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Lin SF, Beck AN, Finch BK. The Dynamic contribution of chronic conditions to temporal trends in disability among U.S. adults. Disabil Health J 2015; 9:332-40. [PMID: 26750975 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although evidence has shown that U.S. late-life disability has been declining, studies have also suggested that there has been an increase in chronic diseases between 1984 and 2007. OBJECTIVES To further illuminate these potentially contradictory trends, we explicate how the contribution of chronic conditions changes across four common types of disability (ADL, IADL, mobility disability, and functional limitations) by age (A), period (P), and birth cohorts (C) among adults aged 20 and above. METHODS Our data came from seven cross-sectional waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We utilize a cross-classified random effect model (CCREM) to simultaneously estimate age, period, and cohort trends for each disability. Each chronic condition was sequentially then simultaneously added to our base models (sociodemographics only). Reductions in predicted probability from the base model were then calculated for each chronic condition by each temporal dimension (A/P/C) to assess the contribution of each chronic condition. RESULTS There was increasing age-based contribution of chronic conditions to all disabilities. The period-based contribution remained quite stagnant across years while cohort-based contributions showed a continual decline for recent cohorts. Arthritis showed the greatest contribution to disability of all types which was followed by obesity. Cancer was the least important contributor to disabilities. CONCLUSION Although chronic conditions are becoming less disabling across recent cohorts, other competing risk factors might suggest prevailing causes of disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Fan Lin
- Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego State University, 9245 Sky Park Court, Suite 220, San Diego, CA 92123, USA; Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr. Hardy Tower, Room 119, San Diego, CA 92182-4162, USA.
| | - Audrey N Beck
- Department of Sociology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr. Nasatir Hall, Room 224, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Brian K Finch
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr. Hardy Tower, Room 119, San Diego, CA 92182-4162, USA; Center for Economic and Social Research USC, Population Research Center, 635 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089-3332, USA
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152
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Hortobágyi T, Lesinski M, Gäbler M, VanSwearingen JM, Malatesta D, Granacher U. Effects of Three Types of Exercise Interventions on Healthy Old Adults' Gait Speed: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2015; 45:1627-43. [PMID: 26286449 PMCID: PMC4656792 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0371-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Habitual walking speed predicts many clinical conditions later in life, but it declines with age. However, which particular exercise intervention can minimize the age-related gait speed loss is unclear. PURPOSE Our objective was to determine the effects of strength, power, coordination, and multimodal exercise training on healthy old adults' habitual and fast gait speed. METHODS We performed a computerized systematic literature search in PubMed and Web of Knowledge from January 1984 up to December 2014. Search terms included 'Resistance training', 'power training', 'coordination training', 'multimodal training', and 'gait speed (outcome term). Inclusion criteria were articles available in full text, publication period over past 30 years, human species, journal articles, clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, English as publication language, and subject age ≥65 years. The methodological quality of all eligible intervention studies was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. We computed weighted average standardized mean differences of the intervention-induced adaptations in gait speed using a random-effects model and tested for overall and individual intervention effects relative to no-exercise controls. RESULTS A total of 42 studies (mean PEDro score of 5.0 ± 1.2) were included in the analyses (2495 healthy old adults; age 74.2 years [64.4-82.7]; body mass 69.9 ± 4.9 kg, height 1.64 ± 0.05 m, body mass index 26.4 ± 1.9 kg/m2, and gait speed 1.22 ± 0.18 m/s). The search identified only one power training study, therefore the subsequent analyses focused only on the effects of resistance, coordination, and multimodal training on gait speed. The three types of intervention improved gait speed in the three experimental groups combined (n = 1297) by 0.10 m/s (±0.12) or 8.4% (±9.7), with a large effect size (ES) of 0.84. Resistance (24 studies; n = 613; 0.11 m/s; 9.3%; ES: 0.84), coordination (eight studies, n = 198; 0.09 m/s; 7.6%; ES: 0.76), and multimodal training (19 studies; n = 486; 0.09 m/s; 8.4%, ES: 0.86) increased gait speed statistically and similarly. CONCLUSIONS Commonly used exercise interventions can functionally and clinically increase habitual and fast gait speed and help slow the loss of gait speed or delay its onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Hortobágyi
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Melanie Lesinski
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martijn Gäbler
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jessie M VanSwearingen
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences University of Lausanne (ISSUL), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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153
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Hajek A, Lehnert T, Ernst A, Lange C, Wiese B, Prokein J, Weyerer S, Werle J, Pentzek M, Fuchs A, Luck T, Bickel H, Mösch E, Heser K, Wagner M, Maier W, Scherer M, Riedel-Heller SG, König HH. Prevalence and determinants of overweight and obesity in old age in Germany. BMC Geriatr 2015; 15:83. [PMID: 26170016 PMCID: PMC4499904 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-015-0081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mean body weight gradually increases with age. Yet, little data exists on the prevalence of excess weight in populations aged 80 years or older. Moreover, little is known about predictors of overweight and obesity in old age. Thus, the purpose of this study was: To present data on the prevalence of excess weight in old age in Germany, to investigate predictors of excess weight in a cross-sectional approach and to examine factors affecting excess weight in a longitudinal approach. METHODS Subjects consisted of 1,882 individuals aged 79 years or older. The course of excess weight was observed over 3 years. Excess weight was defined as follows: Overweight (25 kg/m(2) ≤ BMI < 30 kg/m(2)) and obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2)). We used fixed effects regressions to estimate effects of time dependent variables on BMI, and overweight or obesity, respectively. RESULTS The majority was overweight (40.0%) or obese (13.7%). Cross-sectional regressions revealed that BMI was positively associated with younger age, severe walking impairments and negatively associated with cognitive impairments. Excess weight was positively associated with younger age, elementary education, walking impairments and physical inactivity, while excess weight was negatively associated with cognitive impairment. Longitudinal regressions showed that age and severely impaired walking disabilities reduced BMI. The probability of transitions to excess weight decreased considerably with older age and occurrence of severe walking impairments (overweight). CONCLUSIONS Marked differences between predictors in cross- and longitudinal setting exist, underlining the complex nature of excess weight in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Hajek
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Lehnert
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Annette Ernst
- Department of Primary Medical Care, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Carolin Lange
- Department of Primary Medical Care, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Birgitt Wiese
- Institute of General Practice, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Jana Prokein
- Institute of General Practice, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Siegfried Weyerer
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Jochen Werle
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Michael Pentzek
- Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Angela Fuchs
- Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Tobias Luck
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Horst Bickel
- Department of Psychiatry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Edelgard Mösch
- Department of Psychiatry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Heser
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. .,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. .,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Martin Scherer
- Department of Primary Medical Care, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Steffi G Riedel-Heller
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Hans-Helmut König
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Corica F, Bianchi G, Corsonello A, Mazzella N, Lattanzio F, Marchesini G. Obesity in the Context of Aging: Quality of Life Considerations. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2015; 33:655-672. [PMID: 25420750 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-014-0237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The progressive increase in the prevalence of obesity and aging in the population is resulting in increased healthcare and disability spending. The burden of obesity is particularly relevant in old age, due to accumulating co-morbidities and changes in body composition. Sarcopenic obesity, a mix of over- and under-nutrition, causes frailty, disability, and problems in social and psychological areas, impacting overall health-related quality of life (HR-QOL). The relationship between obesity, aging, and HR-QOL is, however, much more complex than generally acknowledged and is difficult to disentangle. The impact of obesity on HR-QOL is particularly strong in young people, who are free of co-morbidities. It progressively attenuates, compared with the general population, with advancing age, when co-morbid conditions are diffusely present and reduce the perceived health status, independent of obesity. However, even this apparent 'obesity paradox' should not minimize the importance of obesity on HR-QOL, as other obesity-associated limitations and disabilities do impact HR-QOL in older age. A patient-centered approach aimed at reducing the disability and social isolation of advancing age is mandatory to improve HR-QOL in any class of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Corica
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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155
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Knee Extensor Power Relates to Mobility Performance in People With Knee Osteoarthritis: Cross-Sectional Analysis. Phys Ther 2015; 95:989-95. [PMID: 25655881 PMCID: PMC4498146 DOI: 10.2522/ptj.20140360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quadriceps femoris muscle strengthening is a common rehabilitation exercise for knee osteoarthritis (OA). More information is needed to determine whether targeting muscle power is a useful adjunct to strengthening for people with knee OA. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to identify the predictive ability of knee extensor strength and knee extensor power in the performance of physical tasks in adults with knee OA. DESIGN This study used a cross-sectional design. METHODS Fifty-five participants with clinical knee OA were included (43 women; mean [SD] age=60.9 [6.9] years). Dependent variables were: timed stair ascent, timed stair descent, and the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT). Independent variables were: peak knee extensor strength and mean peak knee extensor power. Covariates were: age, body mass index, and self-efficacy. Multiple regression analyses were run for each dependent variable with just covariates, then a second model including strength, and then a third model including power. The R(2) values were compared between models. RESULTS Power explained greater variance than strength in all models. Over and above the covariates, power explained an additional 6% of the variance in the 6MWT, increasing the R(2) value from .33 to .39; 8% in the stair ascent test, increasing the R(2) value from .52 to .60; and 3% in the stair descent test, increasing the R(2) value from .44 to .47. LIMITATIONS The sample demonstrated very good mobility and muscle function scores and may not be indicative of those with severe knee OA. CONCLUSIONS In adults with knee OA, knee extensor power was a stronger determinant of walking and stair performance when compared with knee extensor strength. Clinicians should consider these results when advising patients on exercise to maintain or improve mobility.
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156
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Minematsu A, Hazaki K, Harano A, Okamoto N, Kurumatani N. Differences in physical function by body mass index in elderly Japanese individuals: The Fujiwara-kyo Study. Obes Res Clin Pract 2015; 10:41-8. [PMID: 26072292 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined differences in physical function according to body mass index (BMI) in elderly Japanese individuals. METHODS Participants (1754 men and 1795 women aged ≥65 years) were divided into the following five BMI groups: low BMI (≤20.0), low-medium BMI (20.1-22.5), medium BMI (22.6-25.0), medium-high BMI (25.1-27.5) and high BMI (≥27.6). Physical function was measured according to BMI and sex, and associations between BMI and physical function were examined. RESULTS Compared with the medium BMI group, handgrip strength (HGS), knee extension torque (KET), and knee flexion torque (KFT) were significantly lower in both sexes in the low BMI group, while KET and KFT were significantly higher among men in the high BMI group. One-leg standing time (OLST) with open eyes was significantly shorter among men in the high BMI group than in the medium BMI group. The high BMI group was significantly inferior to the medium BMI group in 10m gait time (10MGT), OLST, and maximum one-step length to height ratio among women. All physical functions, except for 10MGT in men, were associated with BMI adjusted age and/or sex. Muscle strength showed a positive association with BMI in both sexes. There was a stronger association between BMI and physical performance in women compared to men. CONCLUSION We found that BMI influences a variety of factors related to muscle strength and physical performance. Our findings may help contribute to the prevention of mobility impairments in elderly Japanese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Minematsu
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Science, Kio University, Japan.
| | - Kan Hazaki
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Electro-Communication University, Japan
| | - Akihiro Harano
- Department of Orthopedics, Yamato Takada Municipal Hospital, Japan
| | - Nozomi Okamoto
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Norio Kurumatani
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
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157
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Abstract
The health challenges prompted by obesity in the older adult population are poorly recognized and understudied. A defined treatment of geriatric obesity is difficult to establish, as it must take into account biological heterogeneity, age-related comorbidities, and functional limitations (sarcopenia/dynapenia). This retrospective article highlights the current understanding of the optimal body mass index (BMI) in later life, addressing appropriate recommendations based on BMI category, age, and health history. The findings of randomized control trials of weight loss/maintenance interventions help one to move closer to evidence-based and appropriately individualized recommendations for body weight management in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn N Porter Starr
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3003, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Durham VA Medical Center, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Connie W Bales
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3003, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Durham VA Medical Center, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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158
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Dolecka UE, Ownsworth T, Kuys SS. Comparison of sit-to-stand strategies used by older adults and people living with dementia. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2015; 60:528-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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The Role of Muscle Mass, Muscle Quality, and Body Composition in Risk for the Metabolic Syndrome and Functional Decline in Older Adults. CURRENT GERIATRICS REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13670-015-0132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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160
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An R, Shi Y. Body weight status and onset of functional limitations in U.S. middle-aged and older adults. Disabil Health J 2015; 8:336-44. [PMID: 25863703 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sweeping obesity epidemic could further increase the incidence of functional limitations in the U.S. rapidly aging population. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between body weight status and onset of functional limitations in U.S. middle-aged and older adults. METHODS Study sample came from 1992 to 2010 waves of the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative longitudinal survey of community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from self-reported height/weight. Functional limitations were classified into physical mobility limitation (PM), large muscle function limitation (LMF), activities of daily living limitation (ADL), gross motor function limitation (GMF), and fine motor function limitation (FMF). Mixed-effect logistic regressions were performed to estimate the relationship between prior-wave body weight status and current-wave onset of functional limitations, adjusted for individual characteristics and survey design. RESULTS Prior-wave body weight status prospectively predicted onset of functional limitation, and the relationship showed a U-shaped pattern. Compared with their normal weight counterparts, the odds ratios (ORs) in underweight (BMI < 18.5) and obese (BMI ≥ 30) adults were 1.30 (95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.62) and 2.31 (2.11-2.52) for PM, 1.20 (0.96-1.50) and 1.63 (1.49-1.79) for LMF, 2.02 (1.66-2.46) and 1.40 (1.28-1.54) for ADL, 1.96 (1.60-2.39) and 1.77 (1.62-1.93) for GMF, and 1.66 (1.37-2.02) and 1.34 (1.22-1.46) for FMF, respectively. For PM, LMF and GMF, the impact of obesity appeared more pronounced in women, whereas that of underweight more pronounced in men. CONCLUSIONS Proper weight management during aging is crucial in preventing functional limitations in middle-aged and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruopeng An
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 S 4th Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
| | - Yuyan Shi
- Division of Health Policy, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA
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161
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Bann D, Hire D, Manini T, Cooper R, Botoseneanu A, McDermott MM, Pahor M, Glynn NW, Fielding R, King AC, Church T, Ambrosius WT, Gill T. Light Intensity physical activity and sedentary behavior in relation to body mass index and grip strength in older adults: cross-sectional findings from the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders (LIFE) study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116058. [PMID: 25647685 PMCID: PMC4315494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Identifying modifiable determinants of fat mass and muscle strength in older adults is important given their impact on physical functioning and health. Light intensity physical activity and sedentary behavior are potential determinants, but their relations to these outcomes are poorly understood. We evaluated associations of light intensity physical activity and sedentary time—assessed both objectively and by self-report—with body mass index (BMI) and grip strength in a large sample of older adults. Methods We used cross-sectional baseline data from 1130 participants of the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders (LIFE) study, a community-dwelling sample of relatively sedentary older adults (70-89 years) at heightened risk of mobility disability. Time spent sedentary and in light intensity activity were assessed using an accelerometer worn for 3–7 days (Actigraph GT3X) and by self-report. Associations between these exposures and measured BMI and grip strength were evaluated using linear regression. Results Greater time spent in light intensity activity and lower sedentary times were both associated with lower BMI. This was evident using objective measures of lower-light intensity, and both objective and self-reported measures of higher-light intensity activity. Time spent watching television was positively associated with BMI, while reading and computer use were not. Greater time spent in higher but not lower intensities of light activity (assessed objectively) was associated with greater grip strength in men but not women, while neither objectively assessed nor self-reported sedentary time was associated with grip strength. Conclusions In this cross-sectional study, greater time spent in light intensity activity and lower sedentary times were associated with lower BMI. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that replacing sedentary activities with light intensity activities could lead to lower BMI levels and obesity prevalence among the population of older adults. However, longitudinal and experimental studies are needed to strengthen causal inferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bann
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Don Hire
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Todd Manini
- Department of Aging & Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rachel Cooper
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anda Botoseneanu
- Department of Health Policy Studies and Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan—Dearborn/Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mary M. McDermott
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Marco Pahor
- Department of Aging & Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nancy W. Glynn
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Roger Fielding
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Abby C. King
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Timothy Church
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Walter T. Ambrosius
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas Gill
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Groen VA, van de Graaf VA, Scholtes VAB, Sprague S, van Wagensveld BA, Poolman RW. Effects of bariatric surgery for knee complaints in (morbidly) obese adult patients: a systematic review. Obes Rev 2015; 16:161-70. [PMID: 25487972 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of knee osteoarthritis, and over the past 30 years the prevalence of obesity has more than doubled. In an advanced-stage knee osteoarthritis is treated with total knee arthroplasty, and the demand for primary total knee arthroplasties is expected to grow exponentially. However, total knee arthroplasty in obese patients is associated with more complications, longer hospital stay and higher costs. We aimed to determine the effects of bariatric surgery on knee complaints in (morbidly) obese (body mass index >30 kg m(-2) ) adult patients. The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, TRIP, BIOSIS-Previews and reference lists of retrieved publications were systematically searched from earliest available up to 20 April 2014 for any English, German, French and Dutch studies. There was no restriction on study design. We included studies on the effect of surgically induced weight reduction on knee complaints in (morbidly) obese adult patients, with a minimal follow-up of 3 months. Studies on the effects of lipectomy or liposuction and studies in which patients had already received a total knee arthroplasty were excluded. Thirteen studies were included in this systematic review with a total of 3,837 patients. Although different assessment tools were used, an overall significant improvement in knee pain was seen in 73% out of the used assessments. All studies measuring intensity of knee pain, knee physical function and knee stiffness showed a significant improvement after bariatric surgery. The quality of evidence was very low or too low for most of the included studies and moderate for one study. Bariatric surgery with subsequent marked weight loss is likely to improve knee pain, physical function and stiffness in (morbidly) obese adult patients. However, with the current available evidence, there is need for high-quality studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Groen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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163
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Houston DK, Leng X, Bray GA, Hergenroeder AL, Hill JO, Jakicic JM, Johnson KC, Neiberg RH, Marsh AP, Rejeski WJ, Kritchevsky SB. A long-term intensive lifestyle intervention and physical function: the look AHEAD Movement and Memory Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:77-84. [PMID: 25452229 PMCID: PMC4276480 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the long-term effects of an intensive lifestyle intervention on physical function using a randomized post-test design in the Look AHEAD trial. METHODS Overweight and obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg m(-2)) middle-aged and older adults (aged 45-76 years at enrollment) with type 2 diabetes (n = 964) at four clinics in Look AHEAD, a trial evaluating an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) designed to achieve weight loss through caloric restriction and increased physical activity compared to diabetes support and education (DSE), underwent standardized assessments of performance-based physical function including an expanded short physical performance battery (SPPBexp ), 20-m and 400-m walk, and grip and knee extensor strength 8 years post-randomization, during the trial's weight maintenance phase. RESULTS Eight years post-randomization, individuals randomized to ILI had better SPPBexp scores [adjusted mean (SE) difference: 0.055 (0.022), P = 0.01] and faster 20-m and 400-m walk speeds [0.032 (0.012) m s(-1) , P = 0.01, and 0.025 (0.011) m s(-1) , P = 0.02, respectively] compared to those randomized to DSE. Achieved weight loss greatly attenuated the group differences in physical function, and the intervention effect was no longer significant. CONCLUSIONS An intensive lifestyle intervention has long-term benefits for mobility function in overweight and obese middle-aged and older individuals with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise K. Houston
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Xiaoyan Leng
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - George A. Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808
| | | | - James O. Hill
- University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80010
| | - John M. Jakicic
- Department of Health and Physical Activity, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203
| | - Karen C. Johnson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Rebecca H. Neiberg
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Anthony P. Marsh
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109
| | - W. Jack Rejeski
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109
| | - Stephen B. Kritchevsky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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164
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Dynapenic Obesity and Lower Extremity Function in Elderly Adults. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2015; 16:31-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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165
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Norrbäck M, de Munter J, Tynelius P, Ahlström G, Rasmussen F. The impact on social capital of mobility disability and weight status: the Stockholm Public Health Cohort. Disabil Health J 2014; 8:200-7. [PMID: 25445016 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with mobility disability are more often overweight or obese and have lower social capital than people without mobility disability. It is unclear whether having a combination of mobility disability and overweight or obesity furthers negative development of social capital over time. OBJECTIVE To explore whether there were differences in social capital between normal-weight, overweight and obese people with or without mobility disability over a period of 8 years. METHODS We included 14,481 individuals (18-64 at baseline) from the Stockholm Public Health Cohort that started in 2002. Mobility disability, weight status, and social capital (structural: social activities, voting; cognitive: trust in authorities, and trust in people) were identified from self-reports. Risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals were estimated in multivariate longitudinal regression analyses. RESULTS We found no significant differences in social activities and voting between the groups over time. However, when compared with the reference group, the groups with mobility disability had less trust in authorities and public institutions over time. Notably, obese people with mobility disability showed the largest decrease in trust in the police (RR = 2.29; 1.50-3.50), the parliament (RR = 2.00; 1.31-3.05), and local politicians (RR = 2.52; 1.61-3.94). CONCLUSIONS People with mobility disability experience lower cognitive social capital over time than people without mobility disability. Being burdened by both mobility disability and obesity may be worse in terms of social capital than having just one of the conditions, especially regarding cognitive social capital. This finding is of public health importance, since social capital is related to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Norrbäck
- Child and Adolescent Public Health Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
| | - Jeroen de Munter
- Child and Adolescent Public Health Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Per Tynelius
- Child and Adolescent Public Health Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Gerd Ahlström
- The Swedish Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Finn Rasmussen
- Child and Adolescent Public Health Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
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166
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Plow MA, Moore S, Husni E, Kirwan JP. A systematic review of behavioural techniques used in nutrition and weight loss interventions among adults with mobility-impairing neurological and musculoskeletal conditions. Obes Rev 2014; 15:945-56. [PMID: 25266576 PMCID: PMC4321818 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a common comorbidity in adults with mobility-impairing neurological and musculoskeletal conditions, such as stroke and arthritis. The interaction between mobility impairments and environmental factors often compromises motivation and ability to engage in healthy behaviours. Such difficulties to engage in healthy behaviours can result in energy imbalance, weight gain and a cycle of functional declines; i.e. obesity can exacerbate mobility impairments and symptoms and increase the likelihood of other comorbid conditions, all of which make it more difficult to engage in healthy behaviours. To help disrupt this cycle, there is a need to identify strategies to optimize energy balance. Thus, this review summarizes clinical trials of nutrition and weight loss interventions in adults with mobility-impairing conditions. Although adults with osteoarthritis were represented in large rigorous clinical trials, adults with neurological conditions were typically represented in studies characterized by a small number of participants, a short-term follow-up and high attrition rates. Studies varied greatly in outcome measures, description and implementation of the interventions, and the strategies used to promote behaviour change. Nutrition and weight loss research in adults with mobility-impairing conditions is still in its formative stages, and there is a substantial need to conduct randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Plow
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing Case Western Reserve University
| | - Shirley Moore
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing Case Western Reserve University
| | - Elaine Husni
- Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Cleveland Clinic
| | - John P. Kirwan
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute
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Katzman WB, Harrison SL, Fink HA, Marshall LM, Orwoll E, Barrett-Connor E, Cawthon PM, Kado DM. Physical function in older men with hyperkyphosis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 70:635-40. [PMID: 25431353 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related hyperkyphosis has been associated with poor physical function and is a well-established predictor of adverse health outcomes in older women, but its impact on health in older men is less well understood. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate the association of hyperkyphosis and physical function in 2,363 men, aged 71-98 (M = 79) from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study. Kyphosis was measured using the Rancho Bernardo Study block method. Measurements of grip strength and lower extremity function, including gait speed over 6 m, narrow walk (measure of dynamic balance), repeated chair stands ability and time, and lower extremity power (Nottingham Power Rig) were included separately as primary outcomes. We investigated associations of kyphosis and each outcome in age-adjusted and multivariable linear or logistic regression models, controlling for age, clinic, education, race, bone mineral density, height, weight, diabetes, and physical activity. RESULTS In multivariate linear regression, we observed a dose-related response of worse scores on each lower extremity physical function test as number of blocks increased, p for trend ≤.001. Using a cutoff of ≥4 blocks, 20% (N = 469) of men were characterized with hyperkyphosis. In multivariate logistic regression, men with hyperkyphosis had increased odds (range 1.5-1.8) of being in the worst quartile of performing lower extremity physical function tasks (p < .001 for each outcome). Kyphosis was not associated with grip strength in any multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Hyperkyphosis is associated with impaired lower extremity physical function in older men. Further studies are needed to determine the direction of causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy B Katzman
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco.
| | | | - Howard A Fink
- Geriatric Research Education & Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lynn M Marshall
- Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation Department, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, Portland
| | - Eric Orwoll
- Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation Department, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, Portland
| | - Elizabeth Barrett-Connor
- Departments of Family and Preventive Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - Peggy M Cawthon
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco
| | - Deborah M Kado
- Departments of Family and Preventive Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of California, San Diego
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Meal-based enhancement of protein quality and quantity during weight loss in obese older adults with mobility limitations: rationale and design for the MEASUR-UP trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2014; 40:112-23. [PMID: 25461495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Obese older adults with even modest functional limitations are at a disadvantage for maintaining their independence into late life. However, there is no established intervention for obesity in older individuals. The Measuring Eating, Activity, and Strength: Understanding the Response - Using Protein (MEASUR-UP) trial is a randomized controlled pilot study of obese women and men aged ≥60 years with mild to moderate functional impairments. Changes in body composition (lean and fat mass) and function (Short Physical Performance Battery) in an enhanced protein weight reduction (Protein) arm will be compared to those in a traditional weight loss (Control) arm. The Protein intervention is based on evidence that older adults achieve optimal rates of muscle protein synthesis when consuming about 25-30 g of high quality protein per meal; these participants will consume ~30 g of animal protein at each meal via a combination of provided protein (beef) servings and diet counseling. This trial will provide information on the feasibility and efficacy of enhancing protein quantity and quality in the context of a weight reduction regimen and determine the impact of this intervention on body weight, functional status, and lean muscle mass. We hypothesize that the enhancement of protein quantity and quality in the Protein arm will result in better outcomes for function and/or lean muscle mass than in the Control arm. Ultimately, we hope our findings will help identify a safe weight loss approach that can delay or prevent late life disability by changing the trajectory of age-associated functional impairment associated with obesity.
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169
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Kulmala J, Hinrichs T, Törmäkangas T, von Bonsdorff MB, von Bonsdorff ME, Nygård CH, Klockars M, Seitsamo J, Ilmarinen J, Rantanen T. Work-related stress in midlife is associated with higher number of mobility limitation in older age-results from the FLAME study. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:9722. [PMID: 25378119 PMCID: PMC4223109 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9722-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate whether work-related stress symptoms in midlife are associated with a number of mobility limitations during three decades from midlife to late life. Data for the study come from the Finnish Longitudinal Study of Municipal Employees (FLAME). The study includes a total of 5429 public sector employees aged 44-58 years at baseline who had information available on work-related stress symptoms in 1981 and 1985 and mobility limitation score during the subsequent 28-year follow-up. Four midlife work-related stress profiles were identified: negative reactions to work and depressiveness, perceived decrease in cognition, sleep disturbances, and somatic symptoms. People with a high number of stress symptoms in 1981 and 1985 were categorized as having constant stress. The number of self-reported mobility limitations was computed based on an eight-item list of mobility tasks presented to the participants in 1992, 1997, and 2009. Data were analyzed using joint Poisson regression models. The study showed that depending on the stress profile, persons suffering from constant stress in midlife had a higher risk of 30-70 % for having one more mobility limitation during the following 28 years compared to persons without stress after adjusting for mortality, several lifestyle factors, and chronic conditions. A less pronounced risk increase (20-40 %) was observed for persons with occasional symptoms. The study suggests that effective interventions aiming to reduce work-related stress should focus on both primary and secondary prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Kulmala
- Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland,
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170
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Froehle AW, Laughlin RT, Teel DD, Sherwood RJ, Duren DL. Excess body weight loss is associated with nonpathological gait patterns in women 4 to 5 years after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg 2014; 24:253-9. [PMID: 24008625 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-013-1069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined relationships between excess body weight (EBW) loss and current gait and functional status in women 5 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. METHODS Gait data were analyzed in nine female bariatric patients for relationships with longitudinal changes in weight, body composition, and physical function assessed by the Short Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment (SMFA) questionnaire and the timed "get-up-and-go" (TGUG) test. Gait characteristics in the bariatric sample were also compared to an age- and BMI-matched nonsurgical reference sample from the Fels Longitudinal Study. RESULTS Bariatric patients lost an average of 36.4 kg (61.1%) of EBW between preoperative and 5-year follow-up visits (P < 0.01); SMFA function index scores and TGUG times also decreased (both P < 0.01). Degree of EBW loss was correlated with less time spent in initial double support and more time in single support (both P = 0.02), and for all gait variables, the bariatric sample fell within the 95% confidence intervals of gait/EBW relationships in the reference sample. CONCLUSIONS Gait and function 5 years after bariatric surgery were characteristic of current weight, not preoperative obesity, suggesting that substantial, sustained recovery of physical function is possible with rapid surgical weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Froehle
- Department of Community Health, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, 3171 Research Blvd., Kettering, OH, 45420, USA,
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171
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Adiposity, physical activity, and muscle quality are independently related to physical function performance in middle-aged postmenopausal women. Menopause 2014; 21:1114-21. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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172
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Abstract
The growth of the worldwide population of older adults presents significant challenges, many inter-related, that range from the health of individuals to the health of national economies. In the US, more than one-third of older adults may be obese, a condition that may independently increase the risk for mobility impairment, fall-related injury and, possibly, costs of post-injury treatment and care. The effectiveness of conventional exercise-based fall prevention programs is significant but smaller than both the annual rate of falling of older adults and rate of growth of this population, who are at greatest risk for injurious falls. The anthropometric and functional consequences of obesity may impose limitations on the ability to perform compensatory stepping responses following large postural disturbances. The focus of this paper is the potential of task-specific training to improve compensatory stepping responses and reduce falls by obese people given the individual-specific anthropometric and functional consequences of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Madigan
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, 326 Norris Hall, MC 0219, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Noah J Rosenblatt
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor Street, Room 650, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Mark D Grabiner
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor Street, Room 648, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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173
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Bussière C, Sicsic J, Pelletier-Fleury N. The effects of obesity and mobility disability in access to breast and cervical cancer screening in france: results from the national health and disability survey. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104901. [PMID: 25133662 PMCID: PMC4136821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to disentangle the effects of obesity and mobility limitation on cervical and breast cancer screening among community dwelling women. Methods The data source was the French national Health and Disability Survey - Household Section, 2008. The Body Mass Index (BMI) was used to categorize obesity status. We constructed a continuous score of mobility limitations to assess the severity of disability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.84). Logistic regressions were performed to examine the association between obesity, mobility limitations and the use of Pap test (n = 8 133) and the use of mammography (n = 7 561). Adjusted odds ratios were calculated (AOR). Interaction terms between obesity and the disability score were included in models testing for effect modifications. Results Compared with non-obese women, the odds of having a Pap test in the past 3 years was 24% lower in obese women (AOR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.65 to 0.89), the odds of having a mammogram in the past 2 years was 23% lower (AOR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.66 to 0.91). Each time the disability score was 5 points higher, the odds of having a Pap test decreases by 20% (AOR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.94 to 0.98), the odds of having a mammogram decreases by 25% (AOR = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.94 to 0.97). There was no significant interaction between obesity and disability score. Conclusion Obesity and mobility limitation are independently associated with a lower likelihood of cervical and breast cancer screening. Protective outreach and follow-up are necessary to reduce inequalities and thus to reduce health disparities in these vulnerable and high-risk populations of obese women with disabilities.
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174
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Batsis JA, Zbehlik AJ, Barre LK, Mackenzie TA, Bartels SJ. The impact of waist circumference on function and physical activity in older adults: longitudinal observational data from the osteoarthritis initiative. Nutr J 2014; 13:81. [PMID: 25106459 PMCID: PMC4267442 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously demonstrated that BMI is associated with functional decline and reduced quality of life. While BMI in older adults is fraught with challenges, waist circumference (WC) is a marker of visceral adiposity that can also predict mortality. However, its association with function and quality of life in older adults is not well understood and hence we sought to examine the impact of WC on six-year outcomes. Methods We identified adults aged ≥60 years from the longitudinal Osteoarthritis Initiative and stratified the cohort into quartiles based on WC. Our primary outcome measures of function at six year follow-up included: self-reported quality of life [Short Form-12 (SF-12)], physical function [Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE)] and disability [Late-life Disability Index (LLDI)]. Linear regression analyses predicted 6-year outcomes based on WC quartile category (lowest = referent), adjusted for age, sex, race, education, knee pain, smoking status, a modified Charlson co-morbidity index and baseline scores, where available. Results We identified 2,182 subjects meeting our inclusion criteria and stratified the study cohort by quartiles of WC. Mean age ranged from 67.5-68.7 years, 60-71% were female and 80-86% were white. The highest WC quartile compared to 50-75th, 25-50th or lowest quartile, was associated with a greater number of medications (4.3, 4.0, 3.6 and 3.4 [p < 0.001]), lower gait speeds (1.23, 1.27, 1.32, and 1.34 m/s[p < 0.001]), higher rates of knee osteoarthritis (70.2, 62.2, 60.2, 48.6;p < 0.001), higher Charlson co-morbidity scores and greater knee pain (WOMAC scores) (all p < 0.001). At follow-up, adjusted SF-12 physical function subscale and PASE scores, were lowest in the highest WC quartile as compared to the 50-75%, 25-50%, and lowest quartiles [(SF-12 scores: 45.5, 46.7, 47.6, and 47.9), and (PASE scores: 109.6, 128.7, 126.6, and 131.0). The LLDI limitation subscale for disability demonstrated lower scores in the high WC quartile as opposed to the referent group. Conclusions Elevated WC is associated with lower quality of life, a decline in physical function, and a slightly higher risk of disability over time. Intervention studies are needed to prevent functional decline in this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Batsis
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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175
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Yin Z, Shi X, Kraus VB, Brasher MS, Chen H, Liu Y, Lv Y, Zeng Y. Gender-dependent association of body mass index and waist circumference with disability in the Chinese oldest old. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:1918-1925. [PMID: 24777985 PMCID: PMC4114995 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore associations of BMI and waist circumference (WC) with disability among the Chinese oldest old. METHODS The 5,495 oldest old in the sixth wave of Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Study conducted in 2011 were included in this study. Disability was assessed by activities of daily living (ADL); height and weight for BMI and WC were measured; information including socio-demographics, lifestyles, and health status was collected. RESULTS Generalized additive models analysis showed that the association of BMI/WC with ADL disability was nonlinear. Among the males, logistic regression results supported a "J" shape association between ADL disability with BMI/WC-the highest tertile group in BMI or WC was significantly associated with an increased risk of ADL disability: odds ratio 1.78 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.26-2.52) for BMI and 2.01 (95% CI: 1.44-2.82) for WC. Among females, an inverse "J" shape association was found, only the lowest tertile group before the cutoff point had an increased risk of ADL disability: odds ratio 1.42 (95%CI: 1.02-1.97) for BMI and 1.47 (95% CI:1.06-2.04) for WC. CONCLUSIONS Associations of BMI and WC with ADL disability are significant even in the oldest old, but differ between the genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxue Yin
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases Control and Community Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Shi
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases Control and Community Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Corresponding Authors: Xiaoming Shi, NO.155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China, Tel. +86-10-58900215, Fax. +86-10-58900247, Yi Zeng, Box 3003, Room 1506, BUSSE Building, Durham, NC27710, USA, Tel. 919-660-7554, Fax: 919-668-0453,
| | - Virginia B. Kraus
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Huashuai Chen
- Center for the study of Aging and Human Development and the Geriatric Division of School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yuzhi Liu
- Center for Study of Healthy Aging and Development Studies, National School of Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuebin Lv
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases Control and Community Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Center for the study of Aging and Human Development and the Geriatric Division of School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Study of Healthy Aging and Development Studies, National School of Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Corresponding Authors: Xiaoming Shi, NO.155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China, Tel. +86-10-58900215, Fax. +86-10-58900247, Yi Zeng, Box 3003, Room 1506, BUSSE Building, Durham, NC27710, USA, Tel. 919-660-7554, Fax: 919-668-0453,
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Muramoto A, Imagama S, Ito Z, Hirano K, Tauchi R, Ishiguro N, Hasegawa Y. Waist circumference is associated with locomotive syndrome in elderly females. J Orthop Sci 2014; 19:612-9. [PMID: 24668310 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-014-0559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central obesity has been proved to be a strong risk factor for numerous health-related problems as well as mortality. However, there have been no studies on the relationship between central obesity and locomotive syndrome (LS). The present study investigated the influence of central obesity on LS. METHODS A total of 217 females between the ages of 60 and 79 years (mean 68.2 ± 5.0 years) who completed the questionnaires, physical examination and physical performance tests in the Yakumo study in 2011-2012 were enrolled in this study. Participants were assessed according to the 25-Question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale (GLFS-25), visual analog scale (VAS) for lower back pain (LBP) and knee pain, and the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RDQ). LS was defined as having a score of >16 points on the GLFS-25. Height, weight, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference, % body fat and bone mineral density were measured. Body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio were calculated. The timed up-and-go test, one-leg standing time with eyes open, 10-m gait time and maximum stride were assessed. Back muscle strength and grip strength were measured. The relationships between obesity-related parameters and GLFS-25, RDQ, VAS and physical performance tests were analyzed. RESULTS The GLFS-25, LBP and knee pain showed significant correlation with most of obesity-related parameters. Among obesity-related parameters, WC was most strongly related to the GLFS-25, LBP and knee pain. When participants were stratified by WC, larger WC was significantly associated with a higher GLFS-25 score, higher prevalence of LS and higher VAS for LBP and knee pain as well as poorer results in some physical performance tests even after adjustment by age. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed that central obesity is significantly associated with LS, and WC can be a useful parameter to assess the risk of LS in elderly women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Muramoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8560, Japan
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Murphy RA, Reinders I, Register TC, Ayonayon HN, Newman AB, Satterfield S, Goodpaster BH, Simonsick EM, Kritchevsky SB, Harris TB. Associations of BMI and adipose tissue area and density with incident mobility limitation and poor performance in older adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99:1059-65. [PMID: 24522448 PMCID: PMC3985211 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.080796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a risk factor for disability, but risk of specific adipose depots is not completely understood. OBJECTIVE We investigated associations between mobility limitation, performance, and the following adipose measures: body mass index (BMI) and areas and densities of visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) in older adults. DESIGN This was a prospective population-based study of men (n = 1459) and women (n = 1552) initially aged 70-79 y and free from mobility limitation. BMI was determined from measured height and weight. Adipose tissue area and density in Hounsfield units were measured in the thigh and abdomen by using computed tomography. Mobility limitation was defined as 2 consecutive reports of difficulty walking one-quarter mile or climbing 10 steps during semiannual assessments over 13 y. Poor performance was defined as a gait speed <1 m/s after 9 y of follow-up (n = 1542). RESULTS In models adjusted for disability risk factors, BMI, and areas of VAT, abdominal SAT, and IMAT were positively associated with mobility limitation in men and women. In women, thigh SAT area was positively associated with mobility limitation risk, whereas VAT density was inversely associated. Associations were similar for poor performance. BMI and thigh IMAT area (independent of BMI) were particularly strong indicators of incident mobility limitation and poor performance. For example, in women, the HR (95% CI) and OR (95% CI) associated with an SD increment in BMI for mobility limitation and poor performance were 1.31 (1.21, 1.42) and 1.41 (1.13, 1.76), respectively. In men, the HR (95% CI) and OR (95% CI) associated with an SD increment in thigh IMAT for mobility limitation and poor performance were 1.37 (1.27, 1.47) and 1.54 (1.18, 2.02), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Even into old age, higher BMI is associated with mobility limitation and poor performance. The amount of adipose tissue in abdominal and thigh depots may also convey risk beyond BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Murphy
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (RAM, IR, and TBH); the Sections on Comparative Medicine Pathology, Radiology (TCR), and Gerontology and Geriatrics (SBK), Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (HNA); the Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (ABN); the Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (SS); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (BHG); and the Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD (EMS)
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178
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Beeken RJ, Wilson R, McDonald L, Wardle J. Body mass index and cancer screening: Findings from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. J Med Screen 2014; 21:76-81. [DOI: 10.1177/0969141314531409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Obesity is associated with an increased cancer incidence and mortality and therefore cancer screening is particularly important for obese individuals. However, some US studies find lower screening uptake in this group. This study explored whether rates of breast and colorectal screening in England are lower for obese than healthy weight individuals. Setting Data were from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). Methods We analysed data from adults who were eligible to have been invited to the UK national screening programmes for breast or colorectal cancer (CRC) in the last five years, and had been given the screening module in Wave 5 of ELSA (N = 1804 for CRC screening, N = 2401 for breast cancer screening). Weight and height were measured by a nurse at Wave 4 (two years earlier). Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds of breast and CRC screening (ever) for participants in higher weight categories (Body Mass Index [BMI] ≥ 25) compared with healthy weight individuals (BMI <25), controlling for socio-demographic variables. Results Of ELSA participants, 63% reported CRC screening, and 92% of the women reported breast cancer screening. Obesity was associated with lower CRC screening, but effects were strongest for class III obesity (BMI ≥40) (45% screened; OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.32–0.93, P = .029). There was no association between weight status and breast cancer screening. Conclusion Severe obesity appears to be a deterrent to CRC screening but not breast cancer screening. Targeted interventions may be required to promote CRC screening uptake in this group, which already has a heightened risk as a consequence of weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Beeken
- Health Behaviour Research Centre Department of Epidemiology and Public Health University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT
| | - Rose Wilson
- Health Behaviour Research Centre Department of Epidemiology and Public Health University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT
| | - Laura McDonald
- Health Behaviour Research Centre Department of Epidemiology and Public Health University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT
| | - Jane Wardle
- Health Behaviour Research Centre Department of Epidemiology and Public Health University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT
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179
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Mieczkowski B, Ezzie ME. Update on obstructive sleep apnea and its relation to COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2014; 9:349-62. [PMID: 24748786 PMCID: PMC3986113 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s42394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common and preventable lung disease that affects millions of people in the United States. Sleep disorders including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are also common. It is not surprising that many people with COPD also suffer from OSA. This relationship, however, puts people at risk for more nocturnal desaturations and potential complications related to this, including pulmonary hypertension and heart rhythm disturbances. This update focuses on the physiology of sleep disturbances in COPD as well as the clinical implications of OSA in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Mieczkowski
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael E Ezzie
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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180
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Clark DJ, Reid KF, Patten C, Phillips EM, Ring SA, Wu SS, Fielding RA. Does quadriceps neuromuscular activation capability explain walking speed in older men and women? Exp Gerontol 2014; 55:49-53. [PMID: 24703887 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Age-related impairment of neuromuscular activation has been shown to contribute to weakness in older adults. However, it is unclear to what extent impaired neuromuscular activation independently accounts for decline of mobility function. The hypothesis of this study is that the capability to produce rapid neuromuscular activation during maximal effort leg muscle contractions will be shown to be an independent predictor of mobility function in older men and women after accounting for muscle size and adiposity, body composition and age. Twenty six older men and eighteen older women (aged 70-85years) participated in this study. Mobility function was assessed by the 400-m walk test. Neuromuscular activation of the quadriceps muscle group was assessed by surface electromyography ("rate of EMG rise"). Thigh muscle cross sectional area and adiposity were assessed by computed tomography. In males, univariate regression analysis revealed strong associations between walking speed and a number of predictors including age (p<0.01), muscle area (p<0.01), intermuscular adipose tissue area (p<0.01), and rate of EMG rise (p<0.001). Subsequent multiple regression analysis with all variables accounted for 72% of the variability in walking speed (p<.0001), with age and rate of EMG rise as the dominant variables in the model. In females, univariate analysis showed a significant association only between walking speed and subcutaneous adipose tissue area (p<0.05). Multiple regression analysis accounted for only 44% of the variability in walking speed, and was not statistically significant (p=0.18). The present findings indicate that the capability to rapidly activate the quadriceps muscle group is an important factor accounting for inter-individual variability of walking speed among older men, but not among older women. This research is important for informing the design of assessments and interventions that seek to detect and prevent impairments that contribute to age-related mobility disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Clark
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Kieran F Reid
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carolynn Patten
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Edward M Phillips
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah A Ring
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Samuel S Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Roger A Fielding
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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181
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Greater Effect of Adiposity Than Physical Activity or Lean Mass on Physical Function in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Aging Phys Act 2014; 22:284-93. [DOI: 10.1123/japa.2012-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adiposity, lean mass, and physical activity (PA) are known to influence physical function in older adults, although the independent influences are not completely characterized. Older adults (N= 156,Mage = 68.9 ± 6.7 yr, 85 men) were assessed for body composition via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, PA by accelerometer, and physical function via timed up-and-go (UP&GO), 30-s chair stand, 6-min walk (6-min WALK), and Star-Excursion Balance Test. In the absence of percentage-body-fat by PA interactions (p> .05), main effects existed such that a higher percentage body fat was associated with poorer performance in UP&GO, 30-s chair stand, and 6-min WALK (p< .05). No significant main effects were found for PA and functional performance. Adiposity explains 4.6–11.4% in physical functional variance (p< .05). Preventing increases in adiposity with age may help older adults maintain functional independence.
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182
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Brady AO, Straight CR, Schmidt MD, Evans EM. Impact of body mass index on the relationship between muscle quality and physical function in older women. J Nutr Health Aging 2014; 18:378-82. [PMID: 24676318 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-013-0421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of body mass index (BMI) (normal weight, overweight, obese) on the relationship between muscle quality (MQ) and physical function in community-dwelling older women. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING University research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Community-dwelling older women (n = 94, 73.6 ± 5.4 y) stratified by BMI (normal weight: 20.0-24.9 kg/m2; overweight: 25.0-29.9 kg/m2; obese: ≥ 30.0 kg/m2). MEASUREMENTS Body mass index using height and weight, leg extension power via the Nottingham power rig, body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and physical function (6-minute walk, 8-foot up-and-go, 30-second chair stand). Muscle quality was defined as leg power (watts) normalized for lower-body mineral-free lean mass (kg). RESULTS Following adjustments for covariates, muscle quality was significantly higher in women of normal BMI compared to overweight (10.0 ± 0.4 vs. 8.7 ± 0.4 watts/kg, p = 0.03). Muscle quality was a significant predictor of performance on the 6-minute walk and 8-foot up-and-go in normal and overweight women (all p < 0.05) and performance on the 30-second chair stand in normal and obese women (both p < 0.05). Body mass index did not significantly impact the association between MQ and physical function (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Muscle quality varies by BMI, yet the relationship to physical function is not significantly different across BMI groups. The results imply that interventions that increase MQ in older women may improve physical function, regardless of BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Brady
- Anne O. Brady, PhD, University of Georgia, Department of Kinesiology, 330 River Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA, , Phone: 678-938-8862
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183
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Singh-Manoux A, Sabia S, Bouillon K, Brunner EJ, Grodstein F, Elbaz A, Kivimaki M. Association of body mass index and waist circumference with successful aging. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:1172-8. [PMID: 24167036 PMCID: PMC3968224 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prediction of successful aging by midlife body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) was examined. METHODS BMI/WC were assessed in 4869 persons (mean age 51.2, range 42-63 in 1991/1993) and survival and successful aging (alive, no chronic disease at age >60 years, not in the worst age- and sex-standardized quintile of cognitive, physical, respiratory,cardiovascular, and mental health) ascertained over a 16-year follow-up, analyzed using logistic regression adjusted for sociodemographic factors and health behaviors. RESULTS 507 participants died, 1008 met the criteria for successful aging. Those with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2) had lower odds of successful aging (odds ratio or OR) = 0.37; 95% confidence interval or CI: 0.27, 0.50) and survival (OR = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.41, 0.74) compared to BMI between 18.5 and 25 kg/m(2) . Those with a large WC (≥102/88 cm in men/women) had lower odds of successful aging (OR = 0.41; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.54) and survival (OR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.73) compared with those with a small waist (<94/80 cm in men/women). Analysis with finer categories showed lower odds of successful aging starting at BMI ≥ 23.5 kg/m(2) and WC 82/68 cm in men/women. CONCLUSIONS Optimal midlife BMI and WC for successful aging might be substantially below the current thresholds used to define obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Singh-Manoux
- INSERM, U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Bât 15/16, 16 Avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94807 VILLEJUIF CEDEX, France
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK
- Centre de Gérontologie, Hôpital Ste Périne, AP-HP, France
- Corresponding author & address: Telephone: +33 (0)1 77 74 74 10, Fax: +33 (0)1 77 74 74 03,
| | - Séverine Sabia
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK
| | - Kim Bouillon
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK
| | - Eric J Brunner
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK
| | - Francine Grodstein
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts USA
| | - Alexis Elbaz
- INSERM, U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Bât 15/16, 16 Avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94807 VILLEJUIF CEDEX, France
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK
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184
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Interrelated factors favoring physical performance and activity in older adults from the NuAge cohort study. Exp Gerontol 2014; 55:37-43. [PMID: 24681042 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Contribute evidence towards the complex interrelationships of body composition, physical performance and physical activity (PA) in an older population to assist in decisions for maintaining functional capacity in older adults. DESIGN This is a cross-sectional analysis of an existing dataset in which a literature-supported model linking together the variables of interest is tested using path analysis. A proposed model with age, sex, energy intake and chronic diseases as predictors associated with body composition components, while the latter associated with physical performance and with PA acting both as a predictor and as an outcome of physical performance. PARTICIPANTS A sample of 847, community dwellers, non-diabetic older men and women from the Quebec Longitudinal Study on Nutrition and Successful Aging (NuAge Study). MEASUREMENTS Physical performance tests were reduced to two indices: strength and mobility. Muscle mass index (MMI; kg/height(2)) and % body fat were derived from DXA and bioimpedance analysis (BIA). PA was assessed by the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) and energy intakes were calculated from 24-hour food recalls. Data from the NuAge dataset served to test the relationships. The proposed model was evaluated using indices of fit. RESULTS Significant associations were found for MMI and % body fat with mobility (β -0.11 and -0.02, respectively), and for MMI with strength (β=0.60). PA was associated with MMI (β=0.02) and negatively with % body fat (β=-0.16), while mobility associated with PA (β=0.65). Our hypothesized model, with some paths added, fit the data: chi-square=4.64, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)=0. CONCLUSIONS PA has desirable associations with body composition in older adults and mobility is associated with PA. These results stress the importance of taking into account the prior level of mobility when recommending PA for this age group. This model could explain in part the complex interrelationships that occur with aging and the potential factors that could be targeted to assist older individuals in maintaining functional capacity.
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185
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Calibration of the PROMIS physical function item bank in Dutch patients with rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92367. [PMID: 24637885 PMCID: PMC3956923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To calibrate the Dutch-Flemish version of the PROMIS physical function (PF) item bank in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to evaluate cross-cultural measurement equivalence with US general population and RA data. Methods Data were collected from RA patients enrolled in the Dutch DREAM registry. An incomplete longitudinal anchored design was used where patients completed all 121 items of the item bank over the course of three waves of data collection. Item responses were fit to a generalized partial credit model adapted for longitudinal data and the item parameters were examined for differential item functioning (DIF) across country, age, and sex. Results In total, 690 patients participated in the study at time point 1 (T2, N = 489; T3, N = 311). The item bank could be successfully fitted to a generalized partial credit model, with the number of misfitting items falling within acceptable limits. Seven items demonstrated DIF for sex, while 5 items showed DIF for age in the Dutch RA sample. Twenty-five (20%) items were flagged for cross-cultural DIF compared to the US general population. However, the impact of observed DIF on total physical function estimates was negligible. Discussion The results of this study showed that the PROMIS PF item bank adequately fit a unidimensional IRT model which provides support for applications that require invariant estimates of physical function, such as computer adaptive testing and targeted short forms. More studies are needed to further investigate the cross-cultural applicability of the US-based PROMIS calibration and standardized metric.
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186
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Exploring the role of muscle mass, obesity, and age in the relationship between muscle quality and physical function. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2014; 15:303.e13-20. [PMID: 24566449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Divergent conclusions emerge from the literature regarding the relationship between muscle quality (defined as muscle strength per unit of muscle mass) and physical function. These contrasted results may be due to the influence of factors such as age, obesity, and muscle mass itself. Consequently, the aim of the present study was to explore the role of these factors in the relationship between muscle quality (MQ) and physical function. METHODS Data are from 312 individuals (97 men and 215 women) aged 50 years and older. Body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) and knee extension strength of the right leg (1 repetition maximum) were assessed. Appendicular lean body mass index (AppLBMI) and MQ (knee extension strength /right leg lean mass) were calculated. A composite score of physical function was created based on the timed up-and-go, alternate step, sit-to-stand, and balance tests. RESULTS MQ was significantly associated with physical function when AppLBMI (β = 0.179; P = .004) and body mass index (BMI) (β = 0.178; P = .003), but not age (β = 0.065; P = .26), were included in regression analysis. AppLBMI (β = 0.221; P < .001), BMI (β = 0.234; P < .001), and age (β = 0.134; P = .018) significantly interacted with MQ to determine physical function. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that muscle mass, obesity, and age influence the relationship between MQ and physical function, suggesting that these factors should be taken into account when interpreting MQ. Even so, higher levels of MQ were associated with higher physical function scores. Nutritional and physical activity interventions may be designed in this regard.
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187
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Bellury L, Ellington L, Beck SL, Pett MA, Clark J, Stein K. Older breast cancer survivors: can interaction analyses identify vulnerable subgroups? A report from the American Cancer Society Studies of Cancer Survivors. Oncol Nurs Forum 2014; 40:325-36. [PMID: 23803266 DOI: 10.1188/13.onf.325-336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To explore interactions among personal, cancer, aging, and symptom variables relative to physical function (PF) in older adult breast cancer survivors to better identify vulnerable subgroups. DESIGN Secondary analysis of the American Cancer Society Studies of Cancer Survivors II. SETTING U.S. population-based mail and telephone survey. SAMPLE 2,885 breast cancer survivors from 14 different state cancer registries stratified by cancer type and time since diagnosis. A total of 184 female breast cancer survivors, aged 70 years or older, had complete data on variables of interest and were, therefore, included in this analysis. METHODS Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID) analysis was used to examine variable interactions. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES PF, symptom bother, comorbidity, social support, length of survivorship, treatment, stage, body mass index, physical activity, emotional health, and personal characteristics. FINDINGS An interaction effect between symptom bother and comorbidity was found in 39% of older adult breast cancer survivors, and an interaction effect between symptom bother and marital status was found in 40%. The most vulnerable group (8%) had high symptom bother and more than four comorbid conditions. CONCLUSIONS Symptom bother, comorbidity, and marital status were found to have significant interactions such that high comorbidity and high symptom bother were significantly related to lower PF. Married participants with lower symptom bother had significantly higher PF scores. Comorbidity may be the best predictor of PF for the extreme ends of the symptom bother continuum. Advancing age alone was not a sufficient predictor of PF in this analysis. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Specific attention to symptom reports, comorbidity, and marital status can guide identification of older adult cancer survivors in need of ongoing survivorship care. The findings support use of a comprehensive assessment and tailored approach to care based on factors other than age. KNOWLEDGE TRANSLATION CHAID interaction analysis may be useful in exploring complex nursing problems, such as the needs of older adult cancer survivors, and help oncology nurses develop appropriate interventions and referrals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanell Bellury
- Georgia Baptist College of Nursing, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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188
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Determinants of sedentary behavior, motivation, barriers and strategies to reduce sitting time in older women: a qualitative investigation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:773-91. [PMID: 24402064 PMCID: PMC3924473 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110100773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sedentary behavior defined as time spent non-exercising seated or reclining posture has been identified has a health risk and associated with frailty and disablement for older adults. Older adults are the most sedentary segment of society. To date no study has investigated the determinants of sedentary behavior in older adults. This study reports a qualitative investigation of the determinants of sedentary behavior, strategies and motivator to reduce sitting time by structured interviews in a group of community dwelling older women (N = 11, age 65 and over). Older women expressed the view that their sedentary behavior is mostly determined by pain which acts both as an incentive to sit and a motivator to stand up, lack of energy in the afternoon, pressure from direct social circle to sit and rest, societal and environmental typecasting that older adult are meant to sit, lack of environmental facilities to allow activity pacing. This qualitative investigation highlighted some factors that older adults consider determinants of their sedentary behavior. Some are identical to those affecting physical activity (self-efficacy, functional limitations, ageist stereotyping) but some appear specific to sedentary behavior (locus of control, pain) and should be further investigated and considered during intervention design. Tailored interventions that pay attention to the pattern of sedentary behavior of individuals appear to be supported by the views of older women on their sedentary behavior.
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189
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Deshpande N, Metter JE, Guralnik J, Bandinelli S, Ferrucci L. Sensorimotor and psychosocial determinants of 3-year incident mobility disability in middle-aged and older adults. Age Ageing 2014; 43:64-9. [PMID: 24042004 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/aft135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to identify sensorimotor and psychosocial determinants of 3-year incident mobility disability. DESIGN prospective. SETTING population-based sample of community-dwelling older persons. PARTICIPANTS community-living middle-aged and older persons (age: 50-85 years) without baseline mobility disability (n = 622). MEASUREMENTS mobility disability, defined as self-reported inability to walk a quarter mile without resting or inability to walk up a flight of stairs unsupported, was ascertained at baseline and 3-year follow-up. Potential baseline determinant characteristics included demographics, education, social support, financial condition, knee extensor strength, visual contrast sensitivity, cognition, depression, presence of chronic conditions and history of falls. RESULTS a total of 13.5% participant reported 3-year incident mobility disability. Age ≥75 years, female sex, knee extensor strength in the lowest quartile, visual contrast sensitivity <1.7 on the Pelli-Robson chart or significant depressive symptoms (CESD score >16) were independent determinants of 3-year incident mobility disability (ORs 1.84-16.51). CONCLUSIONS low visual contrast sensitivity, poor knee extensor strength and significant depressive symptoms are independent determinants of future onset of mobility disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Deshpande
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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190
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Michael YL, Nagel CL, Gold R, Hillier TA. Does change in the neighborhood environment prevent obesity in older women? Soc Sci Med 2013; 102:129-37. [PMID: 24565150 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neighborhood environment is consistently associated with obesity; changes to modifiable aspects of the neighborhood environment may curb the growth of obesity in the US and other developed nations. However, currently the majority of studies are cross-sectional and thus not appropriate for evaluating causality. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of a neighborhood-changing intervention on changes in obesity among older women. Over the past 30 years the Portland, Oregon metropolitan region has made significant investments in plans, regulatory structures, and public facilities to reduce sprawl and increase compact growth centers, transit-oriented development approaches, and green space. We used geocoded residential addresses to link data on land-use mix, public transit access, street connectivity, and access to green space from four time points between 1986 and 2004, with longitudinal data on body mass index (BMI) from a cohort of 2003 community-dwelling women aged 66 years and older. Height and weight were measured at clinic visits. Women self-reported demographics, health habits, and chronic conditions, and self-rated their health. Neighborhood socioeconomic status was assessed from census data. Neighborhood walkability and access to green space improved over the 18-year study period. On average there was a non-significant mean weight loss in the cohort between baseline (mean age 72.6 years) and the study's end (mean age 85.0 years). We observed no association between neighborhood built environment or change in built environment and BMI. Greater neighborhood socioeconomic status at baseline was independently associated with a healthier BMI at baseline, and protected against an age-related decline in BMI over time. BMI decreases with age reflect increased frailty, especially among older adults with complex morbidities. Future research should consider the influence of the neighborhood environment on additional relevant health outcomes and should include measures of the social environment in conjunction with built environment measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne L Michael
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Corey L Nagel
- School of Nursing, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Rachel Gold
- Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Teresa A Hillier
- Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR, USA.
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191
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The Relationship Between Different Body Mass Index Categories and Chair Rise Performance in Adult Women. J Appl Biomech 2013; 29:705-11. [DOI: 10.1123/jab.29.6.705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An important prerequisite to carry out daily activities is the sit-to-stand movement. However, in obese people, this movement is characterized by altered biomechanics, which might lead to daily life activity impairments. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there are differences in kinetic and kinematic variables between three different BMI categories when performing a specific sit-to-stand test. Thirty-six adult women (BMI = 17–45 kg/m2) performed the sit-to stand test five times consecutively and as quickly as possible. Analyses of variance were used to determine differences between three BMI groups (normal or overweight: BMI < 30 kg/m2; obese: 30 ≤ BMI < 35; severely obese: BMI ≥ 35). Peak and mean vertical sacrum velocity indicated a decrease in severely obese subjects. Obese and severely obese individuals did not show higher fatigue over the five consecutive movements. Peak force and rate of force development decreased in normal or overweight subjects. The ability to successfully complete the test decreased with a higher BMI, probably due to a reduced ability to rapidly generate a high force.
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192
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Anderson WL, Wiener JM, Khatutsky G, Armour BS. Obesity and people with disabilities: the implications for health care expenditures. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:E798-804. [PMID: 23804319 PMCID: PMC4494729 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study estimates additional average health care expenditures for overweight and obesity for adults with disabilities vs. without. DESIGN AND METHODS Descriptive and multivariate methods were used to estimate additional health expenditures by service type, age group, and payer using 2004-2007 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data. RESULTS In 2007, 37% of community-dwelling Americans with disabilities were obese vs. 27% of the total population. People with disabilities had almost three times ($2,459) the additional average obesity cost of people without disabilities ($889). Prescription drug expenditures for obese people with disabilities were three times as high and outpatient expenditures were 74% higher. People with disabilities in the 45- to 64-year age group had the highest obesity expenditures. Medicare had the highest additional average obesity expenditures among payers. Among people with prescription drug expenditures, obese people with disabilities had nine times the prevalence of diabetes as normal weight people with disabilities. Overweight people with and without disabilities had lower expenditures than normal-weight people with and without disabilities. CONCLUSIONS Obesity results in substantial additional health care expenditures for people with disabilities. These additional expenditures pose a serious current and future problem, given the potential for higher obesity prevalence in the coming decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne L. Anderson
- Aging, Disability, and Long-Term Care Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joshua M. Wiener
- Aging, Disability, and Long-Term Care Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Galina Khatutsky
- Aging, Disability, and Long-Term Care Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian S. Armour
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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193
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Yang M, Hao Q, Luo L, Ding X, Wu H, Zhang Y, Dong B. Body mass index and disability in Chinese nonagenarians and centenarians. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2013; 15:303.e1-6. [PMID: 24287207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the potential association between body mass index (BMI) and activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) disabilities in a population-based sample of Chinese nonagenarians and centenarians. METHODS This study analyzed data obtained from a survey conducted in 870 elderly Chinese adults aged 90 years or older in Dujiangyan. The participants were divided into 4 groups according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Asia criteria of underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity in BMI (<18.5, 18.5-23.0, 23.0-25.0, ≥25.0 kg/m(2), respectively) and to BMI quartile (<16.8, 16.8-18.9, 18.9-21.1, ≥21.1 kg/m(2), respectively). The ADL and IADL disabilities were measured using the physical self-maintenance scale (PSMS) and IADL scale developed by Lawton and Brody, respectively. RESULTS The participants included in the current statistical analyses were 233 men and 505 women. The mean age was 93.5 ± 3.2 years (ranging from 90 to 108 years). Using the WHO Asia criteria, the prevalence of underweight and obesity were 43.9% and 6.6%, respectively. In long-lived women, the prevalence of ADL and IADL disabilities was significantly higher in either the underweight group (39.4% and 72.9%, respectively) or the obesity group (38.1% and 77.7%, respectively) compared with the normal weight group (31.4% and 60.8%, respectively). After adjusting for relevant covariates, the underweight group and obesity group showed significantly increased odds ratios (ORs) for either ADL (1.5 and 1.8, respectively) or IADL disability (1.9 and 1.4, respectively). Similar results were found when using the BMI quartile. However, in long-lived men, no significant difference was found with respect to the prevalence of ADL or IADL disability and adjusted ORs among the different BMI groups. CONCLUSIONS Among Chinese long-lived adults, the risk of ADL and IADL disability was higher for women with both extremely low and high BMIs, but this pattern was not found in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiukui Hao
- The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Luo
- The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongmei Wu
- The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Birong Dong
- The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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194
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de Rooij M, Steultjens MPM, Avezaat E, Häkkinen A, Klaver R, van der Leeden M, Maas T, Roorda LD, van der Velde H, Lems WF, Dekker J. Restrictions and contraindications for exercise therapy in patients with hip and knee osteoarthritis and comorbidity. PHYSICAL THERAPY REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/1743288x12y.0000000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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195
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Michalakis K, Goulis DG, Vazaiou A, Mintziori G, Polymeris A, Abrahamian-Michalakis A. Obesity in the ageing man. Metabolism 2013; 62:1341-9. [PMID: 23831443 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As the population is ageing globally, both ageing and obesity are recognized as major public health challenges. The aim of this narrative review is to present and discuss the current evidence on the changes in body composition, energy balance and endocrine environment that occur in the ageing man. Obesity in the ageing man is related to changes in both body weight and composition due to alterations in energy intake and total energy expenditure. In addition, somatopenia (decreased GH secretion), late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), changes in thyroid and adrenal function, as well as changes in appetite-related peptides (leptin, ghrelin) and, most importantly, insulin action are related to obesity, abnormal energy balance, redistribution of the adipose tissue and sarcopenia (decreased muscle mass). A better understanding of the complex relationship of ageing-related endocrine changes and obesity could lead to more effective interventions for elderly men.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Michalakis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, "Laiko" General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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196
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Finelli C, Sommella L, Gioia S, La Sala N, Tarantino G. Should visceral fat be reduced to increase longevity? Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:996-1004. [PMID: 23764746 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several epidemiologic studies have implicated visceral fat as a major risk factor for insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, stroke, metabolic syndrome and death. Utilizing novel models of visceral obesity, numerous studies have demonstrated that the relationship between visceral fat and longevity is causal while the accrual of subcutaneous fat does not appear to play an important role in the etiology of disease risk. Specific recommended intake levels vary based on a number of factors, including current weight, activity levels, and weight loss goals. It is discussed the need of reducing the visceral fat as a potential treatment strategy to prevent or delay age-related diseases and to increase longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Finelli
- Center of Obesity and Eating Disorders, Stella Maris Mediterraneum Foundation, Chiaromonte, Potenza, Italy.
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197
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Fox MH, Witten MH, Lullo C. Reducing Obesity Among People With Disabilities. JOURNAL OF DISABILITY POLICY STUDIES 2013; 25:175-185. [PMID: 26113785 DOI: 10.1177/1044207313494236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Achieving healthy weight for people with disabilities in the United States is a challenge. Obesity rates for adults and children with disabilities are significantly higher than for those without disabilities, with differences remaining even when controlling for other factors. Reasons for this disparity include lack of healthy food options for many people with disabilities living in restrictive environments, difficulty with chewing or swallowing food, medication use contributing to changes in appetite, physical limitations that can reduce a person's ability to exercise, constant pain, energy imbalance, lack of accessible environments in which to exercise or fully participate in other activities, and resource scarcity among many segments of the disability population. In order for there to be a coordinated national effort to address this issue, a framework needs to be developed from which research, policy, and practice can emerge. This paper reviews existing literature and presents a conceptual model that can be used to inform such a framework, provides examples of promising practices, and discusses challenges and opportunities moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Fox
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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198
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Anton SD, Karabetian C, Naugle K, Buford TW. Obesity and diabetes as accelerators of functional decline: can lifestyle interventions maintain functional status in high risk older adults? Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:888-97. [PMID: 23832077 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes are known risk factors for the development of physical disability among older adults. With the number of seniors with these conditions rising worldwide, the prevention and treatment of physical disability in these persons have become a major public health challenge. Sarcopenia, the progressive loss of muscle mass and strength, has been identified as a common pathway associated with the initial onset and progression of physical disability among older adults. A growing body of evidence suggests that metabolic dysregulation associated with obesity and diabetes accelerates the progression of sarcopenia, and subsequently functional decline in older adults. The focus of this brief review is on the contributions of obesity and diabetes in accelerating sarcopenia and functional decline among older adults. We also briefly discuss the underexplored interaction between obesity and diabetes that may further accelerate sarcopenia and place obese older adults with diabetes at particularly high risk of disability. Finally, we review findings from studies that have specifically tested the efficacy of lifestyle-based interventions in maintaining the functional status of older persons with obesity and/or diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Anton
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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199
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Rosenberg DE, Turner AP, Littman AJ, Williams RM, Norvell DC, Hakimi KM, Czerniecki JM. Body mass index patterns following dysvascular lower extremity amputation. Disabil Rehabil 2013; 35:1269-75. [PMID: 23094934 PMCID: PMC7546544 DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2012.726690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Using preliminary data, we examined: (i) patterns of body mass index (BMI) over the year following amputation by amputation level and (ii) the association between BMI and mobility and prosthetic device use. METHOD Patients from three medical centers undergoing dysvascular amputation (N = 87; M age = 62) participated in interviews pre-surgically and at 6 weeks, 4 months, and 12 months following amputation. The main outcome was self-reported BMI, adjusting for limb weight lost due to amputation. Additional outcomes were mobility and time spent using and walking in a prosthetic device. RESULTS Adjusted BMI slightly decreased at 6 weeks (pre-surgery M = 31.2; 6 weeks M = 30.3) and 4 months (M = 30.7) but exceeded baseline levels by 12 months (M = 31.7). There were no significant BMI differences by amputation level. In multivariable analyses, higher pre-surgical BMI was associated with fewer hours of prosthetic device walking at month 4 (β = -0.49) and poorer overall mobility at month 12 (β = -0.22). CONCLUSIONS BMI increased at one year following amputation surgery. Higher pre-surgical BMI was associated with poorer mobility and prosthetic device use. Interventions are needed to prevent excess weight gain in the year following amputation. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION • People undergoing lower-extremity amputation have high rates of overweight and obesity and continue to gain weight in the year following amputation. • Objective assessment of body mass index (both with and without a prosthetic device) and waist circumference would help future research efforts. • Targeting weight loss post-amputation could improve the health of people with lower-extremity amputations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dori E. Rosenberg
- Rehabilitation Care Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Group Health Cooperative, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aaron P. Turner
- Rehabilitation Care Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alyson J. Littman
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rhonda M. Williams
- Rehabilitation Care Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Kevin M. Hakimi
- Rehabilitation Care Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joseph M. Czerniecki
- Rehabilitation Care Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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200
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Abstract
Numerous epidemiologic studies have implicated abdominal obesity as a major risk factor for insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, stroke, metabolic syndrome and its further expression, i.e., nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and death. Using novel models of visceral obesity, several studies have demonstrated that the relationship between visceral fat and longevity is causal, while the accrual of subcutaneous fat does not appear to play an important role in the etiology of disease risk. The need of reducing the visceral fat to improve survival, mainly taking into account the strict link between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the coronary artery disease is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Finelli
- Center of Obesity and Eating Disorder, Stella Maris Mediterraneo Foundation Chiaromonte, Potenza, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tarantino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy.
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