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Yamada Y, Katagiri H, Hamamoto Y, Deenadayalan S, Navarria A, Nishijima K, Seino Y. Dose-response, efficacy, and safety of oral semaglutide monotherapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (PIONEER 9): a 52-week, phase 2/3a, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2020; 8:377-391. [PMID: 32333875 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the unique phenotype of type 2 diabetes in Japanese patients, novel therapies such as oral semaglutide require evaluation in this population. PIONEER 9 aimed to assess the dose-response of oral semaglutide and to compare the efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide with placebo and a subcutaneous GLP-1 receptor agonist in a Japanese population. METHODS PIONEER 9 was a 52-week, phase 2/3a, randomised, controlled trial done at 16 sites (clinics and university hospitals) in Japan. Japanese patients aged 20 years or older with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes managed by diet or exercise or with oral glucose-lowering drug monotherapy (washed out) were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1:1) to receive double-blind once-daily oral semaglutide (3 mg, 7 mg, or 14 mg) or placebo, or open-label subcutaneous once-daily liraglutide 0·9 mg. The primary endpoint was change in HbA1c from baseline to week 26 with the trial product (primary) estimand (which assumes all patients remained on trial product without rescue medication use) in all randomly assigned patients. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03018028. FINDINGS Between Jan 10, and July 11, 2017, 243 patients were randomly assigned to oral semaglutide 3 mg (n=49), 7 mg (n=49), or 14 mg (n=48), or placebo (n=49), or to liraglutide 0·9 mg (n=48). Changes in HbA1c from baseline (mean 8·2%) to week 26 were dose-dependent with oral semaglutide (mean change -1·1% [SE 0·1] for oral semaglutide 3 mg, -1·5% [0·1] for 7 mg, and -1·7% [0·1] for 14 mg), -0·1% (0·1) with placebo, and -1·4% (0·1) with liraglutide 0·9 mg. Estimated treatment differences for change in HbA1c compared with placebo were -1·1 percentage points (95% CI -1·4 to -0·8; p<0·0001) for oral semaglutide 3 mg, -1·5 percentage points (-1·7 to -1·2; p<0·0001) for oral semaglutide 7 mg, and -1·7 percentage points (-2·0 to -1·4; p<0·0001) for oral semaglutide 14 mg. Estimated treatment differences for change in HbA1c compared with liraglutide 0·9 mg were 0·3 percentage points (95% CI -0·0 to 0·6; p=0·0799) for oral semaglutide 3 mg, -0·1 percentage points (-0·4 to 0·2; p=0·3942) for oral semaglutide 7 mg, and -0·3 percentage points (-0·6 to -0·0; p=0·0272) for oral semaglutide 14 mg. Gastrointestinal events, predominantly of mild or moderate severity, were the most frequently reported class of adverse event with oral semaglutide: constipation was most common, occurring in five to six (10-13%) patients with oral semaglutide, three (6%) with placebo, and nine (19%) with liraglutide 0·9 mg. INTERPRETATION This study showed that oral semaglutide provides significant reductions in HbA1c compared with placebo in a dose-dependent manner in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes, and has a safety profile consistent with that of GLP-1 receptor agonists. FUNDING Novo Nordisk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Yamada
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
| | - Hideki Katagiri
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hamamoto
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kansai Electric Power Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yutaka Seino
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kansai Electric Power Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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Yang Y, Zhao Y, Li W, Wu Y, Wang X, Wang Y, Liu T, Ye T, Xie Y, Cheng Z, He J, Bai P, Zhang Y, Ouyang L. Emerging targets and potential therapeutic agents in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 197:112311. [PMID: 32339855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in the world, which is characterized by liver fat accumulation unrelated to excessive drinking. Indeed, it attracts growing attention and becomes a global health problem. Due to the complexity of the NAFLD pathogenic mechanism, no related drugs were approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) till now. However, it is encouraging that a series of candidate drugs have entered the clinical trial stage with expectation to treat NAFLD. In this review, we summarized the main pathways and pathogenic mechanisms of NAFLD, as well as introduced the main potential therapeutic targets and the corresponding compounds involved in metabolism, inflammation and fibrosis. Furthermore, we also discuss the progress of these compounds, such as drug design and optimization, the choice of pharmacological properties and druglikeness, and the analysis of structure-activity relationship. This review offers a medium on future drug design and development, to be beneficial to relevant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wenzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuyao Wu
- West China School of Public Health/No.4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tingmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tinghong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yongmei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Peng Bai
- Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
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153
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Yoshitomi H, Zhou J, Nishigaki T, Li W, Liu T, Wu L, Gao M. Morinda citrifolia (Noni) fruit juice promotes vascular endothelium function in hypertension via glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor-CaMKKβ-AMPK-eNOS pathway. Phytother Res 2020; 34:2341-2350. [PMID: 32298014 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Morinda citrifolia (Noni) is extensively used in herbal remedies to prevent and treat various diseases, including hypertension. The purpose of this study was to investigate the vascular effects of noni fruit juice and characterize the upstream signaling pathways. We measured the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, 24-hr urinary nitric oxide (NO) metabolite excretion, bodyweight (BW), and urine examination in SHR.Cg-Leprcp/NDmcr (SHR/cp) rats after 6 weeks noni juice (15 ml/kg) treatment. Noni juice significantly decreased blood pressure and 24-hr urinary NO metabolite without change of BW or urine volume. Furthermore, the noni juice extract (NJE) promoted endothelial vasorelaxation in rat aorta rings and NO product through an increase in phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). NJE might act on a glucagon like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) via Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ)-AMPK signaling with pretreatment of their inhibitors or antagonist in HUVECs. Deacetylasperulosidic acid (DAA) was an active compound in noni juice to improve NO release through same pathway in HUVECs. These results suggested that noni is a novel dietary plant that probably regulates GLP-1R-induced CaMKKβ-AMPK-eNOS pathway to improve endothelium-dependent relaxation, thus reduce the blood pressure probably via one of its responsible ingredient DAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisae Yoshitomi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Jingxin Zhou
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affilated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Tongzhou, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Wei Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tonghua Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Wu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.,Department of Cell Life Analytics, Institute for Biosciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
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154
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Fang Z, Chen S, Pickford P, Broichhagen J, Hodson DJ, Corrêa IR, Kumar S, Görlitz F, Dunsby C, French PMW, Rutter GA, Tan T, Bloom SR, Tomas A, Jones B. The Influence of Peptide Context on Signaling and Trafficking of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Biased Agonists. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:345-360. [PMID: 32296773 PMCID: PMC7155199 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Signal bias and membrane trafficking have recently emerged as important considerations in the therapeutic targeting of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in type 2 diabetes and obesity. In the present study, we have evaluated a peptide series with varying sequence homology between native GLP-1 and exendin-4, the archetypal ligands on which approved GLP-1R agonists are based. We find notable differences in agonist-mediated cyclic AMP signaling, recruitment of β-arrestins, endocytosis, and recycling, dependent both on the introduction of a His → Phe switch at position 1 and the specific midpeptide helical regions and C-termini of the two agonists. These observations were linked to insulin secretion in a beta cell model and provide insights into how ligand factors influence GLP-1R function at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Fang
- Section
of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Shiqian Chen
- Section
of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Pickford
- Section
of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Broichhagen
- Department
Chemical Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut
für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, 13125, Germany
| | - David J. Hodson
- Institute
of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Membrane
Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University
of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Centre
for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan R. Corrêa
- New
England
Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938, United States
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BX, United Kingdom
| | - Frederik Görlitz
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BX, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Dunsby
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BX, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. W. French
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BX, United Kingdom
| | - Guy A. Rutter
- Section
of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tricia Tan
- Section
of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R. Bloom
- Section
of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section
of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- Section
of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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155
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Abstract
The discovery that glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) mediates a significant proportion of the incretin effect during the postprandial period and the subsequent observation that GLP-1 bioactivity is retained in type 2 diabetes (T2D) led to new therapeutic strategies being developed for T2D treatment based on GLP-1 action. Although owing to its short half-life exogenous GLP-1 has no use therapeutically, GLP-1 mimetics, which have a much longer half-life than native GLP-1, have proven to be effective for T2D treatment since they prolong the incretin effect in patients. These GLP-1 mimetics are a desirable therapeutic option for T2D since they do not provoke hypoglycaemia or weight gain and have simple modes of administration and monitoring. Additionally, over more recent years, GLP-1 action has been found to mediate systemic physiological beneficial effects and this has high clinical relevance due to the post-diagnosis complications of T2D. Indeed, recent studies have found that certain GLP-1 analogue therapies improve the cardiovascular outcomes for people with diabetes. Furthermore, GLP-1-based therapies may enable new therapeutic strategies for diseases that can also arise independently of the clinical manifestation of T2D, such as dementia and Parkinson's disease. GLP-1 functions by binding to its receptor (GLP-1R), which expresses mainly in pancreatic islet beta cells. A better understanding of the mechanisms and signalling pathways by which acute and chronic GLP-1R activation alleviates disease phenotypes and induces desirable physiological responses during healthy conditions will likely lead to the development of new therapeutic GLP-1 mimetic-based therapies, which improve prognosis to a greater extent than current therapies for an array of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Reed
- Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Stephen C. Bain
- Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
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156
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Davenport AP, Scully CCG, de Graaf C, Brown AJH, Maguire JJ. Advances in therapeutic peptides targeting G protein-coupled receptors. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:389-413. [PMID: 32494050 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of peptide-activated pathways causes a range of diseases, fostering the discovery and clinical development of peptide drugs. Many endogenous peptides activate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) - nearly 50 GPCR peptide drugs have been approved to date, most of them for metabolic disease or oncology, and more than 10 potentially first-in-class peptide therapeutics are in the pipeline. The majority of existing peptide therapeutics are agonists, which reflects the currently dominant strategy of modifying the endogenous peptide sequence of ligands for peptide-binding GPCRs. Increasingly, novel strategies are being employed to develop both agonists and antagonists, to both introduce chemical novelty and improve drug-like properties. Pharmacodynamic improvements are evolving to allow biasing ligands to activate specific downstream signalling pathways, in order to optimize efficacy and reduce side effects. In pharmacokinetics, modifications that increase plasma half-life have been revolutionary. Here, we discuss the current status of the peptide drugs targeting GPCRs, with a focus on evolving strategies to improve pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | | | | | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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157
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Full-length human GLP-1 receptor structure without orthosteric ligands. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1272. [PMID: 32152292 PMCID: PMC7062719 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14934-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a class B G protein-coupled receptor that plays an important role in glucose homeostasis and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Structures of full-length class B receptors were determined in complex with their orthosteric agonist peptides, however, little is known about their extracellular domain (ECD) conformations in the absence of orthosteric ligands, which has limited our understanding of their activation mechanism. Here, we report the 3.2 Å resolution, peptide-free crystal structure of the full-length human GLP-1R in an inactive state, which reveals a unique closed conformation of the ECD. Disulfide cross-linking validates the physiological relevance of the closed conformation, while electron microscopy (EM) and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations suggest a large degree of conformational dynamics of ECD that is necessary for binding GLP-1. Our inactive structure represents a snapshot of the peptide-free GLP-1R and provides insights into the activation pathway of this receptor family. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) plays an important role in glucose homeostasis and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Here authors report the peptide-free crystal structure of human GLP-1R in an inactive state which reveals a unique closed conformation of the extracellular domain.
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158
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Chung IM, Rajakumar G, Subramanian U, Venkidasamy B, Khanna VG, Thiruvengadam M. Insights on the current status and advancement of diabetes mellitus type 2 and to avert complications: An overview. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 67:920-928. [PMID: 31736194 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an endocrine metabolic disorder, occurring worldwide due to aging, advancement in lifestyle by modernization. T2DM is characterized by higher levels of glucose in the blood due to unresponsive secretion of pancreatic insulin and insulin activity or altogether. T2DM is regarded as a powerful genetic susceptible disease that leads to high risk with insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. To manage and overcome type 2 diabetes, physical activity, diet strategies, and other therapeutic medications along with usage of antiglycemic agents are developed and attempted appropriately. In the present review, attention has been focused on the understanding of T2DM outcomes, complications with possible management strategies, and pathophysiology of T2DM. Further, a detailed note on antiglycemic agents in use and other possible drugs of choice was discussed in the light of current preventive strategies are presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ill-Min Chung
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Govindasamy Rajakumar
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Umadevi Subramanian
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Central University Laboratory Building, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Baskar Venkidasamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkatesan Gopiesh Khanna
- Department of Biotechnology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Pallavaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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159
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Wang J, Song X, Zhang D, Chen X, Li X, Sun Y, Li C, Song Y, Ding Y, Ren R, Harrington EH, Hu LA, Zhong W, Xu C, Huang X, Wang HW, Ma Y. Cryo-EM structures of PAC1 receptor reveal ligand binding mechanism. Cell Res 2020; 30:436-445. [PMID: 32047270 PMCID: PMC7196072 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type I receptor (PAC1R) belongs to the secretin receptor family and is widely distributed in the central neural system and peripheral organs. Abnormal activation of the receptor mediates trigeminovascular activation and sensitization, which is highly related to migraine, making PAC1R a potential therapeutic target. Elucidation of PAC1R activation mechanism would benefit discovery of therapeutic drugs for neuronal disorders. PAC1R activity is governed by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), known as a major vasodilator neuropeptide, and maxadilan, a native peptide from the sand fly, which is also capable of activating the receptor with similar potency. These peptide ligands have divergent sequences yet initiate convergent PAC1R activity. It is of interest to understand the mechanism of PAC1R ligand recognition and receptor activity regulation through structural biology. Here we report two near-atomic resolution cryo-EM structures of PAC1R activated by PACAP38 or maxadilan, providing structural insights into two distinct ligand binding modes. The structures illustrate flexibility of the extracellular domain (ECD) for ligands with distinct conformations, where ECD accommodates ligands in different orientations while extracellular loop 1 (ECL1) protrudes to further anchor the ligand bound in the orthosteric site. By structure-guided molecular modeling and mutagenesis, we tested residues in the ligand-binding pockets and identified clusters of residues that are critical for receptor activity. The structures reported here for the first time elucidate the mechanism of specificity and flexibility of ligand recognition and binding for PAC1R, and provide insights toward the design of therapeutic molecules targeting PAC1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xianqiang Song
- Amgen Asia R&D Center, Amgen Research, Bldg. 2, 13th Floor, No. 4560 Jinke Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Amgen Asia R&D Center, Amgen Research, Bldg. 2, 13th Floor, No. 4560 Jinke Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- Amgen Asia R&D Center, Amgen Research, Bldg. 2, 13th Floor, No. 4560 Jinke Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xun Li
- Amgen Asia R&D Center, Amgen Research, Bldg. 2, 13th Floor, No. 4560 Jinke Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yaping Sun
- Amgen Asia R&D Center, Amgen Research, Bldg. 2, 13th Floor, No. 4560 Jinke Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Cui Li
- Amgen Asia R&D Center, Amgen Research, Bldg. 2, 13th Floor, No. 4560 Jinke Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yunpeng Song
- Amgen Asia R&D Center, Amgen Research, Bldg. 2, 13th Floor, No. 4560 Jinke Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yao Ding
- Amgen Asia R&D Center, Amgen Research, Bldg. 2, 13th Floor, No. 4560 Jinke Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Ruobing Ren
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tu H.L. Building (Research Building B) R705, Longxiang Road 2001, Longgang district, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Essa Hu Harrington
- Hybrid Modality Engineering, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Liaoyuan A Hu
- Amgen Asia R&D Center, Amgen Research, Bldg. 2, 13th Floor, No. 4560 Jinke Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Wenge Zhong
- Amgen Asia R&D Center, Amgen Research, Bldg. 2, 13th Floor, No. 4560 Jinke Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Cen Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Research, One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Xin Huang
- Molecular Engineering, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Yingli Ma
- Amgen Asia R&D Center, Amgen Research, Bldg. 2, 13th Floor, No. 4560 Jinke Road, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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160
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Effect of DPP-4 inhibitor on elderly patients with T2DM combined with MCI. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:1356-1362. [PMID: 32010309 PMCID: PMC6966108 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor on blood sugar level and cognitive ability in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) combined with post-stroke mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Thirty patients received DPP-4 inhibitor (study group), while another thirty received sulfonylurea (control group). Six months after treatment, markers regarding blood sugar were improved in both groups (all P<0.05) without intergroup differences (all P>0.05); scores regarding cognitive ability improved in the study group (both P<0.05) and were higher versus the control group (both P<0.01); the study group had higher Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 value versus the pretreatment value (P<0.001), which differed from the control group (P<0.05); tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 concentrations decreased in both groups, while the study group had greater reductions; C-reactive protein value decreased after treatment in the study group (all P<0.05). Using DPP-4 inhibitor in elderly patients with T2DM combined with post-stroke MCI can lower blood sugar and improve cognitive ability. The mechanism may be associated with the improvement of Aβ gathering and reduction in inflammatory response.
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161
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Vásquez‐Garibay E, Larrosa‐Haro A, Guzmán‐Mercado E, Muñoz‐Esparza N, García‐Arellano S, Muñoz‐Valle F, Romero‐ Velarde E. Appetite-regulating hormones and anthropometric indicators of infants according to the type of feeding. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:993-1000. [PMID: 32148807 PMCID: PMC7020265 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been accepted that satiety- and appetite-stimulating hormones play a role in the regulation of food intake and body composition during and after the lactation stage. Therefore, the purpose was to demonstrate that serum appetite-regulating hormones in infants differ according to anthropometric indicators and type of feeding. In a nonrandom cohort study, 169 mother-newborn dyads whose pregnancy and birth were attended at the Hospital Civil de Guadalajara were enrolled. According to the type of feeding, infants were classified as full breastfeeding (FBF), partial breastfeeding (PBF), and infants receiving human milk substitutes (HMS). Serum concentrations of ghrelin (pg/ml), leptin (ng/ml), peptide YY (pg/ml), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) (pM) were measured. Anthropometric measurements including weight, length, cephalic, arm circumference, tricipital, and subscapular skinfolds were obtained. Weight/age, weight/height, height/age, and BMI Z-score indexes were estimated. We performed one-way ANOVA, unpaired Student's t test, post hoc Tukey test, and Pearson correlation tests. The ANOVA comparison of the three feeding types showed significant differences in most anthropometric indicators (z-scores), especially between infants receiving FBF versus HMS and particularly on indicators of adiposity; no differences were observed in length and cephalic circumference z-scores at 8th and 16th weeks. Further, significant correlations were found between most of the adiposity indicators with ghrelin, leptin, and GLP-1, especially in infants who received FBF. There were differences in anthropometric and body composition parameters among infants receiving FBF, PBF, and HMS. There were significant correlations between body composition indicators with ghrelin, leptin, and GLP-1 mainly in infants receiving FBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Vásquez‐Garibay
- Instituto de Nutrición HumanaUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraMexico
- Nuevo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. MenchacaGuadalajaraMexico
| | | | | | | | - Samuel García‐Arellano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias BiomédicasUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraMexico
| | - Francisco Muñoz‐Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias BiomédicasUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraMexico
| | - Enrique Romero‐ Velarde
- Instituto de Nutrición HumanaUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraMexico
- Nuevo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. MenchacaGuadalajaraMexico
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162
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Romero FA, Jones CT, Xu Y, Fenaux M, Halcomb RL. The Race to Bash NASH: Emerging Targets and Drug Development in a Complex Liver Disease. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5031-5073. [PMID: 31930920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) characterized by liver steatosis, inflammation, and hepatocellular damage. NASH is a serious condition that can progress to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The association of NASH with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia has led to an emerging picture of NASH as the liver manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Although diet and exercise can dramatically improve NASH outcomes, significant lifestyle changes can be challenging to sustain. Pharmaceutical therapies could be an important addition to care, but currently none are approved for NASH. Here, we review the most promising targets for NASH treatment, along with the most advanced therapeutics in development. These include targets involved in metabolism (e.g., sugar, lipid, and cholesterol metabolism), inflammation, and fibrosis. Ultimately, combination therapies addressing multiple aspects of NASH pathogenesis are expected to provide benefit for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Anthony Romero
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Christopher T Jones
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Yingzi Xu
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Martijn Fenaux
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Randall L Halcomb
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
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163
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Lin NP, Chein RJ. Total synthesis and absolute structure of N55, a positive modulator of GLP-1 signaling. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:8899-8907. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01722a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The absolute structure of N55, a positive modulator of Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) signaling, was determined by a 7-step total synthesis with 29% overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Pin Lin
- Institute of Chemistry
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 11529
- Taiwan
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164
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Kořínková L, Pražienková V, Černá L, Karnošová A, Železná B, Kuneš J, Maletínská L. Pathophysiology of NAFLD and NASH in Experimental Models: The Role of Food Intake Regulating Peptides. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:597583. [PMID: 33324348 PMCID: PMC7726422 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.597583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, sedentary lifestyle, and Western diet are the key factors underlying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), one of the most common liver diseases in developed countries. In many cases, NAFLD further progresses to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and to hepatocellular carcinoma. The hepatic lipotoxicity and non-liver factors, such as adipose tissue inflammation and gastrointestinal imbalances were linked to evolution of NAFLD. Nowadays, the degree of adipose tissue inflammation was shown to directly correlate with the severity of NAFLD. Consumption of higher caloric intake is increasingly emerging as a fuel of metabolic inflammation not only in obesity-related disorders but also NAFLD. However, multiple causes of NAFLD are the reason why the mechanisms of NAFLD progression to NASH are still not well understood. In this review, we explore the role of food intake regulating peptides in NAFLD and NASH mouse models. Leptin, an anorexigenic peptide, is involved in hepatic metabolism, and has an effect on NAFLD experimental models. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), another anorexigenic peptide, and GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1R), represent potential therapeutic agents to prevent NAFLD progression to NASH. On the other hand, the deletion of ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide, prevents age-associated hepatic steatosis in mice. Because of the increasing incidence of NAFLD and NASH worldwide, the selection of appropriate animal models is important to clarify aspects of pathogenesis and progression in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Kořínková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - V. Pražienková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - L. Černá
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - A. Karnošová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - B. Železná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - J. Kuneš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Lenka Maletínská,
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165
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Fremaux J, Venin C, Mauran L, Zimmer R, Koensgen F, Rognan D, Bitsi S, Lucey MA, Jones B, Tomas A, Guichard G, Goudreau SR. Ureidopeptide GLP-1 analogues with prolonged activity in vivo via signal bias and altered receptor trafficking. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9872-9879. [PMID: 32015811 PMCID: PMC6977461 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02079a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The high demand of the pharmaceutical industry for new modalities to address the diversification of biological targets with large surfaces of interaction led us to investigate the replacement of α-amino acid residues with ureido units at selected positions in peptides to improve potency and generate effective incretin mimics. Based on molecular dynamics simulations, N-terminally modified GLP-1 analogues with a ureido residue replacement at position 2 were synthesized and showed preservation of agonist activity while exhibiting a substantial increase in stability. This enabling platform was applied to exenatide and lixisenatide analogues to generate two new ureidopeptides with antidiabetic properties and longer duration of action. Further analyses demonstrated that the improvement was due mainly to differences in signal bias and trafficking of the GLP-1 receptor. This study demonstrates the efficacy of single α-amino acid substitution with ureido residues to design long lasting peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Fremaux
- UREkA - ImmuPharma Group , 2 rue Robert Escarpit , 33607 Pessac , France .
| | - Claire Venin
- UREkA - ImmuPharma Group , 2 rue Robert Escarpit , 33607 Pessac , France .
| | - Laura Mauran
- UREkA - ImmuPharma Group , 2 rue Robert Escarpit , 33607 Pessac , France .
| | - Robert Zimmer
- UREkA - ImmuPharma Group , 2 rue Robert Escarpit , 33607 Pessac , France .
| | - Florian Koensgen
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique , UMR7200 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg , 74 route du Rhin , 67400 Illkirch , France
| | - Didier Rognan
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique , UMR7200 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg , 74 route du Rhin , 67400 Illkirch , France
| | - Stavroula Bitsi
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics , Imperial College London , London W12 0NN , UK
| | - Maria A Lucey
- Section of Investigative Medicine , Imperial College London , London W12 0NN , UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Investigative Medicine , Imperial College London , London W12 0NN , UK
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics , Imperial College London , London W12 0NN , UK
| | - Gilles Guichard
- Univ. Bordeaux , CNRS , CBMN , UMR 5248 , Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie , 2 rue Robert Escarpit , 33607 Pessac , France .
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166
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Li Y, Glotfelty EJ, Namdar I, Tweedie D, Olson L, Hoffer BJ, DiMarchi RD, Pick CG, Greig NH. Neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of a monomeric GLP-1/GIP/Gcg receptor triagonist in cellular and rodent models of mild traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2019; 324:113113. [PMID: 31730763 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic monomeric peptide triple receptor agonist, termed "Triagonist" that incorporates glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon (Gcg) actions, was previously developed to improve upon metabolic and glucose regulatory benefits of single and dual receptor agonists in rodent models of diet-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes. In the current study, the neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions of this Triagonist were probed in cellular and mouse models of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), a prevalent cause of neurodegeneration in both the young and elderly. Triagonist dose- and time-dependently elevated cyclic AMP levels in cultured human SH-SY5Y neuronal cells, and induced neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions, mitigating oxidative stress and glutamate excitotoxicity. These actions were inhibited only by the co-administration of antagonists for all three receptor types, indicating the balanced co-involvement of GLP-1, GIP and Gcg receptors. To evaluate physiological relevance, a clinically translatable dose of Triagonist was administered subcutaneously, once daily for 7 days, to mice following a 30 g weight drop close head injury. Triagonist fully mitigated mTBI-induced visual and spatial memory deficits, evaluated at 7 and 30 days post injury. These results establish Triagonist as a novel neurotrophic/protective agent worthy of further evaluation as a TBI treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Li
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Elliot J Glotfelty
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inbar Namdar
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - David Tweedie
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Lars Olson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | - Chagi G Pick
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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167
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Xu Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Liu K, Peng Y, Yao D, Tao H, Liu H, Song G. Mutagenesis facilitated crystallization of GLP-1R. IUCRJ 2019; 6:996-1006. [PMID: 31709055 PMCID: PMC6830218 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252519013496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The class B family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has long been a paradigm for peptide hormone recognition and signal transduction. One class B GPCR, the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), has been considered as an anti-diabetes drug target and there are several peptidic drugs available for the treatment of this overwhelming disease. The previously determined structures of inactive GLP-1R in complex with two negative allosteric modulators include ten thermal-stabilizing mutations that were selected from a total of 98 designed mutations. Here we systematically summarize all 98 mutations we have tested and the results suggest that the mutagenesis strategy that strengthens inter-helical hydro-phobic interactions shows the highest success rate. We further investigate four back mutations by thermal-shift assay, crystallization and molecular dynamic simulations, and conclude that mutation I1962.66bF increases thermal stability intrinsically and that mutation S2714.47bA decreases crystal packing entropy extrinsically, while mutations S1932.63bC and M2333.36bC may be dispensable since these two cysteines are not di-sulfide-linked. Our results indicate intrinsic connections between different regions of GPCR transmembrane helices and the current data suggest a general mutagenesis principle for structural determination of GPCRs and other membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxia Wang
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- Complex Systems Division, Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaiwen Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Peng
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Deqiang Yao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Houchao Tao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiguang Liu
- Complex Systems Division, Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gaojie Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People’s Republic of China
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168
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Liao C, de Molliens MP, Schneebeli ST, Brewer M, Song G, Chatenet D, Braas KM, May V, Li J. Targeting the PAC1 Receptor for Neurological and Metabolic Disorders. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1399-1417. [PMID: 31284862 PMCID: PMC6761004 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190709092647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)-selective PAC1 receptor (PAC1R, ADCYAP1R1) is a member of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)/secretin/glucagon family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). PAC1R has been shown to play crucial roles in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The activation of PAC1R initiates diverse downstream signal transduction pathways, including adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C, MEK/ERK, and Akt pathways that regulate a number of physiological systems to maintain functional homeostasis. Accordingly, at times of tissue injury or insult, PACAP/PAC1R activation of these pathways can be trophic to blunt or delay apoptotic events and enhance cell survival. Enhancing PAC1R signaling under these conditions has the potential to mitigate cellular damages associated with cerebrovascular trauma (including stroke), neurodegeneration (such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease), or peripheral organ insults. Conversely, maladaptive PACAP/PAC1R signaling has been implicated in a number of disorders, including stressrelated psychopathologies (i.e., depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and related abnormalities), chronic pain and migraine, and metabolic diseases; abrogating PAC1R signaling under these pathological conditions represent opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Given the diverse PAC1R-mediated biological activities, the receptor has emerged as a relevant pharmaceutical target. In this review, we first describe the current knowledge regarding the molecular structure, dynamics, and function of PAC1R. Then, we discuss the roles of PACAP and PAC1R in the activation of a variety of signaling cascades related to the physiology and diseases of the nervous system. Lastly, we examine current drug design and development of peptides and small molecules targeting PAC1R based on a number of structure- activity relationship studies and key pharmacophore elements. At present, the rational design of PAC1R-selective peptide or small-molecule therapeutics is largely hindered by the lack of structural information regarding PAC1R activation mechanisms, the PACAP-PAC1R interface, and the core segments involved in receptor activation. Understanding the molecular basis governing the PACAP interactions with its different cognate receptors will undoubtedly provide a basis for the development and/or refinement of receptor-selective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyi Liao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
| | | | - Severin T Schneebeli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
| | - Matthias Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
| | - Gaojie Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - David Chatenet
- INRS - Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Karen M Braas
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
| | - Victor May
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
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169
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Méndez M, Matter H, Defossa E, Kurz M, Lebreton S, Li Z, Lohmann M, Löhn M, Mors H, Podeschwa M, Rackelmann N, Riedel J, Safar P, Thorpe DS, Schäfer M, Weitz D, Breitschopf K. Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Potent Positive Allosteric Modulators of the Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor (GLP-1R). J Med Chem 2019; 63:2292-2307. [PMID: 31596080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic success of peptidic GLP-1 receptor agonists for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) motivated our search for orally bioavailable small molecules that can activate the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) as a well-validated target for T2DM. Here, the discovery and characterization of a potent and selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) for GLP-1R based on a 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-1,5-epiminoazocino[4,5-b]indole scaffold is reported. Optimization of this series from HTS was supported by a GLP-1R ligand binding model. Biological in vitro testing revealed favorable ADME and pharmacological profiles for the best compound 19. Characterization by in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacological studies demonstrated that 19 activates GLP-1R as positive allosteric modulator (PAM) in the presence of the much less active endogenous degradation product GLP1(9-36)NH2 of the potent endogenous ligand GLP-1(7-36)NH2. While these data suggest the potential of small molecule GLP-1R PAMs for T2DM treatment, further optimization is still required towards a clinical candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Méndez
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hans Matter
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Defossa
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Kurz
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sylvain Lebreton
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ziyu Li
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Lohmann
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Löhn
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hartmut Mors
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Podeschwa
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nils Rackelmann
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jens Riedel
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Pavel Safar
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - David S Thorpe
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Schäfer
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dietmar Weitz
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kristin Breitschopf
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
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170
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Suzuki R, Brown GA, Christopher JA, Scully CCG, Congreve M. Recent Developments in Therapeutic Peptides for the Glucagon-like Peptide 1 and 2 Receptors. J Med Chem 2019; 63:905-927. [PMID: 31577440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) are proglucagon derived peptides that are released from gut endocrine cells in response to nutrient intake. These molecules are rapidly inactivated by the action of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) which limits their use as therapeutic agents. The recent emergence of three-dimensional structures of GPCRs such as GLP-1R and glucagon receptor has helped to drive the rational design of innovative peptide molecules that hold promise as novel peptide therapeutics. One emerging area is the discovery of multifunctional molecules that act at two or more pharmacological systems to enhance therapeutic efficacy. In addition, drug discovery efforts are also focusing on strategies to improve patient convenience through alternative routes of peptide delivery. These novel strategies highlight the broad utility of peptide-based therapeutics in human disease settings where unmet needs still exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Suzuki
- Sosei Heptares , Steinmetz Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6DG , U.K
| | - Giles A Brown
- Sosei Heptares , Steinmetz Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6DG , U.K
| | - John A Christopher
- Sosei Heptares , Steinmetz Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6DG , U.K
| | - Conor C G Scully
- Sosei Heptares , Steinmetz Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6DG , U.K
| | - Miles Congreve
- Sosei Heptares , Steinmetz Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6DG , U.K
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171
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Ahmed M, Ahmed S. Functional, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Aspects of Gastrointestinal Hormones. Gastroenterology Res 2019; 12:233-244. [PMID: 31636773 PMCID: PMC6785288 DOI: 10.14740/gr1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) hormones are essential to many physiologic functions in our body. They have many GI and extra-GI functions. Some of the functions of these hormones, which have GI and extra-GI sources, are still unknown. Specific GI hormones can affect the brain to control food intake, while others can proliferate normal and neoplastic tissue when their receptors are expressed in certain neoplasms. GI hormones also have many diagnostic and therapeutic roles. Physiologic and pathophysiologic aspects as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic values of GI hormones are elaborated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monjur Ahmed
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.,Both authors contributed equally to write the manuscript
| | - Sarah Ahmed
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.,Both authors contributed equally to write the manuscript
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172
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Ježek P, Jabůrek M, Plecitá-Hlavatá L. Contribution of Oxidative Stress and Impaired Biogenesis of Pancreatic β-Cells to Type 2 Diabetes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:722-751. [PMID: 30450940 PMCID: PMC6708273 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Type 2 diabetes development involves multiple changes in β-cells, related to the oxidative stress and impaired redox signaling, beginning frequently by sustained overfeeding due to the resulting lipotoxicity and glucotoxicity. Uncovering relationships among the dysregulated metabolism, impaired β-cell "well-being," biogenesis, or cross talk with peripheral insulin resistance is required for elucidation of type 2 diabetes etiology. Recent Advances: It has been recognized that the oxidative stress, lipotoxicity, and glucotoxicity cannot be separated from numerous other cell pathology events, such as the attempted compensation of β-cell for the increased insulin demand and dynamics of β-cell biogenesis and its "reversal" at dedifferentiation, that is, from the concomitantly decreasing islet β-cell mass (also due to transdifferentiation) and low-grade islet or systemic inflammation. Critical Issues: At prediabetes, the compensation responses of β-cells, attempting to delay the pathology progression-when exaggerated-set a new state, in which a self-checking redox signaling related to the expression of Ins gene expression is impaired. The resulting altered redox signaling, diminished insulin secretion responses to various secretagogues including glucose, may lead to excretion of cytokines or chemokines by β-cells or excretion of endosomes. They could substantiate putative stress signals to the periphery. Subsequent changes and lasting glucolipotoxicity promote islet inflammatory responses and further pathology spiral. Future Directions: Should bring an understanding of the β-cell self-checking and related redox signaling, including the putative stress signal to periphery. Strategies to cure or prevent type 2 diabetes could be based on the substitution of the "wrong" signal by the "correct" self-checking signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Ježek
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Jabůrek
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lydie Plecitá-Hlavatá
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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173
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Cary BP, Hager MV, Gellman SH. Impact of Substitution Registry on the Receptor-Activation Profiles of Backbone-Modified Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Analogues. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2834-2840. [PMID: 31172641 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Family B G protein-coupled receptors play important physiological roles and possess large extracellular domains (ECDs) that aid in binding the long polypeptide hormones that are their natural agonists. We have previously shown that agonist analogues in which subsets of native α-amino acid residues are replaced with β-amino acid residues can retain activity while avoiding proteolytic degradation. This study focuses on eight new α/β analogues of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) that each contain five α-to-β replacements in the C-terminal half of the peptide. This portion of GLP-1 is known to adopt an α-helical conformation and contact the ECD. All four registries of the αααβ backbone pattern were evaluated; previous work has shown that the αααβ pattern supports adoption of an α-helix-like conformation. Two α-to-β replacement formats were employed, one involving β3 homologues of the native residues replaced and the other involving a cyclic β residue. GLP-1R response was characterized in terms of stimulation of cAMP production and β-arrestin recruitment. Some of the backbone-modified GLP-1 analogues display biased agonism of the GLP-1R. This study helps to establish the scope of the α→β backbone modification strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Cary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Marlies V Hager
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Samuel H Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Lin LC, Lee LC, Huang C, Chen CT, Song JS, Shiao YJ, Liu HK. Effects of boschnaloside from Boschniakia rossica on dysglycemia and islet dysfunction in severely diabetic mice through modulating the action of glucagon-like peptide-1. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 62:152946. [PMID: 31102890 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Boschniakia rossica is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine for tonifying kidney and improving impotence. Boschnaloside is the major iridoid glycoside in this herb but therapeutic benefits for diabetes remained to be evaluated. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE The current investigation aims to study the antidiabetic effect and the underlying pharmacological mechanisms. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Receptor binding, cAMP production, Ins secretion, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity assays were performed. Therapeutic benefits of orally administrated boschnaloside (150 and 300 mg/kg/day) were evaluated using severely 12-week old female diabetic db/db mice (Hemoglobin A1c >10%). RESULTS Oral treatment of boschnaloside for 4 weeks improved diabetic symptoms including fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin A1c, glucose intolerance, and Homeostatic Model Assessment of Ins Resistance, accompanied by circulating GLP-1active and adiponectin levels. In addition, bochnaloside treatment improved islet/β cell function associated with an alteration of the pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 level. It was shown that boschnaloside interacted with the extracellular domain of GLP-1 receptor and enhanced glucose stimulated Ins secretion. Boschnaloside also augmented the insulinotropic effect of GLP-1. Finally, the presence of boschnaloside caused a reduction of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity while enhanced GLP-1 secretion from STC-1 cells. CONCLUSION It appears that bochnaloside at oral dosage greater than 150 mg/kg/day exerts antidiabetic effects in vivo through modulating the action of GLP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lie-Chwen Lin
- Division of Chinese Medicine Literature and Informatics, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lin-Chien Lee
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National YangMing University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Earth and Life Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chiung-Tong Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jen-Shin Song
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- Division of Basic Chinese Medicine,National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hui-Kang Liu
- Division of Basic Chinese Medicine,National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Ph.D Program for the Clinical Drug Discovery from Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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175
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Aroda VR, Rosenstock J, Terauchi Y, Altuntas Y, Lalic NM, Morales Villegas EC, Jeppesen OK, Christiansen E, Hertz CL, Haluzík M. PIONEER 1: Randomized Clinical Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Semaglutide Monotherapy in Comparison With Placebo in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2019; 42:1724-1732. [PMID: 31186300 DOI: 10.2337/dc19-0749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This trial compared the efficacy and safety of the first oral glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, oral semaglutide, as monotherapy with placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes managed by diet and exercise alone. Two estimands addressed two efficacy-related questions: a treatment policy estimand (regardless of trial product discontinuation or rescue medication use) and a trial product estimand (on trial product without rescue medication use) in all randomized patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a 26-week, phase 3a, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial conducted in 93 sites in nine countries. Adults with type 2 diabetes insufficiently controlled with diet and exercise were randomized (1:1:1:1) to once-daily oral semaglutide 3 mg, 7 mg, 14 mg, or placebo. The primary end point was change from baseline to week 26 in HbA1c. The confirmatory secondary end point was change from baseline to week 26 in body weight. RESULTS In the 703 patients randomized (mean age 55 years, 50.8% male, and mean baseline HbA1c 8.0% [64 mmol/mol]), oral semaglutide reduced HbA1c (placebo-adjusted treatment differences at week 26: treatment policy estimand, -0.6% [3 mg], -0.9% [7 mg], and -1.1% [14 mg]; trial product estimand, -0.7% [3 mg], -1.2% [7 mg], and -1.4% [14 mg]; P < 0.001 for all) and body weight (treatment policy, -0.1 kg [3 mg], -0.9 kg [7 mg], and -2.3 kg [14 mg, P < 0.001]; trial product, -0.2 kg [3 mg], -1.0 kg [7 mg, P = 0.01], and -2.6 kg [14 mg, P < 0.001]). Mild-to-moderate transient gastrointestinal events were the most common adverse events with oral semaglutide. Trial product discontinuations occurred in 2.3-7.4% with oral semaglutide and 2.2% with placebo. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide monotherapy demonstrated superior and clinically relevant improvements in HbA1c (all doses) and body weight loss (14 mg dose) versus placebo, with a safety profile consistent with other GLP-1 receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanita R Aroda
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA .,MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD
| | | | | | - Yuksel Altuntas
- Division of Endocrinology Metabolism Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nebojsa M Lalic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Alhadeff R, Warshel A. A free-energy landscape for the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor GLP1R. Proteins 2019; 88:127-134. [PMID: 31294890 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are among the most important receptors in human physiology and pathology. They serve as master regulators of numerous key processes and are involved in as well as cause debilitating diseases. Consequently, GPCRs are among the most attractive targets for drug design and pharmaceutical interventions (>30% of drugs on the market). The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) hormone receptor GLP1R is closely involved in insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells and constitutes a major druggable target for the development of anti-diabetes and obesity agents. GLP1R structure was recently solved, with ligands, allosteric modulators and as part of a complex with its cognate G protein. However, the translation of this structural data into structure/function understanding remains limited. The current study functionally characterizes GLP1R with special emphasis on ligand and cellular partner binding interactions and presents a free-energy landscape as well as a functional model of the activation cycle of GLP1R. Our results should facilitate a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying GLP1R activation, forming a basis for improved development of targeted therapeutics for diabetes and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Alhadeff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, California, Los Angeles
| | - Arieh Warshel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, California, Los Angeles
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177
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Al-Zamel N, Al-Sabah S, Luqmani Y, Adi L, Chacko S, Schneider TD, Krasel C. A Dual GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonist Does Not Antagonize Glucagon at Its Receptor but May Act as a Biased Agonist at the GLP-1 Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143532. [PMID: 31330984 PMCID: PMC6678630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are important regulators of metabolism, making their receptors (GLP-1R and GIPR) attractive targets in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). GLP-1R agonists are used clinically to treat T2DM but the use of GIPR agonists remains controversial. Recent studies suggest that simultaneous activation of GLP-1R and GIPR with a single peptide provides superior glycemic control with fewer adverse effects than activation of GLP-1R alone. We investigated the signaling properties of a recently reported dual-incretin receptor agonist (P18). GLP-1R, GIPR, and the closely related glucagon receptor (GCGR) were expressed in HEK-293 cells. Activation of adenylate cyclase via Gαs was monitored using a luciferase-linked reporter gene (CRE-Luc) assay. Arrestin recruitment was monitored using a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay. GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon displayed exquisite selectivity for their receptors in the CRE-Luc assay. P18 activated GLP-1R with similar potency to GLP-1 and GIPR with higher potency than GIP. Interestingly, P18 was less effective than GLP-1 at recruiting arrestin to GLP-1R and was inactive at GCGR. These data suggest that P18 can act as both a dual-incretin receptor agonist, and as a G protein-biased agonist at GLP-1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura Al-Zamel
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, 13110 Safat, Kuwait
| | - Suleiman Al-Sabah
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, 13110 Safat, Kuwait.
| | - Yunus Luqmani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, 13110 Safat, Kuwait
| | - Lobna Adi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, 13110 Safat, Kuwait
| | - Siby Chacko
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, 13110 Safat, Kuwait
| | - Tom Dario Schneider
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 190/52 CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelius Krasel
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Philipps University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, 135033 Marburg, Germany
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178
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Han X, Yang Y, Metwaly AM, Xue Y, Shi Y, Dou D. The Chinese herbal formulae (Yitangkang) exerts an antidiabetic effect through the regulation of substance metabolism and energy metabolism in type 2 diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 239:111942. [PMID: 31075380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) regarded as a "hot" disease in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Accordingly, TCM uses a cold drug or formula such as the Chinese herbal formulae "Yitangkang" (YTK) as a treatment. YTK exhibited a good clinical antidiabetic effect in several experiments. The correlation between the properties of a TCM drug or formula and its ability to regulate the substance metabolism, the energy metabolism and the endocrine system has been proven. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aiming to evaluate the mechanism of antidiabetic action of YTK from the above perspective. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three groups of streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats have been treated with YTK at oral doses of 56 g/kg/d, 28 g/kg/d and 14 g/kg/d for 28 days using metformin as a reference drug. After treatment, several indices correlated with energy metabolism (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, lactic dehydrogenase, adenotriphos, creatine phosphate kinase, AMPK, Na+-K+-ATPase and Respiratory Chain Complex I, II, III, IV), substance metabolism (hepatic glycogen, acetyl-coenzyme A, pyruvic acid, adipose triglyceride lipase, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, malonyldialdehyde), endocrine system (triiodothyronine, thyroxine, 17-hydroxycorticosteroid) and cyclic nucleotide system (cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cyclic guanosine monophosphate) have been determined. The specialty and tendency of YTK's effects were analyzed to elucidate its property and mechanism of action according to the theory of TCM. RESULTS Our findings showed that the formulae YTK could effectively regulate the levels of blood glucose, HbA1c, glucagon-like peptide-1, and significantly down-regulate the substance metabolism, energy metabolism and endocrine system indices of the diabetic rats. CONCLUSION These results were consistent with the TCM description of YTK as a "cold" treatment. It could provide an effective way to interpret the scientific connotation and comprehensive system of the Chinese herbal formulae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Han
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, PR China
| | - Yufeng Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, PR China
| | - Ahmed M Metwaly
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, PR China
| | - Yawei Xue
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, PR China
| | - Yan Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, PR China.
| | - Deqiang Dou
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, PR China.
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179
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Chen S, Zhou M, Sun J, Guo A, Fernando RL, Chen Y, Peng P, Zhao G, Deng Y. DPP-4 inhibitor improves learning and memory deficits and AD-like neurodegeneration by modulating the GLP-1 signaling. Neuropharmacology 2019; 157:107668. [PMID: 31199957 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) signaling in the brain plays an important role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, which is impaired in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we detected the GLP-1 and GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in AD human brain and APP/PS1/Tau transgenic (3xTg) mice brain, finding that they were both decreased in AD human and mice brain. Enhanced GLP-1 exerts its protective effects on AD, however, this is rapidly degraded into inactivated metabolites by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), resulting in its extremely short half-time. DPP-4 inhibitors, thus, was applied to improve the level of GLP-1 and GLP-1R expression in the hippocampus and cortex of AD mice brains. It is also protected learning and memory and synaptic proteins, increased the O-Glycosylation and decreased abnormal phosphorylation of tau and neurofilaments (NFs), degraded intercellular β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation and alleviated neurodegeneration related to GLP-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Chen
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin People's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ai Guo
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Roger Lakmal Fernando
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanlin Chen
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Peng
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Tumor Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanqiu Deng
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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180
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Sarmiento BE, Santos Menezes LF, Schwartz EF. Insulin Release Mechanism Modulated by Toxins Isolated from Animal Venoms: From Basic Research to Drug Development Prospects. Molecules 2019; 24:E1846. [PMID: 31091684 PMCID: PMC6571724 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Venom from mammals, amphibians, snakes, arachnids, sea anemones and insects provides diverse sources of peptides with different potential medical applications. Several of these peptides have already been converted into drugs and some are still in the clinical phase. Diabetes type 2 is one of the diseases with the highest mortality rate worldwide, requiring specific attention. Diverse drugs are available (e.g., Sulfonylureas) for effective treatment, but with several adverse secondary effects, most of them related to the low specificity of these compounds to the target. In this context, the search for specific and high-affinity compounds for the management of this metabolic disease is growing. Toxins isolated from animal venom have high specificity and affinity for different molecular targets, of which the most important are ion channels. This review will present an overview about the electrical activity of the ion channels present in pancreatic β cells that are involved in the insulin secretion process, in addition to the diversity of peptides that can interact and modulate the electrical activity of pancreatic β cells. The importance of prospecting bioactive peptides for therapeutic use is also reinforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Elena Sarmiento
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Luis Felipe Santos Menezes
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Elisabeth F Schwartz
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil.
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181
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Li C, Dai S, Cao A, Zhou Z, Wu Z. Design and synthesis of rhamnose-modified exenatide conjugate by sortase A-mediated ligation. J Carbohydr Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2019.1609021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shijie Dai
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Aijie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhifang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhimeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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182
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Zhang J, Bai Q, Pérez-Sánchez H, Shang S, An X, Yao X. Investigation of ECD conformational transition mechanism of GLP-1R by molecular dynamics simulations and Markov state model. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:8470-8481. [PMID: 30957116 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00080a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As a member of the class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) can regulate the blood glucose level by binding to the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). Since the extracellular domain (ECD) of GLP-1R is considered as one of the binding sites of GLP-1, the open and closed states of ECD play an important role in the binding process of GLP-1. To investigate the transition path of GLP-1R ECD, the crystal structures of GLP-1R in its bound and unbound states (apo-state) are chosen to perform a total of 1.6 μs of molecular dynamics simulations. The simulated results show that the ECD of GLP-1R closes in the GLP-1 bound state and opens in the GLP-1 unbound state. To determine the critical role that GLP-1 played in regulating the open and closed states of the ECD, we applied the independent gradient model (IGM) to the simulation trajectories. We found that the "hand-like" N-terminal of the GLP-1R ECD plays an important role in the GLP-1 binding. In contrast, the apo-state GLP-1R ECD opens and exposes the two ligand binding domains of GLP-1 after 200 ns of simulations. To elucidate the open and closed mechanisms of GLP-1R ECD in the apo-state and GLP-1 bound state, the Markov state model (MSM) is performed on the MD simulation trajectories. Our results provide possible transition pathways from the closed state to open state of the apo-state GLP-1R ECD. Each pathway contains several intermediate states that correspond to different local minima in deep wells. The dynamical relationships and the most possible conversion pathway between two states are detailed through the MSM analysis. Our results profile the conformation transition mechanism of the GLP-1R ECD and will help in hypoglycemic peptide design of GLP-1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintu Zhang
- Key Lab of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China
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183
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Glotfelty EJ, Delgado TE, Tovar-y-Romo LB, Luo Y, Hoffer BJ, Olson L, Karlsson TE, Mattson MP, Harvey BK, Tweedie D, Li Y, Greig NH. Incretin Mimetics as Rational Candidates for the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:66-91. [PMID: 31396586 PMCID: PMC6687335 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is becoming an increasing public health issue. With an annually estimated 1.7 million TBIs in the United States (U.S) and nearly 70 million worldwide, the injury, isolated or compounded with others, is a major cause of short- and long-term disability and mortality. This, along with no specific treatment, has made exploration of TBI therapies a priority of the health system. Age and sex differences create a spectrum of vulnerability to TBI, with highest prevalence among younger and older populations. Increased public interest in the long-term effects and prevention of TBI have recently reached peaks, with media attention bringing heightened awareness to sport and war related head injuries. Along with short-term issues, TBI can increase the likelihood for development of long-term neurodegenerative disorders. A growing body of literature supports the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), and glucagon (Gcg) receptor (R) agonists, along with unimolecular combinations of these therapies, for their potent neurotrophic/neuroprotective activities across a variety of cellular and animal models of chronic neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases) and acute cerebrovascular disorders (stroke). Mild or moderate TBI shares many of the hallmarks of these conditions; recent work provides evidence that use of these compounds is an effective strategy for its treatment. Safety and efficacy of many incretin-based therapies (GLP-1 and GIP) have been demonstrated in humans for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), making these compounds ideal for rapid evaluation in clinical trials of mild and moderate TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot J. Glotfelty
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
- Department
of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas E. Delgado
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Luis B. Tovar-y-Romo
- Division
of Neuroscience, Institute of Cellular Physiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yu Luo
- Department
of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Barry J. Hoffer
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University
School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Lars Olson
- Department
of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mark P. Mattson
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Brandon K. Harvey
- Molecular
Mechanisms of Cellular Stress and Inflammation Unit, Integrative Neuroscience
Department, National Institute on Drug Abuse,
National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - David Tweedie
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Yazhou Li
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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184
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Zapata RC, McMillan C, Tong J, Chelikani PK. Short communication: Expression of transcripts for proglucagon, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, peptide YY, and their cognate receptors, in feline peripheral tissues. Res Vet Sci 2019; 124:223-227. [PMID: 30928654 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal hormone based therapies are being investigated for treating diabetes in cats; however, the tissue distribution of these hormones and their cognate receptors remain largely understudied. We determined the distribution of transcripts for the gut hormones proglucagon (Gcg), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (Gip), peptide YY (Pyy), and their receptors (Glp1r, Gipr, Npy2r), in feline peripheral tissues. The Gcg, Gip and Pyy mRNA were expressed in the gut, with higher Gcg and Pyy abundance in the lower gut. Interestingly, Glp1r and Npy2r mRNA were expressed in multiple peripheral tissues including the gut, pancreas and liver, whereas, Gipr mRNA was restricted to the stomach and adipose tissues. The localized mRNA expression of Gcg and Pyy in the gut, but the extensive distribution of Glp1r and Npy2r in several peripheral tissues suggests that these hormones may have pleiotropic physiological functions in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizaldy C Zapata
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Chantal McMillan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jesse Tong
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Prasanth K Chelikani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
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185
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Cataldi M, Muscogiuri G, Savastano S, Barrea L, Guida B, Taglialatela M, Colao A. Gender-related issues in the pharmacology of new anti-obesity drugs. Obes Rev 2019; 20:375-384. [PMID: 30589980 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Four new medicines-liraglutide, lorcaserin, bupropion/naltrexone, and phentermine/topiramate-have been recently added to the pharmacological arsenal for obesity treatment and could represent important tools to manage this epidemic disease. To achieve satisfactory anti-obesity goals, the use of these new medicines should be optimized and tailored to specific patient subpopulations also by applying dose adjustments if needed. In the present review, we posit that gender could be among the factors influencing the activity of the new obesity drugs both because of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors. Although evidence from premarketing clinical studies suggested that no dose adjustment by gender is necessary for any of these new medicines, these studies were not specifically designed to identify gender-related differences. This observation, together with the strong theoretical background supporting the hypothesis of a gender-dimorphic response, strongly call upon an urgent need of new real-life data on gender-related difference in the pharmacology of these new obesity drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Cataldi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Barrea
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Bruna Guida
- Division of Physiology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Taglialatela
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
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186
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dal Maso E, Glukhova A, Zhu Y, Garcia-Nafria J, Tate CG, Atanasio S, Reynolds CA, Ramírez-Aportela E, Carazo JM, Hick CA, Furness SGB, Hay DL, Liang YL, Miller LJ, Christopoulos A, Wang MW, Wootten D, Sexton PM. The Molecular Control of Calcitonin Receptor Signaling. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:31-51. [PMID: 32219215 PMCID: PMC7088896 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.8b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The calcitonin receptor (CTR) is a class B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that responds to the peptide hormone calcitonin (CT). CTs are clinically approved for the treatment of bone diseases. We previously reported a 4.1 Å structure of the activated CTR bound to salmon CT (sCT) and heterotrimeric Gs protein by cryo-electron microscopy (Liang, Y.-L., et al. Phase-plate cryo- EM structure of a class B GPCR-G protein complex. Nature 2017, 546, 118-123). In the current study, we have reprocessed the electron micrographs to yield a 3.3 Å map of the complex. This has allowed us to model extracellular loops (ECLs) 2 and 3, and the peptide N-terminus that previously could not be resolved. We have also performed alanine scanning mutagenesis of ECL1 and the upper segment of transmembrane helix 1 (TM1) and its extension into the receptor extracellular domain (TM1 stalk), with effects on peptide binding and function assessed by cAMP accumulation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. These data were combined with previously published alanine scanning mutagenesis of ECL2 and ECL3 and the new structural information to provide a comprehensive 3D map of the molecular surface of the CTR that controls binding and signaling of distinct CT and related peptides. The work highlights distinctions in how different, related, class B receptors may be activated. The new mutational data on the TM1 stalk and ECL1 have also provided critical insights into the divergent control of cAMP versus pERK signaling and, collectively with previous mutagenesis data, offer evidence that the conformations linked to these different signaling pathways are, in many ways, mutually exclusive. This study furthers our understanding of the complex nature of signaling elicited by GPCRs and, in particular, that of the therapeutically important class B subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma dal Maso
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
| | - Alisa Glukhova
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
| | - Yue Zhu
- The
National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Javier Garcia-Nafria
- MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, U.K.
| | - Christopher G. Tate
- MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, U.K.
| | - Silvia Atanasio
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, U.K.
| | | | - Erney Ramírez-Aportela
- Biocomputing
Unit, National Center for Biotechnology
(CNB-CSIC), C/Darwin,
3, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid Spain
| | - Jose-Maria Carazo
- Biocomputing
Unit, National Center for Biotechnology
(CNB-CSIC), C/Darwin,
3, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid Spain
| | - Caroline A. Hick
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
| | - Sebastian G. B. Furness
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
| | - Debbie L. Hay
- The
University of Auckland, School of Biological
Sciences, 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yi-Lynn Liang
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
| | - Laurence J. Miller
- Department
of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- The
National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- School
of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
- School
of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
- School
of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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187
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Vásquez‐Garibay EM, Larrosa‐Haro A, Guzmán‐Mercado E, Muñoz‐Esparza N, García‐Arellano S, Muñoz‐Valle F, Romero‐Velarde E. Serum concentration of appetite-regulating hormones of mother-infant dyad according to the type of feeding. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:869-874. [PMID: 30847165 PMCID: PMC6392859 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Satiety and appetite-stimulating hormones play a role in the regulation of food intake. Breastfed infants may have a different profile of serum appetite-regulating hormones than formula-fed infants. We propose to demonstrate that the serum concentration of appetite regulatory hormones differs according to the type of feeding and that there is a correlation between the serum concentrations of these hormones in mothers and in infants at 4 months of age. In a cross-sectional analysis, 167 mother-newborn dyads at the Hospital Civil de Guadalajara were enrolled: 74 full breastfeeding (FBF), 56 partial breastfeeding (PBF), and 37 receiving human milk substitutes (HMS). Serum levels of ghrelin (pg/ml), leptin (ng/ml), peptide YY (pg/ml), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) (pM) were measured. We performed one-way analysis of variance, unpaired Student t test, post hoc Tukey test, and Pearson correlation. The total sample at 16 weeks postpartum included 167 dyads. The mean age was 16 ± 1 weeks. The concentrations of GLP-1 (pM) and peptide YY (pg/ml) were higher in the FBF group (42.6 and 442.9) than in the HMS group (35.2 and 401.9), respectively, p = 0.046 and p = 0.056. And, the FBF group had higher correlation coefficients of ghrelin (r = 0.411 vs. 0.165), GLP-1 (r = 0.576 vs. 0.407), and peptide YY (r = 0.218 vs. 0.067), respectively, than the HMS group. The concentrations of GLP-1 and peptide YY were higher in the FBF group when compared with the HMS group. Mother-infant dyads fed by FBF had more significant direct correlations of appetite-regulating hormones than those who received HMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar M. Vásquez‐Garibay
- Instituto de Nutrición HumanaUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraMéxico
- Nuevo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. MenchacaGuadalajaraMéxico
| | | | | | | | - Samuel García‐Arellano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias BiomédicasUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraMéxico
| | - Francisco Muñoz‐Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias BiomédicasUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraMéxico
| | - Enrique Romero‐Velarde
- Instituto de Nutrición HumanaUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraMéxico
- Nuevo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. MenchacaGuadalajaraMéxico
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188
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Smelcerovic A, Lazarevic J, Tomovic K, Anastasijevic M, Jukic M, Kocic G, Anderluh M. An Overview, Advantages and Therapeutic Potential of Nonpeptide Positive Allosteric Modulators of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:514-521. [PMID: 30609277 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to uncomfortable injection regimens of peptidic agonists of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), orally available nonpeptide positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of GLP-1Rs are foreseen as the possible future mainstream therapy for type 2 diabetes. Herein, current GLP-1R PAMs are reviewed. Based on the effectiveness and in silico predicted physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity, possible candidates for further development as oral drugs were selected. The suggestion is that GLP-1R PAMs might be used orally alone or in combination with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, which could offer an optimal treatment option next to metformin monotherapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus, or in a wider spectrum of indications. Quercetin acts as a GLP-1R PAM and DPP-4 inhibitor, and therefore, might be considered as a pioneering agent with a dual mechanism of action, in terms of GLP-1R positive allosteric modulation and DPP-4 inhibition for potentiating GLP-1 dependent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrija Smelcerovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Bulevar Dr Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Jelena Lazarevic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Bulevar Dr Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Katarina Tomovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Bulevar Dr Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Marija Anastasijevic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Bulevar Dr Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Marko Jukic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 7, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Gordana Kocic
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Bulevar Dr Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Marko Anderluh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 7, 1000, Slovenia
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189
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Potential off-target effects of beta-blockers on gut hormone receptors: In silico study including GUT-DOCK-A web service for small-molecule docking. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210705. [PMID: 30682072 PMCID: PMC6347188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prolonged use of many currently available drugs results in the severe side effect of the disruption of glucose metabolism leading to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM. Gut hormone receptors including glucagon receptor (GCGR) and the incretin hormone receptors: glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP1R) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor (GIPR) are important drug targets for the treatment of T2DM, as they play roles in the regulation of glucose and insulin levels and of food intake. In this study, we hypothesized that we could compensate for the negative influences of specific drugs on glucose metabolism by the positive incretin effect enhanced by the off-target interactions with incretin GPCR receptors. As a test case, we chose to examine beta-blockers because beta-adrenergic receptors and incretin receptors are expressed in a similar location, making off-target interactions possible. The binding affinity of drugs for incretin receptors was approximated by using two docking scoring functions of Autodock VINA (GUT-DOCK) and Glide (Schrodinger) and juxtaposing these values with the medical information on drug-induced T2DM. We observed that beta-blockers with the highest theoretical binding affinities for gut hormone receptors were reported as the least harmful to glucose homeostasis in clinical trials. Notably, a recently discovered beta-blocker compound 15 ([4-((2S)-3-(((S)-3-(3-bromophenyl)-1-(methylamino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)amino)-2-(2-cyclohexyl-2-phenylacetamido)-3-oxopropyl)benzamide was among the top-scoring drugs, potentially supporting its use in the treatment of hypertension in diabetic patients. Our recently developed web service GUT-DOCK (gut-dock.miningmembrane.com) allows for the execution of similar studies for any drug-like molecule. Specifically, users can compute the binding affinities for various class B GPCRs, gut hormone receptors, VIPR1 and PAC1R.
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190
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Latek D, Rutkowska E, Niewieczerzal S, Cielecka-Piontek J. Drug-induced diabetes type 2: In silico study involving class B GPCRs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208892. [PMID: 30650080 PMCID: PMC6334951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A disturbance of glucose homeostasis leading to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the severe side effects that may occur during a prolonged use of many drugs currently available on the market. In this manuscript we describe the most common cases of drug-induced T2DM, discuss available pharmacotherapies and propose new ones. Among various pharmacotherapies of T2DM, incretin therapies have recently focused attention due to the newly determined crystal structure of incretin hormone receptor GLP1R. Incretin hormone receptors: GLP1R and GIPR together with the glucagon receptor GCGR regulate food intake and insulin and glucose secretion. Our study showed that incretin hormone receptors, named also gut hormone receptors as they are expressed in the gastrointestinal tract, could potentially act as unintended targets (off-targets) for orally administrated drugs. Such off-target interactions, depending on their effect on the receptor (stimulation or inhibition), could be beneficial, like in the case of incretin mimetics, or unwanted if they cause, e.g., decreased insulin secretion. In this in silico study we examined which well-known pharmaceuticals could potentially interact with gut hormone receptors in the off-target way. We observed that drugs with the strongest binding affinity for gut hormone receptors were also reported in the medical information resources as the least disturbing the glucose homeostasis among all drugs in their class. We suggested that those strongly binding molecules could potentially stimulate GIPR and GLP1R and/or inhibit GCGR which could lead to increased insulin secretion and decreased hepatic glucose production. Such positive effect on the glucose homeostasis could compensate for other, adverse effects of pharmacotherapy which lead to drug-induced T2DM. In addition, we also described several top hits as potential substitutes of peptidic incretin mimetics which were discovered in the drug repositioning screen using gut hormone receptors structures against the ZINC15 compounds subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Latek
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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191
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Engineering PEG-fatty acid stapled, long-acting peptide agonists for G protein-coupled receptors. Methods Enzymol 2019; 622:183-200. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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192
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Zhou D, Chen YW, Zhao ZH, Yang RX, Xin FZ, Liu XL, Pan Q, Zhou H, Fan JG. Sodium butyrate reduces high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis through upregulation of hepatic GLP-1R expression. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-12. [PMID: 30510243 PMCID: PMC6277380 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has a broad spectrum of biological activity by regulating metabolic processes via both the direct activation of the class B family of G protein-coupled receptors and indirect nonreceptor-mediated pathways. GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists have significant therapeutic effects on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis (NASH) in animal models. However, clinical studies indicated that GLP-1 treatment had little effect on hepatic steatosis in some NAFLD patients, suggesting that GLP-1 resistance may occur in these patients. It is well-known that the gut metabolite sodium butyrate (NaB) could promote GLP-1 secretion from intestinal L cells. However, it is unclear whether NaB improves hepatic GLP-1 responsiveness in NAFLD. In the current study, we showed that the serum GLP-1 levels of NAFLD patients were similar to those of normal controls, but hepatic GLP-1R expression was significantly downregulated in NAFLD patients. Similarly, in the NAFLD mouse model, mice fed with a high-fat diet showed reduced hepatic GLP-1R expression, which was reversed by NaB treatment and accompanied by markedly alleviated liver steatosis. In addition, NaB treatment also upregulated the hepatic p-AMPK/p-ACC and insulin receptor/insulin receptor substrate-1 expression levels. Furthermore, NaB-enhanced GLP-1R expression in HepG2 cells by inhibiting histone deacetylase-2 independent of GPR43/GPR109a. These results indicate that NaB is able to prevent the progression of NAFL to NASH via promoting hepatic GLP-1R expression. NaB is a GLP-1 sensitizer and represents a potential therapeutic adjuvant to prevent NAFL progression to NASH. A treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease that incorporates a metabolite found in the gut could prevent progression to a more serious liver condition. Drugs that enhance the activity of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a protein involved in regulating metabolic processes, have shown promise in targeting non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the more serious condition, steatohepatitis. However, some patients appear resistant to treatment. Jian-Gao Fan at Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China, Huiping Zhou at McGuire VA Medical Center in Richmond, USA, and co-workers demonstrated that a gut metabolite called sodium butyrate may help encourage responsiveness to GLP-1 treatment. The team found that liver GLP-1R expression was considerably reduced in patients with liver disease compared with healthy controls. Experiments on mouse models showed that treatment incorporating sodium butyrate improved GLP-1R levels and reduced fatty liver deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Zhou
- Center for Fatty Liver, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Wen Chen
- Center for Fatty Liver, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze-Hua Zhao
- Center for Fatty Liver, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Xu Yang
- Center for Fatty Liver, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng-Zhi Xin
- Center for Fatty Liver, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Liu
- Center for Fatty Liver, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Pan
- Center for Fatty Liver, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine/GI Division, McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - Jian-Gao Fan
- Center for Fatty Liver, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Lab of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China.
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193
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Granhall C, Søndergaard FL, Thomsen M, Anderson TW. Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of Oral Semaglutide in Subjects with Renal Impairment. Clin Pharmacokinet 2018; 57:1571-1580. [PMID: 29623579 PMCID: PMC6267549 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-018-0649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue, has been co-formulated with the absorption enhancer sodium N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl] amino) caprylate (SNAC) as a tablet for oral administration. This trial (NCT02014259) investigated the pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of oral semaglutide in subjects with and without renal impairment. METHODS Subjects were categorised as having normal renal function (n = 24), mild (n = 12), moderate (n = 12) or severe (n = 12) renal impairment, or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring haemodialysis (n = 11) and received once-daily oral semaglutide (5 mg for 5 days followed by 10 mg for 5 days) in the fasting state, followed by 30 min fasting after dosing. Semaglutide plasma concentrations were measured during dosing and for up to 21 days after the last dose. RESULTS Semaglutide exposure (area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 24 h after the tenth dose and maximum concentration after the tenth dose) did not vary in a consistent pattern across the renal function groups. Similarly, there was no apparent effect of renal impairment on the semaglutide half-life (geometric mean range 152-165 h). Except for one subject in the ESRD group, semaglutide was not detected in urine. Haemodialysis did not affect the pharmacokinetics of semaglutide. Adverse events were in line with those observed for other GLP-1 receptor agonists and no safety concerns were identified. CONCLUSION There was no apparent effect of renal impairment or haemodialysis on the pharmacokinetics of oral semaglutide. Based on this trial, renal impairment should not affect dose recommendations for oral semaglutide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mette Thomsen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Vandtårnsvej 108-110, 2860, Søborg, Denmark
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194
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Girdhar K, Dehury B, Kumar Singh M, Daniel VP, Choubey A, Dogra S, Kumar S, Mondal P. Novel insights into the dynamics behavior of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor with its small molecule agonists. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:3976-3986. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1532818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khyati Girdhar
- aSchool of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- bBiomedical Informatics Centre ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- cDepartment of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | | | - Vineeth P. Daniel
- aSchool of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Abhinav Choubey
- aSchool of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Surbhi Dogra
- aSchool of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- eICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganism, Kushmaur, Mau Nath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prosenjit Mondal
- aSchool of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
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195
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Brunetti J, Falciani C, Bracci L, Pini A. Branched peptides as bioactive molecules for drug design. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jlenia Brunetti
- Department of Medical BiotechnologiesUniversity of Siena Siena Italy
| | - Chiara Falciani
- Department of Medical BiotechnologiesUniversity of Siena Siena Italy
| | - Luisa Bracci
- Department of Medical BiotechnologiesUniversity of Siena Siena Italy
| | - Alessandro Pini
- Department of Medical BiotechnologiesUniversity of Siena Siena Italy
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196
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Kawatani M, Yamada Y, Kawatani M. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) action in the mouse area postrema neurons. Peptides 2018; 107:68-74. [PMID: 30081042 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a peptide hormone and member of the incretin family. GLP-1 related drugs, such as liraglutide, are widely used to treat diabetic patients and work by stimulating pancreatic β cells to increase glucose-dependent insulin secretion. However, extrapancreatic effects, such as appetite suppression or emesis, are observed in response to GLP-1 receptor agonists. In this study we used the in vitro patch-clamp method in acute brainstem preparations of mice and demonstrated that GLP-1 acts directly on area postrema neurons. It is known that activation of the area postrema is related to the induction of homeostatic autonomic nervous systems, including nausea. Approximately,half of the neurons tested in the area postrema were excited by GLP-1 in the presence of tetrodotoxin, and is thought to be through adenylate cyclase-cAMP pathways. Excitation was not frequently observed in nucleus tractus solitaries neurons or in area postrema neurons from GLP-1 receptor knock-out mice. These results indicate that GLP-1 receptor agonists excite area postrema neurons and potentially leading to the expression of extra-pancreatic effects. This is the first study to show that GLP-1 directly activates area postrema neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kawatani
- Department of Neurophysiology, Akita University, School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine, Akita University, School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Masahito Kawatani
- Department of Neurophysiology, Akita University, School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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197
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Bliss ES, Whiteside E. The Gut-Brain Axis, the Human Gut Microbiota and Their Integration in the Development of Obesity. Front Physiol 2018; 9:900. [PMID: 30050464 PMCID: PMC6052131 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic, placing socioeconomic strain on public healthcare systems, especially within the so-called Western countries, such as Australia, United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. Obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, where energy intake exceeds expenditure. Current non-invasive treatments lack efficacy in combating obesity, suggesting that obesity is a multi-faceted and more complex disease than previously thought. This has led to an increase in research exploring energy homeostasis and the discovery of a complex bidirectional communication axis referred to as the gut-brain axis. The gut-brain axis is comprised of various neurohumoral components that allow the gut and brain to communicate with each other. Communication occurs within the axis via local, paracrine and/or endocrine mechanisms involving a variety of gut-derived peptides produced from enteroendocrine cells (EECs), including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY3-36 (PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and oxyntomodulin. Neural networks, such as the enteric nervous system (ENS) and vagus nerve also convey information within the gut-brain axis. Emerging evidence suggests the human gut microbiota, a complex ecosystem residing in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), may influence weight-gain through several inter-dependent pathways including energy harvesting, short-chain fatty-acids (SCFA) signalling, behaviour modifications, controlling satiety and modulating inflammatory responses within the host. Hence, the gut-brain axis, the microbiota and the link between these elements and the role each plays in either promoting or regulating energy and thereby contributing to obesity will be explored in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S. Bliss
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
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198
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Fatty Acid-Stimulated Insulin Secretion vs. Lipotoxicity. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061483. [PMID: 29921789 PMCID: PMC6100479 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA)-stimulated insulin secretion (FASIS) is reviewed here in contrast to type 2 diabetes etiology, resulting from FA overload, oxidative stress, intermediate hyperinsulinemia, and inflammation, all converging into insulin resistance. Focusing on pancreatic islet β-cells, we compare the physiological FA roles with the pathological ones. Considering FAs not as mere amplifiers of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), but as parallel insulin granule exocytosis inductors, partly independent of the KATP channel closure, we describe the FA initiating roles in the prediabetic state that is induced by retardations in the glycerol-3-phosphate (glucose)-promoted glycerol/FA cycle and by the impaired GPR40/FFA1 (free FA1) receptor pathway, specifically in its amplification by the redox-activated mitochondrial phospholipase, iPLA2γ. Also, excessive dietary FAs stimulate intestine enterocyte incretin secretion, further elevating GSIS, even at low glucose levels, thus contributing to diabetic hyperinsulinemia. With overnutrition and obesity, the FA overload causes impaired GSIS by metabolic dysbalance, paralleled by oxidative and metabolic stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and numerous pro-apoptotic signaling, all leading to decreased β-cell survival. Lipotoxicity is exerted by saturated FAs, whereas ω-3 polyunsaturated FAs frequently exert antilipotoxic effects. FA-facilitated inflammation upon the recruitment of excess M1 macrophages into islets (over resolving M2 type), amplified by cytokine and chemokine secretion by β-cells, leads to an inevitable failure of pancreatic β-cells.
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199
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Ibrahim MA, Geddawy A, Abdel-Wahab S. Sitagliptin prevents isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats by modulating nitric oxide synthase enzymes. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 829:63-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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200
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Lei S, Clydesdale L, Dai A, Cai X, Feng Y, Yang D, Liang YL, Koole C, Zhao P, Coudrat T, Christopoulos A, Wang MW, Wootten D, Sexton PM. Two distinct domains of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor control peptide-mediated biased agonism. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:9370-9387. [PMID: 29717000 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can be differentially activated by ligands to generate multiple and distinct downstream signaling profiles, a phenomenon termed biased agonism. The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a class B GPCR and a key drug target for managing metabolic disorders; however, its peptide agonists display biased signaling that affects their relative efficacies. In this study, we combined mutagenesis experiments and mapping of surface mutations onto recently described GLP-1R structures, which revealed two major domains in the GLP-1/GLP-1R/Gs protein active structure that are differentially important for both receptor quiescence and ligand-specific initiation and propagation of biased agonism. Changes to the conformation of transmembrane helix (TM) 5 and TM 6 and reordering of extracellular loop 2 were essential for the propagation of signaling linked to cAMP formation and intracellular calcium mobilization, whereas ordering and packing of residues in TMs 1 and 7 were critical for extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK) activity. On the basis of these findings, we propose a model of distinct peptide-receptor interactions that selectively control how these different signaling pathways are engaged. This work provides important structural insight into class B GPCR activation and biased agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifei Lei
- From the National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,the School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Lachlan Clydesdale
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Antao Dai
- From the National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- From the National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yang Feng
- From the National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- From the National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi-Lynn Liang
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Cassandra Koole
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Peishen Zhao
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas Coudrat
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- From the National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China, .,the School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China, and.,the School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Denise Wootten
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, .,the School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, .,the School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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