151
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Simon MLA, Platre MP, Marquès-Bueno MM, Armengot L, Stanislas T, Bayle V, Caillaud MC, Jaillais Y. A PtdIns(4)P-driven electrostatic field controls cell membrane identity and signalling in plants. NATURE PLANTS 2016; 2:16089. [PMID: 27322096 PMCID: PMC4918763 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Many signalling proteins permanently or transiently localize to specific organelles. It is well established that certain lipids act as biochemical landmarks to specify compartment identity. However, they also influence membrane biophysical properties, which emerge as important features in specifying cellular territories. Such parameters include the membrane inner surface potential, which varies according to the lipid composition of each organelle. Here, we found that the plant plasma membrane (PM) and the cell plate of dividing cells have a unique electrostatic signature controlled by phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P). Our results further reveal that, contrarily to other eukaryotes, PtdIns(4)P massively accumulates at the PM, establishing it as a critical hallmark of this membrane in plants. Membrane surface charges control the PM localization and function of the polar auxin transport regulator PINOID as well as proteins from the BRI1 KINASE INHIBITOR1 (BKI1)/MEMBRANE ASSOCIATED KINASE REGULATOR (MAKR) family, which are involved in brassinosteroid and receptor-like kinase signalling. We anticipate that this PtdIns(4)P-driven physical membrane property will control the localization and function of many proteins involved in development, reproduction, immunity and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Laetitia Audrey Simon
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5667 CNRS/INRA/ENS-Lyon/Université de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Matthieu Pierre Platre
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5667 CNRS/INRA/ENS-Lyon/Université de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Maria Mar Marquès-Bueno
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5667 CNRS/INRA/ENS-Lyon/Université de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Laia Armengot
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5667 CNRS/INRA/ENS-Lyon/Université de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Thomas Stanislas
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5667 CNRS/INRA/ENS-Lyon/Université de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Vincent Bayle
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5667 CNRS/INRA/ENS-Lyon/Université de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Marie-Cécile Caillaud
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5667 CNRS/INRA/ENS-Lyon/Université de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Y.J. () and M.C.C ()
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5667 CNRS/INRA/ENS-Lyon/Université de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Y.J. () and M.C.C ()
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152
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GhLTPG1, a cotton GPI-anchored lipid transfer protein, regulates the transport of phosphatidylinositol monophosphates and cotton fiber elongation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26829. [PMID: 27311358 PMCID: PMC4911556 DOI: 10.1038/srep26829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cotton fibers are seed trichomes that elongate from the ovule epidermis. Polar lipids are required for the quick enlargement of cell membrane and fiber cell growth, however, how lipids are transported from the ovules into the developing fibers remains less known. Here, we reported the functional characterization of GhLTPG1, a GPI-anchored lipid transport protein, during cotton fiber elongation. GhLTPG1 was abundantly expressed in elongating cotton fibers and outer integument of the ovules, and GhLTPG1 protein was located on cell membrane. Biochemical analysis showed that GhLTPG1 specifically bound to phosphatidylinositol mono-phosphates (PtdIns3P, PtdIns4P and PtdIns5P) in vitro and transported PtdInsPs from the synthesis places to the plasma membranes in vivo. Expression of GhLTPG1 in Arabidopsis caused an increased number of trichomes, and fibers in GhLTPG1-knockdown cotton plants exhibited significantly reduced length, decreased polar lipid content, and repression of fiber elongation-related genes expression. These results suggested that GhLTPG1 protein regulates the cotton fiber elongation through mediating the transport of phosphatidylinositol monophosphates.
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153
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Dejonghe W, Kuenen S, Mylle E, Vasileva M, Keech O, Viotti C, Swerts J, Fendrych M, Ortiz-Morea FA, Mishev K, Delang S, Scholl S, Zarza X, Heilmann M, Kourelis J, Kasprowicz J, Nguyen LSL, Drozdzecki A, Van Houtte I, Szatmári AM, Majda M, Baisa G, Bednarek SY, Robert S, Audenaert D, Testerink C, Munnik T, Van Damme D, Heilmann I, Schumacher K, Winne J, Friml J, Verstreken P, Russinova E. Mitochondrial uncouplers inhibit clathrin-mediated endocytosis largely through cytoplasmic acidification. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11710. [PMID: 27271794 PMCID: PMC4899852 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP production requires the establishment of an electrochemical proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondrial uncouplers dissipate this proton gradient and disrupt numerous cellular processes, including vesicular trafficking, mainly through energy depletion. Here we show that Endosidin9 (ES9), a novel mitochondrial uncoupler, is a potent inhibitor of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in different systems and that ES9 induces inhibition of CME not because of its effect on cellular ATP, but rather due to its protonophore activity that leads to cytoplasm acidification. We show that the known tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostinA23, which is routinely used to block CME, displays similar properties, thus questioning its use as a specific inhibitor of cargo recognition by the AP-2 adaptor complex via tyrosine motif-based endocytosis signals. Furthermore, we show that cytoplasm acidification dramatically affects the dynamics and recruitment of clathrin and associated adaptors, and leads to reduction of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate from the plasma membrane. Plant cells maintain strict proton gradients over different membranes. Here, Dejonghe et al. show that several protonophores, including the known tyrosine kinase inhibitor TyrphostinA23, inhibit clathrin-mediated endocytosis by disturbing these gradients and causing cytoplasmic acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Dejonghe
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Sabine Kuenen
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Laboratory of Neuronal Communication, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department for Human Genetics, and Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evelien Mylle
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Mina Vasileva
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Olivier Keech
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Corrado Viotti
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jef Swerts
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Laboratory of Neuronal Communication, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department for Human Genetics, and Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matyáš Fendrych
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Fausto Andres Ortiz-Morea
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kiril Mishev
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Simon Delang
- Developmental Biology of Plants, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Scholl
- Developmental Biology of Plants, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xavier Zarza
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mareike Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Jiorgos Kourelis
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaroslaw Kasprowicz
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Laboratory of Neuronal Communication, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department for Human Genetics, and Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Isabelle Van Houtte
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Anna-Mária Szatmári
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Mateusz Majda
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gary Baisa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - Stéphanie Robert
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Christa Testerink
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teun Munnik
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël Van Damme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Karin Schumacher
- Developmental Biology of Plants, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johan Winne
- Laboratory for Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Laboratory of Neuronal Communication, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department for Human Genetics, and Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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154
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Sakurai HT, Inoue T, Nakano A, Ueda T. ENDOSOMAL RAB EFFECTOR WITH PX-DOMAIN, an Interacting Partner of RAB5 GTPases, Regulates Membrane Trafficking to Protein Storage Vacuoles in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:1490-503. [PMID: 27288222 PMCID: PMC4944415 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
RAB5 GTPases act as molecular switches that regulate various endosomal functions in animal cells, including homotypic fusion of early endosomes, endosomal motility, endosomal signaling, and subcompartmentalization of the endosomal membrane. RAB5 proteins fulfill these diverse functions through interactions with downstream effector molecules. Two canonical RAB5 members, ARA7 and RAB HOMOLOG1 (RHA1), are encoded in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome. ARA7 and RHA1 play crucial roles in endocytic and vacuolar trafficking pathways. Plant RAB5 GTPases function via interactions with effector molecules, whose identities and functions are currently unclear. In this study, we searched for canonical RAB5 effector molecules of Arabidopsis and identified a candidate, which we called ENDOSOMAL RAB EFFECTOR WITH PX-DOMAIN (EREX). The intimate genetic interaction between EREX and RAB5 members, the results from subcellular colocalization experiments, and the direct interaction observed in an in vitro pull-down assay strongly suggest that EREX is a genuine effector of canonical RAB5s in Arabidopsis. We further found that close homologs of EREX play partially redundant functions with EREX in the transport of seed storage proteins. Our results indicate that canonical plant RAB5s acquired distinct effector molecules from those of non-plant systems to fulfill their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Tajima Sakurai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Live Cell Super-resolution Live Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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155
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Chai S, Ge FR, Feng QN, Li S, Zhang Y. PLURIPETALA mediates ROP2 localization and stability in parallel to SCN1 but synergistically with TIP1 in root hairs. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 86:413-25. [PMID: 27037800 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Prenylation, the post-translational attachment of prenyl groups to substrate proteins, can affect their distribution and interactomes. Arabidopsis PLURIPETALA (PLP) encodes the shared α subunit of two heterodimeric protein isoprenyltransferases, whose functional loss provides a unique opportunity to study developmental and cellular processes mediated by its prenylated substrates, such as ROP GTPases. As molecular switches, the distribution and activation of ROPs are mediated by various factors, including guanine nucleotide exchange factors, GTPase activating proteins, guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs), prenylation, and S-acylation. However, how these factors together ensure that dynamic ROP signalling is still obscure. We report here that a loss-of-function allele of PLP resulted in cytoplasmic accumulation of ROP2 in root hairs and reduced its stability. Consequently, two downstream events of ROP signalling, i.e. actin microfilament (MF) organization and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), were compromised. Genetic, cytological and biochemical evidence supports an additive interaction between prenylation and RhoGDI1/SCN1 in ROP2 distribution and stability whereas PLP acts synergistically with the protein S-acyl transferase TIP GROWTH DEFECTIVE1 during root hair growth. By using root hair growth as a model system, we uncovered complex interactions among prenylation, RhoGDIs, and S-acylation in dynamic ROP signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Fu-Rong Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Qiang-Nan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
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156
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Salt stress induces internalization of plasma membrane aquaporin into the vacuole in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 474:742-746. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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157
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Tilsner J, Nicolas W, Rosado A, Bayer EM. Staying Tight: Plasmodesmal Membrane Contact Sites and the Control of Cell-to-Cell Connectivity in Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:337-64. [PMID: 26905652 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-111840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Multicellularity differs in plants and animals in that the cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and endomembrane of plants are connected between cells through plasmodesmal pores. Plasmodesmata (PDs) are essential for plant life and serve as conduits for the transport of proteins, small RNAs, hormones, and metabolites during developmental and defense signaling. They are also the only pathways available for viruses to spread within plant hosts. The membrane organization of PDs is unique, characterized by the close apposition of the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane and spoke-like filamentous structures linking the two membranes, which define PDs as membrane contact sites (MCSs). This specialized membrane arrangement is likely critical for PD function. Here, we review how PDs govern developmental and defensive signaling in plants, compare them with other types of MCSs, and discuss in detail the potential functional significance of the MCS nature of PDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Tilsner
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom;
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - William Nicolas
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France; ,
| | - Abel Rosado
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Emmanuelle M Bayer
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France; ,
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158
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Heilmann I. Plant phosphoinositide signaling - dynamics on demand. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1345-1351. [PMID: 26924252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic membranes contain small amounts of lipids with regulatory roles. An important class of such regulatory lipids are phosphoinositides (PIs). Within membranes, PIs serve as recruitment signals, as regulators of membrane protein function or as precursors for second messenger production, thereby influencing a multitude of cellular processes with key importance for plant function and development. Plant PIs occur locally and transiently within membrane microdomains, and their abundance is strictly controlled. To understand the functions of the plant PI-network it is important to understand not only downstream PI-effects, but also to identify and characterize factors contributing to dynamic PI formation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Lipid Biology edited by Kent D. Chapman and Ivo Feussner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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159
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Feng QN, Kang H, Song SJ, Ge FR, Zhang YL, Li E, Li S, Zhang Y. Arabidopsis RhoGDIs Are Critical for Cellular Homeostasis of Pollen Tubes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:841-56. [PMID: 26662604 PMCID: PMC4734571 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rhos of plants (ROPs) play a key role in plant cell morphogenesis, especially in tip-growing pollen tubes and root hairs, by regulating an array of intracellular activities such as dynamic polymerization of actin microfilaments. ROPs are regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RopGEFs), GTPase activating proteins (RopGAPs), and guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs). RopGEFs and RopGAPs play evolutionarily conserved function in ROP signaling. By contrast, although plant RhoGDIs regulate the membrane extraction and cytoplasmic sequestration of ROPs, less clear are their positive roles in ROP signaling as do their yeast and metazoan counterparts. We report here that functional loss of all three Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) GDIs (tri-gdi) significantly reduced male transmission due to impaired pollen tube growth in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that ROPs were ectopically activated at the lateral plasma membrane of the tri-gdi pollen tubes. However, total ROPs were reduced posttranslationally in the tri-gdi mutant, resulting in overall dampened ROP signaling. Indeed, a ROP5 mutant that was unable to interact with GDIs failed to induce growth, indicating the importance of the ROP-GDI interaction for ROP signaling. Functional loss of GDIs impaired cellular homeostasis, resulting in excess apical accumulation of wall components in pollen tubes, similar to that resulting from ectopic phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate signaling. GDIs and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate may antagonistically coordinate to maintain cellular homeostasis during pollen tube growth. Our results thus demonstrate a more complex role of GDIs in ROP-mediated pollen tube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang-Nan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Hui Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Shi-Jian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Fu-Rong Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yu-Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - En Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
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160
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Marquès-Bueno MDM, Morao AK, Cayrel A, Platre MP, Barberon M, Caillieux E, Colot V, Jaillais Y, Roudier F, Vert G. A versatile Multisite Gateway-compatible promoter and transgenic line collection for cell type-specific functional genomics in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 85:320-333. [PMID: 26662936 PMCID: PMC4880041 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms are composed of many cell types that acquire their specific fate through a precisely controlled pattern of gene expression in time and space dictated in part by cell type-specific promoter activity. Understanding the contribution of highly specialized cell types in the development of a whole organism requires the ability to isolate or analyze different cell types separately. We have characterized and validated a large collection of root cell type-specific promoters and have generated cell type-specific marker lines. These benchmarked promoters can be readily used to evaluate cell type-specific complementation of mutant phenotypes, or to knockdown gene expression using targeted expression of artificial miRNA. We also generated vectors and characterized transgenic lines for cell type-specific induction of gene expression and cell type-specific isolation of nuclei for RNA and chromatin profiling. Vectors and seeds from transgenic Arabidopsis plants will be freely available, and will promote rapid progress in cell type-specific functional genomics. We demonstrate the power of this promoter set for analysis of complex biological processes by investigating the contribution of root cell types in the IRT1-dependent root iron uptake. Our findings revealed the complex spatial expression pattern of IRT1 in both root epidermis and phloem companion cells and the requirement for IRT1 to be expressed in both cell types for proper iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria del Mar Marquès-Bueno
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5667 CNRS/INRA/ENS-Lyon/Université de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Ana Karina Morao
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, UMR 8197 CNRS/INSERM, Paris 75005, France
| | - Anne Cayrel
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, UMR 9198 CNRS/CEA/University Paris-Sud, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Matthieu Pierre Platre
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5667 CNRS/INRA/ENS-Lyon/Université de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Marie Barberon
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Erwann Caillieux
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, UMR 8197 CNRS/INSERM, Paris 75005, France
| | - Vincent Colot
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, UMR 8197 CNRS/INSERM, Paris 75005, France
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5667 CNRS/INRA/ENS-Lyon/Université de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
- For correspondence (, , or )
| | - François Roudier
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, UMR 8197 CNRS/INSERM, Paris 75005, France
- For correspondence (, , or )
| | - Grégory Vert
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, UMR 9198 CNRS/CEA/University Paris-Sud, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- For correspondence (, , or )
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161
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Brumbarova T, Ivanov R. Differential Gene Expression and Protein Phosphorylation as Factors Regulating the State of the Arabidopsis SNX1 Protein Complexes in Response to Environmental Stimuli. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1456. [PMID: 27725825 PMCID: PMC5035748 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Endosomal recycling of plasma membrane proteins contributes significantly to the regulation of cellular transport and signaling processes. Members of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) SORTING NEXIN (SNX) protein family were shown to mediate the endosomal retrieval of transporter proteins in response to external challenges. Our aim is to understand the possible ways through which external stimuli influence the activity of SNX1 in the root. Several proteins are known to contribute to the function of SNX1 through direct protein-protein interaction. We, therefore, compiled a list of all Arabidopsis proteins known to physically interact with SNX1 and employed available gene expression and proteomic data for a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of this interactome. The genes encoding SNX1-interaction partners showed distinct expression patterns with some, like FAB1A, being uniformly expressed, while others, like MC9 and BLOS1, were expressed in specific root zones and cell types. Under stress conditions known to induce SNX1-dependent responses, two genes encoding SNX1-interacting proteins, MC9 and NHX6, showed major gene-expression variations. We could also observe zone-specific transcriptional changes of SNX1 under iron deficiency, which are consistent with the described role of the SNX1 protein. This suggests that the composition of potential SNX1-containing protein complexes in roots is cell-specific and may be readjusted in response to external stimuli. On the level of post-transcriptional modifications, we observed stress-dependent changes in the phosphorylation status of SNX1, FAB1A, and CLASP. Interestingly, the phosphorylation events affecting SNX1 interactors occur in a pattern which is largely complementary to transcriptional regulation. Our analysis shows that transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation play distinct roles in SNX1-mediated endosomal recycling under external stress.
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Foissner I, Sommer A, Hoeftberger M, Hoepflinger MC, Absolonova M. Is Wortmannin-Induced Reorganization of the trans-Golgi Network the Key to Explain Charasome Formation? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:756. [PMID: 27375631 PMCID: PMC4891338 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Wortmannin, a fungal metabolite and an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI3) and phosphatidylinositol-4 (PI4) kinases, is widely used for the investigation and dissection of vacuolar trafficking routes and for the identification of proteins located at multivesicular bodies (MVBs). In this study, we applied wortmannin on internodal cells of the characean green alga Chara australis. Wortmannin was used at concentrations of 25 and 50 μM which, unlike in other cells, arrested neither constitutive, nor wounding-induced endocytosis via coated vesicles. Wortmannin caused the formation of "mixed compartments" consisting of MVBs and membranous tubules which were probably derived from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and within these compartments MVBs fused into larger organelles. Most interestingly, wortmannin also caused pronounced changes in the morphology of the TGNs. After transient hypertrophy, the TGNs lost their coat and formed compact, three-dimensional meshworks of anastomosing tubules containing a central core. These meshworks had a size of up to 4 μm and a striking resemblance to charasomes, which are convoluted plasma membrane domains, and which serve to increase the area available for transporters. Our findings indicate that similar mechanisms are responsible for the formation of charasomes and the wortmannin-induced reorganization of the TGN. We hypothesize that both organelles grow because of a disturbance of clathrin-dependent membrane retrieval due to inhibition of PI3 and/or PI4 kinases. This leads to local inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis during charasome formation in untreated cells and to inhibition of vesicle release from the TGN in wortmannin-treated cells, respectively. The morphological resemblance between charasomes and wortmannin-modified TGN compartments suggests that homologous proteins are involved in membrane curvature and organelle architecture.
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Hirano T, Munnik T, Sato MH. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Phosphate 5-Kinase, FAB1/PIKfyve Kinase Mediates Endosome Maturation to Establish Endosome-Cortical Microtubule Interaction in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:1961-74. [PMID: 26353760 PMCID: PMC4634102 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(3,5)P2] is an important lipid in membrane trafficking in animal and yeast systems; however, its role is still largely obscure in plants. Here, we demonstrate that the phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate 5-kinase, formation of aploid and binucleate cells1 (FAB1)/FYVE finger-containing phosphoinositide kinase (PIKfyve), and its product, PtdIns(3,5)P2, are essential for the maturation process of endosomes to mediate cortical microtubule association of endosomes, thereby controlling proper PIN-FORMED protein trafficking in young cortical and stele cells of root. We found that FAB1 predominantly localizes on the Sorting Nexin1 (SNX1)-residing late endosomes, and a loss of FAB1 function causes the release of late endosomal proteins, Ara7, and SNX1 from the endosome membrane, indicating that FAB1, or its product PtdIns(3,5)P2, mediates the maturation process of the late endosomes. We also found that loss of FAB1 function causes the release of endosomes from cortical microtubules and disturbs proper cortical microtubule organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Hirano
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan (T.H., M.H.S.); andSection Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.M.)
| | - Teun Munnik
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan (T.H., M.H.S.); andSection Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.M.)
| | - Masa H Sato
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan (T.H., M.H.S.); andSection Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.M.)
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164
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Zhang C, Hicks GR, Raikhel NV. Molecular Composition of Plant Vacuoles: Important but Less Understood Regulations and Roles of Tonoplast Lipids. PLANTS 2015; 4:320-33. [PMID: 27135331 PMCID: PMC4844321 DOI: 10.3390/plants4020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The vacuole is an essential organelle for plant growth and development. It is the location for the storage of nutrients; such as sugars and proteins; and other metabolic products. Understanding the mechanisms of vacuolar trafficking and molecule transport across the vacuolar membrane is of great importance in understanding basic plant development and cell biology and for crop quality improvement. Proteins play important roles in vacuolar trafficking; such proteins include Rab GTPase signaling proteins; cargo recognition receptors; and SNAREs (Soluble NSF Attachment Protein Receptors) that are involved in membrane fusion. Some vacuole membrane proteins also serve as the transporters or channels for transport across the tonoplast. Less understood but critical are the roles of lipids in vacuolar trafficking. In this review, we will first summarize molecular composition of plant vacuoles and we will then discuss our latest understanding on the role of lipids in plant vacuolar trafficking and a surprising connection to ribosome function through the study of ribosomal mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Zhang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology & Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Glenn R Hicks
- Center for Plant Cell Biology & Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Natasha V Raikhel
- Center for Plant Cell Biology & Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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165
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Krenek P, Samajova O, Luptovciak I, Doskocilova A, Komis G, Samaj J. Transient plant transformation mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens: Principles, methods and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1024-42. [PMID: 25819757 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is widely used as a versatile tool for development of stably transformed model plants and crops. However, the development of Agrobacterium based transient plant transformation methods attracted substantial attention in recent years. Transient transformation methods offer several applications advancing stable transformations such as rapid and scalable recombinant protein production and in planta functional genomics studies. Herein, we highlight Agrobacterium and plant genetics factors affecting transfer of T-DNA from Agrobacterium into the plant cell nucleus and subsequent transient transgene expression. We also review recent methods concerning Agrobacterium mediated transient transformation of model plants and crops and outline key physical, physiological and genetic factors leading to their successful establishment. Of interest are especially Agrobacterium based reverse genetics studies in economically important crops relying on use of RNA interference (RNAi) or virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology. The applications of Agrobacterium based transient plant transformation technology in biotech industry are presented in thorough detail. These involve production of recombinant proteins (plantibodies, vaccines and therapeutics) and effectoromics-assisted breeding of late blight resistance in potato. In addition, we also discuss biotechnological potential of recombinant GFP technology and present own examples of successful Agrobacterium mediated transient plant transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Krenek
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Olga Samajova
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivan Luptovciak
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Anna Doskocilova
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - George Komis
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jozef Samaj
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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166
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Sekereš J, Pleskot R, Pejchar P, Žárský V, Potocký M. The song of lipids and proteins: dynamic lipid-protein interfaces in the regulation of plant cell polarity at different scales. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1587-98. [PMID: 25716697 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Successful establishment and maintenance of cell polarity is crucial for many aspects of plant development, cellular morphogenesis, response to pathogen attack, and reproduction. Polar cell growth depends on integrating membrane and cell-wall dynamics with signal transduction pathways, changes in ion membrane transport, and regulation of vectorial vesicle trafficking and the dynamic actin cytoskeleton. In this review, we address the critical importance of protein-membrane crosstalk in the determination of plant cell polarity and summarize the role of membrane lipids, particularly minor acidic phospholipids, in regulation of the membrane traffic. We focus on the protein-membrane interface dynamics and discuss the current state of knowledge on three partially overlapping levels of descriptions. Finally, due to their multiscale and interdisciplinary nature, we stress the crucial importance of combining different strategies ranging from microscopic methods to computational modelling in protein-membrane studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Sekereš
- 1 Institute of Experimental Botany, v. v. i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic 2 Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, 12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Pleskot
- 1 Institute of Experimental Botany, v. v. i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic 3 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, v. v. i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Pejchar
- 1 Institute of Experimental Botany, v. v. i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Žárský
- 1 Institute of Experimental Botany, v. v. i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic 2 Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, 12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Potocký
- 1 Institute of Experimental Botany, v. v. i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Zhang YL, Li E, Feng QN, Zhao XY, Ge FR, Zhang Y, Li S. Protein palmitoylation is critical for the polar growth of root hairs in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:50. [PMID: 25849075 PMCID: PMC4340681 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0441-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein palmitoylation, which is critical for membrane association and subcellular targeting of many signaling proteins, is catalyzed mainly by protein S-acyl transferases (PATs). Only a few plant proteins have been experimentally verified to be subject to palmitoylation, such as ROP GTPases, calcineurin B like proteins (CBLs), and subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins. However, emerging evidence from palmitoyl proteomics hinted that protein palmitoylation as a post-translational modification might be widespread. Nonetheless, due to the large number of genes encoding PATs and the lack of consensus motifs for palmitoylation, progress on the roles of protein palmitoylation in plants has been slow. RESULTS We combined pharmacological and genetic approaches to examine the role of protein palmitoylation in root hair growth. Multiple PATs from different endomembrane compartments may participate in root hair growth, among which the Golgi-localized PAT24/TIP GROWTH DEFECTIVE1 (TIP1) plays a major role while the tonoplast-localized PAT10 plays a secondary role in root hair growth. A specific inhibitor for protein palmitoylation, 2-bromopalmitate (2-BP), compromised root hair elongation and polarity. Using various probes specific for cellular processes, we demonstrated that 2-BP impaired the dynamic polymerization of actin microfilaments (MF), the asymmetric plasma membrane (PM) localization of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2), the dynamic distribution of RabA4b-positive post-Golgi secretion, and endocytic trafficking in root hairs. CONCLUSIONS By combining pharmacological and genetic approaches and using root hairs as a model, we show that protein palmitoylation, regulated by protein S-acyl transferases at different endomembrane compartments such as the Golgi and the vacuole, is critical for the polar growth of root hairs in Arabidopsis. Inhibition of protein palmitoylation by 2-BP disturbed key intracellular activities in root hairs. Although some of these effects are likely indirect, the cytological data reported here will contribute to a deep understanding of protein palmitoylation during tip growth in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 China
| | - En Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 China
| | - Qiang-Nan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 China
| | - Xin-Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 China
| | - Fu-Rong Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 China
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Fujimoto M, Suda Y, Vernhettes S, Nakano A, Ueda T. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and 4-kinase have distinct roles in intracellular trafficking of cellulose synthase complexes in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:287-98. [PMID: 25516570 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The oriented deposition of cellulose microfibrils in the plant cell wall plays a crucial role in various plant functions such as cell growth, organ formation and defense responses. Cellulose is synthesized by cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) embedded in the plasma membrane (PM), which comprise the cellulose synthases (CESAs). The abundance and localization of CSCs at the PM should be strictly controlled for precise regulation of cellulose deposition, which strongly depends on the membrane trafficking system. However, the mechanism of the intracellular transport of CSCs is still poorly understood. In this study, we explored requirements for phosphoinositides (PIs) in CESA trafficking by analyzing the effects of inhibitors of PI synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana expressing green fluorescent protein-tagged CESA3 (GFP-CESA3). We found that a shift to a sucrose-free condition accelerated re-localization of PM-localized GFP-CESA3 into the periphery of the Golgi apparatus via the clathrin-enriched trans-Golgi network (TGN). Treatment with wortmannin (Wm), an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3- (PI3K) and 4- (PI4K) kinases, and phenylarsine oxide (PAO), a more specific inhibitor for PI4K, inhibited internalization of GFP-CESA3 from the PM. In contrast, treatment with LY294002, which impairs the PI3K activity, did not exert such an inhibitory effect on the sequestration of GFP-CESA3, but caused a predominant accumulation of GFP-CESA3 at the ring-shaped periphery of the Golgi apparatus, resulting in the removal of GFP-CESA3 from the PM. These results indicate that PIs are essential elements for localization and intracellular transport of CESA3 and that PI4K and PI3K are required for distinct steps in secretory and/or endocytic trafficking of CESA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Present address: Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Suda
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Live Cell Molecular Imaging Research Team, Extreme Photonics Research Group, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan Present address: Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Samantha Vernhettes
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Live Cell Molecular Imaging Research Team, Extreme Photonics Research Group, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan
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169
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von Wangenheim D, Rosero A, Komis G, Šamajová O, Ovečka M, Voigt B, Šamaj J. Endosomal Interactions during Root Hair Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1262. [PMID: 26858728 PMCID: PMC4731515 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic localization of endosomal compartments labeled with targeted fluorescent protein tags is routinely followed by time lapse fluorescence microscopy approaches and single particle tracking algorithms. In this way trajectories of individual endosomes can be mapped and linked to physiological processes as cell growth. However, other aspects of dynamic behavior including endosomal interactions are difficult to follow in this manner. Therefore, we characterized the localization and dynamic properties of early and late endosomes throughout the entire course of root hair formation by means of spinning disc time lapse imaging and post-acquisition automated multitracking and quantitative analysis. Our results show differential motile behavior of early and late endosomes and interactions of late endosomes that may be specified to particular root hair domains. Detailed data analysis revealed a particular transient interaction between late endosomes-termed herein as dancing-endosomes-which is not concluding to vesicular fusion. Endosomes preferentially located in the root hair tip interacted as dancing-endosomes and traveled short distances during this interaction. Finally, sizes of early and late endosomes were addressed by means of super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SIM) to corroborate measurements on the spinning disc. This is a first study providing quantitative microscopic data on dynamic spatio-temporal interactions of endosomes during root hair tip growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel von Wangenheim
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Amparo Rosero
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký UniversityOlomouc, Czech Republic
| | - George Komis
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký UniversityOlomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Šamajová
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký UniversityOlomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký UniversityOlomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Boris Voigt
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký UniversityOlomouc, Czech Republic
- *Correspondence: Jozef Šamaj
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170
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Boutté Y, Moreau P. Modulation of endomembranes morphodynamics in the secretory/retrograde pathways depends on lipid diversity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 22:22-29. [PMID: 25233477 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Membrane lipids are crucial bricks for cell and organelle compartmentalization and their physical properties and interactions with other membrane partners (lipids or proteins) reveal lipids as key actors of the regulation of membrane morphodynamics in many cellular functions and especially in the secretory/retrograde pathways. Studies on membrane models have indicated diverse mechanisms by which membranes bend. Moreover, in vivo studies also indicate that membrane curvature can play crucial roles in the regulation of endomembrane morphodynamics, organelle morphology and transport vesicle formation. A role for enzymes of lipid metabolism and lipid-protein interactions will be discussed as crucial mechanisms in the regulation of membrane morphodynamics in the secretory/retrograde pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohann Boutté
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrick Moreau
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, France.
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Gao C, Luo M, Zhao Q, Yang R, Cui Y, Zeng Y, Xia J, Jiang L. A unique plant ESCRT component, FREE1, regulates multivesicular body protein sorting and plant growth. Curr Biol 2014; 24:2556-63. [PMID: 25438943 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tight control of membrane protein homeostasis by selective degradation is crucial for proper cell signaling and multicellular organismal development. Membrane proteins destined for degradation, such as misfolded proteins or activated receptors, are usually ubiquitinated and sorted into the intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) of prevacuolar compartments/multivesicular bodies (PVCs/MVBs), which then fuse with vacuoles/lysosomes to deliver their contents to the lumen for degradation by luminal proteases. The formation of ILVs and the sorting of ubiquitinated membrane cargoes into them are facilitated by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery. Plants possess most evolutionarily conserved members of the ESCRT machinery but apparently lack orthologs of ESCRT-0 subunits and the ESCRT-I component Mvb12. Here, we identified a unique plant ESCRT component called FYVE domain protein required for endosomal sorting 1 (FREE1). FREE1 binds to phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P) and ubiquitin and specifically interacts with Vps23 via PTAP-like tetrapeptide motifs to be incorporated into the ESCRT-I complex. Arabidopsis free1 mutant is seedling lethal and defective in the formation of ILVs in MVBs. Consequently, endocytosed plasma membrane (PM) proteins destined for degradation, such as the auxin efflux carrier PIN2, cannot reach the lumen of the vacuole and mislocalize to the tonoplast. Collectively, our findings provide the first functional characterization of a plant FYVE domain protein, which is essential for plant growth via its role as a unique evolutionary ESCRT component for MVB biogenesis and vacuolar sorting of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiji Gao
- Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Qiong Zhao
- Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Renzhi Yang
- Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Cui
- Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yonglun Zeng
- Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Division of Life Science, Division of Biomedical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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Plant phosphoinositides-complex networks controlling growth and adaptation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:759-69. [PMID: 25280638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plants differ in many ways from mammals or yeast. However, plants employ phosphoinositides for the regulation of essential cellular functions as do all other eukaryotes. In recent years the plant phosphoinositide system has been linked to the control of cell polarity. Phosphoinositides are also implicated in plant adaptive responses to changing environmental conditions. The current understanding is that plant phosphoinositides control membrane trafficking, ion channels and the cytoskeleton in similar ways as in other eukaryotic systems, but adapted to meet plant cellular requirements and with some plant-specific features. In addition, the formation of soluble inositol polyphosphates from phosphoinositides is important for the perception of important phytohormones, as the relevant receptor proteins contain such molecules as structural cofactors. Overall, the essential nature of phosphoinositides in plants has been established. Still, the complexity of the phosphoinositide networks in plant cells is only emerging and invites further study of its molecular details. This article is part of a special issue entitled Phosphoinositides.
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173
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Polarization of IRON-REGULATED TRANSPORTER 1 (IRT1) to the plant-soil interface plays crucial role in metal homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:8293-8. [PMID: 24843126 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402262111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, the controlled absorption of soil nutrients by root epidermal cells is critical for growth and development. IRON-REGULATED TRANSPORTER 1 (IRT1) is the main root transporter taking up iron from the soil and is also the main entry route in plants for potentially toxic metals such as manganese, zinc, cobalt, and cadmium. Previous work demonstrated that the IRT1 protein localizes to early endosomes/trans-Golgi network (EE/TGN) and is constitutively endocytosed through a monoubiquitin- and clathrin-dependent mechanism. Here, we show that the availability of secondary non-iron metal substrates of IRT1 (Zn, Mn, and Co) controls the localization of IRT1 between the outer polar domain of the plasma membrane and EE/TGN in root epidermal cells. We also identify FYVE1, a phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate-binding protein recruited to late endosomes, as an important regulator of IRT1-dependent metal transport and metal homeostasis in plants. FYVE1 controls IRT1 recycling to the plasma membrane and impacts the polar delivery of this transporter to the outer plasma membrane domain. This work establishes a functional link between the dynamics and the lateral polarity of IRT1 and the transport of its substrates, and identifies a molecular mechanism driving polar localization of a cell surface protein in plants.
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174
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Tejos R, Sauer M, Vanneste S, Palacios-Gomez M, Li H, Heilmann M, van Wijk R, Vermeer JEM, Heilmann I, Munnik T, Friml J. Bipolar Plasma Membrane Distribution of Phosphoinositides and Their Requirement for Auxin-Mediated Cell Polarity and Patterning in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:2114-2128. [PMID: 24876254 PMCID: PMC4079372 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.126185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity manifested by asymmetric distribution of cargoes, such as receptors and transporters, within the plasma membrane (PM) is crucial for essential functions in multicellular organisms. In plants, cell polarity (re)establishment is intimately linked to patterning processes. Despite the importance of cell polarity, its underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown, including the definition and distinctiveness of the polar domains within the PM. Here, we show in Arabidopsis thaliana that the signaling membrane components, the phosphoinositides phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns4P) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] as well as PtdIns4P 5-kinases mediating their interconversion, are specifically enriched at apical and basal polar plasma membrane domains. The PtdIns4P 5-kinases PIP5K1 and PIP5K2 are redundantly required for polar localization of specifically apical and basal cargoes, such as PIN-FORMED transporters for the plant hormone auxin. As a consequence of the polarity defects, instructive auxin gradients as well as embryonic and postembryonic patterning are severely compromised. Furthermore, auxin itself regulates PIP5K transcription and PtdIns4P and PtdIns(4,5)P2 levels, in particular their association with polar PM domains. Our results provide insight into the polar domain-delineating mechanisms in plant cells that depend on apical and basal distribution of membrane lipids and are essential for embryonic and postembryonic patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Tejos
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Sauer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Hongjiang Li
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Mareike Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ringo van Wijk
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joop E M Vermeer
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Teun Munnik
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jiří Friml
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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175
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SAC phosphoinositide phosphatases at the tonoplast mediate vacuolar function in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:2818-23. [PMID: 24550313 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1324264111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) is a structural phospholipid that can be phosphorylated into various lipid signaling molecules, designated polyphosphoinositides (PPIs). The reversible phosphorylation of PPIs on the 3, 4, or 5 position of inositol is performed by a set of organelle-specific kinases and phosphatases, and the characteristic head groups make these molecules ideal for regulating biological processes in time and space. In yeast and mammals, PtdIns3P and PtdIns(3,5)P2 play crucial roles in trafficking toward the lytic compartments, whereas the role in plants is not yet fully understood. Here we identified the role of a land plant-specific subgroup of PPI phosphatases, the suppressor of actin 2 (SAC2) to SAC5, during vacuolar trafficking and morphogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. SAC2-SAC5 localize to the tonoplast along with PtdIns3P, the presumable product of their activity. In SAC gain- and loss-of-function mutants, the levels of PtdIns monophosphates and bisphosphates were changed, with opposite effects on the morphology of storage and lytic vacuoles, and the trafficking toward the vacuoles was defective. Moreover, multiple sac knockout mutants had an increased number of smaller storage and lytic vacuoles, whereas extralarge vacuoles were observed in the overexpression lines, correlating with various growth and developmental defects. The fragmented vacuolar phenotype of sac mutants could be mimicked by treating wild-type seedlings with PtdIns(3,5)P2, corroborating that this PPI is important for vacuole morphology. Taken together, these results provide evidence that PPIs, together with their metabolic enzymes SAC2-SAC5, are crucial for vacuolar trafficking and for vacuolar morphology and function in plants.
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176
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Fujimoto M, Tsutsumi N. Dynamin-related proteins in plant post-Golgi traffic. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:408. [PMID: 25237312 PMCID: PMC4154393 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Membrane traffic between two organelles begins with the formation of transport vesicles from the donor organelle. Dynamin-related proteins (DRPs), which are large multidomain GTPases, play crucial roles in vesicle formation in post-Golgi traffic. Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies indicate that animal dynamins, which are members of DRP family, assemble into ring- or helix-shaped structures at the neck of a bud site on the donor membrane, where they constrict and sever the neck membrane in a GTP hydrolysis-dependent manner. While much is known about DRP-mediated trafficking in animal cells, little is known about it in plant cells. So far, two structurally distinct subfamilies of plant DRPs (DRP1 and DRP2) have been found to participate in various pathways of post-Golgi traffic. This review summarizes the structural and functional differences between these two DRP subfamilies, focusing on their molecular, cellular and developmental properties. We also discuss the molecular networks underlying the functional machinery centering on these two DRP subfamilies. Furthermore, we hope that this review will provide direction for future studies on the mechanisms of vesicle formation that are not only unique to plants but also common to eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Fujimoto
- *Correspondence: Masaru Fujimoto, Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan e-mail:
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177
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Leprince AS, Magalhaes N, De Vos D, Bordenave M, Crilat E, Clément G, Meyer C, Munnik T, Savouré A. Involvement of Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in the regulation of proline catabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:772. [PMID: 25628629 PMCID: PMC4290513 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant adaptation to abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity involves complex regulatory processes. Deciphering the signaling components that are involved in stress signal transduction and cellular responses is of importance to understand how plants cope with salt stress. Accumulation of osmolytes such as proline is considered to participate in the osmotic adjustment of plant cells to salinity. Proline accumulation results from a tight regulation between its biosynthesis and catabolism. Lipid signal components such as phospholipases C and D have previously been shown to be involved in the regulation of proline metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we demonstrate that proline metabolism is also regulated by class-III Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), VPS34, which catalyses the formation of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) from phosphatidylinositol. Using pharmacological and biochemical approaches, we show that the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, affects PI3P levels in vivo and that it triggers a decrease in proline accumulation in response to salt treatment of A. thaliana seedlings. The lower proline accumulation is correlated with a lower transcript level of Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase 1 (P5CS1) biosynthetic enzyme and higher transcript and protein levels of Proline dehydrogenase 1 (ProDH1), a key-enzyme in proline catabolism. We also found that the ProDH1 expression is induced in a pi3k-hemizygous mutant, further demonstrating that PI3K is involved in the regulation of proline catabolism through transcriptional regulation of ProDH1. A broader metabolomic analysis indicates that LY294002 also reduced other metabolites, such as hydrophobic and aromatic amino acids and sugars like raffinose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Leprince
- Sorbonne Universités, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, Adaptation de Plantes aux Contraintes Environnementales, URF5Paris, France
- INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant SciencesVersailles, France
- *Correspondence: Anne-Sophie Leprince and Arnould Savouré, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, APCE URF5, Case 156, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris 05, France e-mail: ;
| | - Nelly Magalhaes
- Sorbonne Universités, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, Adaptation de Plantes aux Contraintes Environnementales, URF5Paris, France
- INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant SciencesVersailles, France
| | - Delphine De Vos
- Sorbonne Universités, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, Adaptation de Plantes aux Contraintes Environnementales, URF5Paris, France
- INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant SciencesVersailles, France
| | - Marianne Bordenave
- Sorbonne Universités, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, Adaptation de Plantes aux Contraintes Environnementales, URF5Paris, France
| | - Emilie Crilat
- Sorbonne Universités, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, Adaptation de Plantes aux Contraintes Environnementales, URF5Paris, France
| | - Gilles Clément
- INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant SciencesVersailles, France
| | - Christian Meyer
- INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant SciencesVersailles, France
| | - Teun Munnik
- Section Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arnould Savouré
- Sorbonne Universités, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, Adaptation de Plantes aux Contraintes Environnementales, URF5Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Anne-Sophie Leprince and Arnould Savouré, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, APCE URF5, Case 156, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris 05, France e-mail: ;
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