frequency components of heart rate variability (HRV) were associated with a less accurate perception of time, suggesting that time perception may be modulated by ANS function. Overall, these findings constitute preliminary evidence that autonomic function plays an important role in both decision impulsivity and time perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen J Fung
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Finance, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Damien L Crone
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Finance, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stefan Bode
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Carsten Murawski
- Department of Finance, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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166
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Rhythmic entrainment as a musical affect induction mechanism. Neuropsychologia 2017; 96:96-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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167
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van Hedger K, Necka EA, Barakzai AK, Norman GJ. The influence of social stress on time perception and psychophysiological reactivity. Psychophysiology 2017; 54:706-712. [PMID: 28139018 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Time perception is a fundamental component of everyday life. Although time can be measured using standard units, the relationship between an individual's experience of perceived time and a standard unit is highly sensitive to context. Stressful and threatening stimuli have been previously shown to produce time distortion effects, such that individuals perceive the stimuli as lasting for different amounts of time as compared to a standard unit. As a highly social species, humans are acutely sensitive to social stressors; however, time distortion effects have not been studied in the context of social stress. We collected psychophysiological (electrocardiogram and impedance cardiography) and time perception data before, during, and after a modified version of the Trier Social Stress Test for 42 participants. Based on prior theories and evidence from the time perception literature, we hypothesized that experiencing a stressful event would result in time distortion. This hypothesis was supported by the data, with individuals on average reproducing short and long duration negative and positive stimuli as lasting longer after experiencing social stress, t(41) = -3.55, p = .001, and t(41) = -4.12, p < .001 for negative stimuli, and t(41) = -2.43, p = .02, and t(41) = -3.07, p = .004 for positive stimuli. However, changes in time perception were largely unrelated to psychophysiological reactivity to social stress. These findings are in line with some other studies of time distortion, and provide evidence for the interoceptive salience model of time perception. Implications for mechanisms of time distortion are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth A Necka
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anam K Barakzai
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Greg J Norman
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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168
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Lopez-Larson MP, Shah LM, Weeks HR, King JB, Mallik AK, Yurgelun-Todd DA, Anderson JS. Abnormal Functional Connectivity Between Default and Salience Networks in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2017; 2:85-93. [PMID: 29560889 PMCID: PMC6422527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) (occurring prior to 18 years of age) is a developmental brain disorder that is among the most severe and disabling psychiatric conditions affecting youth. Despite increasing evidence that brain connectivity is atypical in adults with bipolar disorder, it is not clear how brain connectivity may be altered in youths with PBD. METHODS This cross-sectional resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study included 80 participants recruited over 4 years: 32 youths with PBD, currently euthymic (13 males; 15.1 years old), and 48 healthy control (HC) subjects (27 males; 14.5 years old). Functional connectivity between eight major intrinsic connectivity networks, along with connectivity measurements between 333 brain regions, was compared between PBD and HC subjects. Additionally, connectivity differences were evaluated between PBD and HC samples in negatively correlated connections, as defined by 839 subjects of the Human Connectome Project dataset. RESULTS We found increased inter- but not intranetwork functional connectivity in PBD between the default mode and salience networks (p = .0017). Throughout the brain, atypical connections showed failure to develop anticorrelation with age during adolescence in PBD but not HC samples among connections that exhibit negative correlation in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS Youths with PBD demonstrate reduced anticorrelation between default mode and salience networks. Further evaluation of the interaction between these networks is needed in development and with other mood states such as depression and mania to clarify if this atypical connectivity is a PBD trait biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa P Lopez-Larson
- The Brain Institute, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah; University of Utah, University of Utah Medical School, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah.
| | - Lubdha M Shah
- The Brain Institute, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Radiology, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah; University of Utah, University of Utah Medical School, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Howard R Weeks
- University of Utah, University of Utah Medical School, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jace B King
- The Brain Institute, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Radiology, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Atul K Mallik
- Department of Radiology, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Deborah A Yurgelun-Todd
- The Brain Institute, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah; University of Utah, University of Utah Medical School, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah; VISN 19 MIRECC, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jeffrey S Anderson
- The Brain Institute, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Radiology, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Bioengineering, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah; University of Utah, University of Utah Medical School, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah
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169
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Zhao Q, Li H, Yu X, Huang F, Wang Y, Liu L, Cao Q, Qian Q, Zang Y, Sun L, Wang Y. Abnormal Resting-State Functional Connectivity of Insular Subregions and Disrupted Correlation with Working Memory in Adults with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:200. [PMID: 29075206 PMCID: PMC5641567 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Executive function (EF) deficits are major impairments in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previous studies have shown that the insula is involved in cognitive and EFs. However, the insula is highly heterogeneous in function, and few studies have focused on functional networks which related to specific insular subregions in adults with ADHD. We explored the functional networks of the insular subregions [anterior insula (AI), mid-insula (MI), and posterior insula (PI)]. Furthermore, their correlations with self-ratings of ecological EFs, including inhibition, shifting, and working memory were investigated. METHODS Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data in 28 adults with ADHD and 30 matched healthy controls (HCs) were analyzed. The seed-based resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) of the insular subregions was evaluated. We also investigated their associations with the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A) inhibition, working memory, and shifting factor scores. RESULTS Compared with HCs, adults with ADHD showed altered RSFC of the AI, with the precuneus, precentral gyrus, and inferior temporal gyrus extended to the middle temporal gyrus, lingual gyrus, and superior occipital gyrus, respectively. There were no significant differences in RSFC of the MI and PI between the two groups. Within the HC group, working memory scores were associated with the RSFC of AI with precuneus and temporal gyrus. However, there was no correlation between these variables in the ADHD group. CONCLUSION The study evaluated RSFC patterns of the insular subregions in adults with ADHD for the first time. Altered RSFC of the AI which is a crucial region of salience network (SN) and part of regions in default mode network (DMN), were detected in adults with ADHD in both results with and without global signal regression (GSR), suggesting that disrupted SN-DMN functional connectivity may be involved in EF impairments in adults with ADHD, especially with respect to working memory. Deficits of the AI which is involved in salient stimuli allocation, might be associated with the pathophysiology of ADHD. The inconsistent results of MI and PI between analyses with and without GSR need further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihua Zhao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfei Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingjiu Cao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiujin Qian
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Zang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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170
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Di Lernia D, Serino S, Riva G. Pain in the body. Altered interoception in chronic pain conditions: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:328-341. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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171
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Too Much of a Good Thing: A Neuro-Dynamic Personality Model Explaining Engagement and Its Protective Inhibition. ADVANCES IN MOTIVATION AND ACHIEVEMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1108/s0749-742320160000019012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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172
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Snow PJ. The Structural and Functional Organization of Cognition. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:501. [PMID: 27799901 PMCID: PMC5065967 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article proposes that what have been historically and contemporarily defined as different domains of human cognition are served by one of four functionally- and structurally-distinct areas of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Their contributions to human intelligence are as follows: (a) BA9, enables our emotional intelligence, engaging the psychosocial domain; (b) BA47, enables our practical intelligence, engaging the material domain; (c) BA46 (or BA46-9/46), enables our abstract intelligence, engaging the hypothetical domain; and (d) BA10, enables our temporal intelligence, engaging in planning within any of the other three domains. Given their unique contribution to human cognition, it is proposed that these areas be called the, social (BA9), material (BA47), abstract (BA46-9/46) and temporal (BA10) mind. The evidence that BA47 participates strongly in verbal and gestural communication suggests that language evolved primarily as a consequence of the extreme selective pressure for practicality; an observation supported by the functional connectivity between BA47 and orbital areas that negatively reinforce lying. It is further proposed that the abstract mind (BA46-9/46) is the primary seat of metacognition charged with creating adaptive behavioral strategies by generating higher-order concepts (hypotheses) from lower-order concepts originating from the other three domains of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Snow
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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173
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Pollatos O, Herbert BM, Mai S, Kammer T. Changes in interoceptive processes following brain stimulation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:rstb.2016.0016. [PMID: 28080973 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The processing and perception of individual internal bodily signals (interoception) has been differentiated to comprise different levels and processes involved. The so-called heartbeat-evoked potential (HEP) offers an additional possibility to examine automatic processing of cardiac signals. Knowledge on neural structures potentially supporting different facets of interoception is still sparse. One way to get insights into neuroanatomical function is to manipulate the activity of different brain structures. In this study, we used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and a continuous theta-burst protocol to inhibit specific central locations of the interoceptive network including the right anterior insula and the right somatosensory cortices and assessed effects on interoceptive facets and the HEP in 18 male participants. Main results were that inhibiting anterior insula resulted in a significant decline in cardiac and respiratory interoceptive accuracy (IAc) and in a consistent decrease in perception confidence. Continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) over somatosensory cortices reduced only cardiac IAc and affected perception confidence. Inhibiting right anterior insula and right somatosensory cortices increased interoceptive sensibility and reduced the HEP amplitude over frontocentral locations. Our findings strongly suggest that cTBS is an effective tool to investigate the neural network supporting interoceptive processes.This article is part of the themed issue 'Interoception beyond homeostasis: affect, cognition and mental health'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Pollatos
- Clinical and Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Albert Einstein Allee 41, Ulm, Germany
| | - Beate M Herbert
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Mai
- Clinical and Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Albert Einstein Allee 41, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Kammer
- Section for Neurostimulation, Department of Psychiatry, Ulm University, 89075 Ulm, Germany
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174
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175
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Skagerlund K, Karlsson T, Träff U. Magnitude Processing in the Brain: An fMRI Study of Time, Space, and Numerosity as a Shared Cortical System. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:500. [PMID: 27761110 PMCID: PMC5050204 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous dimensions, such as time, space, and numerosity, have been suggested to be subserved by common neurocognitive mechanisms. Neuroimaging studies that have investigated either one or two dimensions simultaneously have consistently identified neural correlates in the parietal cortex of the brain. However, studies investigating the degree of neural overlap across several dimensions are inconclusive, and it remains an open question whether a potential overlap can be conceptualized as a neurocognitive magnitude processing system. The current functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigated the potential neurocognitive overlap across three dimensions. A sample of adults (N = 24) performed three different magnitude processing tasks: a temporal discrimination task, a number discrimination task, and a line length discrimination task. A conjunction analysis revealed several overlapping neural substrates across multiple magnitude dimensions, and we argue that these cortical nodes comprise a distributed magnitude processing system. Key components of this predominantly right-lateralized system include the intraparietal sulcus, insula, premotor cortex/SMA, and inferior frontal gyrus. Together with previous research highlighting intraparietal sulcus, our results suggest that the insula also is a core component of the magnitude processing system. We discuss the functional role of each of these components in the magnitude processing system and suggest that further research of this system may provide insight into the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders where cognitive deficits in magnitude processing are manifest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Skagerlund
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University Linköping, Sweden
| | - Thomas Karlsson
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden; Linnaeus Centre HEAD, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
| | - Ulf Träff
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University Linköping, Sweden
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176
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Schirmer A, Meck WH, Penney TB. The Socio-Temporal Brain: Connecting People in Time. Trends Cogn Sci 2016; 20:760-772. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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177
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Oron Semper JV, Murillo JI, Bernacer J. Adolescent Emotional Maturation through Divergent Models of Brain Organization. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1263. [PMID: 27602012 PMCID: PMC4993867 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article we introduce the hypothesis that neuropsychological adolescent maturation, and in particular emotional management, may have opposing explanations depending on the interpretation of the assumed brain architecture, that is, whether a componential computational account (CCA) or a dynamic systems perspective (DSP) is used. According to CCA, cognitive functions are associated with the action of restricted brain regions, and this association is temporally stable; by contrast, DSP argues that cognitive functions are better explained by interactions between several brain areas, whose engagement in specific functions is temporal and context-dependent and based on neural reuse. We outline the main neurobiological facts about adolescent maturation, focusing on the neuroanatomical and neurofunctional processes associated with adolescence. We then explain the importance of emotional management in adolescent maturation. We explain the interplay between emotion and cognition under the scope of CCA and DSP, both at neural and behavioral levels. Finally, we justify why, according to CCA, emotional management is understood as regulation, specifically because the cognitive aspects of the brain are in charge of regulating emotion-related modules. However, the key word in DSP is integration, since neural information from different brain areas is integrated from the beginning of the process. Consequently, although the terms should not be conceptually confused, there is no cognition without emotion, and vice versa. Thus, emotional integration is not an independent process that just happens to the subject, but a crucial part of personal growth. Considering the importance of neuropsychological research in the development of educational and legal policies concerning adolescents, we intend to expose that the holistic view of adolescents is dependent on whether one holds the implicit or explicit interpretation of brain functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose V Oron Semper
- Mind-Brain Group, Institute for Culture and Society, University of Navarra Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose I Murillo
- Mind-Brain Group, Institute for Culture and Society, University of Navarra Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Bernacer
- Mind-Brain Group, Institute for Culture and Society, University of Navarra Pamplona, Spain
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178
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Liu CH, Liu CZ, Zhang J, Yuan Z, Tang LR, Tie CL, Fan J, Liu QQ. Reduced spontaneous neuronal activity in the insular cortex and thalamus in healthy adults with insomnia symptoms. Brain Res 2016; 1648:317-324. [PMID: 27425430 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Poor sleep and insomnia have been recognized to be strongly correlated with the development of depression. The exploration of the basic mechanism of sleep disturbance could provide the basis for improved understanding and treatment of insomnia and prevention of depression. In this study, 31 subjects with insomnia symptoms as measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD-17) and 71 age- and gender-matched subjects without insomnia symptoms were recruited to participate in a clinical trial. Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), we examined the alterations in spontaneous brain activity between the two groups. Correlations between the fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (fALFF) and clinical measurements (e.g., insomnia severity and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [HAMD] scores) were also tested in all subjects. Compared to healthy participants without insomnia symptoms, participants with insomnia symptoms showed a decreased fALFF in the left ventral anterior insula, bilateral posterior insula, left thalamus, and pons but an increased fALFF in the bilateral middle occipital gyrus and right precentral gyrus. More specifically, a significant, negative correlation of fALFF in the left thalamus with early morning awakening scores and HAMD scores in the overall sample was identified. These results suggest that insomnia symptoms are associated with altered spontaneous activity in the brain regions of several important functional networks, including the insular cortex of the salience and the thalamus of the hyperarousal network. The altered fALFF in the left thalamus supports the "hyperarousal theory" of insomnia symptoms, which could serve as a biomarker for insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hong Liu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Radiology, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cun-Zhi Liu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jihui Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Bioimaging Core, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
| | - Li-Rong Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Radiology, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Le Tie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Radiology, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Fan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Qing-Quan Liu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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179
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Di Lernia D, Serino S, Cipresso P, Riva G. Ghosts in the Machine. Interoceptive Modeling for Chronic Pain Treatment. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:314. [PMID: 27445681 PMCID: PMC4927564 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is a complex and multidimensional perception, embodied in our daily experiences through interoceptive appraisal processes. The article reviews the recent literature about interoception along with predictive coding theories and tries to explain a missing link between the sense of the physiological condition of the entire body and the perception of pain in chronic conditions, which are characterized by interoceptive deficits. Understanding chronic pain from an interoceptive point of view allows us to better comprehend the multidimensional nature of this specific organic information, integrating the input of several sources from Gifford's Mature Organism Model to Melzack's neuromatrix. The article proposes the concept of residual interoceptive images (ghosts), to explain the diffuse multilevel nature of chronic pain perceptions. Lastly, we introduce a treatment concept, forged upon the possibility to modify the interoceptive chronic representation of pain through external input in a process that we call interoceptive modeling, with the ultimate goal of reducing pain in chronic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Di Lernia
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Serino
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreMilan, Italy; Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoMilan, Italy
| | - Pietro Cipresso
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Riva
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreMilan, Italy; Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoMilan, Italy
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180
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Watching a real moving object expands tactile duration: the role of task-irrelevant action context for subjective time. Atten Percept Psychophys 2016; 77:2768-80. [PMID: 26276220 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-015-0975-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well established that action contexts can expand the perceived durations of action-related events, whether action contexts also impact the subjective duration of events unrelated to the action remains an open issue. Here we examined how the automatic implicit reactions induced by viewing task-irrelevant, real moving objects influence tactile duration judgments. Participants were asked to make temporal bisection judgments of a tactile event while seeing a potentially catchable swinging ball. Approaching movement induced a tactile-duration overestimation relative to lateral movement and to a static baseline, and receding movement produced an expansion similar in duration to that from approaching movement. Interestingly, the effect of approaching movement on the subjective tactile duration was greatly reduced when participants held lightweight objects in their hands, relative to a hands-free condition, whereas no difference was obtained in the tactile-duration estimates between static hands-free and static hands-occupied conditions. The results indicate that duration perception is determined by internal bodily states as well as by sensory evidence.
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181
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Xiong X, Zhu H, Wang T, Ji Y. Altered intrinsic regional brain activity in female asthmatics with or without depressive symptoms: A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Asthma 2016; 53:922-9. [PMID: 27267695 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2016.1161050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that asthma patients are more susceptible to anxiety or depression and have more specifically elevated depressive symptomology. These psychological factors are associated with anatomical brain changes. However, little is known about alterations in spontaneous brain activity in asthma patients with depressive symptoms. Here we hypothesized that asthma patients exhibit an altered regional spontaneous brain activity, which may contribute to their increased susceptibility to depression and poor perception of asthma symptoms. The purpose of this study was to examine spontaneous brain activity in female asthma patients using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). METHODS Eleven asthmatics without depressive symptoms (ASs), 14 asthmatics with depressive symptoms (ADs), and 15 age- and education-matched healthy controls (HCs) completed rs-fMRI. The regional homogeneity (ReHo) value was calculated based on rs-fMRI to assess local signal synchrony strength and compared among the groups. Correlation analyses were conducted between both ReHo values and clinical parameters. RESULT Compared with HCs, ASs showed a significantly increased ReHo in the right insula; whereas ADs showed a significantly decreased ReHo in the right insula, which positively correlated with nocturnal symptom score in the Asthma Control Test (r = 0.562, P = 0.036). No significant correlation was observed between the total ACT scores and right insula activities (r = 0.263, P = 0.364). CONCLUSION Decreased ReHo in the right insula may play an important role in depressive symptoms and abnormal asthma symptom perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Xiong
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan Province , China
| | - Hongru Zhu
- b Mental Health Center , West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan Province , China
| | - Ting Wang
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan Province , China
| | - Yulin Ji
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan Province , China
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182
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Ceunen E, Vlaeyen JWS, Van Diest I. On the Origin of Interoception. Front Psychol 2016; 7:743. [PMID: 27242642 PMCID: PMC4876111 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the course of a century, the meaning of interoception has changed from the restrictive to the inclusive. In its inclusive sense, it bears relevance to every individual via its link to emotion, decision making, time-perception, health, pain, and various other areas of life. While the label for the perception of the body state changes over time, the need for an overarching concept remains. Many aspects can make any particular interoceptive sensation unique and distinct from any other interoceptive sensation. This can range from the sense of agency, to the physical cause of a sensation, the ontogenetic origin, the efferent innervation, and afferent pathways of the tissue involved amongst others. In its overarching meaning, interoception primarily is a product of the central nervous system, a construct based on an integration of various sources, not per se including afferent information. This paper proposes a definition of interoception as based on subjective experience, and pleas for the use of specific vocabulary in addressing the many aspects that contribute to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ceunen
- Research Group on Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, LeuvenBelgium
- Research Group on Self Regulation and Health, Institute for Health and Behaviour, Integrative Research Unit on Social and Individual Development, FLSHASE, University of Luxembourg, WalferdangeLuxembourg
| | - Johan W. S. Vlaeyen
- Research Group on Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, LeuvenBelgium
| | - Ilse Van Diest
- Research Group on Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, LeuvenBelgium
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183
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Lake JI, LaBar KS, Meck WH. Emotional modulation of interval timing and time perception. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 64:403-20. [PMID: 26972824 PMCID: PMC5380120 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Like other senses, our perception of time is not veridical, but rather, is modulated by changes in environmental context. Anecdotal experiences suggest that emotions can be powerful modulators of time perception; nevertheless, the functional and neural mechanisms underlying emotion-induced temporal distortions remain unclear. Widely accepted pacemaker-accumulator models of time perception suggest that changes in arousal and attention have unique influences on temporal judgments and contribute to emotional distortions of time perception. However, such models conflict with current views of arousal and attention suggesting that current models of time perception do not adequately explain the variability in emotion-induced temporal distortions. Instead, findings provide support for a new perspective of emotion-induced temporal distortions that emphasizes both the unique and interactive influences of arousal and attention on time perception over time. Using this framework, we discuss plausible functional and neural mechanisms of emotion-induced temporal distortions and how these temporal distortions may have important implications for our understanding of how emotions modulate our perceptual experiences in service of adaptive responding to biologically relevant stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica I Lake
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kevin S LaBar
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Warren H Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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184
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Park B, Palomares JA, Woo MA, Kang DW, Macey PM, Yan-Go FL, Harper RM, Kumar R. Aberrant Insular Functional Network Integrity in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Sleep 2016; 39:989-1000. [PMID: 26943471 PMCID: PMC4835320 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is accompanied by tissue injury to the insular cortices, areas that regulate autonomic pain, dyspnea, and mood, all of which are affected in the syndrome. Presumably, the dysregulation of insular-related functions are mediated by aberrant functional connections with other brain regions; however, the integrity of the functional connectivity (FC) to other sites is undescribed. Our aim was to examine resting-state FC of the insular cortices to other brain areas in OSA, relative to control subjects. METHODS We collected resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from 67 newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve OSA and 75 control subjects using a 3.0-Tesla MRI scanner. After standard processing, data were analyzed for the left and right insular FC. RESULTS OSA subjects showed complex aberrant insular FC to several brain regions, including frontal, parietal, cingulate, temporal, limbic, basal ganglia, thalamus, occipital, cerebellar, and brainstem regions. Areas of altered FC in OSA showed linear relationships with magnitudes of sleep related and neuropsychologic-related variables, whereas control subjects showed no such relationships with those measures. CONCLUSIONS Brain functional connections from insular sites to other brain regions in OSA subjects represent abnormal autonomic, affective, sensorimotor, and cognitive control networks that may affect both impaired parasympathetic and sympathetic interactions, as well as abnormal sensorimotor integration, affected in the condition. The functional changes likely result from the previously reported structural changes in OSA subjects, as demonstrated by diverse neuroimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumhee Park
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jose A. Palomares
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mary A. Woo
- UCLA School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Daniel W. Kang
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Paul M. Macey
- UCLA School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- The Brain Research Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Frisca L. Yan-Go
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles
| | - Ronald M. Harper
- The Brain Research Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Neurobiology; University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- The Brain Research Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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185
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Altered states of consciousness are related to higher sexual responsiveness. Conscious Cogn 2016; 42:135-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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186
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Abstract
Emotions are powerful drivers of distortions in time perception. Recent work continues to support arousal and attentional mechanisms of emotion-driven temporal distortions. A possible memory-related mechanism and various modulatory factors, such as age, gender, and psychopathology, have also been implicated in such distortions. Beyond the rich behavioral literature on this topic, neurobiological substrates associated with emotion-driven temporal distortions have begun to be identified and represent an important next step for research within this domain. The study of emotion-driven temporal distortions holds great promise for advancing our understanding of this perceptual phenomenon and how it may play a functional role in mediating changes in cognition, behavior, and emotion.
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187
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Belin-Rauscent A, Daniel ML, Puaud M, Jupp B, Sawiak S, Howett D, McKenzie C, Caprioli D, Besson M, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ, Dalley JW, Belin D. From impulses to maladaptive actions: the insula is a neurobiological gate for the development of compulsive behavior. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:491-9. [PMID: 26370145 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Impulsivity is an endophenotype of vulnerability for compulsive behaviors. However, the neural mechanisms whereby impulsivity facilitates the development of compulsive disorders, such as addiction or obsessive compulsive disorder, remain unknown. We first investigated, in rats, anatomical and functional correlates of impulsivity in the anterior insular (AI) cortex by measuring both the thickness of, and cellular plasticity markers in, the AI with magnetic resonance imaging and in situ hybridization of the immediate early gene zif268, respectively. We then investigated the influence of bilateral AI cortex lesions on the high impulsivity trait, as measured in the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT), and the associated propensity to develop compulsivity as measured by high drinking levels in a schedule-induced polydipsia procedure (SIP). We demonstrate that the AI cortex causally contributes to individual vulnerability to impulsive-compulsive behavior in rats. Motor impulsivity, as measured by premature responses in the 5-CSRTT, was shown to correlate with the thinness of the anterior region of the insular cortex, in which highly impulsive (HI) rats expressed lower zif268 mRNA levels. Lesions of AI reduced impulsive behavior in HI rats, which were also highly susceptible to develop compulsive behavior as measured in a SIP procedure. AI lesions also attenuated both the development and the expression of SIP. This study thus identifies the AI as a novel neural substrate of maladaptive impulse control mechanisms that may facilitate the development of compulsive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Belin-Rauscent
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M-L Daniel
- Inserm CIC-1402, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - M Puaud
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - B Jupp
- Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Sawiak
- Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - D Howett
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - C McKenzie
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - D Caprioli
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Besson
- Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - T W Robbins
- Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - B J Everitt
- Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J W Dalley
- Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - D Belin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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188
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Aging and the subjective experience of time. Aging Clin Exp Res 2016; 28:327-32. [PMID: 26160022 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-015-0403-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The subjective experience of time involves several, not yet identified, mechanisms. Many cognitive and emotional factors, such as attention, memory and subjective mental states can influence time estimation. AIMS We aimed to assess the subjective experience of time and its relationships with cognitive and emotional characteristics in the elderly. METHOD Forty-nine non-demented patients hospitalized for orthopedic rehabilitation underwent an 'ecological' evaluation tool, the semi-structured QUEstionnaire for the Subjective experience of Time (QUEST) requiring retrospective and prospective judgements on self-relevant time intervals. All patients completed tests to assess general cognitive functioning and two questionnaires to evaluate emotional state. RESULTS Results showed that accuracy in time estimation did not differ in young-old vs. old-old individuals: both groups performed better on prospective than on retrospective items and on highly than on poorly self-relevant items. Multiple regression analysis showed that performance on QUEST was significantly related to depression and hospitalization duration, but not to age, education, or neuropsychological scores. CONCLUSIONS The influence of the emotional state is consistent with theories postulating that the "sense of time" is emergent from emotional and visceral states.
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189
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Schötz E, Otten S, Wittmann M, Schmidt S, Kohls N, Meissner K. Time perception, mindfulness and attentional capacities in transcendental meditators and matched controls. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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190
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191
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Hernández SE, Suero J, Barros A, González-Mora JL, Rubia K. Increased Grey Matter Associated with Long-Term Sahaja Yoga Meditation: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150757. [PMID: 26938433 PMCID: PMC4777419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate regional differences in grey matter volume associated with the practice of Sahaja Yoga Meditation. DESIGN Twenty three experienced practitioners of Sahaja Yoga Meditation and twenty three non-meditators matched on age, gender and education level, were scanned using structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging and their grey matter volume were compared using Voxel-Based Morphometry. RESULTS Grey matter volume was larger in meditators relative to non-meditators across the whole brain. In addition, grey matter volume was larger in several predominantly right hemispheric regions: in insula, ventromedial orbitofrontal cortex, inferior temporal and parietal cortices as well as in left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and left insula. No areas with larger grey matter volume were found in non-meditators relative to meditators. CONCLUSIONS The study shows that long-term practice of Sahaja Yoga Meditation is associated with larger grey matter volume overall, and with regional enlargement in several right hemispheric cortical and subcortical brain regions that are associated with sustained attention, self-control, compassion and interoceptive perception. The increased grey matter volume in these attention and self-control mediating regions suggests use-dependent enlargement with regular practice of this meditation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Suero
- Centro de Salud Jazmín, Sermas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Barros
- Department of Psychology, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | | | - Katya Rubia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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192
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Gschwind M, Picard F. Ecstatic Epileptic Seizures: A Glimpse into the Multiple Roles of the Insula. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:21. [PMID: 26924970 PMCID: PMC4756129 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecstatic epileptic seizures are a rare but compelling epileptic entity. During the first seconds of these seizures, ecstatic auras provoke feelings of well-being, intense serenity, bliss, and "enhanced self-awareness." They are associated with the impression of time dilation, and can be described as a mystic experience by some patients. The functional neuroanatomy of ecstatic seizures is still debated. During recent years several patients presenting with ecstatic auras have been reported by others and us (in total n = 52); a few of them in the setting of presurgical evaluation including electrical brain stimulation. According to the recently recognized functions of the insula, and the results of nuclear brain imaging and electrical stimulation, the ecstatic symptoms in these patients seem to localize to a functional network centered around the anterior insular cortex, where we thus propose to locate this rare ictal phenomenon. Here we summarize the role of the multiple sensory, autonomic, affective, and cognitive functions of the insular cortex, which are integrated into the creation of self-awareness, and we suggest how this system may become dysfunctional on several levels during ecstatic aura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gschwind
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Medical School of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Biotech Campus, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Picard
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Medical School of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
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193
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Manuello J, Vercelli U, Nani A, Costa T, Cauda F. Mindfulness meditation and consciousness: An integrative neuroscientific perspective. Conscious Cogn 2016; 40:67-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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194
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Hamilton KR, Littlefield AK, Anastasio NC, Cunningham KA, Fink LHL, Wing VC, Mathias CW, Lane SD, Schütz CG, Swann AC, Lejuez CW, Clark L, Moeller FG, Potenza MN. Rapid-response impulsivity: definitions, measurement issues, and clinical implications. Personal Disord 2016; 6:168-181. [PMID: 25867840 DOI: 10.1037/per0000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Impulsivity is a multifaceted construct that is a core feature of multiple psychiatric conditions and personality disorders. However, progress in understanding and treating impulsivity is limited by a lack of precision and consistency in its definition and assessment. Rapid-response impulsivity (RRI) represents a tendency toward immediate action that occurs with diminished forethought and is out of context with the present demands of the environment. Experts from the International Society for Research on Impulsivity (InSRI) met to discuss and evaluate RRI measures in terms of reliability, sensitivity, and validity, with the goal of helping researchers and clinicians make informed decisions about the use and interpretation of findings from RRI measures. Their recommendations are described in this article. Commonly used clinical and preclinical RRI tasks are described, and considerations are provided to guide task selection. Tasks measuring two conceptually and neurobiologically distinct types of RRI, "refraining from action initiation" (RAI) and "stopping an ongoing action" (SOA) are described. RAI and SOA tasks capture distinct aspects of RRI that may relate to distinct clinical outcomes. The InSRI group recommends that (a) selection of RRI measures should be informed by careful consideration of the strengths, limitations, and practical considerations of the available measures; (b) researchers use both RAI and SOA tasks in RRI studies to allow for direct comparison of RRI types and examination of their associations with clinically relevant measures; and (c) similar considerations be made for human and nonhuman studies in an effort to harmonize and integrate preclinical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, Maryland Neuroimaging Center, Center for Addictions, Personality, and Emotion Research, University of Maryland
| | | | - Noelle C Anastasio
- Center for Addiction Research, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Kathryn A Cunningham
- Center for Addiction Research, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Latham H L Fink
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Victoria C Wing
- Schizophrenia Division, Complex Mental Illness, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
| | - Charles W Mathias
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neurobehavioral Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Scott D Lane
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Houston Medical School
| | | | - Alan C Swann
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - C W Lejuez
- Department of Psychology, Maryland Neuroimaging Center, Center for Addictions, Personality, and Emotion Research, University of Maryland
| | - Luke Clark
- Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia
| | - F Gerard Moeller
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine
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195
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Sellitto M, Ciaramelli E, Mattioli F, di Pellegrino G. Reduced Sensitivity to Sooner Reward During Intertemporal Decision-Making Following Insula Damage in Humans. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 9:367. [PMID: 26793084 PMCID: PMC4709635 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During intertemporal choice, humans tend to prefer small-sooner rewards over larger-delayed rewards, reflecting temporal discounting (TD) of delayed outcomes. Functional neuroimaging (fMRI) evidence has implicated the insular cortex in time-sensitive decisions, yet it is not clear whether activity in this brain region is crucial for, or merely associated with, TD behavior. Here, patients with damage to the insula (Insular patients), control patients with lesions outside the insula, and healthy individuals chose between smaller-sooner and larger-later monetary rewards. Insular patients were less sensitive to sooner rewards than were the control groups, exhibiting reduced TD. A Voxel-based Lesion-Symptom Mapping (VLSM) analysis confirmed a statistically significant association between insular damage and reduced TD. These results indicate that the insular cortex is crucial for intertemporal choice. We suggest that he insula may be necessary to anticipate the bodily/emotional effects of receiving rewards at different delays, influencing the computation of their incentive value. Devoid of such input, insular patients' choices would be governed by a heuristic of quantity, allowing patients to wait for larger options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Sellitto
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di BolognaBologna, Italy
- Centro Studi e Ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Polo Scientifico-Didattico di CesenaCesena, Italy
| | - Elisa Ciaramelli
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di BolognaBologna, Italy
- Centro Studi e Ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Polo Scientifico-Didattico di CesenaCesena, Italy
| | - Flavia Mattioli
- Riabilitazione Neuropsicologica, Spedali Civili di BresciaBrescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe di Pellegrino
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di BolognaBologna, Italy
- Centro Studi e Ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Polo Scientifico-Didattico di CesenaCesena, Italy
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196
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The delayed reproduction of long time intervals defined by innocuous thermal sensation. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:1095-104. [PMID: 26724930 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The presence of discrete events during an interval to be estimated generally causes a dilation of perceived duration (event-filling effect). Here, we investigated this phenomenon in the thermal modality using multi-seconds (19 s) innocuous cool stimuli that were either constant (continuous interval) or fluctuating to create three discrete sensory events (segmented interval). Moreover, we introduced a delay following stimulus offset, before the reproduction phase, to allow for a direct comparison with our recent study showing an underestimation of duration in a delayed reproduction task of heat pain sensations (Khoshnejad et al. in Pain 155:581-590, 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.12.015 ). The event-filling effect was tested by comparing the delayed reproduction of the segmented and the continuous stimuli in experimental conditions asking participants to (1) reproduce the dynamics of the sensation (i.e., changes in sensory intensity over time) or (2) reproduce only the interval duration (i.e., sensation onset-to-offset). A perceptual (control) condition required participants to report changes in sensation concurrently with the stimulus. Results of the dynamic task confirmed the underestimation of duration in the delayed reproduction task, but this effect was only found with the continuous and not with the segmented stimulus. This implies that the dilation of duration produced by segmentation might compensate for the underestimation of duration in this delayed reproduction task. However, this temporal dilation effect was only observed when participants were required to attend and reproduce the dynamics of sensation. These results suggest that the event-filling effect can be observed in the thermal sensory modality and that attention directed toward changes in sensory intensity might contribute to this effect.
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197
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Chronic Back Pain Is Associated With Decreased Prefrontal and Anterior Insular Gray Matter: Results From a Population-Based Cohort Study. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2016; 17:111-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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198
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Giovannelli F, Giganti F, Saviozzi A, Rebai M, Marzi T, Righi S, Tramacere L, Borgheresi A, Cincotta M, Viggiano M. Gender Differences in Time Perception During Olfactory Stimulation. J SENS STUD 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Giovannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, Child Health; University of Florence; Florence Italy
- Unit of Neurology; Azienda Sanitaria di Firenze Florence Italy
| | - F. Giganti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, Child Health; University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - A. Saviozzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, Child Health; University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - M. Rebai
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurosciences; Université de Rouen; Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex France
| | - T. Marzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, Child Health; University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - S. Righi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, Child Health; University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - L. Tramacere
- Unit of Neurology; Azienda Sanitaria di Firenze Florence Italy
| | - A. Borgheresi
- Unit of Neurology; Azienda Sanitaria di Firenze Florence Italy
| | - M. Cincotta
- Unit of Neurology; Azienda Sanitaria di Firenze Florence Italy
| | - M.P. Viggiano
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, Child Health; University of Florence; Florence Italy
- Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence; Florence Italy
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Time Perspective and Emotion Regulation as Predictors of Age-Related Subjective Passage of Time. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:16027-42. [PMID: 26694439 PMCID: PMC4690970 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121215034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hardly any empirical work exists concerning the relationship between the intra-individually stable time perspective relating to the past, present, and future and the subjective speed of time passing in everyday life. Moreover, studies consistently show that the subjective passage of time over the period of the last ten years speeds up as we get older. Modulating variables influencing this phenomenon are still unknown. To investigate these two unresolved issues, we conducted an online survey with n = 423 participants ranging in age between 17 and 81 assessing trait time perspective of the past, present, and future, and relating these subscales with a battery of measures pertaining to the subjective passage of time. Moreover, the subjective passage of time as an age-dependent variable was probed in relationship to emotion awareness, appraisal and regulation. Results show how present hedonism is linked with having fewer routines in life and a faster passage of the last week; the past negative perspective is related to time pressure, time expansion and more routine; a pronounced future perspective is related to a general faster passage of time. Importantly, increased emotion regulation and a balanced time perspective are related to a slower passage of the last ten years. These novel findings are discussed within models of time perception and the time perspective.
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Maniadakis M, Trahanias P. Integrated Intrinsic and Dedicated Representations of Time: A Computational Study Involving Robotic Agents. TIMING & TIME PERCEPTION 2015. [DOI: 10.1163/22134468-03002052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The computational modeling of cognitive processes provides a systematic means to study hidden and particularly complex aspects of brain functionality. Given our rather limited understanding of how the brain deals with the notion of time, the implementation of computational models addressing duration processing can be particularly informative for studying possible time representations in our brain. In the present work we adopt a connectionist modeling approach to study how time experiencing and time processing may be encoded in a simple neural network trained to accomplish time-based robotic tasks. A particularly interesting characteristic of the present study is the implementation of a single computational model to accomplish not only one but three different behavioral tasks that assume diverse manipulation of time intervals. This setup enables a multifaceted exploration of duration-processing mechanisms, revealing a rather plausible hypothesis of how our brain deals with time. The model is implemented through an evolutionary design procedure, making a very limited set of a priori assumptions regarding its internal structure and machinery. Artificial evolution facilitates the unconstrained self-organization of time representation and processing mechanisms in the brain of simulated robotic agents. Careful examination of the artificial brains has shown that the implemented mechanisms incorporate characteristics from both the ‘intrinsic’ time representation scheme and the ‘dedicated’ time representation scheme. Even though these two schemes are widely considered as contradictory, the present study shows that it is possible to effectively integrate them in the same cognitive system. This provides a new view on the possible representation of time in the brain, and paves the way for new and more comprehensive theories to address interval timing.
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