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Garcia-Martinez I, Santoro N, Chen Y, Hoque R, Ouyang X, Caprio S, Shlomchik MJ, Coffman RL, Candia A, Mehal WZ. Hepatocyte mitochondrial DNA drives nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by activation of TLR9. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:859-64. [PMID: 26808498 DOI: 10.1172/jci83885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the most common liver disease in industrialized countries. NASH is a progressive disease that can lead to cirrhosis, cancer, and death, and there are currently no approved therapies. The development of NASH in animal models requires intact TLR9, but how the TLR9 pathway is activated in NASH is not clear. Our objectives in this study were to identify NASH-associated ligands for TLR9, establish the cellular requirement for TLR9, and evaluate the role of obesity-induced changes in TLR9 pathway activation. We demonstrated that plasma from mice and patients with NASH contains high levels of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and intact mitochondria and has the ability to activate TLR9. Most of the plasma mtDNA was contained in microparticles (MPs) of hepatocyte origin, and removal of these MPs from plasma resulted in a substantial decrease in TLR9 activation capacity. In mice, NASH development in response to a high-fat diet required TLR9 on lysozyme-expressing cells, and a clinically applicable TLR9 antagonist blocked the development of NASH when given prophylactically and therapeutically. These data demonstrate that activation of the TLR9 pathway provides a link between the key metabolic and inflammatory phenotypes in NASH.
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152
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S1PR1-mediated IFNAR1 degradation modulates plasmacytoid dendritic cell interferon-α autoamplification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1351-6. [PMID: 26787880 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525356113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Blunting immunopathology without abolishing host defense is the foundation for safe and effective modulation of infectious and autoimmune diseases. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) agonists are effective in treating infectious and multiple autoimmune pathologies; however, mechanisms underlying their clinical efficacy are yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we uncover an unexpected mechanism of convergence between S1PR1 and interferon alpha receptor 1 (IFNAR1) signaling pathways. Activation of S1PR1 signaling by pharmacological tools or endogenous ligand sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) inhibits type 1 IFN responses that exacerbate numerous pathogenic conditions. Mechanistically, S1PR1 selectively suppresses the type I IFN autoamplification loop in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), a specialized DC subset, for robust type I IFN release. S1PR1 agonist suppression is pertussis toxin-resistant, but inhibited by an S1PR1 C-terminal-derived transactivating transcriptional activator (Tat)-fusion peptide that blocks receptor internalization. S1PR1 agonist treatment accelerates turnover of IFNAR1, suppresses signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) phosphorylation, and down-modulates total STAT1 levels, thereby inactivating the autoamplification loop. Inhibition of S1P-S1PR1 signaling in vivo using the selective antagonist Ex26 significantly elevates IFN-α production in response to CpG-A. Thus, multiple lines of evidence demonstrate that S1PR1 signaling sets the sensitivity of pDC amplification of IFN responses, thereby blunting pathogenic immune responses. These data illustrate a lipid G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)-IFNAR1 regulatory loop that balances effective and detrimental immune responses and elevated endogenous S1PR1 signaling. This mechanism will likely be advantageous in individuals subject to a range of inflammatory conditions.
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153
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Self-reactive IgE exacerbates interferon responses associated with autoimmunity. Nat Immunol 2015; 17:196-203. [PMID: 26692173 PMCID: PMC4718782 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Canonically, immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediates allergic immune responses by triggering mast cells and basophils to release histamine and type 2 helper cytokines. Here we found that in human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), IgE antibodies specific for double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), a type of cell of the immune system linked to viral defense, which led to the secretion of substantial amounts of interferon-α (IFN-α). The concentration of dsDNA-specific IgE found in patient serum correlated with disease severity and greatly potentiated pDC function by triggering phagocytosis via the high-affinity FcɛRI receptor for IgE, followed by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)-mediated sensing of DNA in phagosomes. Our findings expand the known pathogenic mechanisms of IgE-mediated inflammation beyond those found in allergy and demonstrate that IgE can trigger interferon responses capable of exacerbating self-destructive autoimmune responses.
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154
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Synergistic Stimulation with Different TLR7 Ligands Modulates Gene Expression Patterns in the Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Line CAL-1. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:948540. [PMID: 26770023 PMCID: PMC4684865 DOI: 10.1155/2015/948540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. TLR7 ligation in plasmacytoid dendritic cells is promising for the treatment of cancer, allergy, and infectious diseases; however, high doses of ligands are required. We hypothesized that the combination of structurally different TLR7 ligands exponentiates the resulting immune response. Methods. CAL-1 (human pDC line) cells were incubated with the TLR7-specific adenine analog CL264 and single-stranded 9.2s RNA. Protein secretion was measured by ELISA. Microarray technique was used to detect modified gene expression patterns upon synergistic stimulation, revealing underlying functional groups and networks. Cell surface binding properties were studied using FACS analysis. Results. CL264 in combination with 9.2s RNA significantly enhanced cytokine and interferon secretion to supra-additive levels. This effect was due to a stronger stimulation of already regulated genes (by monostimulation) as well as to recruitment of thus far unregulated genes. Top scoring canonical pathways referred to immune-related processes. Network analysis revealed IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, and IFN-β as major regulatory nodes, while several minor regulatory nodes were also identified. Binding of CL264 to the cell surface was enhanced by 9.2s RNA. Conclusion. Structurally different TLR7 ligands act synergistically on gene expression patterns and on the resulting inflammatory response. These data could impact future strategies optimizing TLR7-targeted drug design.
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155
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Chinnathambi S, Pi X, Xu M, Hanagata N. Regulation of bifurcated cytokine induction by surface charge of nanoparticles during interaction between CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and toll-like receptor 9. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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156
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Petnicki-Ocwieja T, Kern A, Killpack TL, Bunnell SC, Hu LT. Adaptor Protein-3-Mediated Trafficking of TLR2 Ligands Controls Specificity of Inflammatory Responses but Not Adaptor Complex Assembly. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4331-40. [PMID: 26423153 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune engagement results in the activation of host defenses that produce microbe-specific inflammatory responses. A long-standing interest in the field of innate immunity is to understand how varied host responses are generated through the signaling of just a limited number of receptors. Recently, intracellular trafficking and compartmental partitioning have been identified as mechanisms that provide signaling specificity for receptors by regulating signaling platform assembly. We show that cytokine activation as a result of TLR2 stimulation occurs at different intracellular locations and is mediated by the phagosomal trafficking molecule adaptor protein-3 (AP-3). AP-3 is required for trafficking TLR2 purified ligands or the Lyme disease causing bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi, to LAMP-1 lysosomal compartments. The presence of AP-3 is necessary for the activation of cytokines such as IL-6 but not TNF-α or type I IFNs, suggesting induction of these cytokines occurs from a different compartment. Lack of AP-3 does not interfere with the recruitment of TLR signaling adaptors TRAM and MyD88 to the phagosome, indicating that the TLR-MyD88 signaling complex is assembled at a prelysosomal stage and that IL-6 activation depends on proper localization of signaling molecules downstream of MyD88. Finally, infection of AP-3-deficient mice with B. burgdorferi resulted in altered joint inflammation during murine Lyme arthritis. Our studies further elucidate the effects of phagosomal trafficking on tailoring immune responses in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Petnicki-Ocwieja
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111; and
| | - Aurelie Kern
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111; and
| | - Tess L Killpack
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111; and
| | - Stephen C Bunnell
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Linden T Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111; and
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157
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Sethi S, Thormann U, Sommer U, Stötzel S, Mohamed W, Schnettler R, Domann E, Chakraborty T, Alt V. Impact of prophylactic CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide application on implant-associated Staphylococcus aureus bone infection. Bone 2015; 78:194-202. [PMID: 25959416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
TLR-9 ligand CpG oligodeoxynucleotide type B (CpG ODN) induces a proinflammatory environment. We evaluated the effects of a preoperative CpG ODN application in an implant-associated Staphylococcus aureus bone infection model by monitoring bacterial loads and cytokine and chemokine levels. A total of 95 rats were used in four different groups: CpG ODN group (group 1; n=25), non-CpG-ODN group (group 2; n=25); saline pretreatment (group 3; n=25), and one uninfected group (group 4; n=20). A single dose of CpG-ODN was administered to the left tibialis anterior muscle 3days prior to surgery and the tibia midshaft was osteotomized, stabilized by an intramedullary implant and subsequently contaminated with 10(3) colony forming units (CFUs) of S. aureus in groups 1-3. The osteotomy gap in animals of group 4 was not contaminated with S. aureus and those animals did not receive any pretreatment. CpG ODN administration resulted in significant reduction of the bacterial load in tibia tissue homogenate and on the implant surface on day 1 post-infection compared to non-CpG-ODN pretreatment (p<0.05; p<0.05). Reductions in bacterial CFUs, compared to non-treated (saline) controls, were approximately 67% and 77% for bone tissue homogenates and implants. No bacteria were detected in uninfected rats. Early reduction of bacterial CFUs in the tibia was accompanied by increased levels of proinflammatory mediators MIP-2, IL-1β and RANTES in bone tissue milieu of the CpG ODN treated group compared to controls. At day 42 post-infection, bone marrow tissue of rats pretreated with CpG ODN had comparable high bacterial CFU numbers as the non-CpG ODN or saline treated groups. Microbiological analysis of implants removed from CpG ODN treated rats showed high bacterial growth densities on their surfaces which were not different from those observed in controls. In histology, all animals of groups 1-3 showed established infected non-unions. Additionally, inflammatory mediator profiles in bone marrow homogenates of CpG ODN treated rats resembled those seen in infected controls. In this rat model, prophylactic administration of a single dose of CpG ODN, resulted in marked reduction of S. aureus load in the infected tibia during the initial stage of infection but failed to prevent development of chronic infection over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shneh Sethi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Thormann
- Department of Trauma Surgery Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ursula Sommer
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Stötzel
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Walid Mohamed
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schnettler
- Department of Trauma Surgery Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Eugen Domann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Volker Alt
- Department of Trauma Surgery Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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158
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Hayashi K, Sasai M, Iwasaki A. Toll-like receptor 9 trafficking and signaling for type I interferons requires PIKfyve activity. Int Immunol 2015; 27:435-45. [PMID: 25925170 PMCID: PMC4560039 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) traffic to distinct membranes for signaling. TLR7 and TLR9 recognize viral nucleic acids in the endosomes and induce robust anti-viral program. Signaling from these TLRs bifurcate at the level of distinct endosomal compartments, namely VAMP3(+) and LAMP(+) endosomes, to mediate the induction of cytokine and type I interferon (IFN) genes, respectively. The formation of the TLR9 endosome competent for IFNs induction requires AP-3. Phosphoinositides (PIs) mark distinct subcellular membranes and control membrane trafficking. However, their role in TLR trafficking and signaling in different dendritic cell (DC) subsets remains unclear. Here, we examined the role of phosphatidylinositol 3P 5-kinase, PIKfyve, in TLR9 trafficking and signaling. We demonstrate that inhibition of PIKfyve activity preferentially blocks TLR9 signaling for type I IFN induction in FLT3L-bone marrow-derived DCs. By confocal microscopy using RAW264.7 cells, we show that trafficking of both TLR9 and CpG to the LAMP1(+) compartment was blocked by PIKfyve inhibitor treatment, whereas their trafficking to the VAMP3(+) endosome remained intact. Further, AP-3 recruitment to TLR9 endosomes was impaired by PIKfyve inhibition. These data indicate that PIKfyve provides critical PIs necessary for the formation of endosome from which TLR9 signals to induce type I IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kachiko Hayashi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, TAC S655B, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Miwa Sasai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, TAC S655B, New Haven, CT 06520, USA Present address: Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, TAC S655B, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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159
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Development of Nonaggregating Poly-A Tailed Immunostimulatory A/D Type CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Applicable for Clinical Use. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:316364. [PMID: 26380317 PMCID: PMC4562176 DOI: 10.1155/2015/316364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunostimulatory CpG ODNs have been developed and utilized as TLR9-dependent innate immune activators and vaccine adjuvants. Four different types of immunostimulatory CpG ODNs (A/D, B/K, C, and P type) have been reported. A/D type ODNs are characterized by high IFN-α production but intrinsically form aggregates, hindering its good manufacturing practice grade preparation. In this study, we developed several D35-derived ODNs (a commonly used A/D type ODN), which were modified with the addition of a phosphorothioate polynucleotide tail (such as dAs40), and examined their physical properties, solubility in saline, immunostimulatory activity on human PBMCs, and vaccine adjuvant potential in monkeys. We found that two modified ODNs including D35-dAs40 and D35core-dAs40 were immunostimulatory, similar to original D35 in human PBMCs, resulting in high IFN-α secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Physical property analysis by dynamic light scattering revealed that both D35-dAs40 and D35core-dAs40 did not form aggregates in saline, which is currently impossible for the original D35. Furthermore, D35-dAs40 and D35core-dAs40 worked as better vaccine adjuvant in monkeys. These results suggested that D35-dAs40 and D35core-dAs40 are two promising prototypes of nonaggregating A/D type ODN with advantages of ease of drug preparation for clinical applications as vaccine adjuvants or IFN-α inducing immunomodifiers.
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160
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The cytoskeleton in cell-autonomous immunity: structural determinants of host defence. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:559-73. [PMID: 26292640 DOI: 10.1038/nri3877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Host cells use antimicrobial proteins, pathogen-restrictive compartmentalization and cell death in their defence against intracellular pathogens. Recent work has revealed that four components of the cytoskeleton--actin, microtubules, intermediate filaments and septins, which are well known for their roles in cell division, shape and movement--have important functions in innate immunity and cellular self-defence. Investigations using cellular and animal models have shown that these cytoskeletal proteins are crucial for sensing bacteria and for mobilizing effector mechanisms to eliminate them. In this Review, we highlight the emerging roles of the cytoskeleton as a structural determinant of cell-autonomous host defence.
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161
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Bunin A, Sisirak V, Ghosh HS, Grajkowska LT, Hou ZE, Miron M, Yang C, Ceribelli M, Uetani N, Chaperot L, Plumas J, Hendriks W, Tremblay ML, Häcker H, Staudt LM, Green PH, Bhagat G, Reizis B. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase PTPRS Is an Inhibitory Receptor on Human and Murine Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. Immunity 2015; 43:277-88. [PMID: 26231120 PMCID: PMC4547994 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are primary producers of type I interferon (IFN) in response to viruses. The IFN-producing capacity of pDCs is regulated by specific inhibitory receptors, yet none of the known receptors are conserved in evolution. We report that within the human immune system, receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPRS) is expressed specifically on pDCs. Surface PTPRS was rapidly downregulated after pDC activation, and only PTPRS(-) pDCs produced IFN-α. Antibody-mediated PTPRS crosslinking inhibited pDC activation, whereas PTPRS knockdown enhanced IFN response in a pDC cell line. Similarly, murine Ptprs and the homologous receptor phosphatase Ptprf were specifically co-expressed in murine pDCs. Haplodeficiency or DC-specific deletion of Ptprs on Ptprf-deficient background were associated with enhanced IFN response of pDCs, leukocyte infiltration in the intestine and mild colitis. Thus, PTPRS represents an evolutionarily conserved pDC-specific inhibitory receptor, and is required to prevent spontaneous IFN production and immune-mediated intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bunin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Celiac Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Vanja Sisirak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hiyaa S Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lucja T Grajkowska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Z Esther Hou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michelle Miron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Cliff Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michele Ceribelli
- Lymphoid Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Noriko Uetani
- Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Laurence Chaperot
- R&D Laboratory, EFS Rhone-Alpes Grenoble, La Tronche F-38701, France
| | - Joel Plumas
- R&D Laboratory, EFS Rhone-Alpes Grenoble, La Tronche F-38701, France
| | - Wiljan Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel L Tremblay
- Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Hans Häcker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Louis M Staudt
- Lymphoid Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Peter H Green
- Celiac Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Govind Bhagat
- Celiac Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Boris Reizis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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162
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Kuriakose T, Tripp RA, Watford WT. Tumor Progression Locus 2 Promotes Induction of IFNλ, Interferon Stimulated Genes and Antigen-Specific CD8+ T Cell Responses and Protects against Influenza Virus. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005038. [PMID: 26241898 PMCID: PMC4524623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP) cascades are important in antiviral immunity through their regulation of interferon (IFN) production as well as virus replication. Although the serine-threonine MAP kinase tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2/MAP3K8) has been implicated as a key regulator of Type I (IFNα/β) and Type II (IFNγ) IFNs, remarkably little is known about how Tpl2 might contribute to host defense against viruses. Herein, we investigated the role of Tpl2 in antiviral immune responses against influenza virus. We demonstrate that Tpl2 is an integral component of multiple virus sensing pathways, differentially regulating the induction of IFNα/β and IFNλ in a cell-type specific manner. Although Tpl2 is important in the regulation of both IFNα/β and IFNλ, only IFNλ required Tpl2 for its induction during influenza virus infection both in vitro and in vivo. Further studies revealed an unanticipated function for Tpl2 in transducing Type I IFN signals and promoting expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Importantly, Tpl2 signaling in nonhematopoietic cells is necessary to limit early virus replication. In addition to early innate alterations, impaired expansion of virus-specific CD8+ T cells accompanied delayed viral clearance in Tpl2-/- mice at late time points. Consistent with its critical role in facilitating both innate and adaptive antiviral responses, Tpl2 is required for restricting morbidity and mortality associated with influenza virus infection. Collectively, these findings establish an essential role for Tpl2 in antiviral host defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teneema Kuriakose
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wendy T. Watford
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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163
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Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a unique DC subset that specializes in the production of type I interferons (IFNs). pDCs promote antiviral immune responses and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases that are characterized by a type I IFN signature. However, pDCs can also induce tolerogenic immune responses. In this Review, we summarize recent progress in the field of pDC biology, focusing on the molecular mechanisms that regulate the development and functions of pDCs, the pathways involved in their sensing of pathogens and endogenous nucleic acids, their functions at mucosal sites, and their roles in infection, autoimmunity and cancer.
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164
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Niedzielska M, Raffi FAM, Tel J, Muench S, Jozefowski K, Alati N, Lahl K, Mages J, Billmeier U, Schiemann M, Appelt UK, Wirtz S, Sparwasser T, Hochrein H, Figdor CG, Keyse SM, Lang R. Selective Expression of the MAPK Phosphatase Dusp9/MKP-4 in Mouse Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Regulation of IFN-β Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1753-62. [PMID: 26170386 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) efficiently produce large amounts of type I IFN in response to TLR7 and TLR9 ligands, whereas conventional DCs (cDCs) predominantly secrete high levels of the cytokines IL-10 and IL-12. The molecular basis underlying this distinct phenotype is not well understood. In this study, we identified the MAPK phosphatase Dusp9/MKP-4 by transcriptome analysis as selectively expressed in pDCs, but not cDCs. We confirmed the constitutive expression of Dusp9 at the protein level in pDCs generated in vitro by culture with Flt3 ligand and ex vivo in sorted splenic pDCs. Dusp9 expression was low in B220(-) bone marrow precursors and was upregulated during pDC differentiation, concomitant with established pDC markers. Higher expression of Dusp9 in pDCs correlated with impaired phosphorylation of the MAPK ERK1/2 upon TLR9 stimulation. Notably, Dusp9 was not expressed at detectable levels in human pDCs, although these displayed similarly impaired activation of ERK1/2 MAPK compared with cDCs. Enforced retroviral expression of Dusp9 in mouse GM-CSF-induced cDCs increased the expression of TLR9-induced IL-12p40 and IFN-β, but not of IL-10. Conditional deletion of Dusp9 in pDCs was effectively achieved in Dusp9(flox/flox); CD11c-Cre mice at the mRNA and protein levels. However, the lack of Dusp9 in pDC did not restore ERK1/2 activation after TLR9 stimulation and only weakly affected IFN-β and IL-12p40 production. Taken together, our results suggest that expression of Dusp9 is sufficient to impair ERK1/2 activation and enhance IFN-β expression. However, despite selective expression in pDCs, Dusp9 is not essential for high-level IFN-β production by these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Niedzielska
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Faizal A M Raffi
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jurjen Tel
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Muench
- Cancer Research UK Stress Response Laboratory, Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Katrin Jozefowski
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nour Alati
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Lahl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Section of Virology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Immunology Section, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jörg Mages
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Billmeier
- Medical Clinic 1, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schiemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe K Appelt
- Cell Sorting Unit, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirtz
- Medical Clinic 1, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany; and
| | - Hubertus Hochrein
- Department of Research, Bavarian Nordic GmbH, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Carl G Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Stephen M Keyse
- Cancer Research UK Stress Response Laboratory, Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Roland Lang
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
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165
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Yu S, Gao N. Compartmentalizing intestinal epithelial cell toll-like receptors for immune surveillance. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3343-53. [PMID: 26001904 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1931-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are membrane-bound microbial sensors that mediate important host-to-microbe responses. Cell biology aspects of TLR function have been intensively studied in professional immune cells, in particular the macrophages and dendritic cells, but not well explored in other specialized epithelial cell types. The adult intestinal epithelial cells are in close contact with trillions of enteric microbes and engage in lifelong immune surveillance. Mature intestinal epithelial cells, in contrast to immune cells, are highly polarized. Recent studies suggest that distinct mechanisms may govern TLR traffic and compartmentalization in these specialized epithelial cells to establish and maintain precise signaling of individual TLRs. We, using immune cells as references, discuss here the shared and/or unique molecular machineries used by intestinal epithelial cells to control TLR transport, localization, processing, activation, and signaling. A better understanding of these mechanisms will certainly generate important insights into both the mechanism and potential intervention of leading digestive disorders, in particular inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Room 206, 195 University Ave., Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
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166
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Guo H, Zhang J, Zhang X, Wang Y, Yu H, Yin X, Li J, Du P, Plumas J, Chaperot L, Chen J, Su L, Liu Y, Zhang L. SCARB2/LIMP-2 Regulates IFN Production of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells by Mediating Endosomal Translocation of TLR9 and Nuclear Translocation of IRF7. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 194:4737-49. [PMID: 25862818 PMCID: PMC4506778 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2) is essential for endosome biogenesis and reorganization and serves as a receptor for both β-glucocerebrosidase and enterovirus 71. However, little is known about its function in innate immune cells. In this study, we show that, among human peripheral blood cells, SCARB2 is most highly expressed in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), and its expression is further upregulated by CpG oligodeoxynucleotide stimulation. Knockdown of SCARB2 in pDC cell line GEN2.2 dramatically reduces CpG-induced type I IFN production. Detailed studies reveal that SCARB2 localizes in late endosome/lysosome of pDCs, and knockdown of SCARB2 does not affect CpG oligodeoxynucleotide uptake but results in the retention of TLR9 in the endoplasmic reticulum and an impaired nuclear translocation of IFN regulatory factor 7. The IFN-I production by TLR7 ligand stimulation is also impaired by SCARB2 knockdown. However, SCARB2 is not essential for influenza virus or HSV-induced IFN-I production. These findings suggest that SCARB2 regulates TLR9-dependent IFN-I production of pDCs by mediating endosomal translocation of TLR9 and nuclear translocation of IFN regulatory factor 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, BJ 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, BJ 100080, China
| | - Jialong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, BJ 100101, China
| | - Xuyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, BJ 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, BJ 100080, China
| | - Yanbing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, BJ 100101, China
| | - Haisheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, BJ 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, BJ 100080, China
| | - Xiangyun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, BJ 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, BJ 100080, China
| | - Jingyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, BJ 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, BJ 100080, China
| | - Peishuang Du
- Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, BJ 100101, China
| | - Joel Plumas
- Department of Research and Development, Etablissement Français du Sang Rhône-Alpes Grenoble, La Tronche 38701, France
| | - Laurence Chaperot
- Department of Research and Development, Etablissement Français du Sang Rhône-Alpes Grenoble, La Tronche 38701, France
| | - Jianzhu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, BJ 100101, China; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Lishan Su
- Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, BJ 100101, China; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; and
| | - Yongjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, BJ 100101, China; Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, BJ 100101, China;
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167
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HIV-1 Env and Nef Cooperatively Contribute to Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Activation via CD4-Dependent Mechanisms. J Virol 2015; 89:7604-11. [PMID: 25972534 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00695-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are the major source of type I IFN (IFN-I) in response to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. pDCs are rapidly activated during HIV-1 infection and are implicated in reducing the early viral load, as well as contributing to HIV-1-induced pathogenesis. However, most cell-free HIV-1 isolates are inefficient in activating human pDCs, and the mechanisms of HIV-1 recognition by pDCs and pDC activation are not clearly defined. In this study, we report that two genetically similar HIV-1 variants (R3A and R3B) isolated from a rapid progressor differentially activated pDCs to produce alpha interferon (IFN-α). The highly pathogenic R3A efficiently activated pDCs to induce robust IFN-α production, while the less pathogenic R3B did not. The viral determinant for efficient pDC activation was mapped to the V1V2 region of R3A Env, which also correlated with enhanced CD4 binding activity. Furthermore, we showed that the Nef protein was also required for the activation of pDCs by R3A. Analysis of a panel of R3A Nef functional mutants demonstrated that Nef domains involved in CD4 downregulation were necessary for R3A to activate pDCs. Our data indicate that R3A-induced pDC activation depends on (i) the high affinity of R3A Env for binding the CD4 receptor and (ii) Nef activity, which is involved in CD4 downregulation. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism by which HIV-1 induces IFN-α in pDCs, which contributes to pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are the major type I interferon (IFN-I)-producing cells, and IFN-I actually contributes to pathogenesis during chronic viral infections. How HIV-1 activates pDCs and the roles of pDCs/IFN-I in HIV-1 pathogenesis remain unclear. We report here that the highly pathogenic HIV R3A efficiently activated pDCs to induce IFN-α production, while most HIV-1 isolates are inefficient in activating pDCs. We have discovered that R3A-induced pDC activation depends on (i) the high affinity of R3A Env for binding the CD4 receptor and (ii) Nef activity, which is involved in CD4 downregulation. Our findings thus provide new insights into the mechanism by which HIV-1 induces IFN-α in pDCs and contributes to HIV-1 pathogenesis. These novel findings will be of great interest to those working on the roles of IFN and pDCs in HIV-1 pathogenesis in general and on the interaction of HIV-1 with pDCs in particular.
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168
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Chow J, Franz KM, Kagan JC. PRRs are watching you: Localization of innate sensing and signaling regulators. Virology 2015; 479-480:104-9. [PMID: 25800355 PMCID: PMC4424080 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To prevent the spread of infection, an invading pathogen must first be recognized by the innate immune system. Host pattern recognition receptors detect distinct pathogen-associated molecules and induce the transcription and release of interferon and inflammatory molecules to resolve infection. Unlike infections with pathogens that replicate autonomously from the host, viral infections blur the boundaries of self and non-self. Differentiation of host from virus is achieved by restricting localization of host nucleic acids and by placing pattern recognition receptors in specific subcellular compartments. Within this review, we discuss how several families of pattern recognition receptors act to provide a comprehensive surveillance network that has the potential to induce interferon expression in response to any viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Chow
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children׳s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kate M Franz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children׳s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children׳s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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169
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Sartorius R, D'Apice L, Trovato M, Cuccaro F, Costa V, De Leo MG, Marzullo VM, Biondo C, D'Auria S, De Matteis MA, Ciccodicola A, De Berardinis P. Antigen delivery by filamentous bacteriophage fd displaying an anti-DEC-205 single-chain variable fragment confers adjuvanticity by triggering a TLR9-mediated immune response. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 7:973-88. [PMID: 25888235 PMCID: PMC4520660 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous bacteriophage fd particles delivering antigenic determinants via DEC-205 (fdsc-αDEC) represent a powerful delivery system that induces CD8+ T-cell responses even when administered in the absence of adjuvants or maturation stimuli for dendritic cells. In order to investigate the mechanisms of this activity, RNA-Sequencing of fd-pulsed dendritic cells was performed. A significant differential expression of genes involved in innate immunity, co-stimulation and cytokine production was observed. In agreement with these findings, we demonstrate that induction of proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferon by fdsc-αDEC was MYD88 mediated and TLR9 dependent. We also found that fdsc-αDEC is delivered into LAMP-1-positive compartments and co-localizes with TLR9. Thus, phage particles containing a single-strand DNA genome rich in CpG motifs delivered via DEC-205 are able to intercept and trigger the active TLR9 innate immune receptor into late endosome/lysosomes and to enhance the immunogenicity of the displayed antigenic determinants. These findings make fd bacteriophage a valuable tool for immunization without administering exogenous adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Sartorius
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy
| | - Luciana D'Apice
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Trovato
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy
| | - Fausta Cuccaro
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy
| | - Valerio Costa
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati-Traverso, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Manuel Marzullo
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Carmelo Biondo
- Department of Pediatric, Gynecological, Microbiological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sabato D'Auria
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy Institute of Food Science, National Council of Research, Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Alfredo Ciccodicola
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati-Traverso, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy Department of Science and Technology, University Parthenope of Naples, Naples, Italy
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170
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Bryant CE, Gay NJ, Heymans S, Sacre S, Schaefer L, Midwood KS. Advances in Toll-like receptor biology: Modes of activation by diverse stimuli. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 50:359-79. [DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2015.1033511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nick J. Gay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,
- ICIN – Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands,
| | - Sandra Sacre
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK,
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and
| | - Kim S. Midwood
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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171
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Flores M, Chew C, Tyan K, Huang WQ, Salem A, Clynes R. FcγRIIB prevents inflammatory type I IFN production from plasmacytoid dendritic cells during a viral memory response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4240-50. [PMID: 25821224 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The type I IFN (IFN-α) response is crucial for viral clearance during primary viral infections. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are important early responders during systemic viral infections and, in some cases, are the sole producers of IFN-α. However, their role in IFN-α production during memory responses is unclear. We found that IFN-α production is absent during a murine viral memory response, despite colocalization of virus and pDCs to the splenic marginal zone. The absence of IFN was dependent on circulating Ab and was reversed by the transgenic expression of the activating human FcγRIIA receptor on pDCs. Furthermore, FcγRIIB was required for Sendai virus immune complex uptake by splenic pDCs in vitro, and internalization via FcγRIIb prevented cargo from accessing TLR signaling endosomes. Thus, pDCs bind viral immune complexes via FcγRIIB and prevent IFN-α production in vivo during viral memory responses. This Ab-dependent IFN-α regulation may be an important mechanism by which the potentially deleterious effects of IFN-α are prevented during a secondary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Flores
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - Claude Chew
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - Kevin Tyan
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - Wu Qing Huang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - Aliasger Salem
- Division of Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Raphael Clynes
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; and
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172
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Karrich JJ, Jachimowski LCM, Uittenbogaart CH, Blom B. The plasmacytoid dendritic cell as the Swiss army knife of the immune system: molecular regulation of its multifaceted functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 193:5772-8. [PMID: 25480956 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) have been regarded as the "professional type I IFN-producing cells" of the immune system following viral recognition that relies on the expression of TLR7 and TLR9. Furthermore, pDC link the innate and adaptive immune systems via cytokine production and Ag presentation. More recently, their ability to induce tolerance and cytotoxicity has been added to their "immune skills." Such a broad range of actions, resembling the diverse functional features of a Swiss army knife, requires strong and prompt molecular regulation to prevent detrimental effects, including autoimmune pathogenesis or tumor escape. Over the last decades, we and other investigators have started to unravel some aspects of the signaling pathways that regulate the various functions of human pDC. In this article, we review aspects of the molecular regulatory mechanisms to control pDC function in light of their multifaceted roles during immunity, autoimmunity, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien J Karrich
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Loes C M Jachimowski
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christel H Uittenbogaart
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Bianca Blom
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
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173
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Targeting cell surface TLR7 for therapeutic intervention in autoimmune diseases. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6119. [PMID: 25648980 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) senses microbial-derived RNA but can also potentially respond to self-derived RNA. To prevent autoimmune responses, TLR7 is thought to localize in endolysosomes. Contrary to this view, we show here that TLR7 is present on the cell surface of immune cells and that TLR7 responses can be inhibited by an anti-TLR7 antibody. The anti-TLR7 antibody is internalized with TLR7 and accumulates in endolysosomes as an immune complex. TLR7 responses in dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells are all inhibited by the anti-TLR7 antibody. Furthermore, the anti-TLR7 antibody inhibits in vivo cytokine production induced by a TLR7 ligand. Spontaneous TLR7 activation in Unc93b1(D34A/D34A) mice causes lethal inflammation. Progressive inflammation such as splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia and chronic active hepatitis are ameliorated by anti-TLR7 antibody treatment. These results demonstrate that cell surface TLR7 is a promising target for therapeutic intervention in autoimmune diseases.
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174
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Nakagawa Y, Gallo RL. Endogenous intracellular cathelicidin enhances TLR9 activation in dendritic cells and macrophages. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 194:1274-84. [PMID: 25548223 PMCID: PMC4297737 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cathelicidins are a gene family best known for their antimicrobial action, but the diverse mature peptides they encode also have other host defense functions. The human cathelicidin peptide LL-37 enhances recognition of nucleic acids, an action whose significance is seen in human diseases such as psoriasis where it is associated with increased type 1 IFN production. This function has been attributed to the extracellular action of the peptide to facilitate uptake of nucleic acids. In this study, we demonstrate that the murine mature cathelicidin peptide (CRAMP), encoded by the mouse gene (Camp), is functionally distinct from the human mature peptide (LL-37), as it does not facilitate CpG entry. However, mouse cathelicidin does influence recognition of CpG as bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from Camp(-/-) mice have impaired CpG responses and Camp(-/-) mice had impaired response to CpG given i.v. or s.c. We show that cathelicidin concentrates in Lamp1 positive compartments, is colocalized with CpG in the endolysosome, can be immunoprecipitated with TLR9, and binds to CpG intracellulary. Collectively, these results indicate that the functions of cathelicidin in control of TLR9 activation may include both intracellular and extracellular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinobu Nakagawa
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161
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175
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DNase II-dependent DNA digestion is required for DNA sensing by TLR9. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5853. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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176
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Brubaker SW, Bonham KS, Zanoni I, Kagan JC. Innate immune pattern recognition: a cell biological perspective. Annu Rev Immunol 2015; 33:257-90. [PMID: 25581309 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 997] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Receptors of the innate immune system detect conserved determinants of microbial and viral origin. Activation of these receptors initiates signaling events that culminate in an effective immune response. Recently, the view that innate immune signaling events rely on and operate within a complex cellular infrastructure has become an important framework for understanding the regulation of innate immunity. Compartmentalization within this infrastructure provides the cell with the ability to assign spatial information to microbial detection and regulate immune responses. Several cell biological processes play a role in the regulation of innate signaling responses; at the same time, innate signaling can engage cellular processes as a form of defense or to promote immunological memory. In this review, we highlight these aspects of cell biology in pattern-recognition receptor signaling by focusing on signals that originate from the cell surface, from endosomal compartments, and from within the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sky W Brubaker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; , , ,
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177
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Percario ZA, Ali M, Mangino G, Affabris E. Nef, the shuttling molecular adaptor of HIV, influences the cytokine network. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 26:159-73. [PMID: 25529283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several viruses manipulate host innate immune responses to avoid immune recognition and improve viral replication and spreading. The viral protein Nef of Human Immunodeficiency Virus is mainly involved in this "hijacking" activity and is a well established virulence factor. In the last few years there have been remarkable advances in outlining a defined framework of its functions. In particular Nef appears to be a shuttling molecular adaptor able to exert its effects both on infected and non infected bystander cell. In addition it is emerging fact that it has an important impact on the chemo-cytokine network. Nef protein represents an interesting new target to develop therapeutic drugs for treatment of seropositive patients. In this review we have tried to provide a unifying view of the multiple functions of this viral protein on the basis of recently available experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mangino
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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178
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Kagan JC, Barton GM. Emerging principles governing signal transduction by pattern-recognition receptors. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 7:a016253. [PMID: 25395297 PMCID: PMC4355268 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The problem of recognizing and disposing of non-self-organisms, whether for nutrients or defense, predates the evolution of multicellularity. Accordingly, the function of the innate immune system is often intimately associated with fundamental aspects of cell biology. Here, we review our current understanding of the links between cell biology and pattern-recognition receptors of the innate immune system. We highlight the importance of receptor localization for the detection of microbes and for the initiation of antimicrobial signaling pathways. We discuss examples that illustrate how pattern-recognition receptors influence, and are influenced by, the general membrane trafficking machinery of mammalian cells. In the future, cell biological analysis likely will rival pure genetic analysis as a tool to uncover fundamental principles that govern host-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Kagan
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Gregory M Barton
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3200
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179
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Abstract
MyD88 is the canonical adaptor for inflammatory signaling pathways downstream of members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor families. MyD88 links IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) or TLR family members to IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK) family kinases via homotypic protein-protein interaction. Activation of IRAK family kinases leads to a variety of functional outputs, including the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB), mitogen-activated protein kinases, and activator protein 1, making MyD88 a central node of inflammatory pathways. As more details of MyD88-dependent signaling have been elucidated, it has become clear that the functions of this critical signaling component can be influenced by multiple interaction partners in distinct subcellular compartments. In this review, we will focus on recent developments in the understanding of the assembly of MyD88 signaling complexes and the mechanisms leading to the diversification of MyD88-based signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Deguine
- Division of Immunology & Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at BerkeleyBerkeley, CA 94720-3200USA
| | - Gregory M. Barton
- Division of Immunology & Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at BerkeleyBerkeley, CA 94720-3200USA
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180
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Han SJ, Melichar HJ, Coombes JL, Chan SW, Koshy AA, Boothroyd JC, Barton GM, Robey EA. Internalization and TLR-dependent type I interferon production by monocytes in response to Toxoplasma gondii. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:872-81. [PMID: 25155465 PMCID: PMC4245188 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The classic anti-viral cytokine interferon (IFN)-β can be induced during parasitic infection, but relatively little is know about the cell types and signaling pathways involved. Here we show that inflammatory monocytes (IMs), but not neutrophils, produce IFN-β in response to T. gondii infection. This difference correlated with the mode of parasite entry into host cells, with phagocytic uptake predominating in IMs and active invasion predominating in neutrophils. We also show that expression of IFN-β requires phagocytic uptake of the parasite by IMs, and signaling through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and MyD88. Finally, we show that IMs are major producers of IFN-β in mesenteric lymph nodes following in vivo oral infection of mice, and mice lacking the receptor for type I IFN-1 show higher parasite loads and reduced survival. Our data reveal a TLR and internalization-dependent pathway in IMs for IFN-β induction to a non-viral pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Ji Han
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Heather J. Melichar
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Janine L. Coombes
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Shiao Wei Chan
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Anita A. Koshy
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Disease) and Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - John C. Boothroyd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gregory M. Barton
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ellen A. Robey
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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181
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Del Prete A, Luganini A, Scutera S, Rossi S, Anselmo A, Greco D, Landolfo S, Badolato R, Gribaudo G, Sozzani S, Musso T. Interferon-α production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells is dispensable for an effective anti-cytomegalovirus response in adaptor protein-3-deficient mice. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 35:232-8. [PMID: 25333950 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptor protein-3 (AP-3) is a heterotetrameric complex, which regulates vesicular trafficking. Mutations of the β3A subunit cause the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 2 (HPS-2), a rare genetic disease characterized by albinism, platelet defects, and recurrent infections. Likewise, pearl mice, which lack functional AP-3, show several HPS-2 defects. The AP-3 absence results in defective toll-like receptor trafficking and signaling in dendritic cells (DC), but its effect on the efficiency of the in vivo antiviral response is unclear. We evaluated the impact of AP-3 deficiency on the distribution of DC subsets, interferon (IFN) production, and the susceptibility to murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. Pearl mice showed a distribution and frequency of conventional (cDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) similar to that of wild-type mice both before and after MCMV infection. Moreover, pearl mice controlled MCMV infection even at high virus doses and showed a normal production of IFN-α. Since pDC, but not cDC, from pearl mice showed an impaired IFN-α and tumor necrosis factor-α production in response to prototypic DNA (MCMV and Herpes Simplex virus) or RNA (Vesicular Stomatitis virus) viruses in vitro, it is likely that MCMV infection can be controlled in vivo independently of an efficient production of IFN-α by pDC, and that the AP-3 complex has a minimal impact on protective antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Del Prete
- 1 Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia , Brescia, Italy
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182
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Sorvina A, Brooks DA, Ng YS, Bader CA, Weigert R, Shandala T. Bacterial challenge initiates endosome-lysosome response inDrosophilaimmune tissues. INTRAVITAL 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/intv.23889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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183
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play crucial roles in the innate immune system by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns derived from various microbes. TLRs signal through the recruitment of specific adaptor molecules, leading to activation of the transcription factors NF-κB and IRFs, which dictate the outcome of innate immune responses. During the past decade, the precise mechanisms underlying TLR signaling have been clarified by various approaches involving genetic, biochemical, structural, cell biological, and bioinformatics studies. TLR signaling appears to be divergent and to play important roles in many aspects of the innate immune responses to given pathogens. In this review, we describe recent progress in our understanding of TLR signaling regulation and its contributions to host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kawasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology , Ikoma , Japan
| | - Taro Kawai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology , Ikoma , Japan
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184
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Miyake K, Kaisho T. Homeostatic inflammation in innate immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 30:85-90. [PMID: 25190609 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune sensors respond not only to microbial products but also to endogenous metabolites such as nucleic acids (NAs) and lipids. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) deliver a signal from the plasma membrane and also from endolysosomes, where NAs and lipids are catabolized. Interaction of TLRs with metabolites in endolysosomes leads to homeostatic TLR activation. Dendritic cells expressing NA-sensing TLRs are steadily activated by metabolites derived from the host or commensals and produce type I IFNs, thereby provoking various types of inflammatory conditions. Here, we discuss how homeostatic inflammation is induced by innate immune sensors and is involved in maintaining immune homeostasis and causing non-infectious inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Miyake
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Laboratory for Inflammatory Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Laboratory for Immune Regulation, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan.
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185
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Kanwal Z, Wiegertjes GF, Veneman WJ, Meijer AH, Spaink HP. Comparative studies of Toll-like receptor signalling using zebrafish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:35-52. [PMID: 24560981 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish model systems for infectious disease are increasingly used for the functional analysis of molecular pattern recognition processes. These studies benefit from the high conservation level of all innate immune factors in vertebrates. Zebrafish studies are strategically well positioned for this because of the ease of comparisons with studies in other fish species of which the immune system also has been intensively studied, but that are currently still less amendable to detailed genetic or microscopic studies. In this paper we focus on Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling factors, which currently are the best characterized in mammalian systems. We review the knowledge on TLR signalling in the context of recent advances in zebrafish studies and discuss possibilities for future approaches that can complement studies in cell cultures and rodent models. A focus in these comparisons is the role of negative control mechanisms in immune responses that appear very important in a whole organism to keep adverse systemic responses in check. We also pay much attention to comparisons with studies in common carp that is highly related to zebrafish and that because of its large body mass can complement immune studies in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakia Kanwal
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J Veneman
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie H Meijer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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186
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Wang ZG, Liu SL, Zhang ZL, Tian ZQ, Tang HW, Pang DW. Exploring sialic acid receptors-related infection behavior of avian influenza virus in human bronchial epithelial cells by single-particle tracking. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:2712-2720. [PMID: 24648118 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201303532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Human respiratory tract epithelial cells are the portals of human infection with influenza viruses. However, the infection pathway of individual avian influenza viruses in human respiratory cells remains poorly reported so far. The single-particle tracking technique (SPT) is a powerful tool for studying the transport mechanism of biomolecules in live cells. In this work, we use quantum dots to label avian influenza H9N2 virus and elaborate on the infection mechanism of the virus in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells using a three-dimensional SPT technique. We have found that the H9N2 virus can infect HBE cells directly and the virus infection follows an actin filament- and microtubule-dependent process with a three-stage pattern. The transport behaviors show a high degree of consistency between the sialic acid receptors and the influenza virus. Real-time SPT provides dynamic evidence of the sialic acid receptors-related infection behavior of the avian influenza virus in live cells. The study of the influence of sialic acid receptors on virus infection may contribute to a better understanding of the cross-species transmission of the avian influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P.R. China
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187
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Roh YS, Park S, Kim JW, Lim CW, Seki E, Kim B. Toll-like receptor 7-mediated type I interferon signaling prevents cholestasis- and hepatotoxin-induced liver fibrosis. Hepatology 2014; 60:237-49. [PMID: 24375615 PMCID: PMC4273749 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) signaling predominantly regulates production of type I interferons (IFNs), which has been suggested in clinical studies to be antifibrotic. However, the mechanistic role of the TLR7-type I IFN axis in liver fibrosis has not been elucidated. In the present study, liver fibrosis was induced in wild-type (WT), TLR7-deficient, and IFN-α/β receptor-1 (IFNAR1)-deficient mice and TLR7-mediated signaling was assessed in liver cells isolated from these mice. TLR7-deficient and IFNAR1-deficient mice were more susceptible to liver fibrosis than WT mice, indicating that TLR7-type I IFN signaling exerts a protective effect against liver fibrosis. Notably, the hepatic expression of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) was suppressed in TLR7- or IFNAR1-deficient mice compared with respective WT mice, and treatment with recombinant IL-1ra reduced liver fibrosis. In vivo activation of TLR7 significantly increased IFNa4 and IL-1ra expression in the liver. Interestingly, each cytokine had a different cellular source, showing that dendritic cells (DCs) are the responsible cell type for production of type I IFN, while Kupffer cells (KCs) mainly produce IL-1ra in response to type I IFN. Furthermore, TLR7 activation by R848 injection suppressed liver fibrosis and production of proinflammatory cytokines, and these effects were dependent on type I IFN signaling. Consistent with in vivo data, IFN-α significantly induced IL-1ra production in primary KCs. CONCLUSION TLR7 signaling activates DCs to produce type I IFN, which in turn induces antifibrogenic IL-1ra production in KCs. Thus, manipulation of the TLR7-type I IFN-IL-1ra axis may be a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Seok Roh
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Surim Park
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea
| | - Jong Won Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea
| | - Chae Woong Lim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea,Correspondence: Bumseok Kim, D.V.M., Ph.D., Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea. Tel: 82-63-270-4638. Fax: 82-63-270-3780.
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188
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Guo L, Yan DD, Yang D, Li Y, Wang X, Zalewski O, Yan B, Lu W. Combinatorial photothermal and immuno cancer therapy using chitosan-coated hollow copper sulfide nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2014; 8:5670-81. [PMID: 24801008 PMCID: PMC4072412 DOI: 10.1021/nn5002112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared light-responsive inorganic nanoparticles have been shown to enhance the efficacy of cancer photothermal ablation therapy. However, current nanoparticle-mediated photothermal ablation is more effective in treating local cancer at the primary site than metastatic cancer. Here, we report the design of a near-infrared light-induced transformative nanoparticle platform that combines photothermal ablation with immunotherapy. The design is based on chitosan-coated hollow CuS nanoparticles that assemble the immunoadjuvants oligodeoxynucleotides containing the cytosine-guanine (CpG) motifs. Interestingly, these structures break down after laser excitation, reassemble, and transform into polymer complexes that improve tumor retention of the immunotherapy. In this "photothermal immunotherapy" approach, photothermal ablation-induced tumor cell death reduces tumor growth and releases tumor antigens into the surrounding milieu, while the immunoadjuvants potentiate host antitumor immunity. Our results indicated that combined photothermal immunotherapy is more effective than either immunotherapy or photothermal therapy alone against primary treated and distant untreated tumors in a mouse breast cancer model. These hollow CuS nanoparticles are biodegradable and can be eliminated from the body after laser excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangran Guo
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Daisy D. Yan
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Dongfang Yang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Yajuan Li
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Olivia Zalewski
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Bingfang Yan
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
- Address correspondence to
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189
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Tan Y, Kagan JC. A cross-disciplinary perspective on the innate immune responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Mol Cell 2014; 54:212-23. [PMID: 24766885 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The study of innate immunity to bacteria has focused heavily on the mechanisms by which mammalian cells detect lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the conserved surface component of Gram-negative bacteria. While Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is responsible for all the host transcriptional responses to LPS, recent discoveries have revealed the existence of several TLR4-independent responses to LPS. These discoveries not only broaden our view of the means by which mammalian cells interact with bacteria, but they also highlight new selective pressures that may have promoted the evolution of bacterial immune evasion strategies. In this review, we highlight past and recent discoveries on host LPS sensing mechanisms and discuss bacterial countermeasures that promote infection. By looking at both sides of the host-pathogen interaction equation, we hope to provide comprehensive insights into host defense mechanisms and bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Tan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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190
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Abstract
Multiple intracellular RNA sensing innate immune pathways have been linked to autoimmune disease. RNA-related ligands taken up by the endocytic pathway activate TLRs, and affect primarily immune cells. This type of activation is enhanced by nucleic acid-specific antibodies and induces an inflammatory program. In contrast, spontaneous activation of cytoplasmic RNA sensing pathways targets mostly non-hematopoietic tissues and their effect on autoimmune disease is secondary to the release of interferon in the circulation. The fact that pathologies result from spontaneous activation of innate pathways implies that endogenous RNA ligands that might be sensed as pathogenic are commonly found in both immune and non-immune cells.
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191
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Iwasaki A, Pillai PS. Innate immunity to influenza virus infection. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:315-28. [PMID: 24762827 DOI: 10.1038/nri3665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 780] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are a major pathogen of both humans and animals. Recent studies using gene-knockout mice have led to an in-depth understanding of the innate sensors that detect influenza virus infection in a variety of cell types. Signalling downstream of these sensors induces distinct sets of effector mechanisms that block virus replication and promote viral clearance by inducing innate and adaptive immune responses. In this Review, we discuss the various ways in which the innate immune system uses pattern recognition receptors to detect and respond to influenza virus infection. We consider whether the outcome of innate sensor stimulation promotes antiviral resistance or disease tolerance, and propose rational treatment strategies for the acute respiratory disease that is caused by influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Padmini S Pillai
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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192
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Motoi Y, Shibata T, Takahashi K, Kanno A, Murakami Y, Li X, Kasahara T, Miyake K. Lipopeptides are signaled by Toll-like receptor 1, 2 and 6 in endolysosomes. Int Immunol 2014; 26:563-73. [PMID: 24860120 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize a variety of microbial products and induce defense responses. Pathogen sensing by TLRs occurs either on the cell surface or in endolysosomes. TLR-dependent responses are greatly influenced by the site of pathogen sensing. TLR heterodimers TLR1/TLR2 and TLR2/TLR6 recognize tri- or diacylated microbial lipopeptides, respectively. Although TLR1, 2 and 6 are believed to localize on the cell surface of immune cells, little is known about where lipopeptides are signaled. In this study, we established mAbs to TLR1, 2 and 6. TLR1, 2 and 6 were expressed on the surface of B cells, monocytes and dendritic cells in a manner dependent on a TLR-specific chaperone PRAT4A (protein associated with TLR4 A). Cell surface localization of TLR1 or TLR6 was not necessarily required for TLR2 response. Furthermore, a dynamin inhibitor 'Dynasore' abolished the lipopeptide responses by preventing lipopeptide internalization into LAMP-1 and LAMP-2 positive compartments. Our findings suggest that lipopeptides elicit TLR1/2 and TLR2/6 signaling in the endolysosomes, but not on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Motoi
- Division of Innate Immunity, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minatoku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Takuma Shibata
- Division of Innate Immunity, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minatoku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minatoku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Koichiro Takahashi
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Medical School, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Sagashi, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Atsuo Kanno
- Division of Innate Immunity, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minatoku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murakami
- Division of Innate Immunity, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minatoku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Division of Innate Immunity, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minatoku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kasahara
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minatoku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miyake
- Division of Innate Immunity, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minatoku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minatoku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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193
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Cervantes JL, Hawley KL, Benjamin SJ, Weinerman B, Luu SM, Salazar JC. Phagosomal TLR signaling upon Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:55. [PMID: 24904837 PMCID: PMC4033037 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Internalization and degradation of live Bb within phagosomal compartments of monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), allows for the release of lipoproteins, nucleic acids and other microbial products, triggering a broad and robust inflammatory response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key players in the recognition of spirochetal ligands from whole viable organisms (i.e., vita-PAMPs). Herein we will review the role of endosomal TLRs in the response to the Lyme disease spirochete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Cervantes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Kelly L Hawley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Sarah J Benjamin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Bennett Weinerman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Stephanie M Luu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Juan C Salazar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center Hartford, CT, USA ; Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA
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194
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Colak E, Leslie A, Zausmer K, Khatamzas E, Kubarenko AV, Pichulik T, Klimosch SN, Mayer A, Siggs O, Hector A, Fischer R, Klesser B, Rautanen A, Frank M, Hill AVS, Manoury B, Beutler B, Hartl D, Simmons A, Weber ANR. RNA and imidazoquinolines are sensed by distinct TLR7/8 ectodomain sites resulting in functionally disparate signaling events. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5963-73. [PMID: 24813206 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
TLRs 7 and 8 are pattern recognition receptors controlling antiviral host defense or autoimmune diseases. Apart from foreign and host RNA, synthetic RNA oligoribonucleotides (ORN) or small molecules of the imidazoquinoline family activate TLR7 and 8 and are being developed as therapeutic agonists. The structure-function relationships for RNA ORN and imidazoquinoline sensing and consequent downstream signaling by human TLR7 and TLR8 are unknown. Proteome- and genome-wide analyses in primary human monocyte-derived dendritic cells here showed that TLR8 sensing of RNA ORN versus imidazoquinoline translates to ligand-specific differential phosphorylation and transcriptional events. In addition, TLR7 and 8 ectodomains were found to discriminate between RNA ORN and imidazoquinolines by overlapping and nonoverlapping recognition sites to which murine loss-of-function mutations and human naturally occurring hyporesponsive polymorphisms map. Our data suggest TLR7 and TLR8 can signal in two different "modes" depending on the class of ligand. Considering RNA ORN and imidazoquinolines have been regarded as functionally interchangeable, our study highlights important functional incongruities whose understanding will be important for developing TLR7 or 8 therapeutics with desirable effector and safety profiles for in vivo application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Colak
- Junior Research Group Toll-Like Receptors and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom;
| | - Kieran Zausmer
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Elham Khatamzas
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Andriy V Kubarenko
- Junior Research Group Toll-Like Receptors and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tica Pichulik
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sascha N Klimosch
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alice Mayer
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Owen Siggs
- Department of Genetics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Andreas Hector
- Department of Pediatrics I, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Roman Fischer
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Benedikt Klesser
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Rautanen
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Frank
- Core Facility Molecular Structure Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Bénédicte Manoury
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherché Médicale, Unité 1151, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France; and
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Dominik Hartl
- Department of Pediatrics I, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alison Simmons
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom;
| | - Alexander N R Weber
- Junior Research Group Toll-Like Receptors and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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195
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Borrelia burgdorferi RNA induces type I and III interferons via Toll-like receptor 7 and contributes to production of NF-κB-dependent cytokines. Infect Immun 2014; 82:2405-16. [PMID: 24664510 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01617-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi elicits a potent cytokine response through activation of multiple signaling receptors on innate immune cells. Spirochetal lipoproteins initiate expression of NF-κB-dependent cytokines primarily via TLR2, whereas type I interferon (IFN) production is induced through the endosomal receptors TLR7 and TLR9 in human dendritic cells and TLR8 in monocytes. We demonstrate that DNA and RNA are the B. burgdorferi components that initiate a type I IFN response by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). IFN-α protein and transcripts for IRF7, MX1, and OAS1 were induced by endosomal delivery of B. burgdorferi DNA, RNA, or whole-cell lysate, but not by lysate that had been treated with DNase and RNase. Induction of IFN-α and IFN-λ1, a type III IFN, by B. burgdorferi RNA or live spirochetes required TLR7-dependent signaling and correlated with significantly enhanced transcription and expression of IRF7 but not IRF3. Induction of type I and type III IFNs by B. burgdorferi RNA could be completely abrogated by a TLR7 inhibitor, IRS661. In addition to type I and type III IFNs, B. burgdorferi RNA contributed to the production of the NF-κB-dependent cytokines, IFN-γ, interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), by human PBMCs. Collectively, these data indicate that TLR7-dependent recognition of RNA is pivotal for IFN-α and IFN-λ1 production by human PBMCs, and that RNA-initiated signaling contributes to full potentiation of the cytokine response generated during B. burgdorferi infection.
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196
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Gleeson PA. The role of endosomes in innate and adaptive immunity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 31:64-72. [PMID: 24631355 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of the immune system is critical for the generation of effective immune responses to a range of pathogens, as well as for protection against unwanted responses. The regulation of many immune response pathways are directly dependent on the organisation and activities of intracellular endosomal compartments associated with cargo sorting, membrane trafficking and signalling. Over the last 5-10 years, the appreciation of the important contribution of the endosomal system has expanded dramatically to include antigen presentation of MHC class I, MHC class II and CD1 molecules, as well as the regulation of antigen receptor signalling and pattern recognition receptor signalling of the innate immune system. This review summarises some of the very diverse and key roles played by endosomes in generating effective innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Gleeson
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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197
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Wang X, Moghimi B, Zolotukhin I, Morel LM, Cao O, Herzog RW. Immune tolerance induction to factor IX through B cell gene transfer: TLR9 signaling delineates between tolerogenic and immunogenic B cells. Mol Ther 2014; 22:1139-1150. [PMID: 24609143 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of patients with severe hemophilia B, the X-linked bleeding disorder resulting from absence of coagulation factor IX (FIX), develop pathogenic antibody responses during replacement therapy. These inhibitors block standard therapy and are often associated with anaphylactic reactions to FIX. Established clinical immune tolerance induction protocols often fail for FIX inhibitors. In a murine model of this immune complication, retrovirally transduced primary B cells expressing FIX antigen fused with immunoglobulin-G heavy chain prevented antibody formation to FIX and was also highly effective in desensitizing animals with preexisting response. In contrast, transplant of B cells that received the identical expression cassette via nucleofection of plasmid vector substantially heightened antibody formation against FIX, a response that could be blocked by toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) inhibition. While innate responses to TLR4 activation or to retrovirus were minimal in B cells, plasmid DNA activated TLR9, resulting in CpG-dependent NF-κB activation/IL-6 expression and adaptor protein 3 dependent, CpG-independent induction of IFN-I. Neither response was seen in TLR9-deficient B cells. Therefore, TLR9 signaling in B cells, in particular in response to plasmid vector, is highly immunogenic and has to be avoided in design of tolerance protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
| | - Babak Moghimi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Irene Zolotukhin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Laurence M Morel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ou Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Roland W Herzog
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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198
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Levenson EA, Kiick KL. DNA-polymer conjugates for immune stimulation through Toll-like receptor 9 mediated pathways. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:1134-45. [PMID: 24316364 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotide motifs are agonists of Toll-like receptor 9 and are currently being investigated for use as vaccine adjuvants through the promotion of type I immunity. Several classes of ODN have been developed which differ in their propensity to aggregate, which in turn alters cytokine profiles and cellular subsets activated. Although aggregation state is correlated with the change in cytokine response, it is unknown if this results from a change in the number of ODNs available for binding and/or the possible engagement of multiple TLR9 molecules. Here, we examined the role of ligand valency on the activation of TLR9 through the synthesis of ODN-poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) conjugates. The compositions and size of the conjugates were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation chromatography and dynamic light scattering. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of cytokine secretion by murine-like macrophages indicate that these ODN-PAA polymer conjugates show enhanced immunostimulation at 100-fold lower concentrations than those required for ODN alone, for both TNF-α and IL-6 release, and are more potent than any other previously reported multivalent ODN constructs. Increasing valency was shown to significantly enhance cytokine expression, particularly for IL-6. Knockdown by siRNA demonstrates that these polymer conjugates are specific to TLR9. Our results define valency as a critical design parameter and polymer conjugation as an advantageous strategy for producing ODN immunomodulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Levenson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Kristi L Kiick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; The Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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199
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Bonham KS, Orzalli MH, Hayashi K, Wolf AI, Glanemann C, Weninger W, Iwasaki A, Knipe DM, Kagan JC. A promiscuous lipid-binding protein diversifies the subcellular sites of toll-like receptor signal transduction. Cell 2014; 156:705-16. [PMID: 24529375 PMCID: PMC3951743 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) of the innate immune system are unusual in that individual family members are located on different organelles, yet most activate a common signaling pathway important for host defense. It remains unclear how this common signaling pathway can be activated from multiple subcellular locations. Here, we report that, in response to natural activators of innate immunity, the sorting adaptor TIRAP regulates TLR signaling from the plasma membrane and endosomes. TLR signaling from both locations triggers the TIRAP-dependent assembly of the myddosome, a protein complex that controls proinflammatory cytokine expression. The actions of TIRAP depend on the promiscuity of its phosphoinositide-binding domain. Different lipid targets of this domain direct TIRAP to different organelles, allowing it to survey multiple compartments for the presence of activated TLRs. These data establish how promiscuity, rather than specificity, can be a beneficial means of diversifying the subcellular sites of innate immune signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Bonham
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Megan H Orzalli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kachiko Hayashi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Amaya I Wolf
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christoph Glanemann
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute, Locked Bag 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - David M Knipe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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200
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Kim S, Kaiser V, Beier E, Bechheim M, Guenthner-Biller M, Ablasser A, Berger M, Endres S, Hartmann G, Hornung V. Self-priming determines high type I IFN production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:807-818. [PMID: 24338737 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are responsible for the robust and immediate production of type I IFNs during viral infection. pDCs employ TLR7 and TLR9 to detect RNA and CpG motifs present in microbial genomes. CpG-A was the first synthetic stimulus available that induced large amounts of IFN-α (type I IFN) in pDCs. CpG-B, however, only weakly activates pDCs to produce IFN-α. Here, we demonstrate that differences in the kinetics of TLR9 activation in human pDCs are essential for the understanding of the functional difference between CpG-A and CpG-B. While CpG-B quickly induces IFN-α production in pDCs, CpG-A stimulation results in delayed yet maximal IFN-α induction. Constitutive production of low levels of type I IFN in pDCs, acting in a paracrine and autocrine fashion, turned out to be the key mechanism responsible for this phenomenon. At high cell density, pDC-derived, constitutive type I IFN production primes pDCs for maximal TLR responsiveness. This accounts for the high activity of higher structured TLR agonists that trigger type I IFN production in a delayed fashion. Altogether, these data demonstrate that high type I IFN production by pDCs cannot be simply ascribed to cell-autonomous mechanisms, yet critically depends on the local immune context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kim
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Vera Kaiser
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Esther Beier
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Bechheim
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Margit Guenthner-Biller
- Center of Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Ablasser
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Berger
- Center of Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Endres
- Center of Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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