151
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Tong O, Duette G, O’Neil TR, Royle CM, Rana H, Johnson B, Popovic N, Dervish S, Brouwer MAE, Baharlou H, Patrick E, Ctercteko G, Palmer S, Lee E, Hunter E, Harman AN, Cunningham AL, Nasr N. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells have divergent effects on HIV infection of initial target cells and induce a pro-retention phenotype. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009522. [PMID: 33872331 PMCID: PMC8084337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although HIV infection inhibits interferon responses in its target cells in vitro, interferon signatures can be detected in vivo soon after sexual transmission, mainly attributed to plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In this study, we examined the physiological contributions of pDCs to early HIV acquisition using coculture models of pDCs with myeloid DCs, macrophages and the resting central, transitional and effector memory CD4 T cell subsets. pDCs impacted infection in a cell-specific manner. In myeloid cells, HIV infection was decreased via antiviral effects, cell maturation and downregulation of CCR5 expression. In contrast, in resting memory CD4 T cells, pDCs induced a subset-specific increase in intracellular HIV p24 protein expression without any activation or increase in CCR5 expression, as measured by flow cytometry. This increase was due to reactivation rather than enhanced viral spread, as blocking HIV entry via CCR5 did not alter the increased intracellular p24 expression. Furthermore, the load and proportion of cells expressing HIV DNA were restricted in the presence of pDCs while reverse transcriptase and p24 ELISA assays showed no increase in particle associated reverse transcriptase or extracellular p24 production. In addition, pDCs also markedly induced the expression of CD69 on infected CD4 T cells and other markers of CD4 T cell tissue retention. These phenotypic changes showed marked parallels with resident memory CD4 T cells isolated from anogenital tissue using enzymatic digestion. Production of IFNα by pDCs was the main driving factor for all these results. Thus, pDCs may reduce HIV spread during initial mucosal acquisition by inhibiting replication in myeloid cells while reactivating latent virus in resting memory CD4 T cells and retaining them for immune clearance. IFNs constitute one of the first and most important innate immune controls to restrict initial viral replication and spread. As HIV has evolved mechanisms to block IFN-I induction in its target cells, but not in infiltrating pDCs, understanding how pDCs influence HIV infection of target cells upon initial transmission is critical to prevent or control initial infection. Therefore, we modelled the early events occurring immediately as HIV enters the human genital mucosa. We showed that IFNα secreting pDC compensated for HIV inhibition of IFN-I production in its target cells in two different ways: i) reduced infection in DCs and macrophages which would limit viral spread to resident or newly infiltrating memory CD4 T cells; ii) reactivation of latent HIV in all subsets of resting memory CD4 T cell subsets, accompanied by limited viral spread, upregulation of MHC-I and induction of a tissue retention phenotype. The increased HIV protein, MHC-I expression and retention may enhance exposure to CD8 T cell surveillance. This model suggests that IFNα reactivation of latent HIV combined with adoptive immunotherapy using CD8 T cells or those expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) could provide a novel ‘kick and kill’ approach to eradicate HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orion Tong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gabriel Duette
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas R. O’Neil
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Caroline M. Royle
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hafsa Rana
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Blake Johnson
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole Popovic
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suat Dervish
- Westmead research Hub, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle A. E. Brouwer
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Heeva Baharlou
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ellis Patrick
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Grahame Ctercteko
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Palmer
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eunok Lee
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eric Hunter
- Emory Vaccine Centre, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Andrew N. Harman
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (ALC); (NN)
| | - Najla Nasr
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (ALC); (NN)
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152
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Win TS, Crisler WJ, Dyring-Andersen B, Lopdrup R, Teague JE, Zhan Q, Barrera V, Ho Sui S, Tasigiorgos S, Murakami N, Chandraker A, Tullius SG, Pomahac B, Riella LV, Clark RA. Immunoregulatory and lipid presentation pathways are upregulated in human face transplant rejection. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:135166. [PMID: 33667197 PMCID: PMC8262560 DOI: 10.1172/jci135166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDRejection is the primary barrier to broader implementation of vascularized composite allografts (VCAs), including face and limb transplants. The immunologic pathways activated in face transplant rejection have not been fully characterized.METHODSUsing skin biopsies prospectively collected over 9 years from 7 face transplant patients, we studied rejection by gene expression profiling, histology, immunostaining, and T cell receptor sequencing.RESULTSGrade 1 rejection did not differ significantly from nonrejection, suggesting that it does not represent a pathologic state. In grade 2, there was a balanced upregulation of both proinflammatory T cell activation pathways and antiinflammatory checkpoint and immunomodulatory pathways, with a net result of no tissue injury. In grade 3, IFN-γ-driven inflammation, antigen-presenting cell activation, and infiltration of the skin by proliferative T cells bearing markers of antigen-specific activation and cytotoxicity tipped the balance toward tissue injury. Rejection of VCAs and solid organ transplants had both distinct and common features. VCA rejection was uniquely associated with upregulation of immunoregulatory genes, including SOCS1; induction of lipid antigen-presenting CD1 proteins; and infiltration by T cells predicted to recognize CD1b and CD1c.CONCLUSIONOur findings suggest that the distinct features of VCA rejection reflect the unique immunobiology of skin and that enhancing cutaneous immunoregulatory networks may be a useful strategy in combatting rejection.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT01281267.FUNDINGAssistant Secretary of Defense and Health Affairs, through Reconstructive Transplant Research (W81XWH-17-1-0278, W81XWH-16-1-0647, W81XWH-16-1-0689, W81XWH-18-1-0784, W81XWH-1-810798); American Society of Transplantation's Transplantation and Immunology Research Network Fellowship Research Grant; Plastic Surgery Foundation Fellowship from the American Society of Plastic Surgeons; Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF15OC0014092); Lundbeck Foundation; Aage Bangs Foundation; A.P. Moller Foundation for the Advancement of Medical Science; NIH UL1 RR025758.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thet Su Win
- Department of Dermatology and
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Rachel Lopdrup
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Victor Barrera
- Bioinformatics Core, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shannan Ho Sui
- Bioinformatics Core, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sotirios Tasigiorgos
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Stefan G. Tullius
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bohdan Pomahac
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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153
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Bertschi NL, Bazzini C, Schlapbach C. The Concept of Pathogenic TH2 Cells: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum Update 2021. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2021; 182:365-380. [PMID: 33845475 DOI: 10.1159/000515144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper (TH) cells have evolved into distinct subsets that mediate specific immune responses to protect the host against a myriad of infectious and noninfectious challenges. However, if dysregulated, TH-cell subsets can cause inflammatory disease. Emerging evidence now suggests that human allergic disease is caused by a distinct subpopulation of pathogenic TH2 cells. Pathogenic TH2 cells from different type-2-driven diseases share a core phenotype and show overlapping functional attributes. The unique differentiation requirements, activating signals, and metabolic characteristics of pathogenic TH2 cells are just being discovered. A better knowledge of this particular TH2 cell population will enable the specific targeting of disease-driving pathways in allergy. In this review, we introduce a rational for classifying TH cells into distinct subsets, discuss the current knowledge on pathogenic TH2 cells, and summarize their involvement in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Bertschi
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Bazzini
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Schlapbach
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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154
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Lowy DB, Makker PGS, Moalem-Taylor G. Cutaneous Neuroimmune Interactions in Peripheral Neuropathic Pain States. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660203. [PMID: 33912189 PMCID: PMC8071857 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bidirectional interplay between the peripheral immune and nervous systems plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and responding to noxious stimuli. This crosstalk is facilitated by a variety of cytokines, inflammatory mediators and neuropeptides. Dysregulation of this delicate physiological balance is implicated in the pathological mechanisms of various skin disorders and peripheral neuropathies. The skin is a highly complex biological structure within which peripheral sensory nerve terminals and immune cells colocalise. Herein, we provide an overview of the sensory innervation of the skin and immune cells resident to the skin. We discuss modulation of cutaneous immune response by sensory neurons and their mediators (e.g., nociceptor-derived neuropeptides), and sensory neuron regulation by cutaneous immune cells (e.g., nociceptor sensitization by immune-derived mediators). In particular, we discuss recent findings concerning neuroimmune communication in skin infections, psoriasis, allergic contact dermatitis and atopic dermatitis. We then summarize evidence of neuroimmune mechanisms in the skin in the context of peripheral neuropathic pain states, including chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, diabetic polyneuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia, HIV-induced neuropathy, as well as entrapment and traumatic neuropathies. Finally, we highlight the future promise of emerging therapies associated with skin neuroimmune crosstalk in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Lowy
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Preet G S Makker
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gila Moalem-Taylor
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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155
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Boldison J, Thayer TC, Davies J, Wong FS. Natural Protection From Type 1 Diabetes in NOD Mice Is Characterized by a Unique Pancreatic Islet Phenotype. Diabetes 2021; 70:955-965. [PMID: 33531355 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The NOD mouse develops spontaneous type 1 diabetes, with some features of disease that are very similar to the human disease. However, a proportion of NOD mice are naturally protected from developing diabetes, and currently, studies characterizing this cohort are very limited. Here, using both immunofluorescence and multiparameter flow cytometry, we focus on the pancreatic islet morphology and immune infiltrate observed in naturally protected NOD mice. We show that naturally protected NOD mice are characterized by an increased frequency of insulin-containing, smaller-sized, pancreatic islets. Although mice remain diabetes free, florid immune infiltrate remains. However, this immune infiltrate is skewed toward a regulatory phenotype in both T- and B-cell compartments. Pancreatic islets have an increased frequency of IL-10-producing B cells and associated cell surface markers. Resident memory CD69+CD8+ T cells show a significant shift toward reduced CD103 expression, while CD4+ T cells have increased FoxP3+CTLA4+ expression. These data indicate that naturally protected NOD mice have a unique islet signature and provide new insight into regulatory mechanisms within pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Boldison
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.
| | - Terri C Thayer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Joanne Davies
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K
| | - F Susan Wong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K
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156
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Kume M, Kiyohara E, Matsumura Y, Koguchi-Yoshioka H, Tanemura A, Hanaoka Y, Taminato M, Tashima H, Tomita K, Kubo T, Watanabe R, Fujimoto M. Ganglioside GD3 May Suppress the Functional Activities of Benign Skin T Cells in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:651048. [PMID: 33859643 PMCID: PMC8042233 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.651048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), which arises from skin-tropic memory T cells, malignant T cells and benign T cells are confined in the same skin lesions. It is thus difficult to evaluate the phenotypic characteristics and functional activities of benign T cells in CTCL. Disialoganglioside with three glycosyl groups (GD3) is increasingly expressed on the surface of solid malignant tumor cells and takes part in tumor progression and suppression of tumor immunity. However, the role of GD3 in CTCL is not well-understood. In this study, the malignant and benign T cells in CTCL skin lesions were distinguished by flow cytometry and their phenotypic characteristics were compared with those of T cells from control skin specimens. In CTCL skin lesions, the benign T cells included limited resident memory T cells (TRM), which are sessile in skin and known to exert strong antitumor function. The benign T cells showed diminished Th17 property, and the expression of GD3 was high in the malignant T cells. The expression of GD3 in the malignant T cells inversely correlated with IL-17A production from the benign CD4 T cells. GD3 from the malignant T cells was implied to be involved in suppressing the Th17 activity of the benign T cells independent of the regulation of TRM differentiation in CTCL. Revealing the role of GD3 in inhibiting the production of IL-17A in CTCL would aid the understanding of the suppressive mechanism of the antitumor activity by malignant tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Kume
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiji Kiyohara
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Matsumura
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hanako Koguchi-Yoshioka
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Integrative Medicine for Allergic and Immunological Diseases, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanemura
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuma Hanaoka
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mifue Taminato
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Course of Organ Regulation Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tashima
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Course of Organ Regulation Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Tomita
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Course of Organ Regulation Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tateki Kubo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Course of Organ Regulation Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rei Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Integrative Medicine for Allergic and Immunological Diseases, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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157
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Elucidating the immune infiltration in acne and its comparison with rosacea by integrated bioinformatics analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248650. [PMID: 33760854 PMCID: PMC7990205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acne vulgaris and rosacea are common inflammatory complications of the skin, both characterized by abnormal infiltration of immune cells. The two diseases can be differentiated based on characteristic profile of the immune cell infiltrates at the periphery of disease lesions. In addition, dysregulated infiltration of immune cells not only occur in the acne lesions but also in non-lesional areas of patients with the disease, thus characterizing the immune infiltration in these sites can further enhance our understanding on the pathogenesis of acne. METHODS Five microarray data-sets (GSE108110, GSE53795, GSE65914, GSE14905 and GSE78097) were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus. After removing the batch effects and normalizing the data, we applied the CIBERSORT algorithm combined with signature matrix LM22, to describe 22 types of immune cells' infiltration in acne less than 48 hour (H) old, in comparation with non-lesional skin of acne patients, healthy skin and rosacea (including erythematotelangiectatic rosacea, papulopustular rosacea and phymatous rosacea) and we compared gene expression of Th1 and Th17-related molecules in acne, rosacea and healthy control. RESULTS Compared with the non-lesional skin of acne patients, healthy individuals and rosacea patients, there is a significant increase in infiltration of neutrophils, monocytes and activated mast cells around the acne lesions, less than 48 H after their development. Contrarily, few naive CD4+ T cells, plasma cells, memory B cells and resting mast cells infiltrate acne sites compared to the aforementioned groups of individuals. Moreover, the infiltration of Regulatory T cells (Tregs) in acne lesions is substantially lower, relative to non-lesional sites of acne patients and skin of healthy individuals. In addition, non-lesional sites of acne patients exhibit lower infiltration of activated memory CD4+ T cells, plasma cells, memory B cells, M0 macrophages, neutrophils, resting mast cells but higher infiltration of Tregs and resting dendritic cells relative to skin of healthy individuals. Intriguingly, we found that among the 3 rosacea subtypes, the immune infiltration profile of papulopustular rosacea is the closest to that of acne lesions. In addition, through gene expression analysis of acne, rosacea and skin tissues of healthy individuals, we found a higher infiltration of Th1 and Th17 cells in acne lesions, relative to non-lesional skin areas of acne patients. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides new insights into the inflammatory pathogenesis of acne, and the difference between acne and rosacea, which helps in differentiating the two diseases. Our findings also guide on appropriate target therapy of the immune cell infiltrates in the two disease conditions.
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158
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Du W, Lenz D, Köhler R, Zhang E, Cendon C, Li J, Massoud M, Wachtlin J, Bodo J, Hauser AE, Radbruch A, Dong J. Rapid Isolation of Functional ex vivo Human Skin Tissue-Resident Memory T Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:624013. [PMID: 33828548 PMCID: PMC8019735 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.624013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in animal models have shown that skin tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells provide enhanced and immediate effector function at the site of infection. However, analyses of skin TRM cells in humans have been hindered by the lack of an optimized isolation protocol. Here, we present a combinatorial strategy-the 6-h collagenase IV digestion and gentle tissue dissociation – for rapid and efficient isolation of skin TRM cells with skin tissue-specific immune features. In comparison with paired blood circulating memory T cells, these ex vivo isolated skin T cells express typical TRM cell markers and display higher polyfunctional properties. Moreover, these isolated cells can also be assessed for longer periods of time in ex vivo cultures. Thus, the optimized isolation protocol provides a valuable tool for further understanding of human skin TRM cells, especially for direct comparison with peripheral blood T cells at the same sample collection time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Du
- Cell Biology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Lenz
- Cell Biology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Köhler
- Central Lab for Microscopy, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Carla Cendon
- Cell Biology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jinchan Li
- Cell Biology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mona Massoud
- Cell Biology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Wachtlin
- Sankt Gertrauden Krankenhaus, Berlin, Germany.,Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg, Neurrupin, Germany
| | - Juliane Bodo
- Plastische und Ästhetische Chirurgie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Central Lab for Microscopy, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Immune Dynamics, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Cell Biology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jun Dong
- Cell Biology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
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159
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Dermatologic infections in cancer patients treated with checkpoint inhibitors. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 85:1528-1536. [PMID: 33744355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of dermatologic infections in patients receiving checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) has not been systematically described. OBJECTIVE Identify the incidence of dermatologic infections in patients who received CPIs. METHODS Retrospective review of dermatologic infections in patients who received CPIs between 2005 and 2020 and were evaluated by dermatologists at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. RESULTS Of 2061 patients in the study, 1292 were actively receiving CPIs (≤ 90 days since the last dose) and 769 had previously been on CPIs (> 90 days since the last dose). The dermatologic infection rate was significantly higher in patients with active CPI treatment (17.5%) than in patients not actively being treated (8.2%; P < .0001). In patients on CPIs, 82 (36.2%), 78 (34.5%), and 48 (21.2%) had bacterial, fungal, and viral infections, respectively, and 18 (8.0%) had polymicrobial infections. Anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 monotherapy was associated with the highest risk of infection (hazard ratio, 2.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.87 to 4.60; P < .001). LIMITATIONS Retrospective design and sample limited to patients referred to dermatology. CONCLUSIONS Patients actively receiving CPIs are more susceptible to dermatologic infections, with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 monotherapy carrying the highest risk, suggesting that the index of suspicion for infections should be increased in these patients to minimize morbidity and optimize care.
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160
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Hendriks A, Mnich ME, Clemente B, Cruz AR, Tavarini S, Bagnoli F, Soldaini E. Staphylococcus aureus-Specific Tissue-Resident Memory CD4 + T Cells Are Abundant in Healthy Human Skin. Front Immunol 2021; 12:642711. [PMID: 33796109 PMCID: PMC8008074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.642711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is an immunocompetent tissue that harbors several kinds of immune cells and a plethora of commensal microbes constituting the skin microbiome. Staphylococcus aureus is a prominent skin pathogen that colonizes a large proportion of the human population. We currently have an incomplete understanding of the correlates of protection against S. aureus infection, however genetic and experimental evidence has shown that CD4+ T cells play a key role in orchestrating a protective anti-S. aureus immune response. A high S. aureus-specific memory CD4+ T cell response has been reported in the blood of healthy subjects. Since T cells are more abundant in the skin than in blood, we hypothesized that S. aureus-specific CD4+ T cells could be present in the skin of healthy individuals. Indeed, we observed proliferation of tissue-resident memory CD4+ T cells and production of IL-17A, IL-22, IFN-γ and TNF-β by cells isolated from abdominal skin explants in response to heat-killed S. aureus. Remarkably, these cytokines were produced also during an ex vivo epicutaneous S. aureus infection of human skin explants. These findings highlight the importance of tissue-resident memory CD4+ T cells present at barrier sites such as the skin, a primary entry site for S. aureus. Further phenotypical and functional characterization of these cells will ultimately aid in the development of novel vaccine strategies against this elusive pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Hendriks
- GSK, Siena, Italy.,Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Malgorzata Ewa Mnich
- GSK, Siena, Italy.,Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Ana Rita Cruz
- GSK, Siena, Italy.,Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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161
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Navigating the diverse immune landscapes of psoriatic arthritis. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:279-290. [PMID: 33721040 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00848-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The goal of remission in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) has remained elusive despite the influx of a range of new therapies over the last 20 years. In contrast, therapeutic responses to agents that inhibit IL-23 or IL-17 have demonstrated impressive efficacy in psoriasis. In part, the divergent responses in these two disorders are likely related to the heterogeneity of tissue involvement in PsA and the interplay of multiple different cell populations and molecular pathways. In this narrative review, we will examine the plasticity of the immune response in PsA from the perspective of the Th17 cell and monocyte and discuss recent findings regarding the importance of CD8+ T resident cells in disease pathogenesis. We will then examine the effects of cytokines on epithelial cell and stromal populations and finally discuss new data regarding immune cell and tissue resident cell cross-talk in entheses and bone. Lastly, the potential therapeutic targets that have emerged from these investigations will be discussed.
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162
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Karagianni F, Piperi C, Mpakou V, Spathis A, Foukas PG, Dalamaga M, Pappa V, Papadavid E. Ruxolitinib with resminostat exert synergistic antitumor effects in Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248298. [PMID: 33705488 PMCID: PMC7951910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of JAK/STAT and HDAC inhibitors exerted beneficial effects in haematological malignancies, presenting promising therapeutic CTCL targets. We aim to investigate the efficacy of JAK1/2i ruxolitinib in combination with HDACi resminostat in CTCL in vitro. MATERIAL & METHODS Non-toxic concentrations of ruxolitinib and/or resminostat were administered to MyLa (MF) and SeAx (SS) cells for 24h. Cytotoxicity, cell proliferation and apoptosis were estimated through MTT, BrdU/7AAD and Annexin V/PI assay. Multi-pathway analysis was performed to investigate the effect of JAK1/2i and/or HDACi on JAK/STAT, Akt/mTOR and MAPK signalling pathways. RESULTS Both drugs and their combination were cytotoxic in MyLa (p<0.05) and in SeAx cell line (p<0.001), inhibited proliferation of MyLa (p<0.001) and SeAx (p<0.001) at 24h, compared to untreated cells. Moreover, combined drug treatment induced apoptosis after 24h (p<0.001) in MyLa, and SeAx (p<0.001). The combination of drugs had a strong synergistic effect with a CI<1. Importantly, the drugs' combination inhibited phosphorylation of STAT3 (p<0.001), Akt (p<0.05), ERK1/2 (p<0.001) and JNK (p<0.001) in MyLa, while it reduced activation of Akt (p<0.05) and JNK (p<0.001) in SeAx. CONCLUSION The JAKi/HDACi combination exhibited substantial anti-tumor effects in CTCL cell lines, and may represent a promising novel therapeutic modality for CTCL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani Karagianni
- 2nd Department of Dermatology and Venereal Diseases, NKUA, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Vassiliki Mpakou
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute, Attikon University General Hospital, NKUA, Athens, Greece
| | - Aris Spathis
- Second Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Periklis G. Foukas
- Second Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dalamaga
- 2nd Department of Dermatology and Venereal Diseases, NKUA, Athens, Greece
- Department of Biological Chemistry, NKUA, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Pappa
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute, Attikon University General Hospital, NKUA, Athens, Greece
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163
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Afonina IS, Van Nuffel E, Beyaert R. Immune responses and therapeutic options in psoriasis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:2709-2727. [PMID: 33386888 PMCID: PMC11072277 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin that affects about 2-3% of the population and greatly impairs the quality of life of affected individuals. Psoriatic skin is characterized by excessive proliferation and aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes, as well as redness caused by increased dilation of the dermal blood vessels and infiltration of immune cells. Although the pathogenesis of psoriasis has not yet been completely elucidated, it is generally believed to arise from a complex interplay between hyperproliferating keratinocytes and infiltrating, activated immune cells. So far, the exact triggers that elicit this disease are still enigmatic, yet, it is clear that genetic predisposition significantly contributes to the development of psoriasis. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of important cellular and molecular mechanisms driving the initiation and amplification stages of psoriasis development, with a particular focus on cytokines and emerging evidence illustrating keratinocyte-intrinsic defects as key drivers of inflammation. We also discuss mouse models that have contributed to a better understanding of psoriasis pathogenesis and the preclinical development of novel therapeutics, including monoclonal antibodies against specific cytokines or cytokine receptors that have revolutionized the treatment of psoriasis. Future perspectives that may have the potential to push basic research and open up new avenues for therapeutic intervention are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna S Afonina
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent University - VIB, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elien Van Nuffel
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent University - VIB, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent University - VIB, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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164
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Chen J, Li S, Li C. Mechanisms of melanocyte death in vitiligo. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:1138-1166. [PMID: 33200838 PMCID: PMC7983894 DOI: 10.1002/med.21754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune depigment disease results from extensive melanocytes destruction. The destruction of melanocyte is thought to be of multifactorial causation. Genome-wide associated studies have identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms in a panel of susceptible loci as risk factors in melanocyte death. But vitiligo onset can't be solely attributed to a susceptive genetic background. Oxidative stress triggered by elevated levels of reactive oxygen species accounts for melanocytic molecular and organelle dysfunction, a minority of melanocyte demise, and melanocyte-specific antigens exposure. Of note, the self-responsive immune function directly contributes to the bulk of melanocyte deaths in vitiligo. The aberrantly heightened innate immunity, type-1-skewed T helper, and incompetent regulatory T cells tip the balance toward autoreaction and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes finally execute the killing of melanocytes, possibly alarmed by resident memory T cells. In addition to the well-established apoptosis and necrosis, we discuss several death modalities like oxeiptosis, ferroptosis, and necroptosis that are probably employed in melanocyte destruction. This review focuses on the various mechanisms of melanocytic death in vitiligo pathogenesis to demonstrate a panorama of that. We hope to provide new insights into vitiligo pathogenesis and treatment strategies by the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianru Chen
- Department of DermatologyXijing hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShannxiChina
| | - Shuli Li
- Department of DermatologyXijing hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShannxiChina
| | - Chunying Li
- Department of DermatologyXijing hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShannxiChina
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165
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Bartolomé-Casado R, Landsverk OJB, Chauhan SK, Sætre F, Hagen KT, Yaqub S, Øyen O, Horneland R, Aandahl EM, Aabakken L, Bækkevold ES, Jahnsen FL. CD4 + T cells persist for years in the human small intestine and display a T H1 cytokine profile. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:402-410. [PMID: 32572129 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies in mice and humans have shown that CD8+ T cell immunosurveillance in non-lymphoid tissues is dominated by resident populations. Whether CD4+ T cells use the same strategies to survey peripheral tissues is less clear. Here, examining the turnover of CD4+ T cells in transplanted duodenum in humans, we demonstrate that the majority of CD4+ T cells were still donor-derived one year after transplantation. In contrast to memory CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood, intestinal CD4+ TRM cells expressed CD69 and CD161, but only a minor fraction expressed CD103. Functionally, intestinal CD4+ TRM cells were very potent cytokine producers; the vast majority being polyfunctional TH1 cells, whereas a minor fraction produced IL-17. Interestingly, a fraction of intestinal CD4+ T cells produced granzyme-B and perforin after activation. Together, we show that the intestinal CD4+ T-cell compartment is dominated by resident populations that survive for more than 1 year. This finding is of high relevance for the development of oral vaccines and therapies for diseases in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ole J B Landsverk
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sudhir Kumar Chauhan
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frank Sætre
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Sheraz Yaqub
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Øyen
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Section for Transplant Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rune Horneland
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Section for Transplant Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar Martin Aandahl
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Transplantation Medicine, Section for Transplant Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Aabakken
- Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen S Bækkevold
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frode L Jahnsen
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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166
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The Role of Tissue Resident Memory CD4 T Cells in Herpes Simplex Viral and HIV Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030359. [PMID: 33668777 PMCID: PMC7996247 DOI: 10.3390/v13030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) were first described in 2009. While initially the major focus was on CD8+ TRM, there has recently been increased interest in defining the phenotype and the role of CD4+ TRM in diseases. Circulating CD4+ T cells seed CD4+ TRM, but there also appears to be an equilibrium between CD4+ TRM and blood CD4+ T cells. CD4+ TRM are more mobile than CD8+ TRM, usually localized deeper within the dermis/lamina propria and yet may exhibit synergy with CD8+ TRM in disease control. This has been demonstrated in herpes simplex infections in mice. In human recurrent herpes infections, both CD4+ and CD8+ TRM persisting between lesions may control asymptomatic shedding through interferon-gamma secretion, although this has been more clearly shown for CD8+ T cells. The exact role of the CD4+/CD8+ TRM axis in the trigeminal ganglia and/or cornea in controlling recurrent herpetic keratitis is unknown. In HIV, CD4+ TRM have now been shown to be a major target for productive and latent infection in the cervix. In HSV and HIV co-infections, CD4+ TRM persisting in the dermis support HIV replication. Further understanding of the role of CD4+ TRM and their induction by vaccines may help control sexual transmission by both viruses.
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167
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Rindler K, Krausgruber T, Thaler FM, Alkon N, Bangert C, Kurz H, Fortelny N, Rojahn TB, Jonak C, Griss J, Bock C, Brunner PM. Spontaneously Resolved Atopic Dermatitis Shows Melanocyte and Immune Cell Activation Distinct From Healthy Control Skin. Front Immunol 2021; 12:630892. [PMID: 33717163 PMCID: PMC7943477 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.630892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) typically starts in infancy or early childhood, showing spontaneous remission in a subset of patients, while others develop lifelong disease. Despite an increased understanding of AD, factors guiding its natural course are only insufficiently elucidated. We thus performed suction blistering in skin of adult patients with stable, spontaneous remission from previous moderate-to-severe AD during childhood. Samples were compared to healthy controls without personal or familial history of atopy, and to chronic, active AD lesions. Skin cells and tissue fluid obtained were used for single-cell RNA sequencing and proteomic multiplex assays, respectively. We found overall cell composition and proteomic profiles of spontaneously healed AD to be comparable to healthy control skin, without upregulation of typical AD activity markers (e.g., IL13, S100As, and KRT16). Among all cell types in spontaneously healed AD, melanocytes harbored the largest numbers of differentially expressed genes in comparison to healthy controls, with upregulation of potentially anti-inflammatory markers such as PLA2G7. Conventional T-cells also showed increases in regulatory markers, and a general skewing toward a more Th1-like phenotype. By contrast, gene expression of regulatory T-cells and keratinocytes was essentially indistinguishable from healthy skin. Melanocytes and conventional T-cells might thus contribute a specific regulatory milieu in spontaneously healed AD skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Rindler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Krausgruber
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix M. Thaler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Natalia Alkon
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Bangert
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Kurz
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Fortelny
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas B. Rojahn
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Constanze Jonak
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Griss
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Decision Support, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick M. Brunner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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168
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Shibaguchi H, Yasutaka Y, Futagami K. Novel method to analyze cell kinetics for the rapid diagnosis and determination of the causative agent in allergy. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246125. [PMID: 33606707 PMCID: PMC7895410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced allergy (DIA), an unexpectedly triggered side effect of drugs used for therapeutic purposes, is a serious clinical issue that needs to be resolved because it interrupts the treatment of the primary disease. Since conventional allergy testing is insufficient to accurately predict the occurrence of DIA or to determine the drugs causing it, the development of diagnostic and predictive tools for allergic reactions is important. We demonstrated a novel method, termed high-sensitive allergy test (HiSAT), for the rapid diagnosis of allergy (within 1 hr; with true-positive diagnosis rates of 89% and 9% for patients with and without allergy-like symptoms, respectively). HiSAT analyzes the cell kinetics as an index against chemotactic factors in a patient’s serum, as different from the diagnosis using conventional methods. Once allergy has occurred, HiSAT can be used to determine the causative medicine using culture supernatants incubated with the subject’s lymphocytes and the test allergen. This test is more efficient (60%) than the lymphocyte transformation test (20%). Furthermore, in HiSAT, cell mobility significantly increases in a dose-dependent manner against supernatant incubated with lymphocytes from a subject with pollinosis collected at a time when the subject is without allergic symptoms and the antigen. The result demonstraed that HiSAT might be a promising method to rapidly diagnose DIA or to determine with high accuracy the antigen causing allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotomo Shibaguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuki Yasutaka
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Health Care Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koujiro Futagami
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Health Care Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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169
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Samat AAK, van der Geest J, Vastert SJ, van Loosdregt J, van Wijk F. Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in Chronic Inflammation-Local Cells with Systemic Effects? Cells 2021; 10:409. [PMID: 33669367 PMCID: PMC7920248 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are characterized by systemic as well as local tissue inflammation, often with a relapsing-remitting course. Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) enter non-lymphoid tissue (NLT) as part of the anamnestic immune response, especially in barrier tissues, and have been proposed to fuel chronic inflammation. TRM display a distinct gene expression profile, including upregulation of CD69 and downregulation of CD62L, CCR7, and S1PR1. However, not all TRM are consistent with this profile, and it is now more evident that the TRM compartment comprises a heterogeneous population, with differences in their function and activation state. Interestingly, the paradigm of TRM remaining resident in NLT has also been challenged. T cells with TRM characteristics were identified in both lymph and circulation in murine and human studies, displaying similarities with circulating memory T cells. This suggests that re-activated TRM are capable of retrograde migration from NLT via differential gene expression, mediating tissue egress and circulation. Circulating 'ex-TRM' retain a propensity for return to NLT, especially to their tissue of origin. Additionally, memory T cells with TRM characteristics have been identified in blood from patients with chronic inflammatory disease, leading to the hypothesis that TRM egress from inflamed tissue as well. The presence of TRM in both tissue and circulation has important implications for the development of novel therapies targeting chronic inflammation, and circulating 'ex-TRM' may provide a vital diagnostic tool in the form of biomarkers. This review elaborates on the recent developments in the field of TRM in the context of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoushka Ashok Kumar Samat
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.A.K.S.); (J.v.d.G.); (S.J.V.); (J.v.L.)
| | - Jolijn van der Geest
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.A.K.S.); (J.v.d.G.); (S.J.V.); (J.v.L.)
| | - Sebastiaan J. Vastert
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.A.K.S.); (J.v.d.G.); (S.J.V.); (J.v.L.)
- Paediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, Utrecht University, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jorg van Loosdregt
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.A.K.S.); (J.v.d.G.); (S.J.V.); (J.v.L.)
| | - Femke van Wijk
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.A.K.S.); (J.v.d.G.); (S.J.V.); (J.v.L.)
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170
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Boulanger N, Wikel S. Induced Transient Immune Tolerance in Ticks and Vertebrate Host: A Keystone of Tick-Borne Diseases? Front Immunol 2021; 12:625993. [PMID: 33643313 PMCID: PMC7907174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.625993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks and tick transmitted infectious agents are increasing global public health threats due to increasing abundance, expanding geographic ranges of vectors and pathogens, and emerging tick-borne infectious agents. Greater understanding of tick, host, and pathogen interactions will contribute to development of novel tick control and disease prevention strategies. Tick-borne pathogens adapt in multiple ways to very different tick and vertebrate host environments and defenses. Ticks effectively pharmacomodulate by its saliva host innate and adaptive immune defenses. In this review, we examine the idea that successful synergy between tick and tick-borne pathogen results in host immune tolerance that facilitates successful tick infection and feeding, creates a favorable site for pathogen introduction, modulates cutaneous and systemic immune defenses to establish infection, and contributes to successful long-term infection. Tick, host, and pathogen elements examined here include interaction of tick innate immunity and microbiome with tick-borne pathogens; tick modulation of host cutaneous defenses prior to pathogen transmission; how tick and pathogen target vertebrate host defenses that lead to different modes of interaction and host infection status (reservoir, incompetent, resistant, clinically ill); tick saliva bioactive molecules as important factors in determining those pathogens for which the tick is a competent vector; and, the need for translational studies to advance this field of study. Gaps in our understanding of these relationships are identified, that if successfully addressed, can advance the development of strategies to successfully disrupt both tick feeding and pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Boulanger
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle - UR7290, Early Bacterial Virulence, Group Borrelia, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Centre National de Référence Borrelia, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stephen Wikel
- Department of Medical Sciences, Frank H. Netter, M.D., School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT, United States
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171
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Divito SJ, Aasebø AT, Matos TR, Hsieh PC, Collin M, Elco CP, O'Malley JT, Bækkevold ES, Reims H, Gedde-Dahl T, Hagerstrom M, Hilaire J, Lian JW, Milford EL, Pinkus GS, Ho VT, Soiffer RJ, Kim HT, Mihm MC, Ritz J, Guleria I, Cutler CS, Clark RA, Jahnsen FL, Kupper TS. Peripheral host T cells survive hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and promote graft-versus-host disease. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4624-4636. [PMID: 32516138 DOI: 10.1172/jci129965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Donor T cells are key mediators in pathogenesis, but a contribution from host T cells has not been explored, as conditioning regimens are believed to deplete host T cells. To evaluate a potential role for host T cells in GVHD, the origin of skin and blood T cells was assessed prospectively in patients after HSCT in the absence of GVHD. While blood contained primarily donor-derived T cells, most T cells in the skin were host derived. We next examined patient skin, colon, and blood during acute GVHD. Host T cells were present in all skin and colon acute GVHD specimens studied, yet were largely absent in blood. We observed acute skin GVHD in the presence of 100% host T cells. Analysis demonstrated that a subset of host T cells in peripheral tissues were proliferating (Ki67+) and producing the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-17 in situ. Comparatively, the majority of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in tissue in acute GVHD were donor derived, and donor-derived APCs were observed directly adjacent to host T cells. A humanized mouse model demonstrated that host skin-resident T cells could be activated by donor monocytes to generate a GVHD-like dermatitis. Thus, host tissue-resident T cells may play a previously unappreciated pathogenic role in acute GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherrie J Divito
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anders T Aasebø
- Department of Pathology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tiago R Matos
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pei-Chen Hsieh
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew Collin
- Newcastle University, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher P Elco
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - John T O'Malley
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Espen S Bækkevold
- Department of Pathology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik Reims
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tobias Gedde-Dahl
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - John W Lian
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edgar L Milford
- Renal Transplant Program, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Vincent T Ho
- Division of Hematological Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation and
| | - Robert J Soiffer
- Division of Hematological Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation and
| | - Haesook T Kim
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Martin C Mihm
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jerome Ritz
- Division of Hematological Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation and
| | - Indira Guleria
- Renal Transplant Program, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Corey S Cutler
- Division of Hematological Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation and
| | - Rachael A Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frode L Jahnsen
- Department of Pathology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas S Kupper
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
Immunologic memory is the ability of adaptive immune system to quickly and specifically recognize previously encountered antigens and initiate an effector response. Alloreactive memory cells can mount rapid and robust responses to the transplanted organ resulting in allograft injury. Thus preexisting humoral or cellular memory alloresponses are typically associated with poor graft outcomes in experimental and clinical transplantation. While both B and T lymphocytes exhibit memory responses, this review discusses recent updates on the biology of memory T cells and their relevance to the field of transplantation. Three major areas of focus are the emergence and characterization of tissue resident memory T cells, manipulation of T cell metabolic pathways, and the latest promising approaches to targeting detrimental T cell memory in the settings of organ transplantation.
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173
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Tokura Y, Phadungsaksawasdi P, Kurihara K, Fujiyama T, Honda T. Pathophysiology of Skin Resident Memory T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 11:618897. [PMID: 33633737 PMCID: PMC7901930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.618897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue resident memory T (TRM) cells reside in peripheral, non-lymphoid tissues such as the skin, where they act as alarm-sensor cells or cytotoxic cells. Physiologically, skin TRM cells persist for a long term and can be reactivated upon reinfection with the same antigen, thus serving as peripheral sentinels in the immune surveillance network. CD8+CD69+CD103+ TRM cells are the well-characterized subtype that develops in the epidermis. The local mediators such as interleukin (IL)-15 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β are required for the formation of long-lived TRM cell population in skin. Skin TRM cells engage virus-infected cells, proliferate in situ in response to local antigens and do not migrate out of the epidermis. Secondary TRM cell populations are derived from pre-existing TRM cells and newly recruited TRM precursors from the circulation. In addition to microbial pathogens, topical application of chemical allergen to skin causes delayed-type hypersensitivity and amplifies the number of antigen-specific CD8+ TRM cells at challenged site. Skin TRM cells are also involved in the pathological conditions, including vitiligo, psoriasis, fixed drug eruption and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). The functions of these TRM cells seem to be different, depending on each pathology. Psoriasis plaques are seen in a recurrent manner especially at the originally affected sites. Upon stimulation of the skin of psoriasis patients, the CD8+CD103+CD49a- TRM cells in the epidermis seem to be reactivated and initiate IL-17A production. Meanwhile, autoreactive CD8+CD103+CD49a+ TRM cells secreting interferon-γ are present in lesional vitiligo skin. Fixed drug eruption is another disease where skin TRM cells evoke its characteristic clinical appearance upon administration of a causative drug. Intraepidermal CD8+ TRM cells with an effector-memory phenotype resident in the skin lesions of fixed drug eruption play a major contributing role in the development of localized tissue damage. CTCL develops primarily in the skin by a clonal expansion of a transformed TRM cells. CD8+ CTCL with the pagetoid epidermotropic histology is considered to originate from epidermal CD8+ TRM cells. This review will discuss the current understanding of skin TRM biology and their contribution to skin homeostasis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | | | - Kazuo Kurihara
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Fujiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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174
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Leonard DA, Powell HR, Defazio MW, Shanmugarajah K, Mastroianni M, Rosales I, Farkash EA, Colvin RB, Randolph MA, Sachs DH, Kurtz JM, Cetrulo CL. Cutaneous leukocyte lineages in tolerant large animal and immunosuppressed clinical vascularized composite allograft recipients. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:582-592. [PMID: 32741100 PMCID: PMC7854956 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Vascularized composite allografts (VCAs) can restore fully functional anatomic units in patients with limb amputations or severe facial tissue loss. However, acute rejection of the skin is frequently observed and underscores the importance of developing tolerance induction protocols. In this study, we have characterized the skin immune system in VCAs. We demonstrate infiltration of recipient leukocytes, regardless of rejection status, and in tolerant mixed hematopoietic chimeras, the co-existence of these cells with donor leukocytes in the absence of rejection. Here we characterize the dermal T cell and epidermal Langerhans cell components of the skin immune system in our porcine model of VCA tolerance, and the kinetics of cutaneous chimerism in both of these populations in VCAs transplanted to tolerant and nontolerant recipients, as well as in host skin. Furthermore, in biopsies from the first patient to receive a hand transplant in our program, we demonstrate the presence of recipient T cells in the skin of the transplanted limb in the absence of clinical or histological evidence of rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Leonard
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Canniesburn Plastic Surgery Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - H. R. Powell
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - M. W. Defazio
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - K. Shanmugarajah
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - M. Mastroianni
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - I. Rosales
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - E. A. Farkash
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - R. B. Colvin
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - M. A. Randolph
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - D. H. Sachs
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - J. M. Kurtz
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Biology, Emmanuel College, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - C. L. Cetrulo
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
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175
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van de Wall S, Badovinac VP, Harty JT. Influenza-Specific Lung-Resident Memory CD8 + T Cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:cshperspect.a037978. [PMID: 33288540 PMCID: PMC7849341 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the availability of seasonal vaccines, influenza A (IAV) prevails as a leading cause of respiratory infection worldwide. Current vaccination efforts aim at increasing protection against heterologous and potentially pandemic IAV strains. Lung-resident CD8+ T cells (Trm) generated upon IAV infection are vital for heterosubtypic immunity to IAV reexposure and provide quick and robust responses upon reactivation. Yet, protection wanes with time as lung Trm cell numbers decline, a contrasting feature with Trm cells at other mucosal sites such as the skin. In this review, we discuss current data on lung Trm compared to Trm cells in other tissues. Furthermore, major knowledge gaps in the generation and maintenance of IAV-specific lung Trm are addressed and mechanisms that may contribute to their decline are discussed. Further understanding in the mechanisms that govern effector function versus immunopathology is paramount for future IAV vaccine design in enhancing durability of lung Trm cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie van de Wall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Vladimer P. Badovinac
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA;,Department of Pathology,, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA;,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - John T. Harty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA;,Department of Pathology,, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA;,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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176
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Sun Z, Kim JH, Kim SH, Kim HR, Zhang K, Pan Y, Ko MK, Kim BM, Chu H, Lee HR, Kim HL, Kim JH, Fu X, Hyun YM, Yun KN, Kim JY, Lee DW, Song SY, Lin CP, Clark RA, Lee KH, Kupper TS, Park CO. Skin-resident natural killer T cells participate in cutaneous allergic inflammation in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:1764-1777. [PMID: 33516870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer T (NKT) cells are unconventional T cells that bridge innate and adaptive immunity. NKT cells have been implicated in the development of atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the role of NKT cells in AD development, especially in skin. METHODS Global proteomic and transcriptomic analyses were performed by using skin and blood from human healthy-controls and patients with AD. Levels of CXCR4 and CXCL12 expression in skin NKT cells were analyzed in human AD and mouse AD models. By using parabiosis and intravital imaging, the role of skin CXCR4+ NKT cells was further evaluated in models of mice with AD by using CXCR4-conditionally deficient or CXCL12 transgenic mice. RESULTS CXCR4 and its cognate ligand CXCL12 were significantly upregulated in the skin of humans with AD by global transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. CXCR4+ NKT cells were enriched in AD skin, and their levels were consistently elevated in our models of mice with AD. Allergen-induced NKT cells participate in cutaneous allergic inflammation. Similar to tissue-resident memory T cells, the predominant skin NKT cells were CXCR4+ and CD69+. Skin-resident NKT cells uniquely expressed CXCR4, unlike NKT cells in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. Skin fibroblasts were the main source of CXCL12. CXCR4+ NKT cells preferentially trafficked to CXCL12-rich areas, forming an enriched CXCR4+ tissue-resident NKT cells/CXCL12+ cell cluster that developed in acute and chronic allergic inflammation in our models of mice with AD. CONCLUSIONS CXCR4+ tissue-resident NKT cells may form a niche that contributes to AD, in which CXCL12 is highly expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhengWang Sun
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Brain Korea 21 Project, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seo Hyeong Kim
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Brain Korea 21 Project, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Ran Kim
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - KeLun Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Brain Korea 21 Project, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youdong Pan
- Department of Dermatology and Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Min Kyung Ko
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Mi Kim
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Howard Chu
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Ra Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Li Kim
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Brain Korea 21 Project, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Xiujun Fu
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Young-Min Hyun
- Brain Korea 21 Project, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Na Yun
- Biomedical Omics Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Biomedical Omics Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Korea
| | - Dong Won Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute for Human Tissue Restoration, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Yong Song
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute for Human Tissue Restoration, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Charles P Lin
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Rachael A Clark
- Department of Dermatology and Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Kwang Hoon Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Brain Korea 21 Project, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Thomas S Kupper
- Department of Dermatology and Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
| | - Chang Ook Park
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Brain Korea 21 Project, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Dermatology and Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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177
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Bangert C, Rindler K, Krausgruber T, Alkon N, Thaler FM, Kurz H, Ayub T, Demirtas D, Fortelny N, Vorstandlechner V, Bauer WM, Quint T, Mildner M, Jonak C, Elbe-Bürger A, Griss J, Bock C, Brunner PM. Persistence of mature dendritic cells, T H2A, and Tc2 cells characterize clinically resolved atopic dermatitis under IL-4Rα blockade. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabe2749. [PMID: 33483337 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe2749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic options for autoimmune diseases typically consist of broad and targeted immunosuppressive agents. However, sustained clinical benefit is rarely achieved, as the disease phenotype usually returns after cessation of treatment. To better understand tissue-resident immune memory in human disease, we investigated patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) who underwent short-term or long-term treatment with the IL-4Rα blocker dupilumab. Using multi-omics profiling with single-cell RNA sequencing and multiplex proteomics, we found significant decreases in overall skin immune cell counts and normalization of transcriptomic dysregulation in keratinocytes consistent with clearance of disease. However, we identified specific immune cell populations that persisted for up to a year after clinical remission while being absent from healthy controls. These populations included LAMP3 + CCL22+ mature dendritic cells, CRTH2 + CD161 + T helper ("TH2A") cells, and CRTAM + cytotoxic T cells, which expressed high levels of CCL17 (dendritic cells) and IL13 (T cells). TH2A cells showed a characteristic cytokine receptor constellation with IL17RB, IL1RL1 (ST2), and CRLF2 expression, suggesting that these cells are key responders to the AD-typical epidermal alarmins IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP, respectively. We thus identified disease-linked immune cell populations in resolved AD indicative of a persisting disease memory, facilitating a rapid response system of epidermal-dermal cross-talk between keratinocytes, dendritic cells, and T cells. This observation may help to explain the disease recurrence upon termination of immunosuppressive treatments in AD, and it identifies potential disease memory-linked cell types that may be targeted to achieve a more sustained therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bangert
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Rindler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Krausgruber
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Natalia Alkon
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix M Thaler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Kurz
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanya Ayub
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Denis Demirtas
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Fortelny
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang M Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tamara Quint
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Constanze Jonak
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Johannes Griss
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick M Brunner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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178
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Paap EM, Müller TM, Sommer K, Neurath MF, Zundler S. Total Recall: Intestinal T RM Cells in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 11:623072. [PMID: 33542725 PMCID: PMC7851044 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.623072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) have crucial functions in host defense in mucosal tissues. They provide local adaptive immune surveillance and allow the fast initiation of targeted adaptive immune responses in case of antigen re-exposure. Recently, an aberrant activation in the case of immunologically mediated diseases has been increasingly acknowledged. As the organ with the largest interface to the environment, the gastrointestinal tract faces billions of antigens every day. Tightly balanced processes are necessary to ensure tolerance towards non-hazardous antigens, but to set up a powerful immune response against potentially dangerous ones. In this complex nexus of immune cells and their mediators, TRM cells play a central role and have been shown to promote both physiological and pathological events. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the homeostatic functions of TRM cells and delineate their implication in infection control in the gut. Moreover, we will outline their commitment in immune dysregulation in gastrointestinal chronic inflammatory conditions and shed light on TRM cells as current and potential future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Paap
- Department of Medicine 1 and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tanja M Müller
- Department of Medicine 1 and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katrin Sommer
- Department of Medicine 1 and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1 and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1 and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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179
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Booth JS, Toapanta FR. B and T Cell Immunity in Tissues and Across the Ages. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010024. [PMID: 33419014 PMCID: PMC7825307 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B and T cells are key components of the adaptive immune system and coordinate multiple facets of immunity including responses to infection, vaccines, allergens, and the environment. In humans, B- and T-cell immunity has been determined using primarily peripheral blood specimens. Conversely, human tissues have scarcely been studied but they host multiple adaptive immune cells capable of mounting immune responses to pathogens and participate in tissue homeostasis. Mucosal tissues, such as the intestines and respiratory track, are constantly bombarded by foreign antigens and contain tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells that exhibit superior protective capacity to pathogens. Also, tissue-resident memory B (BRM) cells have been identified in mice but whether humans have a similar population remains to be confirmed. Moreover, the immune system evolves throughout the lifespan of humans and undergoes multiple changes in its immunobiology. Recent studies have shown that age-related changes in tissues are not necessarily reflected in peripheral blood specimens, highlighting the importance of tissue localization and subset delineation as essential determinants of functional B and T cells at different life stages. This review describes our current knowledge of the main B- and T-cell subsets in peripheral blood and tissues across age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaum S. Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21075, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Franklin R. Toapanta
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21075, USA;
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence:
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180
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Koguchi-Yoshioka H, Hoffer E, Cheuk S, Matsumura Y, Vo S, Kjellman P, Grema L, Ishitsuka Y, Nakamura Y, Okiyama N, Fujisawa Y, Fujimoto M, Eidsmo L, Clark RA, Watanabe R. Skin T cells maintain their diversity and functionality in the elderly. Commun Biol 2021; 4:13. [PMID: 33398080 PMCID: PMC7782613 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted that human resident memory T cells (TRM) are functionally distinct from circulating T cells. Thus, it can be postulated that skin T cells age differently from blood-circulating T cells. We assessed T-cell density, diversity, and function in individuals of various ages to study the immunologic effects of aging on human skin from two different countries. No decline in the density of T cells was noted with advancing age, and the frequency of epidermal CD49a+ CD8 TRM was increased in elderly individuals regardless of ethnicity. T-cell diversity and antipathogen responses were maintained in the skin of elderly individuals but declined in the blood. Our findings demonstrate that in elderly individuals, skin T cells maintain their density, diversity, and protective cytokine production despite the reduced T-cell diversity and function in blood. Skin resident T cells may represent a long-lived, highly protective reservoir of immunity in elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Koguchi-Yoshioka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Elena Hoffer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Visionsgatan 18, L8, 171 76, Solna, Sweden
| | - Stanley Cheuk
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Visionsgatan 18, L8, 171 76, Solna, Sweden
| | - Yutaka Matsumura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Sa Vo
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Petra Kjellman
- Diagnostiskt Centrum Hud, Apelbergsgatan 60, 111 37, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lucian Grema
- Diagnostiskt Centrum Hud, Apelbergsgatan 60, 111 37, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yosuke Ishitsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Naoko Okiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujisawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Liv Eidsmo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Visionsgatan 18, L8, 171 76, Solna, Sweden.,Diagnostiskt Centrum Hud, Apelbergsgatan 60, 111 37, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rachael A Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rei Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan. .,Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Lai C, Coltart G, Shapanis A, Healy C, Alabdulkareem A, Selvendran S, Theaker J, Sommerlad M, Rose-Zerilli M, Al-Shamkhani A, Healy E. CD8+CD103+ tissue-resident memory T cells convey reduced protective immunity in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e001807. [PMID: 33479027 PMCID: PMC7825273 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes play a key role in antitumor responses; however, while several memory T-cell subtypes have been reported in inflammatory and neoplastic conditions, the proportional representation of the different subsets of memory T cells and their functional significance in cancer is unclear. Keratinocyte skin cancer is one of the most common cancers globally, with cutaneous squamous cell cancer (cSCC) among the most frequent malignancies capable of metastasis. METHODS Memory T-cell subsets were delineated in human cSCCs and, for comparison, in non-lesional skin and blood using flow cytometry. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to quantify CD103+ cells in primary human cSCCs which had metastasized (P-M) and primary cSCCs which had not metastasized (P-NM). TIMER2.0 (timer.cistrome.org) was used to analyze TCGA cancer survival data based on ITGAE expression. Immunofluorescence microscopy was performed to determine frequencies of CD8+CD103+ cells in P-M and P-NM cSCCs. RESULTS Despite intertumoral heterogeneity, most cSCC T cells were CCR7-/CD45RA- effector/resident memory (TRM) lymphocytes, with naive, CD45RA+/CCR7- effector memory re-expressing CD45RA, CCR7+/L-selectin+ central memory and CCR7+/L-selectin- migratory memory lymphocytes accounting for smaller T-cell subsets. The cSCC CD8+ T-cell population contained a higher proportion of CD69+/CD103+ TRMs than that in non-lesional skin and blood. These cSCC CD69+/CD103+ TRMs exhibited increased IL-10 production, and higher CD39, CTLA-4 and PD-1 expression compared with CD103- TRMs in the tumor. CD103+ cells were more frequent in P-M than P-NM cSCCs. Analysis of TCGA data demonstrated that high expression of ITGAE (encoding CD103) was associated with reduced survival in primary cutaneous melanoma, breast carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, kidney chromophobe cancer, adrenocortical carcinoma and lower grade glioma. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that the majority of CD103 was present on CD8+ T cells and that CD8+CD103+ cells were significantly more frequent in P-M than P-NM cSCCs. CONCLUSION These results highlight CD8+CD103+ TRMs as an important functional T-cell subset associated with poorer clinical outcome in this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chester Lai
- Dermatopharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Dermatology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - George Coltart
- Dermatopharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Dermatology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew Shapanis
- Dermatopharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Conor Healy
- Dermatopharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ahmad Alabdulkareem
- Dermatopharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sara Selvendran
- Dermatopharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jeffrey Theaker
- Histopathology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew Sommerlad
- Histopathology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew Rose-Zerilli
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Eugene Healy
- Dermatopharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Dermatology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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182
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Dijkgraaf FE, Toebes M, Hoogenboezem M, Mertz M, Vredevoogd DW, Matos TR, Teunissen MBM, Luiten RM, Schumacher TN. Labeling and tracking of immune cells in ex vivo human skin. Nat Protoc 2020; 16:791-811. [PMID: 33349704 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-00435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human skin harbors various immune cells that are crucial for the control of injury and infection. However, the current understanding of immune cell function within viable human skin tissue is limited. We developed an ex vivo imaging approach in which fresh skin biopsies are mounted and then labeled with nanobodies or antibodies against cell surface markers on tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells, other immune cells of interest, or extracellular tissue components. Subsequent longitudinal imaging allows one to describe the dynamic behavior of human skin-resident cells in situ. In addition, this strategy can be used to study immune cell function in murine skin. The ability to follow the spatiotemporal behavior of CD8+ T cells and other immune cells in skin, including their response to immune stimuli, provides a platform to investigate physiological immune cell behavior and immune cell behavior in skin diseases. The mounting, staining and imaging of skin samples requires ~1.5 d, and subsequent tracking analysis requires a minimum of 1 d. The optional production of fluorescently labeled nanobodies takes ~5 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feline E Dijkgraaf
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mireille Toebes
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marjolijn Mertz
- BioImaging Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David W Vredevoogd
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tiago R Matos
- Department of Dermatology and Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel B M Teunissen
- Department of Dermatology and Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rosalie M Luiten
- Department of Dermatology and Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ton N Schumacher
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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183
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Nishida K, Kawashima A, Kanazawa T, Kidani Y, Yoshida T, Hirata M, Yamamoto K, Yamamoto Y, Sawada M, Kato R, Kato T, Hatano K, Ujike T, Fujita K, Uemura M, Morimoto-Okazawa A, Iwahori K, Yamasaki M, Ohkura N, Sakaguchi S, Nonomura N, Doki Y, Wada H. Clinical importance of the expression of CD4+CD8+ T cells in renal cell carcinoma. Int Immunol 2020; 32:347-357. [PMID: 31950169 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CD4+CD8+ T cells are expressed in some cancer patients including those with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, no reports have mentioned the clinical importance of this expression. We evaluated the expression of CD4+CD8+ T cells in patients with various cancer types to clarify clinical characteristics and prognostic importance significantly correlating with these T cells. METHODS Expression of CD4+CD8+ T cells was evaluated using flowcytometry in tissue-infiltrating lymphocytes extracted from 260 cancer tissues including 104 RCC samples. RNA sequencing and characterization and regression (Citrus) was used to determine characteristics. The prognostic importance of CD4+CD8+ T cells was evaluated by Cox regression analysis. RESULTS Among eight cancer types, expression of CD4+CD8+ T cells was significantly highest in RCC patients. According to the expression of CD4+CD8+ T cells in adjacent normal tissue-infiltrating lymphocytes, 24 patients (23.1%) were defined as being positive for CD4+CD8+ with an expression higher than 9.29% in RCC patients. Citrus showed CD8+PD-1+TIM-3+CD103- T cells to be a specific subpopulation of CD4+CD8+ T cells. RNA sequencing revealed that CD4+CD8+ T cells had significantly lower diversity than the other T cells and shared most T-cell receptor clones with CD8+ not CD4+ T cells. Expression of CD4+CD8+ T cells was identified as an independent predictor of overall survival (hazard ratio: 0.11, 95% confidence interval: 0.01-0.86, P = 0.035) in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS The expression of CD4+CD8+ T cells was significantly up-regulated in RCC patients and correlated significantly with prognostic importance in surgically treated RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Nishida
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumour Immunology, Suita, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Suita, Japan
| | - Atsunari Kawashima
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kanazawa
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumour Immunology, Suita, Japan.,Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yujiro Kidani
- Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Japan.,Department of Basic Research in Tumour Immunology, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yoshida
- Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Japan.,Department of Basic Research in Tumour Immunology, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michinari Hirata
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumour Immunology, Suita, Japan.,Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumour Immunology, Suita, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoko Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumour Immunology, Suita, Japan
| | - Masaaki Sawada
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumour Immunology, Suita, Japan
| | - Ryo Kato
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumour Immunology, Suita, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Suita, Japan
| | - Taigo Kato
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Urological Immuno-Oncology, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Hatano
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ujike
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Fujita
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Motohide Uemura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Urological Immuno-Oncology, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Kota Iwahori
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumour Immunology, Suita, Japan
| | | | - Naganari Ohkura
- Department of Basic Research in Tumour Immunology, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Centre, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norio Nonomura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Suita, Japan
| | - Hisashi Wada
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumour Immunology, Suita, Japan
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184
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Clegg J, Soldaini E, Bagnoli F, McLoughlin RM. Targeting Skin-Resident Memory T Cells via Vaccination to Combat Staphylococcus aureus Infections. Trends Immunol 2020; 42:6-17. [PMID: 33309137 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells are important in adaptive immunity against many infections, rendering these cells attractive potential targets in vaccine development. Genetic and experimental evidence highlights the importance of cellular immunity in protection from Staphylococcus aureus skin infections, yet skin-resident memory T cells are, thus far, an untested component of immunity during such infections. Novel methods of generating and sampling vaccine-induced skin memory T cells are paralleled by discoveries of global, skin-wide immunosurveillance. We propose skin-resident memory CD4+ T cells as a potential missing link in the search for correlates of protection during S. aureus infections. A better appreciation of their phenotypes and functions could accelerate the development of preventive vaccines against this highly virulent and antibiotic-resistant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Clegg
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; GlaxoSmithKline, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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185
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Strobl J, Pandey RV, Krausgruber T, Bayer N, Kleissl L, Reininger B, Vieyra-Garcia P, Wolf P, Jentus MM, Mitterbauer M, Wohlfarth P, Rabitsch W, Stingl G, Bock C, Stary G. Long-term skin-resident memory T cells proliferate in situ and are involved in human graft-versus-host disease. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eabb7028. [PMID: 33208504 PMCID: PMC7615006 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb7028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The skin contains a population of tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm) that is thought to contribute to local tissue homeostasis and protection against environmental injuries. Although information about the regulation, survival program, and pathophysiological roles of Trm has been obtained from murine studies, little is known about the biology of human cutaneous Trm Here, we showed that host-derived CD69+ αβ memory T cell clones in the epidermis and dermis remain stable and functionally competent for at least 10 years in patients with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed low expression of genes encoding tissue egress molecules by long-term persisting Trm in the skin, whereas tissue retention molecules and stem cell markers were displayed by Trm The transcription factor RUNX3 and the surface molecule galectin-3 were preferentially expressed by host T cells at the RNA and protein levels, suggesting two new markers for human skin Trm Furthermore, skin lesions from patients developing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) showed a large number of cytokine-producing host-derived Trm, suggesting a contribution of these cells to the pathogenesis of GVHD. Together, our studies highlighted the relationship between the local human skin environment and long-term persisting Trm, which differs from murine skin. Our results also indicated that local tissue inflammation occurs through host-derived Trm after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Strobl
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ram Vinay Pandey
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Krausgruber
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadine Bayer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Kleissl
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bärbel Reininger
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pablo Vieyra-Garcia
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Wolf
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Maaia-Margo Jentus
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Margit Mitterbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Wohlfarth
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Rabitsch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Stingl
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Stary
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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186
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Abstract
AbstractPurpose of ReviewSkin provides a window into the health of an individual. Using transplanted skin as a monitor can provide a powerful tool for surveillance of rejection in a transplant. The purpose of this review is to provide relevant background to the role of skin in vascularized transplantation medicine.Recent FindingsDiscrete populations of T memory cells provide distributed immune protection in skin, and cycle between skin, lymph nodes, and blood. Skin-resident TREGcells proliferate in response to inflammation and contribute to long-term VCA survival in small animal models. Early clinical studies show sentinel flap rejection to correlate well with facial VCA skin rejection, and abdominal wall rejection demonstrates concordance with visceral rejection, but further studies are required.SummaryThis review focuses on the immunology of skin, skin rejection in vascularized composite allografts, and the recent advances in monitoring the health of transplanted tissues using distant “sentinel” flaps.
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187
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Fang H, Li Q, Wang G. The role of T cells in pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102661. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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188
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Braun C, Vocanson M, Nicolas JF, Nosbaum A. Physiopathologie de la dermatite atopique et des autres maladies atopiques : une approche globale est-elle possible ? Ann Dermatol Venereol 2020; 147:11S4-11S11. [PMID: 33250137 DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(20)31082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atopy is defined by the propensity to develop an exaggerated type-2 inflammatory response to environmental molecules. Clinically, atopy is diagnosed when atopic disease occurs: atopic dermatitis, food allergy, atopic asthma and allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis. Whereas the classical "atopic march" is increasingly challenged through epidemiological studies, type-2 cellular inflammation is a characteristic shared by the atopic diseases. This inflammation can be innate (non-specific: eosinophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, innate lymphoid cells [ILC]), or adaptive (antigen-specific, involving T cells). Interleukins (IL-)4, 5 and 13 are major actors of type-2 inflammation and are mainly produced by ILC and T cells. The efficacy of treatments targeting these type-2 cytokines highlight the importance of type-2 inflammation in atopic diseases. However, several patients do not respond to type-2 targeting treatments, highlighting the presence of other actors in pathophysiology of atopic diseases: alteration of epithelial barrier, IgE-mediated allergic responses, type-17 inflammation. Thus, the term "endotype" can illustrate this diversity in pathophysiology. Finally, a global approach of atopic diseases, as type-2 inflammatory diseases, is fundamental, but not sufficient. An approach by endotype is advisable, in a personalized medicine perspective. © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Braun
- CIRI - Centre international de recherche en infectiologie (International Center for Infectiology Research), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, 21, avenue Tony-Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France; Hospices civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, service de pneumologie et allergologie pédiatriques, Bron, France.
| | - M Vocanson
- CIRI - Centre international de recherche en infectiologie (International Center for Infectiology Research), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, 21, avenue Tony-Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - J F Nicolas
- CIRI - Centre international de recherche en infectiologie (International Center for Infectiology Research), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, 21, avenue Tony-Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France; Hospices civils de Lyon, Centre hospitalier Lyon-Sud, service d'allergologie et immunologie clinique, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - A Nosbaum
- CIRI - Centre international de recherche en infectiologie (International Center for Infectiology Research), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, 21, avenue Tony-Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France; Hospices civils de Lyon, Centre hospitalier Lyon-Sud, service d'allergologie et immunologie clinique, Pierre-Bénite, France
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189
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Measles skin rash: Infection of lymphoid and myeloid cells in the dermis precedes viral dissemination to the epidermis. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008253. [PMID: 33031460 PMCID: PMC7575069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles is characterized by fever and a maculopapular skin rash, which is accompanied by immune clearance of measles virus (MV)-infected cells. Histopathological analyses of skin biopsies from humans and non-human primates (NHPs) with measles rash have identified MV-infected keratinocytes and mononuclear cells in the epidermis, around hair follicles and near sebaceous glands. Here, we address the pathogenesis of measles skin rash by combining data from experimentally infected NHPs, ex vivo infection of human skin sheets and in vitro infection of primary human keratinocytes. Analysis of NHP skin samples collected at different time points following MV inoculation demonstrated that infection in the skin precedes onset of rash by several days. MV infection was detected in lymphoid and myeloid cells in the dermis before dissemination to the epidermal leukocytes and keratinocytes. These data were in good concordance with ex vivo MV infections of human skin sheets, in which dermal cells were more targeted than the epidermal cells. To address viral dissemination to the epidermis and to determine whether the dissemination is receptor-dependent, we performed experimental infections of primary keratinocytes collected from healthy donors. These experiments demonstrated that MV infection of keratinocytes is mainly nectin-4-dependent, and differentiated keratinocytes, which express higher levels of nectin-4, are more susceptible to MV infection than proliferating keratinocytes. Based on these data, we propose a model to explain measles skin rash: migrating MV-infected lymphocytes initiate the infection of dermal skin-resident CD150+ immune cells. The infection is subsequently disseminated from the dermal papillae to nectin-4+ keratinocytes in the basal epidermis. Lateral spread of MV infection is observed in the superficial epidermis, most likely due to the higher level of nectin-4 expression on differentiated keratinocytes. Finally, MV-infected cells are cleared by infiltrating immune cells, causing hyperemia and edema, which give the appearance of morbilliform skin rash. Several viral infections are associated with skin rash, including parvovirus B19, human herpesvirus type 6, dengue virus and rubella virus. However, the archetype virus infection that leads to skin rash is measles. Although all of these viral exanthemata often appear similar, their pathogenesis is different. In the case of measles, the appearance of skin rash is a sign that the immune system is clearing MV-infected cells from the skin. How the virus reaches the skin and is locally disseminated remains unknown. Here, we combine observations and expertise from pathologists, dermatologists, virologists and immunologists to delineate the pathogenesis of measles skin rash. We show that MV infection of dermal myeloid and lymphoid cells precedes viral dissemination to the epidermal leukocytes and keratinocytes. We speculate that immune-mediated clearance of these infected cells results in hyperemia and edema, explaining the redness of the skin and the slightly elevated spots of the morbilliform rash.
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190
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Silva M, Martin KC, Mondal N, Sackstein R. sLeX Expression Delineates Distinct Functional Subsets of Human Blood Central and Effector Memory T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:1920-1932. [PMID: 32868410 PMCID: PMC10636707 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sialyl Lewis X (sLeX) regulates T cell trafficking from the vasculature into skin and sites of inflammation, thereby playing a critical role in immunity. In healthy persons, only a small proportion of human blood T cells express sLeX, and their function is not fully defined. Using a combination of biochemical and functional studies, we find that human blood sLeX+CD4+T cells comprise a subpopulation expressing high levels of Th2 and Th17 cytokines, chemokine receptors CCR4 and CCR6, and the transcription factors GATA-3 and RORγT. Additionally, sLeX+CD4+T cells exclusively contain the regulatory T cell population (CD127lowCD25high and FOXP3+) and characteristically display immune-suppressive molecules, including the coinhibitor receptors PD-1 and CTLA-4. Among CD8+T cells, sLeX expression distinguishes a subset displaying low expression of cytotoxic effector molecules, perforin and granzyme β, with reduced degranulation and CD57 expression and, consistently, marginal cytolytic capacity after TCR engagement. Furthermore, sLeX+CD8+T cells present a pattern of features consistent with Th cell-like phenotype, including release of pertinent Tc2 cytokines and elevated expression of CD40L. Together, these findings reveal that sLeX display is associated with unique functional specialization of both CD4+ and CD8+T cells and indicate that circulating T cells that are primed to migrate to lesional sites at onset of inflammation are not poised for cytotoxic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Silva
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kyle C Martin
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Translational Medicine and Translational Glycobiology Institute, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199; and
| | - Nandini Mondal
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115;
- Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Translational Medicine and Translational Glycobiology Institute, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199; and
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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191
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Takamura S. Divergence of Tissue-Memory T Cells: Distribution and Function-Based Classification. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a037762. [PMID: 32816841 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm) comprise the majority of memory cells in nonlymphoid tissues and play a predominant role in immunity at barrier surfaces. A better understanding of Trm cell maintenance and function is essential for the development of vaccines that confer frontline protection. However, it is currently challenging to precisely distinguish Trm cells from other T cells, and this has led to confusion in the literature. Here we highlight gaps in our understanding of tissue memory and discuss recent advances in the classification of Trm cell subsets based on their distribution and functional characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Takamura
- Department of Immunology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
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192
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Dhodapkar MV, Dhodapkar KM. Tissue-resident memory-like T cells in tumor immunity: Clinical implications. Semin Immunol 2020; 49:101415. [PMID: 33011063 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory (TRM) T cells are distinct population of non-circulating lymphocytes that play an important role in mediating regional immunity. TRM- like cells have now been identified as a component of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in several human tumors and correlate with outcome and response to immunotherapy. TRM cells have also been shown to mediate anti-tumor immunity in murine models. Biology of TRM cells has several implications for clinical cancer immunotherapy. Here we discuss newer insights into the biology of TRM T cells and discuss their implications for understanding the heterogeneity of immune microenvironment in tumors as well as improving the efficacy of cancer vaccines, immune-checkpoint blockade and adoptive cellular therapies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav V Dhodapkar
- Department of Hematology / Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kavita M Dhodapkar
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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193
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Poon MM, Farber DL. The Whole Body as the System in Systems Immunology. iScience 2020; 23:101509. [PMID: 32920485 PMCID: PMC7491152 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immune system is comprised of a diverse and interactive network of specialized cells localized in diverse tissues throughout the body, where they mediate protection against pathogens and environmental insults while maintaining tissue homeostasis. Although much of our understanding of human immunology has derived from studies of peripheral blood, recent work utilizing human tissue resources and innovative computational methods have employed a whole-body, systems-based approach, revealing tremendous complexity and heterogeneity of the immune system within individuals and across the population. In this review, we discuss how tissue localization, developmental and age-associated changes, and conditions of health and disease shape the immune response, as well as how improved understanding of interindividual and tissue-specific immunity can be leveraged for developing targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya M.L. Poon
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Donna L. Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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194
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Schulz A, Jiang L, de Vor L, Ehrström M, Wermeling F, Eidsmo L, Melican K. Neutrophil Recruitment to Noninvasive MRSA at the Stratum Corneum of Human Skin Mediates Transient Colonization. Cell Rep 2020; 29:1074-1081.e5. [PMID: 31665625 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of skin and soft issue infection, but paradoxically, it also transiently, and often harmlessly, colonizes human skin. An obstacle to understanding this contradiction has been a shortage of in vivo models reproducing the unique structure and immunology of human skin. In this work, we developed a humanized model to study how healthy adult human skin responds to colonizing methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). We demonstrate the importance of the outer stratum corneum as the major site of bacterial colonization and how noninvasive MRSA adhesion to corneocytes induces a local inflammatory response in underlying skin layers. This signaling recruits neutrophils to the skin, where they control bacterial numbers, mediating transiency in colonization. This work highlights the spatiotemporal aspects of human skin colonization and demonstrates a subclinical inflammatory response to noninvasive MRSA that allows human skin to regulate the bacterial population at its outer surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Schulz
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Long Jiang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Lisanne de Vor
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Marcus Ehrström
- Department of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Wermeling
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Liv Eidsmo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Keira Melican
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden.
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195
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Gallais Sérézal I, Cheuk S, Martini E, Eidsmo L. Cellular scars and local crosstalk in relapsing psoriasis: an example of a skin sticking disease. Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12953. [PMID: 32757303 PMCID: PMC7685142 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory disease that arises in genetically predisposed individuals. Chronic skin lesions that contain activated immune cells can persist for years. Systemic inhibition of TNF, IL‐17 and IL‐23 cytokines has revolutionized psoriasis care during the recent decades. Unfortunately, local relapse of disease is common at previously inflamed sites after cessation of treatment. This highlights that fundamental pathologic alterations of the affected tissues are not completely resolved during clinical remission. Here, we present arguments for a local disease memory located in both dermis and epidermis in psoriasis skin. We decipher different cellular components and intercellular crosstalk that sustain local disease memory and amplify disease relapse in human psoriasis. Decrypting the mechanisms underlying the establishment and persistence of pathogenic memory cells in resolved psoriasis may provide new therapeutic perspectives aimed at long‐term remission of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irène Gallais Sérézal
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology Karolinska Institutet Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Dermatology, Besançon University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Stanley Cheuk
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elisa Martini
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology Karolinska Institutet Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Liv Eidsmo
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology Karolinska Institutet Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.,Diagnostiskt Centrum Hud, Stockholm, Sweden
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196
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Weisberg SP, Carpenter DJ, Chait M, Dogra P, Gartrell-Corrado RD, Chen AX, Campbell S, Liu W, Saraf P, Snyder ME, Kubota M, Danzl NM, Schrope BA, Rabadan R, Saenger Y, Chen X, Farber DL. Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells Mediate Immune Homeostasis in the Human Pancreas through the PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway. Cell Rep 2020; 29:3916-3932.e5. [PMID: 31851923 PMCID: PMC6939378 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-recirculating tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) are the predominant T cell subset in diverse tissue sites, where they mediate protective immune responses in situ. Here, we reveal a role for TRM in maintaining immune homeostasis in the human pancreas through interactions with resident macrophages and the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitory pathway. Using tissues obtained from organ donors, we identify that pancreas T cells comprise CD8+PD-1hi TRMs, which are phenotypically, functionally, and transcriptionally distinct compared to TRMs in neighboring jejunum and lymph node sites. Pancreas TRMs cluster with resident macrophages throughout the exocrine areas; TRM effector functions are enhanced by macrophage-derived co-stimulation and attenuated by the PD-1/PD-L1 pathways. Conversely, in samples from chronic pancreatitis, TRMs exhibit reduced PD-1 expression and reduced interactions with macrophages. These findings suggest important roles for PD-1 and TRM-macrophage interactions in controlling tissue homeostasis and immune dysfunctions underlying inflammatory disease, with important implications for PD-1-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart P Weisberg
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dustin J Carpenter
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael Chait
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Pranay Dogra
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Andrew X Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sean Campbell
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Pooja Saraf
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mark E Snyder
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 00132, USA
| | - Masaru Kubota
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nichole M Danzl
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Beth A Schrope
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yvonne Saenger
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 00132, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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197
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Woodward Davis AS, Roozen HN, Dufort MJ, DeBerg HA, Delaney MA, Mair F, Erickson JR, Slichter CK, Berkson JD, Klock AM, Mack M, Lwo Y, Ko A, Brand RM, McGowan I, Linsley PS, Dixon DR, Prlic M. The human tissue-resident CCR5 + T cell compartment maintains protective and functional properties during inflammation. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/521/eaaw8718. [PMID: 31801887 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw8718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CCR5 is thought to play a central role in orchestrating migration of cells in response to inflammation. CCR5 antagonists can reduce inflammatory disease processes, which has led to an increased interest in using CCR5 antagonists in a wide range of inflammation-driven diseases. Paradoxically, these antagonists appear to function without negatively affecting host immunity at barrier sites. We reasoned that the resolution to this paradox may lie in the CCR5+ T cell populations that permanently reside in tissues. We used a single-cell analysis approach to examine the human CCR5+ T cell compartment in the blood, healthy, and inflamed mucosal tissues to resolve these seemingly contradictory observations. We found that 65% of the CD4 tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cell compartment expressed CCR5. These CCR5+ TRM cells were enriched in and near the epithelial layer and not only limited to TH1-type cells but also contained a large TH17-producing and a stable regulatory T cell population. The CCR5+ TRM compartment was stably maintained even in inflamed tissues including the preservation of TH17 and regulatory T cell populations. Further, using tissues from the CHARM-03 clinical trial, we found that CCR5+ TRM are preserved in human mucosal tissue during treatment with the CCR5 antagonist Maraviroc. Our data suggest that the human CCR5+ TRM compartment is functionally and spatially equipped to maintain barrier immunity even in the absence of CCR5-mediated, de novo T cell recruitment from the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Woodward Davis
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hayley N Roozen
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Matthew J Dufort
- Systems Immunology Division, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Hannah A DeBerg
- Systems Immunology Division, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Martha A Delaney
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Florian Mair
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jami R Erickson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Chloe K Slichter
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Julia D Berkson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alexis M Klock
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yu Lwo
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Alexander Ko
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rhonda M Brand
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ian McGowan
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Orion Biotechnology, Ottawa, ON, K1S 1N4, Canada
| | - Peter S Linsley
- Systems Immunology Division, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Douglas R Dixon
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. .,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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198
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Agarwal Y, Beatty C, Ho S, Thurlow L, Das A, Kelly S, Castronova I, Salunke R, Biradar S, Yeshi T, Richardson A, Bility M. Development of humanized mouse and rat models with full-thickness human skin and autologous immune cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14598. [PMID: 32884084 PMCID: PMC7471691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71548-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human skin is a significant barrier for protection against pathogen transmission. Rodent models used to investigate human-specific pathogens that target the skin are generated by introducing human skin grafts to immunocompromised rodent strains. Infection-induced immunopathogenesis has been separately studied in humanized rodent models developed with human lymphoid tissue and hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Successful co-engraftment of human skin, autologous lymphoid tissues, and autologous immune cells in a rodent model has not yet been achieved, though it could provide a means of studying the human immune response to infection in the human skin. Here, we introduce the human Skin and Immune System (hSIS)-humanized NOD-scid IL2Rγnull (NSG) mouse and Sprague–Dawley-Rag2tm2hera Il2rγtm1hera (SRG) rat models, co-engrafted with human full-thickness fetal skin, autologous fetal lymphoid tissues, and autologous fetal liver-derived hematopoietic stem cells. hSIS-humanized rodents demonstrate the development of human full-thickness skin, along with autologous lymphoid tissues, and autologous immune cells. These models also support human skin infection following intradermal inoculation with community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The co-engraftment of these human skin and immune system components into a single humanized rodent model could provide a platform for studying human skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Agarwal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Cole Beatty
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Sara Ho
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Lance Thurlow
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Antu Das
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Samantha Kelly
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Isabella Castronova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Rajeev Salunke
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Shivkumar Biradar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | - Anthony Richardson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Moses Bility
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
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199
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Wang T, Shen Y, Luyten S, Yang Y, Jiang X. Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells in cancer immunology and immunotherapy. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104876. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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200
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Chen Y, Yan Y, Liu H, Qiu F, Liang CL, Zhang Q, Huang RY, Han L, Lu C, Dai Z. Dihydroartemisinin ameliorates psoriatic skin inflammation and its relapse by diminishing CD8 + T-cell memory in wild-type and humanized mice. Theranostics 2020; 10:10466-10482. [PMID: 32929360 PMCID: PMC7482806 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional immunosuppressants cause side effects and do not prevent the recurrence of autoimmune diseases. Moreover, they may not inhibit autoimmunity mediated by pathogenic memory T-cells. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) has been shown to regulate autoimmunity. However, it remains unknown whether DHA impacts psoriasis and its recurrence. The objective of this study was to determine therapeutic effects of DHA on psoriasis and its relapse as well as its underlying mechanisms. Methods: We established animal models of imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like wild-type mice and humanized NSG mice receiving lesional human skin from patients with psoriasis. Many immunoassays, including immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting, were performed. Results: We found that DHA not only ameliorated acute skin lesion of psoriatic mice, but also alleviated its recurrence by diminishing CD8+ central memory T (TCM) and CD8+ resident memory T (TRM) cells. It attenuated epidermal pathology and T-cell infiltration in the skin of IMQ-induced psoriatic mice while suppressing expression of IL-15, IL-17 and other proinflammatory cytokines in the skin. Surprisingly, DHA reduced the frequency and number of CD8+, but not CD4+, subset of CD44highCD62Lhigh TCM in psoriatic mice, whereas methotrexate (MTX) lowered CD4+, but not CD8+, TCM frequency and number. Indeed, DHA, but not MTX, downregulated eomesodermin (EOMES) and BCL-6 expression in CD8+ T-cells. Furthermore, DHA, but not MTX, reduced the presence of CD8+CLA+, CD8+CD69+ or CD8+CD103+ TRM cells in mouse skin. Interestingly, treatment with DHA, but not MTX, during the first onset of psoriasis largely prevented psoriasis relapse induced by low doses of IMQ two weeks later. Administration of recombinant IL-15 or CD8+, but not CD4+, TCM cells resulted in complete recurrence of psoriasis in mice previously treated with DHA. Finally, we demonstrated that DHA alleviated psoriatic human skin lesions in humanized NSG mice grafted with lesional skin from psoriatic patients while reducing human CD8+ TCM and CD103+ TRM cells in humanized mice. Conclusion: We have provided the first evidence that DHA is advantageous over MTX in preventing psoriasis relapse by reducing memory CD8+ T-cells.
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