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Liedtke M, Völkner C, Jürs AV, Peter F, Rabenstein M, Hermann A, Frech MJ. Pathophysiological In Vitro Profile of Neuronal Differentiated Cells Derived from Niemann-Pick Disease Type C2 Patient-Specific iPSCs Carrying the NPC2 Mutations c.58G>T/c.140G>T. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084009. [PMID: 33924575 PMCID: PMC8069078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C2 (NP-C2) disease is a rare hereditary disease caused by mutations in the NPC2 gene. NPC2 is a small, soluble protein consisting of 151 amino acids, primarily expressed in late endosomes and lysosomes (LE/LY). Together with NPC1, a transmembrane protein found in these organelles, NPC2 accomplishes the exclusion of cholesterol; thus, both proteins are essential to maintain cellular cholesterol homeostasis. Consequently, mutations in the NPC2 or NPC1 gene result in pathophysiological accumulation of cholesterol and sphingolipids in LE/LY. The vast majority of Niemann-Pick type C disease patients, 95%, suffer from a mutation of NPC1, and only 5% display a mutation of NPC2. The biochemical phenotype of NP-C1 and NP-C2 appears to be indistinguishable, and both diseases share several commonalities in the clinical manifestation. Studies of the pathological mechanisms underlying NP-C2 are mostly based on NP-C2 animal models and NP-C2 patient-derived fibroblasts. Recently, we established induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), derived from a donor carrying the NPC2 mutations c.58G>T/c.140G>T. Here, we present a profile of pathophysiological in vitro features, shared by NP-C1 and NP-C2, of neural differentiated cells obtained from the patient specific iPSCs. Profiling comprised a determination of the NPC2 protein level, detection of cholesterol accumulation by filipin staining, analysis of oxidative stress, and determination of autophagy. As expected, the NPC2-deficient cells displayed a significantly reduced amount of NPC2 protein, and, accordingly, we observed a significantly increased amount of cholesterol. Most notably, NPC2-deficient cells displayed only a slight increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting that they do not suffer from oxidative stress and express catalase at a high level. As a site note, comparable NPC1-deficient cells suffer from a lack of catalase and display an increased level of ROS. In summary, this cell line provides a valuable tool to gain deeper understanding, not only of the pathogenic mechanism of NP-C2, but also of NP-C1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Liedtke
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (M.L.); (C.V.); (A.V.J.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Christin Völkner
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (M.L.); (C.V.); (A.V.J.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Alexandra V. Jürs
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (M.L.); (C.V.); (A.V.J.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Franziska Peter
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (M.L.); (C.V.); (A.V.J.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Michael Rabenstein
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (M.L.); (C.V.); (A.V.J.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (M.L.); (C.V.); (A.V.J.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (A.H.)
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Moritz J. Frech
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (M.L.); (C.V.); (A.V.J.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (A.H.)
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Xu X, Xu H, Ren F, Huang L, Xu J, Li F. Protective effect of scorpion venom heat-resistant synthetic peptide against PM 2.5-induced microglial polarization via TLR4-mediated autophagy activating PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 355:577567. [PMID: 33887539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a considerable risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. Scorpion venom heat-resistant synthetic peptide (SVHRSP) plays a neuroprotective effect by promoting neurogenesis and neuron axon growth. In this study, SVHRSP inhibited the level of TLR4, autophagy and PM2.5-induced microglia M1 polarization, thereby promoting Phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT, inhibiting the expression of NF-κB. Moreover, SVHRSP suppressed the cytotoxic factors and increased the cytoprotective factor. This research demonstrates that SVHRSP relieves PM2.5-induced microglial polarization via TLR4-mediated autophagy activating PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway, which provides new insights for the treatment of PM2.5-induced neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Henggui Xu
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Fei Ren
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lanyi Huang
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jingbin Xu
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Fasheng Li
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China.
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153
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Luo L, Jian X, Sun H, Qin J, Wang Y, Zhang J, Shen Z, Yang D, Li C, Zhao P, Liu M, Tian Z, Zhou Y. Cartilage endplate stem cells inhibit intervertebral disc degeneration by releasing exosomes to nucleus pulposus cells to activate Akt/autophagy. Stem Cells 2021; 39:467-481. [PMID: 33459443 PMCID: PMC8048856 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration of the cartilage endplate (CEP) induces intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). Nucleus pulposus cell (NPC) apoptosis is also an important exacerbating factor in IVDD, but the cascade mechanism in IVDD is not clear. We investigated the apoptosis of NPCs and IVDD when stimulated by normal cartilage endplate stem cell (CESC)-derived exosomes (N-Exos) and degenerated CESC-derived exosomes (D-Exos) in vitro and in vivo. Tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) was used to induce inflammation of CESCs. The bioinformatics differences between N-Exos and D-Exos were analyzed using mass spectrometry, heat map, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. NPC apoptosis was examined using TUNEL staining. The involvement of the AKT and autophagy signaling pathways was investigated using the signaling inhibitor LY294002. Magnetic resonance imaging, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining were used to evaluate the therapeutic effects of N-Exos in rats with IVDD. TBHP effectively induced inflammation and the degeneration of CEP in rat. N-Exos were more conducive to autophagy activation than D-Exos. The apoptotic rate of NPCs decreased obviously after treatment with N-Exos compared to D-Exos. N-Exos inhibited NPCs apoptosis and attenuated IVDD in rat via activation of the AKT and autophagy pathways. These results are the first findings to confirm that CEP delayed the progression of IVDD via exosomes. The therapeutic effects of N-Exos on NPC apoptosis inhibition and the slowing of IVDD progression were more effective than D-Exos due to activation of the PI3K/AKT/autophagy pathway, which explained the increase in the incidence of IVDD after inflammation of the CEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Luo
- Department of OrthopaedicsXinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingPeople's Republic of China,Institute of Immunology, PLA, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiuying Jian
- Department of Infectious DiseasesSecond Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and immunologySouthwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jinghao Qin
- Department of OrthopaedicsXinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- Department of OrthopaedicsXinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zigang Shen
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Di Yang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Changqing Li
- Department of OrthopaedicsXinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome BiologyBiological Science Research Center Southwest UniversityChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - MingHan Liu
- Department of OrthopaedicsXinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Tian
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingPeople's Republic of China,State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome BiologyBiological Science Research Center Southwest UniversityChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of OrthopaedicsXinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingPeople's Republic of China
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Maiuolo J, Gliozzi M, Musolino V, Carresi C, Scarano F, Nucera S, Scicchitano M, Bosco F, Ruga S, Zito MC, Macri R, Bulotta R, Muscoli C, Mollace V. From Metabolic Syndrome to Neurological Diseases: Role of Autophagy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:651021. [PMID: 33816502 PMCID: PMC8017166 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is not a single pathology, but a constellation of cardiovascular disease risk factors including: central and abdominal obesity, systemic hypertension, insulin resistance (or type 2 diabetes mellitus), and atherogenic dyslipidemia. The global incidence of Metabolic syndrome is estimated to be about one quarter of the world population; for this reason, it would be desirable to better understand the underlying mechanisms involved in order to develop treatments that can reduce or eliminate the damage caused. The effects of Metabolic syndrome are multiple and wide ranging; some of which have an impact on the central nervous system and cause neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Autophagy is a catabolic intracellular process, essential for the recycling of cytoplasmic materials and for the degradation of damaged cellular organelle. Therefore, autophagy is primarily a cytoprotective mechanism; even if excessive cellular degradation can be detrimental. To date, it is known that systemic autophagic insufficiency is able to cause metabolic balance deterioration and facilitate the onset of metabolic syndrome. This review aims to highlight the current state of knowledge regarding the connection between metabolic syndrome and the onset of several neurological diseases related to it. Furthermore, since autophagy has been found to be of particular importance in metabolic disorders, the probable involvement of this degradative process is assumed to be responsible for the attenuation of neurological disorders resulting from metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Maiuolo
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Micaela Gliozzi
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Carresi
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federica Scarano
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Saverio Nucera
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Miriam Scicchitano
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Bosco
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Ruga
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Zito
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberta Macri
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Bulotta
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carolina Muscoli
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
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155
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Chen TT, Zhou X, Xu YN, Li Y, Wu XY, Xiang Q, Fu LY, Hu XX, Tao L, Shen XC. Gastrodin ameliorates learning and memory impairment in rats with vascular dementia by promoting autophagy flux via inhibition of the Ca 2+/CaMKII signal pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:9542-9565. [PMID: 33714957 PMCID: PMC8064221 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VD) is a common disease that occurs during human aging. Gastrodin (GAS) has potential benefits for the prevention and treatment of VD. In the present study, we investigated the effects of GAS on cognitive dysfunction in rats with VD induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) and explored the underlying mechanism. Immunohistochemical and western blot analyses revealed that GAS attenuated hippocampal levels of LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3), p62, and phosphorylated CaMKII (Ca2+-calmodulin stimulated protein kinase II) in VD rats. Additionally, our results revealed that cobalt chloride blocked autophagic flux in HT22 cells, which was confirmed by increased levels of LC3 and p62 when combined with chloroquine. Notably, GAS ameliorated the impaired autophagic flux. Furthermore, we confirmed that GAS combined with KN93 (a CaMKII inhibitor) or CaMKII knockdown did not impact the reduced p62 levels when compared with GAS treatment alone. Furthermore, a co-immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that endogenous p62 bound to CaMKII, as confirmed by mass spectrometric analysis after the immunoprecipitation of p62 from HT22 cells. These findings revealed that GAS attenuated autophagic flux dysfunction by inhibiting the Ca2+/CaMKII signaling pathway to ameliorate cognitive impairment in VD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Chen
- The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China.,Guiyang Maternal and Child Health-Care Hospital, Guiyang 550000, P.R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources and The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City, Guizhou Medical University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China
| | - Xue Zhou
- The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Ni Xu
- The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China
| | - Yue Li
- Guiyang Maternal and Child Health-Care Hospital, Guiyang 550000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ying Wu
- The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources and The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City, Guizhou Medical University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China
| | - Quan Xiang
- The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Yun Fu
- The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Xia Hu
- The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China
| | - Ling Tao
- The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Chun Shen
- The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources and The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City, Guizhou Medical University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China
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156
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Muñoz ER, Caccese JB, Wilson BE, Shuler KT, Santos FV, Cabán CT, Jeka JJ, Langford D, Hudson MB. Effects of purposeful soccer heading on circulating small extracellular vesicle concentration and cargo. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 10:122-130. [PMID: 33189894 PMCID: PMC7987560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering the potential cumulative effects of repetitive head impact (HI) exposure, we need sensitive biomarkers to track short- and long-term effects. Circulating small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) (<200 nm) traffic biological molecules throughout the body and may have diagnostic value as biomarkers for disease. The purpose of this study was to identify the microRNA (miRNA) profile in circulating sEVs derived from human plasma following repetitive HI exposure. METHODS Healthy adult (aged 18-35 years) soccer players were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups: the HI group performed 10 standing headers, the leg impact group performed 10 soccer ball trapping maneuvers over 10 min, and the control group did not participate in any soccer drills. Plasma was collected before testing and 24 h afterward, and sEVs were isolated and characterized via nanoparticle tracking analysis. Next-generation sequencing was utilized to identify candidate miRNAs isolated from sEVs, and candidate microRNAs were analyzed via quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In silico target prediction was performed using TargetScan (Version 7.0; targetscan.org) and miRWalk (http://mirwalk.umm.uni-heidelberg.de/) programs, and target validation was performed using luciferase reporter vectors with a miR-7844-5p mimic in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T/17 cells. RESULTS Plasma sEV concentration and size were not affected across time and group following repetitive HI exposure. After 24 h, the HI read count from next-generation sequencing showed a 4-fold or greater increase in miR-92b-5p, miR-423-5p, and miR-24-3p and a 3-fold or greater decrease in miR-7844-5p, miR-144-5p, miR-221-5p, and miR-22-3p. Analysis of quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed that leg impact did not alter the candidate miRNA levels. To our knowledge, miR-7844-5p is a previously unknown miRNA. We identified 8 miR-7844-5p mRNA targets: protein phosphatase 1 regulatory inhibitor subunit 1B (PPP1R1B), LIM and senescent cell antigen-like domains 1 (LIMS1), autophagy-related 12 (ATG12), microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (MAP1LC3B), integrin subunit alpha-1 (ITGA1), mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1), glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), and mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (MAPK8). CONCLUSION Collectively, these data indicate repetitive HI exposure alters plasma sEV miRNA content, but not sEV size or number. Furthermore, for the first time we demonstrate that previously unknown miR-7844-5p targets mRNAs known to be involved in mitochondrial apoptosis, autophagy regulation, mood disorders, and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Muñoz
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Jaclyn B Caccese
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Brittany E Wilson
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Kyle T Shuler
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Fernando V Santos
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Carolina T Cabán
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - John J Jeka
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Dianne Langford
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Matthew B Hudson
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA.
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157
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Wang H, Dou S, Zhu J, Shao Z, Wang C, Cheng B. Regulatory effects of ghrelin on endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and autophagy: Therapeutic potential. Neuropeptides 2021; 85:102112. [PMID: 33333485 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a regulatory peptide that is the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue 1a (GHS-R1a) which belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor family. Ghrelin and GHS-R1a are widely expressed in the central and peripheral tissues and play therapeutic potential roles in the cytoprotection of many internal organs. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), oxidative stress, and autophagy dysfunction, which are involved in various diseases. In recent years, accumulating evidence has suggested that ghrelin exerts protective effects by regulating ERS, oxidative stress, and autophagy in diverse diseases. This review article summarizes information about the roles of the ghrelin system on ERS, oxidative stress, and autophagy in multiple diseases. It is suggested that ghrelin positively affects the treatment of diseases and may be considered as a therapeutic drug in many illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Wang
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250014 Jinan, China
| | - Shanshan Dou
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, 272067 Jining, China
| | - Junge Zhu
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250014 Jinan, China
| | - Ziqi Shao
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250014 Jinan, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, 272067 Jining, China
| | - Baohua Cheng
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, 272067 Jining, China.
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158
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Lu G, Wu Z, Shang J, Xie Z, Chen C, Zhang C. The effects of metformin on autophagy. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111286. [PMID: 33524789 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is the first-line option for treating newly diagnosed diabetic patients and also involved in other pharmacological actions, including antitumor effect, anti-aging effect, polycystic ovarian syndrome prevention, cardiovascular action, and neuroprotective effect, etc. However, the mechanisms of metformin actions were not fully illuminated. Recently, increasing researches showed that autophagy is a vital medium of metformin playing pharmacological actions. Nevertheless, results on the effects of metformin on autophagy were inconsistent. Apart from few clinical evidences, more data focused on kinds of no-clinical models. First, many studies showed that metformin could induce autophagy via a number of signaling pathways, including AMPK-related signaling pathways (e.g. AMPK/mTOR, AMPK/CEBPD, MiTF/TFE, AMPK/ULK1, and AMPK/miR-221), Redd1/mTOR, STAT, SIRT, Na+/H+ exchangers, MAPK/ERK, PK2/PKR/AKT/ GSK3β, and TRIB3. Secondly, some signaling pathways were involved in the process of metformin inhibiting autophagy, such as AMPK-related signaling pathways (AMPK/NF-κB and other undetermined AMPK-related signaling pathways), Hedgehog, miR-570-3p, miR-142-3p, and MiR-3127-5p. Thirdly, two types of signaling pathways including PI3K/AKT/mTOR and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress could bidirectionally impact the effectiveness of metformin on autophagy. Finally, multiple signal pathways were reviewed collectively in terms of affecting the effectiveness of metformin on autophagy. The pharmacological effects of metformin combining its actions on autophagy were also discussed. It would help better apply metformin to treat diseases in term of mediating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangli Lu
- School of Business, Henan University, Henan, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Institute of Nursing and Health, College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Henan, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jia Shang
- School of Kaifeng Culture and Tourism, Henan, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhenxing Xie
- School of Basic Medicine, Henan University, Henan, Kaifeng, Jinming Avenue, 475004, China.
| | - Chaoran Chen
- Institute of Nursing and Health, College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Henan, Kaifeng, China.
| | - Chuning Zhang
- Institute of Nursing and Health, College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Henan, Kaifeng, China
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159
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Uddin MN, Elahi M, Shimonaka S, Kakuta S, Ishiguro K, Motoi Y, Hattori N. Strain-specific clearance of seed-dependent tau aggregation by lithium-induced autophagy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 543:65-71. [PMID: 33517128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.12.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Different conformational strains of tau have been implicated in the clinicopathological heterogeneity of tauopathies. In this study, we hypothesized that distinct strains are degraded in a different manner. Lithium, a drug for bipolar disorder, had previously been reported to reduce aggregation-prone protein content by promoting autophagy. Here, we assessed the effects of lithium on tau aggregates using different tauopathy brain seeds. SH-SY5Y cells were transfected with C-terminal tau fragment Tau-CTF24 (residues 243-441), and Alzheimer's disease (AD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD) brain seeds were introduced. After 48-h lithium treatment, sarkosyl-insoluble fractions were prepared. Lithium treatment was found to reduce the amount of insoluble tau and p62, and increase LC3-II levels along with the number of autophagic vacuoles in AD-seeded cells. The effects were lower in case of CBD seeds, and comparable between PSP and AD seeds. An inhibitor of myo-inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) also demonstrated similar effects. Overall, the study suggested that aggregated tau protein is degraded by lithium-induced autophagy, influencing IMPase in a strain-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nasir Uddin
- Department of Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Dementia, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Montasir Elahi
- Department of Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Dementia, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shotaro Shimonaka
- Department of Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Dementia, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kakuta
- Laboratory of Morphology and Image Analysis, Research Support Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Ishiguro
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Motoi
- Department of Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Dementia, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Dementia, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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160
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Optineurin deletion disrupts metabotropic glutamate receptor 5-mediated regulation of ERK1/2, GSK3β/ZBTB16, mTOR/ULK1 signaling in autophagy. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 185:114427. [PMID: 33513340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Optineurin (OPTN) is a multifunctional protein that mediates a network of cellular processes regulating membrane trafficking, inflammatory responses and autophagy. The OPTN-rich interactome includes Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1 and 5), members of the Gαq/11 protein receptor family. Recent evidence has shown that mGluR5, in addition to its canonical Gαq/11 protein-coupled signaling, regulates autophagic machinery via mTOR/ULK1 and GSK3β/ZBTB16 pathways in both Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease mouse models. Despite its potential involvement, the role of OPTN in mediating mGluR5 downstream signaling cascades remains largely unknown. Here, we employed a CRISPR/Cas9 OPTN-deficient STHdhQ7/Q7 striatal cell line and global OPTN knockout mice to investigate whether Optn gene deletion alters both mGluR5 canonical and noncanonical signaling. We find that OPTN is required for mGluR5-activated Ca2+ flux and ERK1/2 signaling following receptor activation in STHdhQ7/Q7 cells and acute hippocampal slices. Deletion of OPTN impairs both GSK3β/ZBTB16 and mTOR/ULK1 autophagic signaling in STHdhQ7/Q7 cells. Furthermore, mGluR5-dependent regulation of GSK3β/ZBTB16 and mTOR/ULK1 autophagic signaling is impaired in hippocampal slices of OPTN knockout mice. Overall, we show that the crosstalk between OPTN and mGluR5 can have major implication on receptor signaling and therefore potentially contribute to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases.
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161
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Shao ZQ, Dou SS, Zhu JG, Wang HQ, Wang CM, Cheng BH, Bai B. Apelin-13 inhibits apoptosis and excessive autophagy in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1044-1051. [PMID: 33269749 PMCID: PMC8224111 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.300725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin-13 is a novel endogenous ligand for an angiotensin-like orphan G-protein coupled receptor, and it may be neuroprotective against cerebral ischemia injury. However, the precise mechanisms of the effects of apelin-13 remain to be elucidated. To investigate the effects of apelin-13 on apoptosis and autophagy in models of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, a rat model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion. Apelin-13 (50 μg/kg) was injected into the right ventricle as a treatment. In addition, an SH-SY5Y cell model was established by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion, with cells first cultured in sugar-free medium with 95% N2 and 5% CO2 for 4 hours and then cultured in a normal environment with sugar-containing medium for 5 hours. This SH-SY5Y cell model was treated with 10–7 M apelin-13 for 5 hours. Results showed that apelin-13 protected against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Apelin-13 treatment alleviated neuronal apoptosis by increasing the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and significantly decreasing cleaved caspase-3 expression. In addition, apelin-13 significantly inhibited excessive autophagy by regulating the expression of LC3B, p62, and Beclin1. Furthermore, the expression of Bcl-2 and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway was markedly increased. Both LY294002 (20 μM) and rapamycin (500 nM), which are inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, significantly attenuated the inhibition of autophagy and apoptosis caused by apelin-13. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggest that Bcl-2 upregulation and mTOR signaling pathway activation lead to the inhibition of apoptosis and excessive autophagy. These effects are involved in apelin-13-induced neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, both in vivo and in vitro. The study was approved by the Animal Ethical and Welfare Committee of Jining Medical University, China (approval No. 2018-JS-001) in February 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Qi Shao
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shan-Shan Dou
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jun-Ge Zhu
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hui-Qing Wang
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chun-Mei Wang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bao-Hua Cheng
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bo Bai
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
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162
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Jiang Y, Luo W, Wang B, Yi Z, Gong P, Xiong Y. 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 ameliorates diabetes-induced bone loss by attenuating FoxO1-mediated autophagy. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100287. [PMID: 33450223 PMCID: PMC7948959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is vital for maintaining cellular homeostasis through removing impaired organelles. It has recently been found to play pivotal roles in diabetes mellitus (DM), which is associated with increased bone fracture risk and loss of bone density. However, the mechanism whereby autophagy modulates DM-induced bone loss is not fully elucidated. Previous work has shown that 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) exerts positive effects on autophagy, thus affecting bone metabolism. Here, we investigated whether autophagy was involved in the regulation of diabetic bone metabolism. Using Micro-CT, Elisa, histology, and histomorphometry analysis, we demonstrated that 1,25D rescues glucose metabolism dysfunction and ameliorates bone loss in diabetic mice. In vitro, 1,25D alleviated primary osteoblast dysfunction and intracellular oxidative stress through reducing prolonged high-glucose-mediated excessive autophagy in primary osteoblasts, reflected by decreased protein level of Beclin1 and LC3. Of note, the autophagy activator rapamycin (RAP) ablated the positive effects of 1,25D in diabetic environment, leading to a marked increase in autolysosomes and autophagosomes, examined by mRFP-GFP-LC3 fluorescence double labeling. The excessive autophagy induced by high glucose was deleterious to proliferation and differentiation of primary osteoblasts. Additionally, biochemical studies identified that PI3K/Akt signaling could be activated by 1,25D, resulting in the inhibition of FoxO1. We confirmed that FoxO1 deficiency alleviated high-glucose-induced autophagy and improved biological functions of primary osteoblasts. Together, our results suggest that the PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathway is involved in the osteoprotective effect of 1,25D by attenuating autophagy in diabetes, providing a novel insight for the prevention and treatment of diabetes-caused bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenqiong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zumu Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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163
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The Dual Role of Autophagy in Cancer Development and a Therapeutic Strategy for Cancer by Targeting Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010179. [PMID: 33375363 PMCID: PMC7795059 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a delicate intracellular degradation process that occurs due to diverse stressful conditions, including the accumulation of damaged proteins and organelles as well as nutrient deprivation. The mechanism of autophagy is initiated by the creation of autophagosomes, which capture and encapsulate abnormal components. Afterward, autophagosomes assemble with lysosomes to recycle or remove degradative cargo. The regulation of autophagy has bipolar roles in cancer suppression and promotion in diverse cancers. Furthermore, autophagy modulates the features of tumorigenesis, cancer metastasis, cancer stem cells, and drug resistance against anticancer agents. Some autophagy regulators are used to modulate autophagy for anticancer therapy but the dual roles of autophagy limit their application in anticancer therapy, and present as the main reason for therapy failure. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of autophagy, tumorigenesis, metastasis, cancer stem cells, and resistance against anticancer agents. Finally, we discuss whether targeting autophagy is a promising and effective therapeutic strategy in anticancer therapy.
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164
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Chu Y, Chang Y, Lu W, Sheng X, Wang S, Xu H, Ma J. Regulation of Autophagy by Glycolysis in Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:13259-13271. [PMID: 33380833 PMCID: PMC7767644 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s279672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a critical cellular process that generally protects cells and organisms from harsh environment, including limitations in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) availability or a lack of essential nutrients. Metabolic reprogramming, a hallmark of cancer, has recently gained interest in the area of cancer therapy. It is well known that cancer cells prefer to utilize glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) as their major energy source to rapidly generate ATP even in aerobic environment called the Warburg effect. Both autophagy and glycolysis play essential roles in pathological processes of cancer. A mechanism of metabolic changes to drive tumor progression is its ability to regulate autophagy. This review will elucidate the role and the mechanism of glycolysis in regulating autophagy during tumor growth. Indeed, understanding how glycolysis can modulate cellular autophagy will enable more effective combinatorial therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Chang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiumei Sheng
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, People’s Republic of China
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165
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Vassileff N, Cheng L, Hill AF. Extracellular vesicles - propagators of neuropathology and sources of potential biomarkers and therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/23/jcs243139. [PMID: 33310868 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.243139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterised by the irreversible degeneration of neurons in the central or peripheral nervous systems. These include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and prion diseases. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), a type of EV involved in cellular communication, have been well documented as propagating neurodegenerative diseases. These sEVs carry cargo, such as proteins and RNA, to recipient cells but are also capable of promoting protein misfolding, thus actively contributing to the progression of these diseases. sEV secretion is also a compensatory process for lysosomal dysfunction in the affected cells, despite inadvertently propagating disease to recipient cells. Despite this, sEV miRNAs have biomarker potential for the early diagnosis of these diseases, while stem cell-derived sEVs and those generated through exogenous assistance demonstrate the greatest therapeutic potential. This Review will highlight novel advancements in the involvement of sEVs as propagators of neuropathology, biomarkers and potential therapeutics in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Vassileff
- The Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Lesley Cheng
- The Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- The Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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166
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Musillo C, Borgi M, Saul N, Möller S, Luyten W, Berry A, Cirulli F. Natural products improve healthspan in aged mice and rats: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 121:89-105. [PMID: 33309907 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades a decrease in mortality has paved the way for late onset pathologies such as cardiovascular, metabolic or neurodegenerative diseases. This evidence has led many researchers to shift their focus from researching ways to extend lifespan to finding ways to increase the number of years spent in good health; "healthspan" is indeed the emerging concept of such quest for ageing without chronic or disabling diseases and dysfunctions. Regular consumption of natural products might improve healthspan, although the mechanisms of action are still poorly understood. Since preclinical studies aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of these compounds are growing, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of natural products on healthspan in mouse and rat models of physiological ageing. Results indicate that natural compounds show robust effects improving stress resistance and cognitive abilities. These promising data call for further studies investigating the underlying mechanisms in more depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Musillo
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy; PhD Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Borgi
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Nadine Saul
- Molecular Genetics Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen Möller
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Alessandra Berry
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Cirulli
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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167
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Ruffini N, Klingenberg S, Schweiger S, Gerber S. Common Factors in Neurodegeneration: A Meta-Study Revealing Shared Patterns on a Multi-Omics Scale. Cells 2020; 9:E2642. [PMID: 33302607 PMCID: PMC7764447 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are heterogeneous, progressive diseases with frequently overlapping symptoms characterized by a loss of neurons. Studies have suggested relations between neurodegenerative diseases for many years (e.g., regarding the aggregation of toxic proteins or triggering endogenous cell death pathways). We gathered publicly available genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data from 177 studies and more than one million patients to detect shared genetic patterns between the neurodegenerative diseases on three analyzed omics-layers. The results show a remarkably high number of shared differentially expressed genes between the transcriptomic and proteomic levels for all conditions, while showing a significant relation between genomic and proteomic data between AD and PD and AD and ALS. We identified a set of 139 genes being differentially expressed in several transcriptomic experiments of all four diseases. These 139 genes showed overrepresented gene ontology (GO) Terms involved in the development of neurodegeneration, such as response to heat and hypoxia, positive regulation of cytokines and angiogenesis, and RNA catabolic process. Furthermore, the four analyzed neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) were clustered by their mean direction of regulation throughout all transcriptomic studies for this set of 139 genes, with the closest relation regarding this common gene set seen between AD and HD. GO-Term and pathway analysis of the proteomic overlap led to biological processes (BPs), related to protein folding and humoral immune response. Taken together, we could confirm the existence of many relations between Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis on transcriptomic and proteomic levels by analyzing the pathways and GO-Terms arising in these intersections. The significance of the connection and the striking relation of the results to processes leading to neurodegeneration between the transcriptomic and proteomic data for all four analyzed neurodegenerative diseases showed that exploring many studies simultaneously, including multiple omics-layers of different neurodegenerative diseases simultaneously, holds new relevant insights that do not emerge from analyzing these data separately. Furthermore, the results shed light on processes like the humoral immune response that have previously been described only for certain diseases. Our data therefore suggest human patients with neurodegenerative diseases should be addressed as complex biological systems by integrating multiple underlying data sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ruffini
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.R.); (S.K.); (S.S.)
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Leibniz Association, Wallstraße 7, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Klingenberg
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.R.); (S.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Susann Schweiger
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.R.); (S.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Susanne Gerber
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.R.); (S.K.); (S.S.)
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168
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Identification and evaluation of a napyradiomycin as a potent Nrf2 activator: Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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169
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Wang ZY, Liu J, Zhu Z, Su CF, Sreenivasmurthy SG, Iyaswamy A, Lu JH, Chen G, Song JX, Li M. Traditional Chinese medicine compounds regulate autophagy for treating neurodegenerative disease: A mechanism review. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:110968. [PMID: 33189067 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are common chronic diseases related to progressive damage of the nervous system. Globally, the number of people with an ND is dramatically increasing consistent with the fast aging of society and one of the common features of NDs is the abnormal aggregation of diverse proteins. Autophagy is the main process by which misfolded proteins and damaged organelles are removed from cells. It has been found that the impairment of autophagy is associated with many NDs, suggesting that autophagy has a vital role in the neurodegeneration process. Recently, more and more studies have reported that autophagy inducers display a protective role in different ND experimental models, suggesting that enhancement of autophagy could be a potential therapy for NDs. In this review, the evidence for beneficial effects of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) regulate autophagy in the models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and other NDs are presented and common autophagy-related mechanisms are identified. The results demonstrate that TCM which regulate autophagy are potential therapeutic candidates for ND treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ying Wang
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine in Brain Disorders, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Cheng-Fu Su
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | | | - Ashok Iyaswamy
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China; Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine in Brain Disorders, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ju-Xian Song
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Medical College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Min Li
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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170
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Peng H, Zheng J, Su Q, Feng X, Peng M, Gong L, Wu H, Pan X. VPS53 Suppresses Malignant Properties in Colorectal Cancer by Inducing the Autophagy Signaling Pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:10667-10675. [PMID: 33116643 PMCID: PMC7585861 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s254823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies found that VPS53, one of the subunits of the golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complexes, was aberrantly expressed in human diseases. Aim This study investigated the functions and molecular mechanisms of VPS53 in colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods Expression and correlation of Beclin 1 and VPS53 were analyzed by RT-qPCR and Pearson’s correlation in CRC tissues, and VPS53 expression was also determined in CRC cells. The changes of proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and autophagy of CRC cells were examined by a succession of functional experiments including CCK-8, flow cytometry, transwell assay, and electron microscopy. The levels of autophagy related proteins were evaluated by Western blotting analysis. Results RT-qPCR results found that VPS53 was downregulated in CRC tissues and cells, and Beclin 1 expression was also decreased in CRC tissues. There was a positive correlation between VPS53 and Beclin 1. Functional results showed that overexpression of VPS53 could suppress proliferation, migration, and invasion, and accelerate apoptosis and autophagy of CRC cells. Also, VPS53 could upregulate Beclin 1 and LC3BII, suggesting the inductive effect of VPS53 on CRC cell autophagy. Furthermore, it was found that the autophagy inhibitor (Inhb) could attenuate the inhibition of VPS53 on CRC progression. Conclusion VPS53 repressed CRC progression by regulating the autophagy signaling pathway, suggesting that VPS53 might be a promising therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Peng
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong Key Laboratory of Individualized Drug Therapy, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueya Feng
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingsha Peng
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Gong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Pan
- Scientific Research Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
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171
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Shulyatnikova T, Shavrin V. Mobilisation and redistribution of multivesicular bodies to the endfeet of reactive astrocytes in acute endogenous toxic encephalopathies. Brain Res 2020; 1751:147174. [PMID: 33172595 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous toxicity caused by systemic inflammation as well as by acute liver failure triggers a wide range of dysfunctional disorders in the brain ranging from delirium and acute psychosis to coma. Astrocytes, the main homeostatic cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play a key role in pathophysiology of neurotoxic insults. We examined the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and acetaminophen-induced liver failure (AILF) of Wistar rats, and analysed ultrastructure of astrocytes in the brain cortex and subcortical white matter of sensorimotor zone with transmission electron microscopy. Both models showed significant similarities in reactive changes of astroglial endosomal machinery. In survived animals (with relative prevalence in the CLP-model), at 24 h after intervention we found an increase in number of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) in astroglial perikarya and astroglial processes. In particular, the number of MVBs substantially (3 times of control values) increased in the perivascular astroglial endfeet. Increased number of MVBs in astrocytes was associated with the lesser degree of intracellular oedema and with signs of compensated oedematous tissue changes. In deceased animals, up to 24 h after intervention, single MVBs were localised mainly in astroglial perikarya, and their number was not significantly changed compared to control. Activation of astroglial endosomal-exosomal machinery in both models reflects the uniform pattern of reactive changes of astroglia in these two systemic conditions and may represent activation of astroglial defence in sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) and acute hepatic encephalopathy (AHE). Our data highlight the special role of astroglial adaptive activity in the counterbalancing of an impaired brain homeostasis under action of endogenous toxins. Accumulation of MVBs in astrocytic processes indicates the activation of their intercellular and gliovascular interactions through endo- and exocytosis in SAE and AHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Shulyatnikova
- Zaporizhzhia State Medical University, Department of Pathological Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, Zaporizhzhia, Mayakovsky Avenue, 26, 69035, Ukraine.
| | - Vladimir Shavrin
- Zaporizhzhia State Medical University, Department of Pathological Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, Zaporizhzhia, Mayakovsky Avenue, 26, 69035, Ukraine
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172
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Lian Q, Gao Y, Li Q, He X, Jiang X, Pu Z, Xu G. Cereblon Promotes the Ubiquitination and Proteasomal Degradation of Interleukin Enhancer-Binding Factor 2. Protein J 2020; 39:411-421. [PMID: 33009960 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-020-09918-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin enhancer-binding factor 2 (ILF2) forms a heterodimer with interleukin enhancer-binding factor 3 (ILF3) via double-stranded RNA-binding motif and zinc finger associated domain and thus regulates gene expression and cancer cell growth. However, how ILF2 is degraded in cells remains elusive. In this work, using stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) quantitative proteomics, we find that ILF2 is downregulated in cells expressing cereblon (CRBN). Using affinity purification and immunoblotting analysis, we demonstrate that CRBN interacts with ILF2 and functions as a substrate receptor of the cullin-4 RING E3 ligase complex. Biochemical experiments disclose that CRBN expression reduces ILF2 protein level and this reduction is diminished when the proteasome is inhibited. Upon protein synthesis inhibition, the degradation of ILF2 is enhanced by CRBN. Moreover, CRBN promotes the ubiquitination of ILF2 and thus results in the ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. Analyses of previously identified post-translational modification sites and the crystal structure of ILF2 discover the potential ubiquitination sites on ILF2. Through mutagenesis and biochemical experiments, we further reveal that the K45R mutation completely abolishes the effect of CRBN on ILF2, suggesting that this is the key residue responsible for its ubiquitination. Taken together, we identify an E3 ligase that regulates ILF2 and uncover a molecular pathway for its degradation. This work might be helpful to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which CRBN regulates diverse cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Lian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xian He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaogang Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongjian Pu
- Department of Oncology, Haian Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Haian, 226600, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
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173
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Sainani SR, Pansare PA, Rode K, Bhalchim V, Doke R, Desai S. Emendation of autophagic dysfuction in neurological disorders: a potential therapeutic target. Int J Neurosci 2020; 132:466-482. [PMID: 32924706 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1822356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurological disorders have been continuously contributing to the global disease burden and affect millions of people worldwide. Researchers strive hard to extract out the ultimate cure and serve for the betterment of the society, and yet the treatments available provide only symptomatic relief. Aging and abnormal mutations seem to be the major culprits responsible for neurotoxicity and neuronal death. One of the major causes of these neurological disorders that has been paid utmost attention recently, is Autophagic Dysfunction. AIM The aim of the study was to understand the autophagic process, its impairment in neurological disorders and targeting the impairments as a therapeutic option for the said disorders. METHODS For the purpose of review, we carried out an extensive literature study to excerpt the series of steps involved in autophagy and to understand the mechanism of autophagic impairment occurring in a range of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders like Parkinson, Alzheimer, Depression, Schizophrenia, Autism etc. The review also involved the exploration of certain molecules that can help in triggering the compromised autophagic members. RESULTS We found that, a number of genes, proteins, receptors and transcription factors interplay to bring about autophagy and plethora of neurological disorders are associated with the diminished expression of one or more autophagic member leading to inhibition of autophagy. CONCLUSION Autophagy is a significant process for the removal of misfolded, abnormal, damaged protein aggregates and nonfunctional cell organelles in order to suppress neurodegeneration. Therefore, triggering autophagy could serve as an important therapeutic target to treat neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani R Sainani
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr D Y Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune, India
| | - Prajakta A Pansare
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr D Y Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune, India
| | - Ketki Rode
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr D Y Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune, India
| | - Vrushali Bhalchim
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr D Y Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune, India
| | - Rohit Doke
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr D Y Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune, India
| | - Shivani Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr D Y Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune, India
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174
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Argentati C, Tortorella I, Bazzucchi M, Emiliani C, Morena F, Martino S. The Other Side of Alzheimer's Disease: Influence of Metabolic Disorder Features for Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers. J Pers Med 2020; 10:E115. [PMID: 32899957 PMCID: PMC7563360 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the amyloid cascade hypothesis is the dominant model to explain Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. By this hypothesis, the inherited genetic form of AD is discriminated from the sporadic form of AD (SAD) that accounts for 85-90% of total patients. The cause of SAD is still unclear, but several studies have shed light on the involvement of environmental factors and multiple susceptibility genes, such as Apolipoprotein E and other genetic risk factors, which are key mediators in different metabolic pathways (e.g., glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, energetic metabolism, and inflammation). Furthermore, growing clinical evidence in AD patients highlighted the presence of affected systemic organs and blood similarly to the brain. Collectively, these findings revise the canonical understating of AD pathogenesis and suggest that AD has metabolic disorder features. This review will focus on AD as a metabolic disorder and highlight the contribution of this novel understanding on the identification of new biomarkers for improving an early AD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (C.E.); (F.M.)
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175
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Pierzynowska K, Podlacha M, Łuszczek D, Rintz E, Gaffke L, Szczudło Z, Tomczyk M, Smoleński RT, Węgrzyn G. Hair dysmorphology in the R6/1 and R6/2 mouse models of Huntington's disease. Gene 2020; 765:145133. [PMID: 32898606 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD), caused by expansion of CAG repeats in the 1st exon of the HTT gene, is a disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. HD symptoms include chorea, behavioral disturbances and cognitive decline. Although it is described as a neurodegenerative disease, due to expression of HTT in all types of cells, peripheral symptoms also occur. R6/1 and R6/2 mouse lines, which demonstrate many different phenotypical disturbances, are among the most commonly used HD animal models. Nevertheless, in this report, we underlined, for the first time, a previously undescribed R6/1 and R6/2 feature, hair dysmorphology. We observed changes in the general view of pelage, as well as specific changes in the shape of hair, assessed under electron microscope (deep cavity and hilly hair surface or concave and convex areas on the long hair axis with an appearance of the hair as flat). Hair diameter was significantly increased in both HD mouse models relative to control animals. Moreover, loosened contact between the scales and loosened scale texture were observed in R6/1 and R6/2. Thus, this study highlighted that the hair morphology might be a useful, noninvasive and simple marker of a widely used HD mouse models, R6/1 and R6/2 lines, particularly in testing effects of potential therapeutics or disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pierzynowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Podlacha
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dorota Łuszczek
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Estera Rintz
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lidia Gaffke
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Szczudło
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marta Tomczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ryszard T Smoleński
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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176
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Wu X, Luo L, Kong R, Song Y, Li Q, Nice EC, Wang K. Recent advances in autophagic machinery: a proteomic perspective. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:561-579. [PMID: 32772586 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1808464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular clearance process, by which cytosolic components are delivered to autolysosomes for breakdown and recycling to maintain cellular homeostasis. During the past decades, autophagy has been found to be tightly implicated in various physiological and pathological progresses. Unraveling the regulatory mechanisms of the autophagy process will contribute to the development of emerging autophagy-targeting strategies for the treatment of various diseases. Recently, the rapid development of proteomics approaches has enabled the use of large-scale unbiased strategies to unravel autophagy machinery. AREAS COVERED In this review, we will highlight the recent contributions of proteomics strategies in clarifying the autophagy machinery, with an emphasis on the three different types of autophagy (namely macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy). We will also discuss the emerging role of proteomics approaches in investigating the mechanism of the autophagy-based unconventional secretory pathway (secretory autophagy). EXPERT OPINION Proteomics has provided an effective strategy for the comprehensive analysis of the autophagy process, which will broaden our understanding of autophagy machinery, and holds great promise for developing clinical therapies targeting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyun Wu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Center of Reproductive Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Li Luo
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Center of Reproductive Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , Chengdu, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education , Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ruxin Kong
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Center of Reproductive Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yabing Song
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Center of Reproductive Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Qifu Li
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research & Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University , Haikou, P.R. China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University , Clayton, Australia
| | - Kui Wang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Center of Reproductive Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , Chengdu, P.R. China
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177
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Muralidar S, Ambi SV, Sekaran S, Thirumalai D, Palaniappan B. Role of tau protein in Alzheimer's disease: The prime pathological player. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1599-1617. [PMID: 32784025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalently found tauopathy characterized by memory loss and cognitive insufficiency. AD is an age-related neurodegenerative disease with two major hallmarks which includes extracellular amyloid plaques made of amyloid-β (Aβ) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau. With population aging worldwide, there is an indispensable need for treatment strategies that can potentially manage this developing dementia. Despite broad researches on targeting Aβ in the past two decades, research findings on Aβ targeted therapeutics failed to prove efficacy in the treatment of AD. Tau protein with its extensive pathological role in several neurodegenerative diseases can be considered as a promising target candidate for developing therapeutic interventions. The abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau plays detrimental pathological functions which ultimately lead to neurodegeneration. This review will divulge the importance of tau in AD pathogenesis, the interplay of Aβ and tau, the pathological functions of tau, and potential therapeutic strategies for an effective management of neuronal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibi Muralidar
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Senthil Visaga Ambi
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Saravanan Sekaran
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India; Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Diraviyam Thirumalai
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balamurugan Palaniappan
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
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178
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Zielinski J, Ducray AD, Moeller AM, Murbach M, Kuster N, Mevissen M. Effects of pulse-modulated radiofrequency magnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure on apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress and electron chain transport function in human neuroblastoma and murine microglial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 68:104963. [PMID: 32777439 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of body-worn wireless devices with different communication protocols and rapidly changing exposure scenarios is still multiplying and the need to identify possible health effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure with extremely low-frequency (ELF) modulation envelops. In this study, effects of ELF-modulated 935 MHz RF-EMF on apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress and electron exchange in N9 microglial and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were investigated. Cells were exposed at 4 W/kg or sham-exposed for 2 and 24 h. RF-EMF exposure of both cell types did not alter apoptosis, the number of living cells nor the apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), irrespective of the exposure duration. RF-EMF exposure for 24, but not for 2 h, increased protein levels of the autophagy marker ATG5, whereas LC3B-I and II and pERK were not altered in both cell types and exposure times investigated. A transient increase in glutathione (GSH), but not hydrogen peroxide and cytochrome c oxidase was found only in SH-SY5Y cells, indicating that short-time RF-EMF at SAR levels accepted by today's safety guidelines might cause autophagy and oxidative stress with the effect being dependent on cell type and exposure duration. Further studies are needed to evaluate possible underlying mechanisms involved in pulse-modulated RF-EMF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Zielinski
- Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Angélique D Ducray
- Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Anja M Moeller
- Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Manuel Murbach
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Rämistrasse 101, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.
| | - Niels Kuster
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Rämistrasse 101, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.
| | - Meike Mevissen
- Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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179
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Clark CM, Clark RM, Hoyle JA, Dickson TC. Pathogenic or protective? Neuropeptide Y in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurochem 2020; 156:273-289. [PMID: 32654149 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an endogenous peptide of the central and enteric nervous systems which has gained significant interest as a potential neuroprotective agent for treatment of neurodegenerative disease. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an aggressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor deficits and motor neuron loss. In ALS, recent evidence from ALS patients and animal models has indicated that NPY may have a role in the disease pathogenesis. Increased NPY levels were found to correlate with disease progression in ALS patients. Similarly, NPY expression is increased in the motor cortex of ALS mice by end stages of the disease. Although the functional consequence of increased NPY levels in ALS is currently unknown, NPY has been shown to exert a diverse range of neuroprotective roles in other neurodegenerative diseases; through modulation of potassium channel activity, increased production of neurotrophins, inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy, reduction of excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and hyperexcitability. Several of these mechanisms and signalling pathways are heavily implicated in the pathogenesis of ALS. Therefore, in this review, we discuss possible effects of NPY and NPY-receptor signalling in the ALS disease context, as determining NPY's contribution to, or impact on, ALS disease mechanisms will be essential for future studies investigating the NPY system as a therapeutic strategy in this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Clark
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Rosemary M Clark
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Joshua A Hoyle
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Tracey C Dickson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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180
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Bayer C, Pitschelatow G, Hannemann N, Linde J, Reichard J, Pensold D, Zimmer-Bensch G. DNA Methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) Acts on Neurodegeneration by Modulating Proteostasis-Relevant Intracellular Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5420. [PMID: 32751461 PMCID: PMC7432412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The limited regenerative capacity of neurons requires a tightly orchestrated cell death and survival regulation in the context of longevity, as well as age-associated and neurodegenerative diseases. Subordinate to genetic networks, epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, are involved in the regulation of neuronal functionality and emerge as key contributors to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. DNA methylation, a dynamic and reversible process, is executed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). DNMT1 was previously shown to act on neuronal survival in the aged brain, whereby a DNMT1-dependent modulation of processes relevant for protein degradation was proposed as an underlying mechanism. Properly operating proteostasis networks are a mandatory prerequisite for the functionality and long-term survival of neurons. Malfunctioning proteostasis is found, inter alia, in neurodegenerative contexts. Here, we investigated whether DNMT1 affects critical aspects of the proteostasis network by a combination of expression studies, live cell imaging, and protein biochemical analyses. We found that DNMT1 negatively impacts retrograde trafficking and autophagy, with both being involved in the clearance of aggregation-prone proteins by the aggresome-autophagy pathway. In line with this, we found that the transport of GFP-labeled mutant huntingtin (HTT) to perinuclear regions, proposed to be cytoprotective, also depends on DNMT1. Depletion of Dnmt1 accelerated perinuclear HTT aggregation and improved the survival of cells transfected with mutant HTT. This suggests that mutant HTT-induced cytotoxicity is at least in part mediated by DNMT1-dependent modulation of degradative pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Geraldine Zimmer-Bensch
- Division of Functional Epigenetics in the Animal Model, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (C.B.); (G.P.); (N.H.); (J.L.); (J.R.); (D.P.)
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181
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Emanuele S, Lauricella M, D’Anneo A, Carlisi D, De Blasio A, Di Liberto D, Giuliano M. p62: Friend or Foe? Evidences for OncoJanus and NeuroJanus Roles. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145029. [PMID: 32708719 PMCID: PMC7404084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
p62 is a versatile protein involved in the delicate balance between cell death and survival, which is fundamental for cell fate decision in the context of both cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. As an autophagy adaptor, p62 recognizes polyubiquitin chains and interacts with LC3, thereby targeting the selected cargo to the autophagosome with consequent autophagic degradation. Beside this function, p62 behaves as an interactive hub in multiple signalling including those mediated by Nrf2, NF-κB, caspase-8, and mTORC1. The protein is thus crucial for the control of oxidative stress, inflammation and cell survival, apoptosis, and metabolic reprogramming, respectively. As a multifunctional protein, p62 falls into the category of those factors that can exert opposite roles in the cells. Chronic p62 accumulation was found in many types of tumors as well as in stress granules present in different forms of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the protein seems to have a Janus behaviour since it may also serve protective functions against tumorigenesis or neurodegeneration. This review describes the diversified roles of p62 through its multiple domains and interactors and specifically focuses on its oncoJanus and neuroJanus roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Emanuele
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (M.L.); (D.C.); (D.D.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marianna Lauricella
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (M.L.); (D.C.); (D.D.L.)
| | - Antonella D’Anneo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.D.); (A.D.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Daniela Carlisi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (M.L.); (D.C.); (D.D.L.)
| | - Anna De Blasio
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.D.); (A.D.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Diana Di Liberto
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (M.L.); (D.C.); (D.D.L.)
| | - Michela Giuliano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.D.); (A.D.B.); (M.G.)
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182
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Dynamic Changes of Beclin-1 in the Hippocampus of Male Mice with Vascular Dementia at Different Time Points. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:1611-1618. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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183
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction: a Potential Therapeutic Target to Treat Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3075-3088. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01945-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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184
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Elliott E, Bailey O, Waldron FM, Hardingham GE, Chandran S, Gregory JM. Therapeutic Targeting of Proteostasis in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Research. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:511. [PMID: 32523508 PMCID: PMC7261930 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive fatal neurodegenerative condition. There are no effective treatments. The only globally licensed medication, that prolongs life by 2–3 months, was approved by the FDA in 1995. One reason for the absence of effective treatments is disease heterogeneity noting that ALS is clinically heterogeneous and can be considered to exist on a neuropathological spectrum with frontotemporal dementia. Despite this significant clinical heterogeneity, protein misfolding has been identified as a unifying pathological feature in these cases. Based on this shared pathophysiology, we carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the therapeutic efficacy of compounds that specifically target protein misfolding in preclinical studies of both ALS and FTD. Methods: Three databases: (i) PubMed, (ii) MEDLINE, and (iii) EMBASE were searched. All studies comparing the effect of treatments targeting protein misfolding in pre-clinical ALS or FTD models to a control group were retrieved. Results: Systematic review identified 70 pre-clinical studies investigating the effects of therapies targeting protein misfolding on survival. Meta-analysis revealed that targeting protein misfolding did significantly improve survival compared to untreated controls (p < 0.001, df = 68, α = 0.05, CI 1.05–1.16), with no evidence of heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 0%). Further subgroup analyses, evaluating the effect of timing of these interventions, showed that, only treating prior to symptom onset (n = 33), significantly improved survival (p < 0.001, df = 31, α = 0.05, CI 1.08–1.29), although this likely reflects the inadequate sample size of later time points. Furthermore, arimoclomol was found to significantly reduce secondary outcome measures including: (i) histological outcomes, (ii) behavioral outcomes, and (iii) biochemical outcomes (p < 0.005). Conclusions: This analysis supports the hypothesis that protein misfolding plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ALS and FTD and that targeting protein misfolding, at least in pre-clinical models, can significantly improve survival, especially if such an intervention is administered prior to symptom onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Elliott
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,The Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,The Euan MacDonald Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Edinburgh Neuroscience, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,MRC Edinburgh Brain Bank, Academic Department of Neuropathology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia Bailey
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,The Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,The Euan MacDonald Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Fergal M Waldron
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,The Euan MacDonald Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,The Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,The Euan MacDonald Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Edinburgh Neuroscience, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, inStem, Bangalore, India.,MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jenna M Gregory
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,The Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,The Euan MacDonald Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Edinburgh Neuroscience, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,MRC Edinburgh Brain Bank, Academic Department of Neuropathology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Edinburgh Pathology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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185
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LC3 and ATG5 overexpression and neuronal cell death in the prefrontal cortex of postmortem chronic methamphetamine users. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 107:101802. [PMID: 32416129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) abuse is accompanied by oxidative stress, METH-induced neurotoxicity, and apoptosis. Oxidative stress has devastating effects on the structure of proteins and cells. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular regulated mechanism for orderly degradation of dysfunctional proteins or removing damaged organelles. The precise role of autophagy in oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of dopaminergic neuronal cells caused by METH has not clarified completely. In this study, we sought to evaluate the effects of METH abuse on autophagy in the prefrontal cortex of postmortem users, mainly focusing on the ATG5 and LC3 during neuroinflammation. Postmortem molecular and histological examination was done for two groups containing 12 non-addicted and 14 METH addicted cases. ATG5 and LC3 expression were analyzed by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods. Histopathological analysis was performed by stereological cell counting of neuronal cells using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) staining technique. In order to detect DNA damage in the prefrontal lobe, Tunnel staining was performed. Real-time PCR and IHC assay showed overexpression of ATG5 and LC3 protein in the prefrontal cortex of Meth users. The cell death and neuronal degeneration were increased significantly based on Tunel assay and the stereological analysis in the Prefrontal cortex. Chronic METH exposure probably induces ATG5 and LC3 overexpression and neuronal cell death in the Prefrontal cortex of the postmortem cases.
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186
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Li JJ, Chen XF, Wang M, Zhang PP, Zhang F, Zhang JJ. Long non-coding RNA UCA1 promotes autophagy by targeting miR-96-5p in acute myeloid leukaemia. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:877-885. [PMID: 31953866 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 (UCA1) has been identified as an oncogene and is involved in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Autophagy contributes to tumourigenesis and cancer cell survival. The purpose of this study was to investigate the regulatory role and mechanism of UCA1 in AML cell viability by its effect on autophagy. The expression of UCA1, miR-96-5p, and ATG7 was determined by qRT-PCR and western blot. Cell proliferation was examined by MTT assay. The autophagy level was assessed by green fluorescent protein (GFP)-LC3 immunofluorescence and western blot. The interaction between UCA1 and miR-96-5p or ATG7 was analyzed by luciferase reporter activity. The results showed that UCA1 promoted AML cell proliferation by inducing autophagy. Mechanistically, UCA1 acted as a sponge of miR-96-5p by binding to miR-96-5p. ATG7 was a direct target of miR-96-5p and positively regulated by UCA1. Further results showed that the miR-96-5p mimic effectively counteracted the UCA1 overexpression-mediated induction of the ATG7/autophagy pathway. Collectively, UCA1 functions as a sponge of miR-96-5p to upregulate its target ATG7, thereby resulting in autophagy induction. Our findings reveal a UCA1-mediated molecular mechanism responsible for autophagy induction in AML and help to improve the understanding of the molecular mechanism of AML progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jia Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiao Feng Chen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Ping Ping Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Jing Jing Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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187
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Li Y, Wu P, Dai J, Zhang T, Bihl J, Wang C, Liu Y, Shi H. Inhibition of mTOR Alleviates Early Brain Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Via Relieving Excessive Mitochondrial Fission. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 40:629-642. [PMID: 31728694 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was reported to regulate cell autophagy and outcomes of several neurological diseases. Mitochondria, which serve as critical organelles in neurons. are also involved in the pathology of neurological diseases. However, the role of mTOR in mitochondrial morphology has not been clarified especially in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In this study, we established SAH models both in vivo and in vitro. Rapamycin and 3-methyl adenine (3-MA) were then administered to alter mTOR activity. Post-SAH assessment included SAH grading, neurological evaluation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, brain water content, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial morphology, ATP content, cell viability, cytotoxicity, and expression of proteins related to apoptosis and mitochondrial fission. The results showed that (1) neurological deficits, BBB permeability, and brain edema were increased after SAH and that cell viability was exacerbated in brain tissue. (2) Excessive mitochondrial fission was evident based on changes in mitochondrial morphology, while MMP and ATP content were decreased in neurons after SAH. (3) Administration of rapamycin improved the excessive mitochondrial fission and restored mitochondrial function, which subsequently reduced apoptosis. (4) 3-MA showed an adverse effect on mitochondria and aggravated excessive mitochondrial fission and dysfunction in SAH. Neurological deficits and neuronal viability were also exacerbated following the administration of 3-MA. Therefore, our study suggests that mTOR inhibition has neuroprotective effects against neuronal injury after SAH via alleviating excessive mitochondrial fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Pei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiaxing Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tongyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ji Bihl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Huaizhang Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China.
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188
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Gu J, Jin ZS, Wang CM, Yan XF, Mao YQ, Chen S. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Improves Spinal Cord Function After Injury in Rats by Activating Autophagy. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:1621-1631. [PMID: 32425507 PMCID: PMC7196809 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s237502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a global medical problem. The smallest membrane-bound nanovesicles, known as exosomes, have a role in complex intercellular communication systems and can be used directly as therapeutic agents by acting as important paracrine factors. Nevertheless, the use of exosomes derived from BMSCs (BMSC-Exos) to treat SCI has been less, and the specific mechanism has not yet been reported. Methods BMSC-Exos were characterized by TEM, NTA and Western blot. The effects of BMSC-Exos treatment were compared by SCI in vivo model and a series of in vitro experiments. Results BMSC-Exos were found to enhance the expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3IIB and Beclin-1 and enabled autophagosomes formation. After BMSC-Exos treatment, there was marked decline in the level of expression of proapoptotic protein cleaved caspase-3, while that of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 was upregulated. Conclusion BMSC-Exos can attenuate neuronal apoptosis by promoting autophagy and promote the potential efficacy of functional behavior recovery in SCI rats. In summary, these findings expand the theoretical knowledge and forms a realistic route for the future treatment of SCI by BMSC-Exos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gu
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215228, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Shuai Jin
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215228, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Ming Wang
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215228, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Fei Yan
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215228, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Qing Mao
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215228, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Chen
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215228, People's Republic of China
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189
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Wang L, Tan Z, Zhang Y, Kady Keita N, Liu H, Zhang Y. ADAM12 silencing promotes cellular apoptosis by activating autophagy in choriocarcinoma cells. Int J Oncol 2020; 56:1162-1174. [PMID: 32319603 PMCID: PMC7115740 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ADAM metallopeptidase domain 12 (ADAM12) has been demonstrated to mediate cell proliferation and apoptosis resistance in several types of cancer cells. However, the effect of ADAM12 silencing on the proliferation and apoptosis of choriocarcinoma cells remains unknown. The present study revealed that ADAM12 silencing significantly inhibited cellular activity and proliferation in the human choriocarcinoma JEG3 cell line and increased the rate of apoptosis. In addition, ADAM12 silencing significantly increased the expression levels of the autophagy proteins microtubule-associated protein-light-chain 3 (LC3B) and autophagy related 5 (ATG5) and the fluorescence density of LC3B in JEG-3 cells. However, the suppression of autophagy by 3-methyladenine could block ADAM12 silencing-induced cellular apoptosis. ADAM12 silencing reduced the levels of the inflammatory factors interleukin-1β, interferon-γ and TNF-α, and inactivated nuclear p65-NF-κB and p-mTOR in JEG-3 cells. The downregulation of p-mTOR expression by ADAM12 silencing was rescued in 3-methyladenine-treated JEG-3 cells, indicating that mTOR might participate in the autophagy-mediated pro-apoptotic effect of ADAM12 silencing. In conclusion, ADAM12 silencing promoted cellular apoptosis in human choriocarcinoma JEG3 cells, which might be associated with autophagy and the mTOR response. These findings indicate that ADAM12 silencing might be a potential novel therapeutic target for choriocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Zhihui Tan
- Department of Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Nankoria Kady Keita
- Department of Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Huining Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
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190
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Zhou X, Bouitbir J, Liechti ME, Krähenbühl S, Mancuso RV. Para-Halogenation of Amphetamine and Methcathinone Increases the Mitochondrial Toxicity in Undifferentiated and Differentiated SH-SY5Y Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082841. [PMID: 32325754 PMCID: PMC7215714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Halogenation of amphetamines and methcathinones has become a common method to obtain novel psychoactive substances (NPS) also called “legal highs”. The para-halogenated derivatives of amphetamine and methcathinone are available over the internet and have entered the illicit drug market but studies on their potential neurotoxic effects are rare. The primary aim of this study was to explore the neurotoxicity of amphetamine, methcathinone and their para-halogenated derivatives 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA), 4-chloroamphetamine (PCA), 4-fluoromethcathinone (4-FMC), and 4-chloromethcathinone (4-CMC) in undifferentiated and differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. We found that 4-FA, PCA, and 4-CMC were cytotoxic (decrease in cellular ATP and plasma membrane damage) for both cell types, whereby differentiated cells were less sensitive. IC50 values for cellular ATP depletion were in the range of 1.4 mM for 4-FA, 0.4 mM for PCA and 1.4 mM for 4-CMC. The rank of cytotoxicity observed for the para-substituents was chloride > fluoride > hydrogen for both amphetamines and cathinones. Each of 4-FA, PCA and 4-CMC decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential in both cell types, and PCA and 4-CMC impaired the function of the electron transport chain of mitochondria in SH-SY5Y cells. 4-FA, PCA, and 4-CMC increased the ROS level and PCA and 4-CMC induced apoptosis by the endogenous pathway. In conclusion, para-halogenation of amphetamine and methcathinone increases their neurotoxic properties due to the impairment of mitochondrial function and induction of apoptosis. Although the cytotoxic concentrations were higher than those needed for pharmacological activity, the current findings may be important regarding the uncontrolled recreational use of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhou
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jamal Bouitbir
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias E Liechti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo V Mancuso
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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191
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Zhou X, Bouitbir J, Liechti ME, Krähenbühl S, Mancuso RV. Hyperthermia Increases Neurotoxicity Associated with Novel Methcathinones. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040965. [PMID: 32295288 PMCID: PMC7227000 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermia is one of the severe acute adverse effects that can be caused by the ingestion of recreational drugs, such as methcathinones. The effect of hyperthermia on neurotoxicity is currently not known. The primary aim of our study was therefore to investigate the effects of hyperthermia (40.5 °C) on the neurotoxicity of methcathinone (MC), 4-chloromethcathinone (4-CMC), and 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC) in SH-SY5Y cells. We found that 4-CMC and 4-MMC were cytotoxic (decrease in cellular ATP and plasma membrane damage) under both hyper- (40.5 °C) and normothermic conditions (37 °C), whereby cells were more sensitive to the toxicants at 40.5 °C. 4-CMC and 4-MMC impaired the function of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and increased mitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in SH-SY5Y cells, which were accentuated under hyperthermic conditions. Hyperthermia was associated with a rapid expression of the 70 kilodalton heat shock protein (Hsp70), which partially prevented cell death after 6 h of exposure to the toxicants. After 24 h of exposure, autophagy was stimulated by the toxicants and by hyperthermia but could only partially prevent cell death. In conclusion, hyperthermic conditions increased the neurotoxic properties of methcathinones despite the stimulation of protective mechanisms. These findings may be important for the understanding of the mechanisms and clinical consequences of the neurotoxicity associated with these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhou
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (X.Z.); (J.B.); (M.E.L.); (R.V.M.)
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jamal Bouitbir
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (X.Z.); (J.B.); (M.E.L.); (R.V.M.)
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias E. Liechti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (X.Z.); (J.B.); (M.E.L.); (R.V.M.)
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (X.Z.); (J.B.); (M.E.L.); (R.V.M.)
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-61-265-4715
| | - Riccardo V. Mancuso
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (X.Z.); (J.B.); (M.E.L.); (R.V.M.)
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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192
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Chen S, Tian R, Luo D, Xiao Z, Li H, Lin D. Time-Course Changes and Role of Autophagy in Primary Spinal Motor Neurons Subjected to Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation: Insights Into Autophagy Changes in a Cellular Model of Spinal Cord Ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:38. [PMID: 32265654 PMCID: PMC7098962 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord ischemia is a severe clinical complication induced by thoracoabdominal aortic surgery, severe trauma, or compression to the spinal column. As one of the most important functional cells in the spinal cord, spinal motor neurons (SMNs) suffer most during the process since they are vulnerable to ischemic injury due to high demands of energy. Previous researches have tried various animal models or organotypic tissue experiments to mimic the process and get to know the pathogenesis and mechanism. However, little work has been performed on the cellular model of spinal cord ischemia, which has been hampered by the inability to obtain a sufficient number of pure primary SMNs for in vitro study. By optimizing the isolation and culture of SMNs, our laboratory has developed an improved culture system of primary SMNs, which allows cellular models and thus mechanism studies. In the present study, by establishing an in vitro model of spinal cord ischemia, we intended to observe the dynamic time-course changes of SMNs and investigate the role of autophagy in SMNs during the process. It was found that oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) resulted in destruction of neural networks and decreased cell viability of primary SMNs, and the severity increased with the prolonging of the OGD time. The OGD treatment enhanced autophagy, which reached a peak at 5 h. Further investigation demonstrated that inhibition of autophagy exacerbated the injury, evidencing that autophagy plays a protective role during the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudong Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruimin Tian
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Luo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingkun Lin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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193
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Lin MW, Chen YH, Yang HB, Lin CC, Hung SY. Galantamine Inhibits Aβ 1-42-Induced Neurotoxicity by Enhancing α7nAChR Expression as a Cargo Carrier for LC3 Binding and Aβ 1-42 Engulfment During Autophagic Degradation. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:676-689. [PMID: 31823156 PMCID: PMC7283419 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00803-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite Alzheimer's disease (AD) being the most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide, no FDA-approved disease-modifying treatments have been approved for this condition since 2003. Neuronal-type alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs) play an essential role in cognitive functions, binding with extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ plaques) and inhibiting Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. α7nAChRs are impaired early in the course of AD; drugs targeting α7nAChRs are being hotly pursued as a treatment of AD. Encenicline, a partial selective agonist of α7nAChR and modulator of acetylcholine, failed in phase III trials because of gastrointestinal side effects. We, therefore, evaluated the efficacy of galantamine, a positive allosteric modulator at α7nAChRs and an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, that has been used since 2000 as first-line treatment of mild-to-moderate dementia. This study highlights an important new benefit with galantamine. We found that galantamine inhibits Aβ1-42-induced apoptosis by activating the JNK signaling pathway, thus enhancing α7nAChR expression, and also inhibits the Akt pathway, which further increases autophagosome biogenesis and autophagy. These effects can be reproduced by α7nAChR overexpression in the absence of galantamine. Importantly, the α7 subunit protein sequence of α7nAChRs contains 3 LC3-interacting regions; our immunoprecipitation data show that α7 binds with the autophagosomal marker protein LC3. This is the first report to provide evidence showing that the cell surface receptor α7nAChR acts as a cargo carrier for LC3 binding for Aβ1-42 sequestration to autophagosomes, suggesting a novel mechanism for the neuroprotective efficacy of galantamine in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Lin
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital/E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ben Yang
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40249, Taiwan
| | - Chi Chien Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40249, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ya Hung
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan.
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194
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Zhuang X, Yu Y, Jiang Y, Zhao S, Wang Y, Su L, Xie K, Yu Y, Lu Y, Lv G. Molecular hydrogen attenuates sepsis-induced neuroinflammation through regulation of microglia polarization through an mTOR-autophagy-dependent pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 81:106287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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195
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Xiang H, Zhang J, Lin C, Zhang L, Liu B, Ouyang L. Targeting autophagy-related protein kinases for potential therapeutic purpose. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:569-581. [PMID: 32322463 PMCID: PMC7161711 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, defined as a scavenging process of protein aggregates and damaged organelles mediated by lysosomes, plays a significant role in the quality control of macromolecules and organelles. Since protein kinases are integral to the autophagy process, it is critically important to understand the role of kinases in autophagic regulation. At present, intervention of autophagic processes by small-molecule modulators targeting specific kinases has becoming a reasonable and prevalent strategy for treating several varieties of human disease, especially cancer. In this review, we describe the role of some autophagy-related kinase targets and kinase-mediated phosphorylation mechanisms in autophagy regulation. We also summarize the small-molecule kinase inhibitors/activators of these targets, highlighting the opportunities of these new therapeutic agents.
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Key Words
- 4E-BP1, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein
- AKT1, AKT serine/threonine kinase 1
- AMBRA1, autophagy/beclin-1 regulator 1
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- ARF, auxin response factor gene
- ATG, autophagy-related protein
- Autophagy
- Autophagy-related kinase
- CaMKK2, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2
- DAPK, death associated protein kinase
- FIP200, FAK family kinase-interacting protein of 200 kDa
- GAP, GTPase-activating protein
- GO, gene ontology
- GSK3α, glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha
- HMGB1, high mobility group protein B1
- Human disease therapy
- JNK1, C-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- LKB1, serine/threonine-protein kinase stk11
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LRRK2, leucine rich repeat kinase 2
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PI, phosphatidylinositol
- PI3 kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PI3P, phosphatidylinositol triphosphate
- PIM2, proviral insertion in murine lymphomas 2
- PINK1, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1
- PIP2, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate
- PKACα, a protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha
- PKCα, protein kinase C alpha type
- PKD1, polycystin-1
- PPIs, protein–protein interactions
- PROTAC, proteolysis targeting chimeras
- PTMs, post-translational modifications
- Phosphorylation
- Protein kinases
- Rheb, the RAS homolog enriched in brain
- Small-molecule kinase inhibitors/activators
- TAK1, transforming growth factor activated kinase-1
- TFEB, transcription factor EB
- TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer
- TSC1/2, tuberous sclerosis complex proteins 1/2
- ULK complex, ULK1–mATG13–FIP200–ATG101 complex
- ULK1, unc-51-like kinase 1
- UVRAG, ultraviolet resistance-associated gene
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Congcong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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196
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Hasanain M, Sahai R, Pandey P, Maheshwari M, Choyal K, Gandhi D, Singh A, Singh K, Mitra K, Datta D, Sarkar J. Microtubule disrupting agent-mediated inhibition of cancer cell growth is associated with blockade of autophagic flux and simultaneous induction of apoptosis. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12749. [PMID: 32167212 PMCID: PMC7162801 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Given that autophagy inhibition is a feasible way to enhance sensitivity of cancer cells towards chemotherapeutic agents, identifying potent autophagy inhibitor has obvious clinical relevance. Here, we investigated ability of TN‐16, a microtubule disrupting agent, on modulation of autophagic flux and its significance in promoting in vitro and in vivo cancer cell death. Materials and methods The effect of TN‐16 on cancer cell proliferation, cell division, autophagic process and apoptotic signalling was assessed by various biochemical (Western blot and SRB assay), morphological (TEM, SEM, confocal microscopy) and flowcytometric assays. In vivo anti‐tumour efficacy of TN‐16 was investigated in syngeneic mouse model of breast cancer. Results TN‐16 inhibited cancer cell proliferation by impairing late‐stage autophagy and induction of apoptosis. Inhibition of autophagic flux was demonstrated by accumulation of autophagy‐specific substrate p62 and lack of additional LC3‐II turnover in the presence of lysosomotropic agent. The effect was validated by confocal micrographs showing diminished autophagosome‐lysosome fusion. Further studies revealed that TN‐16–mediated inhibition of autophagic flux promotes apoptotic cell death. Consistent with in vitro data, results of our in vivo study revealed that TN‐16–mediated tumour growth suppression is associated with blockade of autophagic flux and enhanced apoptosis. Conclusions Our data signify that TN‐16 is a potent autophagy flux inhibitor and might be suitable for (pre‐) clinical use as standard inhibitor of autophagy with anti‐cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hasanain
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rohit Sahai
- Electron Microscopy Unit, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Praveen Pandey
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mayank Maheshwari
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Choyal
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepa Gandhi
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akhilesh Singh
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kavita Singh
- Electron Microscopy Unit, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kalyan Mitra
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Electron Microscopy Unit, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dipak Datta
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jayanta Sarkar
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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197
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Ray SK. Modulation of autophagy for neuroprotection and functional recovery in traumatic spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1601-1612. [PMID: 32209759 PMCID: PMC7437603 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.276322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious central nervous system trauma that leads to loss of motor and sensory functions in the SCI patients. One of the cell death mechanisms is autophagy, which is 'self-eating' of the damaged and misfolded proteins and nucleic acids, damaged mitochondria, and other impaired organelles for recycling of cellular building blocks. Autophagy is different from all other cell death mechanisms in one important aspect that it gives the cells an opportunity to survive or demise depending on the circumstances. Autophagy is a therapeutic target for alleviation of pathogenesis in traumatic SCI. However, functions of autophagy in traumatic SCI remain controversial. Spatial and temporal patterns of activation of autophagy after traumatic SCI have been reported to be contradictory. Formation of autophagosomes following therapeutic activation or inhibition of autophagy flux is ambiguous in traumatic SCI studies. Both beneficial and harmful outcomes due to enhancement autophagy have been reported in traumatic SCI studies in preclinical models. Only further studies will make it clear whether therapeutic activation or inhibition of autophagy is beneficial in overall outcomes in preclinical models of traumatic SCI. Therapeutic enhancement of autophagy flux may digest the damaged components of the central nervous system cells for recycling and thereby facilitating functional recovery. Many studies demonstrated activation of autophagy flux and inhibition of apoptosis for neuroprotective effects in traumatic SCI. Therapeutic induction of autophagy in traumatic SCI promotes axonal regeneration, supporting another beneficial role of autophagy in traumatic SCI. In contrast, some other studies demonstrated that disruption of autophagy flux in traumatic SCI strongly correlated with neuronal death at remote location and impaired functional recovery. This article describes our current understanding of roles of autophagy in acute and chronic traumatic SCI, cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis, therapeutic activation or inhibition of autophagy for promoting functional recovery, and future of autophagy in traumatic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA,Correspondence to: Swapan K. Ray, .
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198
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Ormeño F, Hormazabal J, Moreno J, Riquelme F, Rios J, Criollo A, Albornoz A, Alfaro IE, Budini M. Chaperone Mediated Autophagy Degrades TDP-43 Protein and Is Affected by TDP-43 Aggregation. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:19. [PMID: 32132902 PMCID: PMC7040037 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
TAR DNA binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43) is a ribonuclear protein regulating many aspects of RNA metabolism. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) are fatal neurodegenerative diseases with the presence of TDP-43 aggregates in neuronal cells. Chaperone Mediated Autophagy (CMA) is a lysosomal degradation pathway participating in the proteostasis of several cytosolic proteins including neurodegenerative associated proteins. In addition, protein oligomers or aggregates can affect the status of CMA. In this work, we studied the relationship between CMA and the physiological and pathological forms of TDP-43. First, we found that recombinant TDP-43 was specifically degraded by rat liver’s CMA+ lysosomes and that endogenous TDP-43 is localized in rat brain’s CMA+ lysosomes, indicating that TDP-43 can be a CMA substrate in vivo. Next, by using a previously reported TDP-43 aggregation model, we have shown that wild-type and an aggregate-prone form of TDP-43 are detected in CMA+ lysosomes isolated from cell cultures. In addition, their protein levels increased in cells displaying CMA down-regulation, indicating that these two TDP-43 forms are CMA substrates in vitro. Finally, we observed that the aggregate-prone form of TDP-43 is able to interact with Hsc70, to co-localize with Lamp2A, and to up-regulate the levels of these molecular components of CMA. The latter was followed by an up-regulation of the CMA activity and lysosomal damage. Altogether our data shows that: (i) TDP-43 is a CMA substrate; (ii) CMA can contribute to control the turnover of physiological and pathological forms of TDP-43; and (iii) TDP-43 aggregation can affect CMA performance. Overall, this work contributes to understanding how a dysregulation between CMA and TDP-43 would participate in neuropathological mechanisms associated with TDP-43 aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Ormeño
- Dentistry Faculty, Molecular and Cellular Pathology Laboratory, Institute in Dentistry Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Autophagy Research Center (ARC), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Hormazabal
- Lysosome Biology Research Laboratory, Fundación Ciencia y Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Moreno
- Dentistry Faculty, Molecular and Cellular Pathology Laboratory, Institute in Dentistry Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Riquelme
- Dentistry Faculty, Molecular and Cellular Pathology Laboratory, Institute in Dentistry Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Rios
- Dentistry Faculty, Molecular and Cellular Pathology Laboratory, Institute in Dentistry Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Autophagy Research Center (ARC), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo Criollo
- Cellular Biology Laboratory, Dentistry Faculty, Institute in Dentistry Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Iván E Alfaro
- Lysosome Biology Research Laboratory, Fundación Ciencia y Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Budini
- Dentistry Faculty, Molecular and Cellular Pathology Laboratory, Institute in Dentistry Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Autophagy Research Center (ARC), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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199
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Mitoma H, Buffo A, Gelfo F, Guell X, Fucà E, Kakei S, Lee J, Manto M, Petrosini L, Shaikh AG, Schmahmann JD. Consensus Paper. Cerebellar Reserve: From Cerebellar Physiology to Cerebellar Disorders. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 19:131-153. [PMID: 31879843 PMCID: PMC6978437 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar reserve refers to the capacity of the cerebellum to compensate for tissue damage or loss of function resulting from many different etiologies. When the inciting event produces acute focal damage (e.g., stroke, trauma), impaired cerebellar function may be compensated for by other cerebellar areas or by extracerebellar structures (i.e., structural cerebellar reserve). In contrast, when pathological changes compromise cerebellar neuronal integrity gradually leading to cell death (e.g., metabolic and immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias, neurodegenerative ataxias), it is possible that the affected area itself can compensate for the slowly evolving cerebellar lesion (i.e., functional cerebellar reserve). Here, we examine cerebellar reserve from the perspective of the three cornerstones of clinical ataxiology: control of ocular movements, coordination of voluntary axial and appendicular movements, and cognitive functions. Current evidence indicates that cerebellar reserve is potentiated by environmental enrichment through the mechanisms of autophagy and synaptogenesis, suggesting that cerebellar reserve is not rigid or fixed, but exhibits plasticity potentiated by experience. These conclusions have therapeutic implications. During the period when cerebellar reserve is preserved, treatments should be directed at stopping disease progression and/or limiting the pathological process. Simultaneously, cerebellar reserve may be potentiated using multiple approaches. Potentiation of cerebellar reserve may lead to compensation and restoration of function in the setting of cerebellar diseases, and also in disorders primarily of the cerebral hemispheres by enhancing cerebellar mechanisms of action. It therefore appears that cerebellar reserve, and the underlying plasticity of cerebellar microcircuitry that enables it, may be of critical neurobiological importance to a wide range of neurological/neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mitoma
- Medical Education Promotion Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - A Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - F Gelfo
- Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, 00193, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - X Guell
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - E Fucà
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - S Kakei
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J Lee
- Komatsu University, Komatsu, Japan
| | - M Manto
- Unité des Ataxies Cérébelleuses, Service de Neurologie, CHU-Charleroi, 6000, Charleroi, Belgium
- Service des Neurosciences, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - L Petrosini
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - A G Shaikh
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J D Schmahmann
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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200
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Samimi N, Asada A, Ando K. Tau Abnormalities and Autophagic Defects in Neurodegenerative Disorders; A Feed-forward Cycle. Galen Med J 2020; 9:e1681. [PMID: 34466566 PMCID: PMC8343705 DOI: 10.31661/gmj.v9i0.1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal deposition of misfolded proteins is a neuropathological characteristic shared by many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Generation of excessive amounts of aggregated proteins and impairment of degradation systems for misfolded proteins such as autophagy can lead to accumulation of proteins in diseased neurons. Molecules that contribute to both these effects are emerging as critical players in disease pathogenesis. Furthermore, impairment of autophagy under disease conditions can be both a cause and a consequence of abnormal protein accumulation. Specifically, disease-causing proteins can impair autophagy, which further enhances the accumulation of abnormal proteins. In this short review, we focus on the relationship between the microtubule-associated protein tau and autophagy to highlight a feed-forward mechanism in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Samimi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akiko Asada
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanae Ando
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence to: Kanae Ando, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192- 0397, Japan Telephone Number: +81-42-677-2769 Email Address:
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