151
|
An JP, Zhang XW, Bi SQ, You CX, Wang XF, Hao YJ. MdbHLH93, an apple activator regulating leaf senescence, is regulated by ABA and MdBT2 in antagonistic ways. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:735-751. [PMID: 30536977 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of leaf senescence in apple (Malus domestica) is still not fully understood. We used gene expression analysis and protein-protein interactions to decipher the relationships of abscisic acid (ABA) and two proteins, MdbHLH93 and MdBT2, in the senescence process. We found that MdbHLH93 promoted leaf senescence and the expression of senescence-related genes, which exhibited similar effects to ABA on leaf senescence. MdbHLH93 activated directly the transcription of MdSAG18. We also found that an ABA-responsive protein, MdBT2, interacted directly with MdbHLH93, and induced the ubiquitination and degradation of the MdbHLH93 protein, and thus delayed leaf senescence. Our findings provide new insights into the regulatory network of leaf senescence through the functional interactions among ABA, MdbHLH93 and MdBT2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Si-Qi Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-Jin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Tamary E, Nevo R, Naveh L, Levin‐Zaidman S, Kiss V, Savidor A, Levin Y, Eyal Y, Reich Z, Adam Z. Chlorophyll catabolism precedes changes in chloroplast structure and proteome during leaf senescence. PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00127. [PMID: 31245770 PMCID: PMC6508775 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The earliest visual changes of leaf senescence occur in the chloroplast as chlorophyll is degraded and photosynthesis declines. Yet, a comprehensive understanding of the sequence of catabolic events occurring in chloroplasts during natural leaf senescence is still missing. Here, we combined confocal and electron microscopy together with proteomics and biochemistry to follow structural and molecular changes during Arabidopsis leaf senescence. We observed that initiation of chlorophyll catabolism precedes other breakdown processes. Chloroplast size, stacking of thylakoids, and efficiency of PSII remain stable until late stages of senescence, whereas the number and size of plastoglobules increase. Unlike catabolic enzymes, whose level increase, the level of most proteins decreases during senescence, and chloroplast proteins are overrepresented among these. However, the rate of their disappearance is variable, mostly uncoordinated and independent of their inherent stability during earlier developmental stages. Unexpectedly, degradation of chlorophyll-binding proteins lags behind chlorophyll catabolism. Autophagy and vacuole proteins are retained at relatively high levels, highlighting the role of extra-plastidic degradation processes especially in late stages of senescence. The observation that chlorophyll catabolism precedes all other catabolic events may suggest that this process enables or signals further catabolic processes in chloroplasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Tamary
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in AgricultureThe Hebrew UniversityRehovotIsrael
| | - Reinat Nevo
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Leah Naveh
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in AgricultureThe Hebrew UniversityRehovotIsrael
| | - Smadar Levin‐Zaidman
- Department of Chemical Research SupportWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Vladimir Kiss
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Alon Savidor
- de Botton Institute for Protein ProfilingThe Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized MedicineWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Yishai Levin
- de Botton Institute for Protein ProfilingThe Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized MedicineWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Yoram Eyal
- Institute of Plant SciencesThe Volcani Center ARORishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Ziv Reich
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Zach Adam
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in AgricultureThe Hebrew UniversityRehovotIsrael
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Chen Y, Shimoda Y, Yokono M, Ito H, Tanaka A. Mg-dechelatase is involved in the formation of photosystem II but not in chlorophyll degradation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:1022-1031. [PMID: 30471153 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The STAY-GREEN (SGR) gene encodes Mg-dechelatase which catalyzes the conversion of chlorophyll (Chl) a to pheophytin (Pheo) a. This reaction is the first and most important regulatory step in the Chl degradation pathway. Conversely, Pheo a is an indispensable molecule in photosystem (PS) II, suggesting the involvement of SGR in the formation of PSII. To investigate the physiological functions of SGR, we isolated Chlamydomonas sgr mutants by screening an insertion-mutant library. The sgr mutants had reduced maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv /Fm ) and reduced Pheo a levels. These phenotypes were complemented by the introduction of the Chlamydomonas SGR gene. Blue Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting analysis showed that although PSII levels were reduced in the sgr mutants, PSI and light-harvesting Chl a/b complex levels were unaffected. Under nitrogen starvation conditions, Chl degradation proceeded in the sgr mutants as in the wild type, indicating that ChlamydomonasSGR is not required for Chl degradation and primarily contributes to the formation of PSII. In contrast, in the Arabidopsis sgr triple mutant (sgr1 sgr2 sgrL), which completely lacks SGR activity, PSII was synthesized normally. These results suggest that the Arabidopsis SGR participates in Chl degradation while the ChlamydomonasSGR participates in PSII formation despite having the same catalytic property.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Yousuke Shimoda
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Makio Yokono
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ito
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Ayumi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Hu B, Lai B, Wang D, Li J, Chen L, Qin Y, Wang H, Qin Y, Hu G, Zhao J. Three LcABFs are Involved in the Regulation of Chlorophyll Degradation and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis During Fruit Ripening in Litchi chinensis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:448-461. [PMID: 30407601 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
During litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit ripening, two major physiological changes, degreening (Chl degradation) and pigmentation (anthocyanin biosynthesis), are visually apparent. However, the specific factor triggering this important transition is still unclear. In the present study, we found that endogenous ABA content increased sharply when Chl breakdown was initiated and the ABA level peaked just before the onset of anthocyanin accumulation, suggesting that ABA plays an important role during litchi fruit pigmentation. We characterized three ABSCISIC ACID RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING FACTORs (LcABF1/2/3) belonging to group A of the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors previously shown to be involved in ABA signaling under abiotic stress. LcABF1 transcripts increased at the onset of Chl degradation, and the expression of LcABF3 accumulated in parallel with anthocyanin biosynthesis. In addition, dual luciferase and yeast one-hybrid assays indicated that LcABF1/2 recognized ABA-responsive elements in the promoter region of Chl degradation-related genes (PAO and SGR), while LcABF2/3 bound the promoter region of LcMYB1 and anthocyanin biosynthesis-related structural genes. Indeed, Nicotiana benthamiana leaves transiently expressing LcABF1/2 showed a senescence phenomenon with Chl degradation, and LcABF3 overexpression increased the accumulation of anthocyanin via activation of LcMYB1, which is the key determinant of anthocyanin biosynthesis. These data indicate that LcABF1/2/3 are important transcriptional regulators of ABA-dependent litchi fruit ripening involved in both Chl degradation and anthocyanin biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biao Lai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linhuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqi Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huicong Wang
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonghua Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guibing Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jietang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Li D, Zhang X, Li L, Aghdam MS, Wei X, Liu J, Xu Y, Luo Z. Elevated CO 2 delayed the chlorophyll degradation and anthocyanin accumulation in postharvest strawberry fruit. Food Chem 2019; 285:163-170. [PMID: 30797331 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Colour is an important quality attribute for the consumer's acceptability of fruit. Elevated CO2 was applied to strawberry fruit to explore its influence on chlorophyll catabolism and anthocyanin synthesis. The results showed that 20% CO2 delayed the changes of a* and b* values in strawberry fruit. The degradation of chlorophyll was delayed in CO2 treated fruit by inhibiting the activities of chlorophyllase and down-regulating the expression of FaChl b reductase, FaPAO and FaRCCR. In addition, lower concentration of anthocyanins and lower activity of PAL, C4H, 4CL and CHS were recorded under the effect of 20% CO2. Meanwhile, qRT-PCR analysis showed that 13 genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway and the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were also down-regulated under CO2 stress. However, no residual effect on pigment metabolism was observed when elevated CO2 was removed. Our study provided new insights into the regulation of elevated CO2 in the role of pigment metabolism in postharvest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochen Zhang
- Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Xianxue Wei
- Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqun Xu
- Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Zisheng Luo
- Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Gorelova O, Baulina O, Ismagulova T, Kokabi K, Lobakova E, Selyakh I, Semenova L, Chivkunova O, Karpova O, Scherbakov P, Khozin-Goldberg I, Solovchenko A. Stress-induced changes in the ultrastructure of the photosynthetic apparatus of green microalgae. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:261-277. [PMID: 30083788 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In photosynthetic organisms including unicellular algae, acclimation to and damage by environmental stresses are readily apparent at the level of the photosynthetic apparatus. Phenotypic manifestations of the stress responses include rapid and dramatic reduction of photosynthetic activity and pigment content aimed at mitigating the risk of photooxidative damage. Although the physiological and molecular mechanisms of these events are well known, the ultrastructural picture of the stress responses is often elusive and frequently controversial. We analyzed an extensive set of transmission electron microscopy images of the microalgal cells obtained across species of Chlorophyta and in a wide range of growth conditions. The results of the analysis allowed us to pinpoint distinct ultrastructural changes typical of normal functioning and emergency reduction of the chloroplast membrane system under high light exposure and/or mineral nutrient starvation. We demonstrate the patterns of the stress-related ultrastructural changes including peculiar thylakoid rearrangements and autophagy-like processes and provide an outlook on their significance for implementation of the stress responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gorelova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Olga Baulina
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Tatiana Ismagulova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Kamilya Kokabi
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology for Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, 8499000, Midreshet Ben Gurion, Israel
| | - Elena Lobakova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Irina Selyakh
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Larisa Semenova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Olga Chivkunova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Olga Karpova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Pavel Scherbakov
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology for Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, 8499000, Midreshet Ben Gurion, Israel
| | - Alexei Solovchenko
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, 117198, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Ploschuk RA, Miralles DJ, Colmer TD, Ploschuk EL, Striker GG. Waterlogging of Winter Crops at Early and Late Stages: Impacts on Leaf Physiology, Growth and Yield. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1863. [PMID: 30619425 PMCID: PMC6306497 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Waterlogging is expected to increase as a consequence of global climate change, constraining crop production in various parts of the world. This study assessed tolerance to 14-days of early- or late-stage waterlogging of the major winter crops wheat, barley, rapeseed and field pea. Aerenchyma formation in adventitious roots, leaf physiological parameters (net photosynthesis, stomatal and mesophyll conductances, chlorophyll fluorescence), shoot and root growth during and after waterlogging, and seed production were evaluated. Wheat produced adventitious roots with 20-22% of aerenchyma, photosynthesis was maintained during waterlogging, and seed production was 86 and 71% of controls for early- and late-waterlogging events. In barley and rapeseed, plants were less affected by early- than by late-waterlogging. Barley adventitious roots contained 19% aerenchyma, whereas rapeseed did not form aerenchyma. In barley, photosynthesis was reduced during early-waterlogging mainly by stomatal limitations, and by non-stomatal constraints (lower mesophyll conductance and damage to photosynthetic apparatus as revealed by chlorophyll fluorescence) during late-waterlogging. In rapeseed, photosynthesis was mostly reduced by non-stomatal limitations during early- and late-waterlogging, which also impacted shoot and root growth. Early-waterlogged plants of both barley and rapeseed were able to recover in growth upon drainage, and seed production reached ca. 79-85% of the controls, while late-waterlogged plants only attained 26-32% in seed production. Field pea showed no ability to develop root aerenchyma when waterlogged, and its photosynthesis (and stomatal and mesophyll conductances) was rapidly decreased by the stress. Consequently, waterlogging drastically reduced field pea seed production to 6% of controls both at early- and late-stages with plants being unable to resume growth upon drainage. In conclusion, wheat generates a set of adaptive responses to withstand 14 days of waterlogging, barley and rapeseed can still produce significant yield if transiently waterlogged during early plant stages but are more adversely impacted at the late stage, and field pea is not suitable for areas prone to waterlogging events of 14 days at either growth stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Julio Miralles
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Timothy David Colmer
- Faculty of Science, School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Edmundo Leonardo Ploschuk
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Cultivos Industriales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Gabriel Striker
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Faculty of Science, School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
INDRASTI DIAS, ANDARWULAN NURI, PURNOMO EKOHARI, WULANDARI NUR. Stability of Chlorophyll as Natural Colorant: A Review for Suji (Dracaena angustifolia (Medik.) Roxb.) Leaves’ Case. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.12944/crnfsj.6.3.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Suji (Dracaena angustifolia (Medik.) Roxb.) leaves are famous chlorophyll source used as food colorant in Indonesia and other south-east Asian countries. Its chlorophyll has unique characteristics which can degrade through enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions. This article summarizes traditional application of Suji leaves, the characteristics of Suji leaf chlorophyll, postharvest stability, and several ways to retain its green color. Potential development of Suji leaf extract as food colorant or food ingredients are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- DIAS INDRASTI
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16002, Indonesia
| | - NURI ANDARWULAN
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16002, Indonesia
| | - EKO HARI PURNOMO
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16002, Indonesia
| | - NUR WULANDARI
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16002, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Ding F, Wang M, Zhang S. Sedoheptulose-1,7-Bisphosphatase is Involved in Methyl Jasmonate- and Dark-Induced Leaf Senescence in Tomato Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3673. [PMID: 30463360 PMCID: PMC6275076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf senescence represents the final stage of leaf development and is regulated by diverse internal and environmental factors. Jasmonates (JAs) have been demonstrated to induce leaf senescence in several species; however, the mechanisms of JA-induced leaf senescence remain largely unknown in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (SBPase), an enzyme functioning in the photosynthetic carbon fixation in the Calvin⁻Benson cycle, was involved in methyl jasmonate (MeJA)- and dark-induced leaf senescence in tomato plants. We found that MeJA and dark induced senescence in detached tomato leaves and concomitantly downregulated the expression of SlSBPASE and reduced SBPase activity. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9)-mediated mutagenesis of SlSBPASE led to senescence-associated characteristics in slsbpase mutant plants, including loss of chlorophyll, repressed photosynthesis, increased membrane ion leakage, and enhanced transcript abundance of senescence-associated genes. Collectively, our data suggest that repression of SBPase by MeJA and dark treatment plays a role in JA- and dark-induced leaf senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ding
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Meiling Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Shuoxin Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Yuan X, Sun W, Zou X, Liu B, Huang W, Chen Z, Li Y, Qiu MY, Liu ZJ, Mao Y, Zou SQ. Sequencing of Euscaphis konishii Endocarp Transcriptome Points to Molecular Mechanisms of Endocarp Coloration. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103209. [PMID: 30336592 PMCID: PMC6214000 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flower and fruit colors are of vital importance to the ecology and economic market value of plants. The mechanisms of flower and fruit coloration have been well studied, especially among ornamental flower plants and cultivated fruits. As people pay more attention to exocarp coloration, the endocarp coloration in some species has often been ignored. Here, we report on the molecular mechanism of endocarp coloration in three development stages of Euscaphis konishii. The results show that endocarp reddening is closely related to anthocyanin accumulation, and a total of 86,120 unigenes were assembled, with a mean length of 893 bp (N50 length of 1642 bp). We identified a large number of differentially expressed genes associated with endocarp coloration, including anthocyanin biosynthesis, carotenoid biosynthesis, and chlorophyll breakdown. The genes participating in each step of the anthocyanin biosynthesis were found in the transcriptome dataset, but a few genes were found in the carotenoid biosynthesis and chlorophyll breakdown. In addition, the candidate R2R3-MYB transcription factors and candidate glutathione S-transferase transport genes, which likely regulate the anthocyanin biosynthesis, were identified. This study offers a platform for E. konishii functional genomic research and provides a reference for revealing the regulatory mechanisms of endocarp reddening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Yuan
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Colleage of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Weihong Sun
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Colleage of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xiaoxing Zou
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Bobin Liu
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zeming Chen
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yanlei Li
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Meng-Yuan Qiu
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Colleage of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yanling Mao
- Co-Innovation Center for Soil and Water Conservation in Red Soil Region of the Cross-Straits, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Shuang-Quan Zou
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Colleage of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Soil and Water Conservation in Red Soil Region of the Cross-Straits, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Das A, Christ B, Hörtensteiner S. Characterization of the pheophorbide a oxygenase/phyllobilin pathway of chlorophyll breakdown in grasses. PLANTA 2018; 248:875-892. [PMID: 29951845 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2946-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the PAO/phyllobilin pathway of chlorophyll breakdown is active in grass leaf senescence, the abundance of phyllobilins is far below the amount of degraded chlorophyll. The yellowing of fully developed leaves is the most prominent visual symptom of plant senescence. Thereby, chlorophyll is degraded via the so-called pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO)/phyllobilin pathway to a species-specific set of phyllobilins, linear tetrapyrrolic products of chlorophyll breakdown. Here, we investigated the diversity and abundance of phyllobilins in cereal and forage crops, i.e. barley, rice, ryegrass, sorghum and wheat, using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of thirteen phyllobilins were identified, among them four novel, not yet described ones, pointing to a rather high diversity of phyllobilin-modifying activities present in the Gramineae. Along with these phyllobilins, barley orthologs of known Arabidopsis thaliana chlorophyll catabolic enzymes were demonstrated to localize in the chloroplast, and two of them, i.e. PAO and pheophytin pheophorbide hydrolase, complemented respective Arabidopsis mutants. These data confirm functionality of the PAO/phyllobilin pathway in grasses. Interestingly, when comparing phyllobilin abundance with amounts of degraded chlorophyll in senescent leaves, in most analyzed grass species only minor fractions of chlorophyll were recovered as phyllobilins, opposite to A. thaliana where phyllobilin quantities match degraded chlorophyll rather well. These data show that, despite the presence and activity of the PAO/phyllobilin pathway in barley (and other cereals), phyllobilins do not accumulate stoichiometrically, implying possible degradation of chlorophyll beyond the phyllobilin level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Das
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Christ
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
- Whitehead Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Shah K, Amin NU, Ahmad I, Ara G. Impact assessment of leaf pigments in selected landscape plants exposed to roadside dust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:23055-23073. [PMID: 29860685 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Continuous addition of undesired effluents to the environment affects foliar surface of leaf, changes their morphology, stomata, photosynthetic pigments, and biochemical constituents which result in massive damage due to persistent nature of the pollutant. In persistent hostile environment, plants fail to grow and develop, and the effects are often extensive. In current study, landscape plants were exposed to different levels of road dust to analyze the effect on various photosynthetic pigments. Dry roadside sediments were collected through a vacuum pump and passed through filters to get fine particles less than 100 μm and sprinkled on Euphorbia milii (EM), Gardenia jasminoides (GJ), and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (HRs) by using a hand pump, twice daily at T1 (control), T2, T3, and T4 (0, 2, 4, and 6 g/plant, respectively) for a period of 3 months in green house. Road sediment significantly reduces leaf pigments in landscape plants population and the effects were more severe in high level of dust deposition. Individual response of EM, GJ, and HRs to different levels of road dust was variable; however, road sediment significantly reduces leaf pigments at high dose of roadside dust deposition. EM plants exposed to 2 g/plant roadside dust showed higher chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, chlorophyllide-b, and polar carotenoid contents as compared to GJ and HRs. Leaf chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, and polar carotenoid contents of EM were higher than GJ and HRs in T3 and T4 treatments. However HRs showed significantly higher protochlorophyllide, chlorophyllide-a, and pheophytin-b contents of leaf in T4 group. EM was found as tolerant landscape plant followed by HRs. GJ was most vulnerable to road dust stress. Present study concludes that the entire biosynthesis of leaf pigments is in chain and interlinked together where effect of road dust on one pigment influences other pigments and their derivatives. Salient features of the present study provide useful evidence to estimate roadside dust as a major risk factor for plant pigments, and plants in green belt along roadside suffer retarded growth and fail to establish and develop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Shah
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan.
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Noor Ul Amin
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Imran Ahmad
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Gulshan Ara
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Zhang Y, Liu Z, Wang X, Wang J, Fan K, Li Z, Lin W. DELLA proteins negatively regulate dark-induced senescence and chlorophyll degradation in Arabidopsis through interaction with the transcription factor WRKY6. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:981-992. [PMID: 29574486 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2282-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
DELLA proteins' negative regulation of dark-induced senescence and chlorophyll degradation in Arabidopsis is through interaction with WRKY6 and thus repression of its transcriptional activities on senescence-related genes. Senescence is an intricate and highly orchestrated process regulated by numerous endogenous and environmental signals. Gibberellins (GAs) and their signaling components DELLA proteins have been known to participate in the regulation of senescence. However, the mechanism of the GA-DELLA system involved in the senescence process remains largely unclear. Darkness is a known environmental factor that induces plant senescence. In this study, exogenous GA3 (an active form of GA) accelerated but paclobutrazol (a specific GA biosynthesis inhibitor) retarded dark-induced leaf yellowing in Arabidopsis. Moreover, the dark-triggered decrease in chlorophyll content, increase in cell membrane leakage, and upregulation of senescence-associated genes were notably impaired in both endogenous GA-decreased mutants ga3ox1/ga3ox2 and ga20ox1/ga20ox2 compared with those in wild-type Col-0. These effects of darkness were enhanced in the quintuple mutant of DELLA genes gai-t6/rga-t2/rgl1-1/rgl2-1/rgl3-1 and conversely attenuated in the gain-of-function mutant gai and transgenic plant 35S::TAP-RGAd17 compared with wild-type Ler. Subsequently, RGA interacted with the transcription factor WRKY6 in a yeast two-hybrid assay, as confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation and pull-down analyses. In addition, mutation and overexpression of WRKY6 retarded and accelerated dark-induced senescence, respectively. Furthermore, transient expression assays in Arabidopsis protoplasts indicated that RGA and GAI weakened the transcriptional activities of WRKY6 on its downstream senescence-related genes, including SAG13 and SGR. Taken together, these results suggest that GAs positively and DELLAs negatively regulate dark-induced senescence and chlorophyll degradation in Arabidopsis. DELLAs function in this process, at least in part, by interacting with WRKY6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province Universities, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhongjuan Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province Universities, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Fan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province Universities, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaowei Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province Universities, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Zhang Y, Li Z, Tu Y, Cheng W, Yang Y. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) SlIPT4, encoding an isopentenyltransferase, is involved in leaf senescence and lycopene biosynthesis during fruit ripening. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:107. [PMID: 29866038 PMCID: PMC5987576 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lycopene is an important carotenoid pigment in red fruits and vegetables, especially in tomato. Although lycopene biosynthesis and catabolism have been found to be regulated by multiple factors including phytohormones, little is known about their regulatory mechanism. Cytokinins are crucial to various aspects of plant growth. Isopentenyltransferases (IPTs) catalyze the initial rate-limiting step of cytokinins biosynthesis, however, their roles in fruit ripening remain unclear. RESULTS Here, the functions of SlIPT4, encoding an isopentenyltransferase, were characterized via RNAi-mediated gene silencing in tomato. As we expected, silencing of SlIPT4 expression resulted in accelerated leaf senescence. However, down-expression of SlIPT4 generated never-red orange fruits, corresponding with a dramatic reduction of lycopene. Among lycopene biosynthesis-related genes, the fact of remarkable decrease of ZISO transcript and upregulation of other genes, revealed that SlIPT4 regulates positively lycopene biosynthesis via directly affecting ZISO expression, and also supported the existence of regulatory loops in lycopene biosynthesis pathway. Meanwhile, the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) was reduced and the transcripts PSY1 were increased in SlIPT4-RNAi fruits, supporting the feedback regulation between ABA and lycopene biosynthesis. CONCLUSION The study revealed the crucial roles of SlIPT4 in leaf senescence and the regulatory network of lycopene biosynthesis in tomato, providing a new light on the lycopene biosynthesis and fruit ripening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Yun Tu
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Wenjing Cheng
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Yingwu Yang
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Liang B, Gao T, Zhao Q, Ma C, Chen Q, Wei Z, Li C, Li C, Ma F. Effects of Exogenous Dopamine on the Uptake, Transport, and Resorption of Apple Ionome Under Moderate Drought. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:755. [PMID: 29922323 PMCID: PMC5996283 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The frequency and intensity of water deficits is expected to increase because of global warming. Drought stress is often one of the most limiting factors for plant growth. We conducted greenhouse pot experiments to address how dopamine affects the drought-resistance traits of apple trees at the physiological and molecular levels. Our factorial design consisted of dopamine and no-dopamine applications combined with well-watered and moderate-drought conditions. Seedling biomass, photosynthesis rates, chlorophyll concentrations, and stomatal apertures were markedly reduced under stress but dopamine treatment mitigated the inhibiting effects of drought on plant growth and helped maintain strong photosynthesis, chlorophyll levels, and stomatal functioning. Concentrations of most macro-, micro-, and trace elements decreased in response to drought. This stress also diminished the uptake and transport of elements in the leaves and stems, but increased the partitioning of elements in the roots. Nutrient resorption proficiency decreased while nutrient resorption efficiency increased for most analyzed elements. Exogenous dopamine significantly increased the concentrations, uptake, and transport of nutrients under drought stress, and also altered their distribution within the whole plant. However, this molecule had a negative effect on nutrient resorption. Although transcript levels of a key chlorophyll degradation gene, pheide a oxygenase, and senescence-associate gene 12 were elevated upon drought treatment, dopamine significantly suppressed the upregulation of those genes under such stress conditions. These observations indicate that dopamine has an important anti-senescence effect that might be helpful for regulating nutrient uptake, transport, and resorption, and ultimately influencing overall plant growth. Thus, understanding the role of dopamine in drought tolerance introduces new possibilities to use this compound for agricultural purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Kamranfar I, Xue GP, Tohge T, Sedaghatmehr M, Fernie AR, Balazadeh S, Mueller-Roeber B. Transcription factor RD26 is a key regulator of metabolic reprogramming during dark-induced senescence. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:1543-1557. [PMID: 29659022 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a key process in plants that culminates in the degradation of cellular constituents and massive reprogramming of metabolism for the recovery of nutrients from aged leaves for their reuse in newly developing sinks. We used molecular-biological and metabolomics approaches to identify NAC transcription factor (TF) RD26 as an important regulator of metabolic reprogramming in Arabidopsis thaliana. RD26 directly activates CHLOROPLAST VESICULATION (CV), encoding a protein crucial for chloroplast protein degradation, concomitant with an enhanced protein loss in RD26 overexpressors during senescence, but a reduced decline of protein in rd26 knockout mutants. RD26 also directly activates LKR/SDH involved in lysine catabolism, and PES1 important for phytol degradation. Metabolic profiling revealed reduced γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in RD26 overexpressors, accompanied by the induction of respective catabolic genes. Degradation of lysine, phytol and GABA is instrumental for maintaining mitochondrial respiration in carbon-limiting conditions during senescence. RD26 also supports the degradation of starch and the accumulation of mono- and disaccharides during senescence by directly enhancing the expression of AMY1, SFP1 and SWEET15 involved in carbohydrate metabolism and transport. Collectively, during senescence RD26 acts by controlling the expression of genes across the entire spectrum of the cellular degradation hierarchy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iman Kamranfar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Gang-Ping Xue
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food Flagship, St Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mastoureh Sedaghatmehr
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Salma Balazadeh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Wu H, Shi N, An X, Liu C, Fu H, Cao L, Feng Y, Sun D, Zhang L. Candidate Genes for Yellow Leaf Color in Common Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and Major Related Metabolic Pathways according to Transcriptome Profiling. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061594. [PMID: 29843474 PMCID: PMC6032196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The photosynthetic capacity and efficiency of a crop depends on the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments and chloroplast development. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of chloroplast development and chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthesis in common wheat because of its huge and complex genome. Ygm, a spontaneous yellow-green leaf color mutant of winter wheat, exhibits reduced Chl contents and abnormal chloroplast development. Thus, we searched for candidate genes associated with this phenotype. Comparative transcriptome profiling was performed using leaves from the yellow leaf color type (Y) and normal green color type (G) of the Ygm mutant progeny. We identified 1227 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Y compared with G (i.e., 689 upregulated genes and 538 downregulated genes). Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses indicated that the DEGs were involved in Chl biosynthesis (i.e., magnesium chelatase subunit H (CHLH) and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) genes), carotenoid biosynthesis (i.e., β-carotene hydroxylase (BCH) genes), photosynthesis, and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms. We also identified heat shock protein (HSP) genes (sHSP, HSP70, HSP90, and DnaJ) and heat shock transcription factor genes that might have vital roles in chloroplast development. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of the relevant DEGs confirmed the RNA-Seq results. Moreover, measurements of seven intermediate products involved in Chl biosynthesis and five carotenoid compounds involved in carotenoid-xanthophyll biosynthesis confirmed that CHLH and BCH are vital enzymes for the unusual leaf color phenotype in Y type. These results provide insights into leaf color variation in wheat at the transcriptional level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Wu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Narong Shi
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xuyao An
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Cong Liu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Hongfei Fu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Li Cao
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yi Feng
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Daojie Sun
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Lingli Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Abstract
Increases in ambient temperatures have been a severe threat to crop production in many countries around the world under climate change. Chloroplasts serve as metabolic centers and play a key role in physiological adaptive processes to heat stress. In addition to expressing heat shock proteins that protect proteins from heat-induced damage, metabolic reprogramming occurs during adaptive physiological processes in chloroplasts. Heat stress leads to inhibition of plant photosynthetic activity by damaging key components functioning in a variety of metabolic processes, with concomitant reductions in biomass production and crop yield. In this review article, we will focus on events through extensive and transient metabolic reprogramming in response to heat stress, which included chlorophyll breakdown, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant defense, protein turnover, and metabolic alterations with carbon assimilation. Such diverse metabolic reprogramming in chloroplasts is required for systemic acquired acclimation to heat stress in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Long Wang
- The National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Juan-Hua Chen
- The National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Ning-Yu He
- The National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Fang-Qing Guo
- The National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Kuai B, Chen J, Hörtensteiner S. The biochemistry and molecular biology of chlorophyll breakdown. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:751-767. [PMID: 28992212 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll breakdown is one of the most obvious signs of leaf senescence and fruit ripening. The resulting yellowing of leaves can be observed every autumn, and the color change of fruits indicates their ripening state. During these processes, chlorophyll is broken down in a multistep pathway, now termed the 'PAO/phyllobilin' pathway, acknowledging the core enzymatic breakdown step catalysed by pheophorbide a oxygenase, which determines the basic linear tetrapyrrole structure of the products of breakdown that are now called 'phyllobilins'. This review provides an update on the PAO/phyllobilin pathway, and focuses on recent biochemical and molecular progress in understanding phyllobilin-modifying reactions as the basis for phyllobilin diversity, on the evolutionary diversity of the pathway, and on the transcriptional regulation of the pathway genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benke Kuai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wei H, Li N, Tian W, Chong K, Wang L. Circadian Evening Complex Represses Jasmonate-Induced Leaf Senescence in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:326-337. [PMID: 29306046 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants initiate leaf senescence to reallocate energy and nutrients from aging to developing tissues for optimizing growth fitness and reproduction at the end of the growing season or under stress. Jasmonate (JA), a lipid-derived phytohormone, is known as an important endogenous signal in inducing leaf senescence. However, whether and how the circadian clock gates JA signaling to induce leaf senescence in plants remains elusive. In this study, we show that Evening Complex (EC), a core component of the circadian oscillator, negatively regulates leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. Transcriptomic profiling analysis reveals that EC is closely involved in JA signaling and response, consistent with accelerated leaf senescence unanimously displayed by EC mutants upon JA induction. We found that EC directly binds the promoter of MYC2, which encodes a key activator of JA-induced leaf senescence, and represses its expression. Genetic analysis further demonstrated that the accelerated JA-induced leaf senescence in EC mutants is abrogated by myc2 myc3 myc4 triple mutation. Collectively, these results reveal a critical molecular mechanism illustrating how the core component of the circadian clock gates JA signaling to regulate leaf senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hua Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenwen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kang Chong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Yang LY, Yang SL, Li JY, Ma JH, Pang T, Zou CM, He B, Gong M. Effects of different growth temperatures on growth, development, and plastid pigments metabolism of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2018; 59:5. [PMID: 29404808 PMCID: PMC5799153 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-018-0221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temperature remarkably affects the growth and metabolism of plants. Tobacco is an important cash crop, and the long-term effects of different growth temperatures (18.5, 23.5 and 28.5 °C, daily average) on growth, development and plastid pigments metabolism of tobacco plants were investigated in this study. RESULTS Compared with tobacco plants grown under 23.5 °C, treatments with 18.5 and 28.5 °C inhibited the expansion of leaves. The contents of superoxide anion (O 2·- ), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malonaldehyde (MDA) in the leaves were significantly increased under 28.5 °C from 0 to 60 days, which in turn accelerated the flowering and senescence of tobacco plants. By contrast, the treatment with 18.5 °C remarkably decreased O 2.- , H2O2 and MDA, and delayed the flowering and senescence. Furthermore, treatment with 18.5 °C significantly up-regulated the expression of glutamyl-tRNA reductase (Glu-TR) and magnesium chelatase (MgCH), and down-regulated the ferri chelatase (FeCH), protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase, chlorophyllase (CHLase), phaeophorbide a monooxygenase (PaO) and phytoene synthase (PSY), which further promoted the accumulation of chlorophyll (Chls) and reduced the carotenoids (Cars) in leaves. On the contrary, exposing to 28.5 °C remarkably down-regulated the Glu-TR and MgCH, and up-regulated the FeCH, CHLase, PaO and PSY, which in turn decreased the Chls and increased the Cars in tobacco leaves. CONCLUSION As compared with the plants grown under 23.5 °C, lower (18.5 °C) and higher (28.5 °C) growth temperature inhibited the growth of tobacco plants. In general, treatment with 28.5 °C accelerated the flowering and senescence of tobacco plants by enhancing the accumulation of O 2.- and H2O2 in leaves, while exposing to 18.5 °C had the opposite effects. Treatment with 18.5 °C increased the content of Chls and reduced the Cars in leaves. In contrast, Treatment with 28.5 °C decreased the Chls and increased the Cars. Moreover, both O 2.- and H2O2 took part in the breakdown of Chls in tobacco leaves to some extent. The results suggest that growth temperature could regulate growth, development, and plastid pigments metabolism, and 23.5 °C could be an optimal temperature for growth, development and metabolism of plastid pigments of tobacco plants under the experimental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yun Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuang Long Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Ying Li
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650031 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Hong Ma
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650031 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Pang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650031 People’s Republic of China
| | - Cong Ming Zou
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650031 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin He
- Yunnan Tobacco Leaf Company, Kunming, 650218 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Gong
- School of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Yoshikawa Y, Murakami T, Katayanagi Y, Yasui K, Ohgo Y, Imai S, Ohashi N. Green Soybean Extract Ameliorates Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Green-mature soybean ( Glycine max) extract (GSE) inhibits the progression of immunoglobulin E-mediated inflammation more than the ordinary yellow-pigmented soybean extract (YSE). The inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production by GSE in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells has been found to be lower than that by YSE. However, this inhibitory ability became markedly pronounced by visible light irradiation. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of GSE and visible light-irradiated GSE (L-GSE) on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, immunoglobulin E-independent inflammation, and assessed whether light irradiation affects their anti-inflammatory properties. The severity of DSS-induced colitis was moderated by the ingestion of any of the soybean extracts, and L-GSE was the most effective in moderating the progression in colitis. GSE and L-GSE, except for YSE, inhibited the mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokine in mice colons. All soybean extracts suppressed the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), whereas GSE and L-GSE also inhibited the expression of the iNOS protein in the early phase of colitis. These results suggest that GSE is likely to suppress NO production, unlike in vitro results. Unfortunately, a significant difference in the anti-inflammation ability of GSE and L-GSE was not observed in the DSS-induced colitis mice. However, GSE and L-GSE are likely to become new candidate agents for the inhibition of inflammation and excessive NO production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Yoshikawa
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Takuya Murakami
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuki Katayanagi
- Health Care Research Center, Nissin Pharma Inc., Fujimino, Saitama 356-8511, Japan
| | - Kensuke Yasui
- Health Care Research Center, Nissin Pharma Inc., Fujimino, Saitama 356-8511, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ohgo
- Health Care Research Center, Nissin Pharma Inc., Fujimino, Saitama 356-8511, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Imai
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Norio Ohashi
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
The Impact of Tourist Traffic on the Condition and Cell Structures of Alpine Swards. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
174
|
Barton KA, Wozny MR, Mathur N, Jaipargas EA, Mathur J. Chloroplast behaviour and interactions with other organelles in Arabidopsis thaliana pavement cells. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.202275. [PMID: 28320821 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.202275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloroplasts are a characteristic feature of green plants. Mesophyll cells possess the majority of chloroplasts and it is widely believed that, with the exception of guard cells, the epidermal layer in most higher plants does not contain chloroplasts. However, recent observations on Arabidopsis thaliana have shown a population of chloroplasts in pavement cells that are smaller than mesophyll chloroplasts and have a high stroma to grana ratio. Here, using stable transgenic lines expressing fluorescent proteins targeted to the plastid stroma, plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, tonoplast, nucleus, mitochondria, peroxisomes, F-actin and microtubules, we characterize the spatiotemporal relationships between the pavement cell chloroplasts (PCCs) and their subcellular environment. Observations on the PCCs suggest a source-sink relationship between the epidermal and the mesophyll layers, and experiments with the Arabidopsis mutants glabra2 (gl2) and immutans (im), which show altered epidermal plastid development, underscored their developmental plasticity. Our findings lay down the foundation for further investigations aimed at understanding the precise role and contributions of PCCs in plant interactions with the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiah A Barton
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Michael R Wozny
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Neeta Mathur
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Erica-Ashley Jaipargas
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Jaideep Mathur
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Fritsche S, Wang X, Jung C. Recent Advances in our Understanding of Tocopherol Biosynthesis in Plants: An Overview of Key Genes, Functions, and Breeding of Vitamin E Improved Crops. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:E99. [PMID: 29194404 PMCID: PMC5745509 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6040099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tocopherols, together with tocotrienols and plastochromanols belong to a group of lipophilic compounds also called tocochromanols or vitamin E. Considered to be one of the most powerful antioxidants, tocochromanols are solely synthesized by photosynthetic organisms including plants, algae, and cyanobacteria and, therefore, are an essential component in the human diet. Tocochromanols potent antioxidative properties are due to their ability to interact with polyunsaturated acyl groups and scavenge lipid peroxyl radicals and quench reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus protecting fatty acids from lipid peroxidation. In the plant model species Arabidopsis thaliana, the required genes for tocopherol biosynthesis and functional roles of tocopherols were elucidated in mutant and transgenic plants. Recent research efforts have led to new outcomes for the vitamin E biosynthetic and related pathways, and new possible alternatives for the biofortification of important crops have been suggested. Here, we review 30 years of research on tocopherols in model and crop species, with emphasis on the improvement of vitamin E content using transgenic approaches and classical breeding. We will discuss future prospects to further improve the nutritional value of our food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Fritsche
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Xingxing Wang
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Christian Jung
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Li Z, Wu S, Chen J, Wang X, Gao J, Ren G, Kuai B. NYEs/SGRs-mediated chlorophyll degradation is critical for detoxification during seed maturation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:650-661. [PMID: 28873256 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In the seed industry, chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence is often used as a major non-invasive reporter of seed maturation and quality. Breakdown of Chl is a proactive process during the late stage of seed maturation, as well as during leaf senescence and fruit ripening. However, the biological significance of this process is still unclear. NYE1 and NYE2 are Mg-dechelatases, catalyzing the first rate-limiting step of Chl a degradation. Loss-of-function of both NYE1 and NYE2 not only results in a nearly complete retention of Chl during leaf senescence, but also produces green seeds in Arabidopsis. In this study, we showed that Chl retention in the nye1 nye2 double-mutant caused severe photo-damage to maturing seeds. Upon prolonged light exposure, green seeds of nye1 nye2 gradually bleached out and eventually lost their germination capacity. This organ-specific photosensitive phenotype is likely due to an over-accumulation of free Chl, which possesses photosensitizing properties and causes a burst of reactive oxygen species upon light exposure. As expected, a similar, albeit much milder, photosensitive phenotype was observed in the seeds of d1 d2, a green-seed mutant defective in NYE/SGR orthologous genes in soybean. Taken together, our data suggest that efficient NYEs-mediated Chl degradation is critical for detoxification during seed maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Shouxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jiong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Guodong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Benke Kuai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Rydzyński D, Piotrowicz-Cieślak AI, Grajek H, Michalczyk DJ. Instability of chlorophyll in yellow lupin seedlings grown in soil contaminated with ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:62-73. [PMID: 28578197 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With increasing soil concentrations of ciprofloxacin and tetracycline a decrease of leaf chlorophyll content was observed. Tetracycline was more detrimental than ciprofloxacin. The chlorophyll content in plants growing for ten days on a tetracycline containing soil decreased by 68%. The decrease of chlorophyll concentration was even sharper in new leaves that formed after application of the antibiotic (up to 81% drop). The comparison of absorption spectra of commercial, reagent grade chlorophyll, alone and incubated with antibiotics, has shown that ciprofloxacin and tetracycline can react directly with chlorophyll and decrease its concentration by 47.7% and 48.5%, respectively. The changes in fluorescence spectra confirmed the formation of chlorophyll degradation product. The chlorophyll decay was a second order reaction and depended on antibiotic concentration and duration of exposure. Reaction rate constants differed with antibiotics and their soil concentrations. With increasing contents of antibiotics in soil the constant of chlorophyll degradation rate in lupin plants increased from k = 870 M-1day-1 for 3 mg ciprofloxacin to k = 2490 M-1day-1 for 90 mg ciprofloxacin, and in the case of tetracycline the reaction rate constant increased from k = 1330 M-1day-1 to k = 2910 M-1day-1. The sensitivity of chlorophyll to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline was confirmed by determining EC and TU indices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Rydzyński
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland; Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agnieszka I Piotrowicz-Cieślak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Hanna Grajek
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dariusz J Michalczyk
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Liang B, Li C, Ma C, Wei Z, Wang Q, Huang D, Chen Q, Li C, Ma F. Dopamine alleviates nutrient deficiency-induced stress in Malus hupehensis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 119:346-359. [PMID: 28945999 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine mediates many physiological processes in plants. We investigated its role in regulating growth, root system architecture, nutrient uptake, and responses to nutrient deficiencies in Malus hupehensis Rehd. Under a nutrient deficiency, plants showed significant reductions in growth, chlorophyll concentrations, and net photosynthesis, along with disruptions in nutrient uptake, transport, and distribution. However, pretreatment with 100 μM dopamine markedly alleviated such inhibitions. Supplementation with that compound enabled plants to maintain their photosynthetic capacity and development of the root system while promoting the uptake of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and B, altering the way in which those nutrients were partitioned throughout the plant. The addition of dopamine up-regulated genes for antioxidant enzymes involved in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle (MdcAPX, MdcGR, MdMDHAR, MdDHAR-1, and MdDHAR-2) but down-regulated genes for senescence (SAG12, PAO, and MdHXK). These results indicate that exogenous dopamine has an important antioxidant and anti-senescence effect that might be helpful for improving nutrient uptake. Our findings demonstrate that dopamine offers new opportunities for its use in agriculture, especially when addressing the problem of nutrient deficiencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Cuiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Changqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Dong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
Smolikova G, Dolgikh E, Vikhnina M, Frolov A, Medvedev S. Genetic and Hormonal Regulation of Chlorophyll Degradation during Maturation of Seeds with Green Embryos. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1993. [PMID: 28926960 PMCID: PMC5618642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The embryos of some angiosperms (usually referred to as chloroembryos) contain chlorophylls during the whole period of embryogenesis. Developing embryos have photochemically active chloroplasts and are able to produce assimilates, further converted in reserve biopolymers, whereas at the late steps of embryogenesis, seeds undergo dehydration, degradation of chlorophylls, transformation of chloroplast in storage plastids, and enter the dormancy period. However, in some seeds, the process of chlorophyll degradation remains incomplete. These residual chlorophylls compromise the quality of seed material in terms of viability, nutritional value, and shelf life, and represent a serious challenge for breeders and farmers. The mechanisms of chlorophyll degradation during seed maturation are still not completely understood, and only during the recent decades the main pathways and corresponding enzymes could be characterized. Among the identified players, the enzymes of pheophorbide a oxygenase pathway and the proteins encoded by STAY GREEN (SGR) genes are the principle ones. On the biochemical level, abscisic acid (ABA) is the main regulator of seed chlorophyll degradation, mediating activity of corresponding catabolic enzymes on the transcriptional level. In general, a deep insight in the mechanisms of chlorophyll degradation is required to develop the approaches for production of chlorophyll-free high quality seeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galina Smolikova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Elena Dolgikh
- All-Russia Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Maria Vikhnina
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Andrej Frolov
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Sergei Medvedev
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Relating Water Use to Tree Vitality of Populus euphratica Oliv. in the Lower Tarim River, NW China. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9080622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
181
|
García-Plazaola JI, Fernández-Marín B, Ferrio JP, Alday JG, Hoch G, Landais D, Milcu A, Tissue DT, Voltas J, Gessler A, Roy J, Resco de Dios V. Endogenous circadian rhythms in pigment composition induce changes in photochemical efficiency in plant canopies. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1153-1162. [PMID: 28098350 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the circadian clock is a significant driver of photosynthesis that becomes apparent when environmental cues are experimentally held constant. We studied whether the composition of photosynthetic pigments is under circadian regulation, and whether pigment oscillations lead to rhythmic changes in photochemical efficiency. To address these questions, we maintained canopies of bean and cotton, after an entrainment phase, under constant (light or darkness) conditions for 30-48 h. Photosynthesis and quantum yield peaked at subjective noon, and non-photochemical quenching peaked at night. These oscillations were not associated with parallel changes in carbohydrate content or xanthophyll cycle activity. We observed robust oscillations of Chl a/b during constant light in both species, and also under constant darkness in bean, peaking when it would have been night during the entrainment (subjective nights). These oscillations could be attributed to the synthesis and/or degradation of trimeric light-harvesting complex II (reflected by the rhythmic changes in Chl a/b), with the antenna size minimal at night and maximal around subjective noon. Considering together the oscillations of pigments and photochemistry, the observed pattern of changes is counterintuitive if we assume that the plant strategy is to avoid photodamage, but consistent with a strategy where non-stressed plants maximize photosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Marín
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080, Bilbao, Spain
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, A6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Juan Pedro Ferrio
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences-AGROTECNIO Center, Universitat de Lleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Josu G Alday
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences-AGROTECNIO Center, Universitat de Lleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Günter Hoch
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Damien Landais
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, CNRS, UPS-3248, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Alexandru Milcu
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, CNRS, UPS-3248, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE-CNRS, UMR-5175, Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry - EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, 2753, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jordi Voltas
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences-AGROTECNIO Center, Universitat de Lleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Jacques Roy
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, CNRS, UPS-3248, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Víctor Resco de Dios
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences-AGROTECNIO Center, Universitat de Lleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, 2753, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Linking Spaceborne and Ground Observations of Autumn Foliage Senescence in Southern Québec, Canada. REMOTE SENSING 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/rs9060630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
183
|
|
184
|
Wu C, Shanmugam S, Xu J, Zhu J, Boyer C. Chlorophyll a crude extract: efficient photo-degradable photocatalyst for PET-RAFT polymerization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:12560-12563. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc07663k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This work demonstrates use of spinach extracts for living radical polymerization bypassing catalyst synthesis/purification, degassing and catalyst removal procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Wu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia
- Sydney
- Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia
- Sydney
| | - Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia
- Sydney
- Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia
- Sydney
| | - Jian Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia
- Sydney
- Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia
- Sydney
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Szafrańska K, Reiter RJ, Posmyk MM. Melatonin Improves the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Pea Leaves Stressed by Paraquat via Chlorophyll Breakdown Regulation and Its Accelerated de novo Synthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:878. [PMID: 28611801 PMCID: PMC5447082 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The positive effect of melatonin on the function of the photosynthetic apparatus is known, but little is known about the specific mechanisms of melatonin's action in plants. The influence of melatonin on chlorophyll metabolism of 24-day-old Pisum sativum L. seedlings during paraquat (PQ)-induced oxidative stress was investigated in this study. Seeds were hydro-primed with water (H), 50 and 200 μM melatonin/water solutions (H-MEL50, H-MEL200), while non-primed seeds were used as controls (C). Increases in chlorophyllase activity (key enzyme in chlorophyll degradation) and 5-aminolevulinic acid contents (the first compound in the porphyrin synthesis pathway) were observed in H-MEL50 and H-MEL200 leaf disks. This suggests that melatonin may accelerate damaged chlorophyll breakdown and its de novo synthesis during the first hours of PQ treatment. Elevated level of pheophytin in control leaf disks following 24 h of PQ incubation probably was associated with an enhanced rate of chlorophyll degradation through formation of pheophytin as a chlorophyll derivative. This validates the hypothesis that chlorophyllide, considered for many years, as a first intermediate of chlorophyll breakdown is not. This is indicated by the almost unchanged chlorophyll to chlorophyllide ratio after 24 h of PQ treatment. However, prolonged effects of PQ-induced stress (48 h) revealed extensive discolouration of control and water-treated leaf disks, while melatonin treatment alleviated PQ-induced photobleaching. Also the ratio of chlorophyll to chlorophyllide and porphyrin contents were significantly higher in plants treated with melatonin, which may indicate that this indoleamine both retards chlorophyll breakdown and stimulates its de novo synthesis during extended stress. We concluded that melatonin added into the seeds enhances the ability of pea seedlings to accelerate chlorophyll breakdown and its de novo synthesis before stress appeared and for several hours after, while during prolonged PQ incubation melatonin delays chlorophyll degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Szafrańska
- Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of ŁódźŁódź, Poland
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center San AntonioSan Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Małgorzata M. Posmyk
- Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of ŁódźŁódź, Poland
- *Correspondence: Małgorzata M. Posmyk
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Zhu X, Chen J, Qiu K, Kuai B. Phytohormone and Light Regulation of Chlorophyll Degradation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1911. [PMID: 29163624 PMCID: PMC5681529 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Degreening, due to the net loss of chlorophyll (Chl), is the most prominent symptom during the processes of leaf senescence, fruit ripening, and seed maturation. Over the last decade or so, extensive identifications of Chl catabolic genes (CCGs) have led to the revelation of the biochemical pathway of Chl degradation. As such, exploration of the regulatory mechanism of the degreening process is greatly facilitated. During the past few years, substantial progress has been made in elucidating the regulation of Chl degradation, particularly via the mediation of major phytohormones' signaling. Intriguingly, ethylene and abscisic acid's signaling have been demonstrated to interweave with light signaling in mediating the regulation of Chl degradation. In this review, we briefly summarize this progress, with an effort on providing a framework for further investigation of multifaceted and hierarchical regulations of Chl degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Center for Genetic Diversity and Designing Agriculture, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Center for Genetic Diversity and Designing Agriculture, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Center for Genetic Diversity and Designing Agriculture, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Benke Kuai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Center for Genetic Diversity and Designing Agriculture, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Benke Kuai
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Teng K, Chang Z, Li X, Sun X, Liang X, Xu L, Chao Y, Han L. Functional and RNA-Sequencing Analysis Revealed Expression of a Novel Stay-Green Gene from Zoysia japonica ( ZjSGR) Caused Chlorophyll Degradation and Accelerated Senescence in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1894. [PMID: 28018416 PMCID: PMC5159421 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is not only an important developmental process, but also a responsive regulation to abiotic and biotic stress for plants. Stay-green protein plays crucial roles in plant senescence and chlorophyll degradation. However, the underlying mechanisms were not well-studied, particularly in non-model plants. In this study, a novel stay-green gene, ZjSGR, was isolated from Zoysia japonica. Subcellular localization result demonstrated that ZjSGR was localized in the chloroplasts. Quantitative real-time PCR results together with promoter activity determination using transgenic Arabidopsis confirmed that ZjSGR could be induced by darkness, ABA and MeJA. Its expression levels could also be up-regulated by natural senescence, but suppressed by SA treatments. Overexpression of ZjSGR in Arabidopsis resulted in a rapid yellowing phenotype; complementary experiments proved that ZjSGR was a functional homolog of AtNYE1 from Arabidopsis thaliana. Over expression of ZjSGR accelerated chlorophyll degradation and impaired photosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Transmission electron microscopy observation revealed that overexpression of ZjSGR decomposed the chloroplasts structure. RNA sequencing analysis showed that ZjSGR could play multiple roles in senescence and chlorophyll degradation by regulating hormone signal transduction and the expression of a large number of senescence and environmental stress related genes. Our study provides a better understanding of the roles of SGRs, and new insight into the senescence and chlorophyll degradation mechanisms in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Teng
- Turfgrass Research Institute, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Zhihui Chang
- Turfgrass Research Institute, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xinbo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Agricultural University of HebeiBaoding, China
| | - Xiaohong Liang
- Turfgrass Research Institute, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Lixin Xu
- Turfgrass Research Institute, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yuehui Chao
- Turfgrass Research Institute, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Liebao Han
- Turfgrass Research Institute, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Matsuda K, Shimoda Y, Tanaka A, Ito H. Chlorophyll a is a favorable substrate for Chlamydomonas Mg-dechelatase encoded by STAY-GREEN. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 109:365-373. [PMID: 27810676 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Mg removal from chlorophyll by Mg-dechelatase is the first step of chlorophyll degradation. Recent studies showed that in Arabidopsis, Stay Green (SGR) encodes Mg-dechelatase. Though the Escherichia coli expression system is advantageous for investigating the properties of Mg-dechelatase, Arabidopsis Mg-dechelatase is not successfully expressed in E. coli. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii SGR (CrSGR) has a long, hydrophilic tail, suggesting that active CrSGR can be expressed in E. coli. After the incubation of chlorophyll a with CrSGR expressed in E. coli, pheophytin a accumulated, indicating that active CrSGR was expressed in E. coli. Substrate specificity of CrSGR against chlorophyll b and an intermediate molecule of the chlorophyll b degradation pathway was examined. CrSGR exhibited no activity against chlorophyll b and low activity against 7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a, consistent with the fact that chlorophyll b is degraded only after conversion to chlorophyll a. CrSGR exhibited low activity against divinyl chlorophyll a and chlorophyll a', and no activity against chlorophyllide a, protochlorophyll a, chlorophyll c2, and Zn-chlorophyll a. These observations indicate that chlorophyll a is the most favorable substrate for CrSGR. When CrSGR was expressed in Arabidopsis cells, the chlorophyll content decreased, further confirming that SGR has Mg-dechelating activity in chloroplasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Matsuda
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19 W8, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Yousuke Shimoda
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19 W8, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Ayumi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19 W8, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, N19 W8, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ito
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19 W8, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, N19 W8, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Qu Y, Zhang S, Lian Y, Kuang T. Function of terahertz spectra in monitoring the decomposing process of biological macromolecules and in investigating the causes of photoinhibition. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 60:307-312. [PMID: 27812858 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-0057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyll a and β-carotene play an important role in harvesting light energy, which is used to drive photosynthesis in plants. In this study, terahertz (THz) and visible range spectra of chlorophyll a and β-carotene and their changes under light treatment were investigated. The results show that the all THz transmission and absorption spectra of chlorophyll a and β-carotene changed upon light treatment, with the maximum changes at 15 min of illumination indicating the greatest changes of the collective vibrational mode of chlorophyll a and β-carotene. The absorption spectra of chlorophyll a in the visible light region decreased upon light treatment, signifying the degradation of chlorophyll a molecules. It can be inferred from these results that the THz spectra are very sensitive in monitoring the changes of the collective vibrational mode, despite the absence of changes in molecular configuration. The THz spectra can therefore be used to monitor the decomposing process of biological macromolecules; however, visible absorption spectra can only be used to monitor the breakdown extent of biological macromolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuangang Qu
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, China. .,Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Shuai Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, China
| | - Yuji Lian
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, China
| | - Tingyun Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Erhart T, Mittelberger C, Vergeiner C, Scherzer G, Holzner B, Robatscher P, Oberhuber M, Kräutler B. Chlorophyll Catabolites in Senescent Leaves of the Plum Tree (Prunus domestica). Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:1441-1453. [PMID: 27533340 PMCID: PMC5123584 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In cold extracts of senescent leaves of the plum tree (Prunus domestica ssp. domestica), six colorless non-fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs) were characterized, named Pd-NCCs. In addition, several minor NCC fractions were tentatively classified. The structure of the most polar one of the NCCs, named Pd-NCC-32, featured an unprecedented twofold glycosidation pattern. Three of the NCCs are also functionalized at their 32 -position by a glucopyranosyl group. In addition, two of these glycosidated NCCs carry a dihydroxyethyl group at their 18-position. In the polar Pd-NCC-32, the latter group is further glycosidated at the terminal 182 -position. Four other major Pd-NCCs and one minor Pd-NCC were identified with five NCCs from higher plants known to belong to the 'epi'-series. In addition, tentative structures were derived for two minor fractions, classified as yellow chlorophyll catabolites, which represented (formal) oxidation products of two of the observed Pd-NCCs. The chlorophyll catabolites in leaves of plum feature the same basic structural pattern as those found in leaves of apple and pear trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresia Erhart
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/82AT‐6020Innsbruck
| | - Cecilia Mittelberger
- Laimburg Research Centre for Agriculture and ForestryLaimburg 6 – Pfatten (Vadena)IT‐39040Auer (Ora)BZ
| | - Clemens Vergeiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/82AT‐6020Innsbruck
| | - Gerhard Scherzer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/82AT‐6020Innsbruck
| | - Barbara Holzner
- Laimburg Research Centre for Agriculture and ForestryLaimburg 6 – Pfatten (Vadena)IT‐39040Auer (Ora)BZ
| | - Peter Robatscher
- Laimburg Research Centre for Agriculture and ForestryLaimburg 6 – Pfatten (Vadena)IT‐39040Auer (Ora)BZ
| | - Michael Oberhuber
- Laimburg Research Centre for Agriculture and ForestryLaimburg 6 – Pfatten (Vadena)IT‐39040Auer (Ora)BZ
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/82AT‐6020Innsbruck
| |
Collapse
|
191
|
Leisso RS, Gapper NE, Mattheis JP, Sullivan NL, Watkins CB, Giovannoni JJ, Schaffer RJ, Johnston JW, Hanrahan I, Hertog MLATM, Nicolaï BM, Rudell DR. Gene expression and metabolism preceding soft scald, a chilling injury of 'Honeycrisp' apple fruit. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:798. [PMID: 27733113 PMCID: PMC5062943 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 'Honeycrisp' is an apple cultivar that is susceptible to soft scald, a chilling injury expressed as necrotic patches on the peel. Improved understanding of metabolism associated with the disorder would improve our understanding of soft scald and contribute to developing more effective management strategies for apple storage. It was expected that specific gene expression and specific metabolite levels in the peel would be linked with soft scald risk at harvest and/or specific time points during cold storage. RESULTS Fruit from nine 'Honeycrisp' apple orchards that would eventually develop different incidences of soft scald between 4 and 8 weeks of cold air storage were used to contrast and determine differential transcriptomic and metabolomic changes during storage. Untargeted metabolic profiling revealed changes in a number of distinct pathways preceding and concurrent with soft scald symptom development, including elevated γ-aminobutryic acid (GABA), 1-hexanol, acylated steryl glycosides, and free p-coumaryl acyl esters. At harvest, levels of sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid acyl esters were relatively higher in peel of fruit that did not later develop the disorder. RNA-seq driven gene expression profiling highlighted possible involvement of genes and associated metabolic processes with soft scald development. These included elevated expression of genes involved in lipid peroxidation and phenolic metabolism in fruit with soft scald, and isoprenoid/brassinosteroid metabolism in fruit that did not develop soft scald. Expression of other stress-related genes in fruit that developed soft scald included chlorophyll catabolism, cell wall loosening, and lipid transport while superoxide dismutases were up-regulated in fruit that did not develop the disorder. CONCLUSIONS This study delineates the sequential transcriptomic and metabolomic changes preceding soft scald symptom development. Changes were differential depending on susceptibility of fruit to the disorder and could be attributed to key stress related and mediating pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Leisso
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA, USA
| | - Nigel E Gapper
- School of Plant Science, Horticulture Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853, USA
- AgroFresh Solutions Inc. 130 Technology Center Way Wenatchee, Wenatchee, WA 98801, WA, USA
| | - James P Mattheis
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA, USA
| | - Nathanael L Sullivan
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA, USA
| | - Christopher B Watkins
- School of Plant Science, Horticulture Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853, USA
| | - James J Giovannoni
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant, Soil, and Nutrition Laboratory, Ithaca, NY14853, USA
| | - Robert J Schaffer
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jason W Johnston
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Ltd, Havelock North, New Zealand
| | - Ines Hanrahan
- Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, Wenatchee, WA, USA
| | | | | | - David R Rudell
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Zhang J, Li H, Xu B, Li J, Huang B. Exogenous Melatonin Suppresses Dark-Induced Leaf Senescence by Activating the Superoxide Dismutase-Catalase Antioxidant Pathway and Down-Regulating Chlorophyll Degradation in Excised Leaves of Perennial Ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1500. [PMID: 27761136 PMCID: PMC5050228 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a typical symptom in plants exposed to dark and may be regulated by plant growth regulators. The objective of this study was to determine whether exogenous application of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) suppresses dark-induced leaf senescence and the effects of melatonin on reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging system and chlorophyll degradation pathway in perennial grass species. Mature perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. 'Pinnacle') leaves were excised and incubated in 3 mM 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic buffer (pH 5.8) supplemented with melatonin or water (control) and exposed to dark treatment for 8 days. Leaves treated with melatonin maintained significantly higher endogenous melatonin level, chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency, and cell membrane stability expressed by lower electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) content compared to the control. Exogenous melatonin treatment also reduced the transcript level of chlorophyll degradation-associated genes and senescence marker genes (LpSAG12.1, Lph36, and Lpl69) during the dark treatment. The endogenous O2- production rate and H2O2 content were significantly lower in these excised leaves treated with melatonin compared to the water control. Exogenous melatonin treatment caused increases in enzymatic activity and transcript levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase but had no significant effects on ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and monohydroascorbate reductase. The content of non-enzymatic antioxidants, such as ascorbate and dehydroascorbate, were decreased by melatonin treatment, while the content of glutathione and oxidized glutathione was not affected by melatonin. These results suggest that the suppression of dark-induced leaf senescence by exogenous melatonin may be associated with its roles in regulating ROS scavenging through activating the superoxide dismutase-catalase enzymatic antioxidant pathway and down-regulating chlorophyll degradation in perennial ryegrass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers UniversityNew Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Huibin Li
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers UniversityNew Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of HebeiBaoding, China
| | - Bin Xu
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers UniversityNew Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Grassland Science, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Bingru Huang
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers UniversityNew Brunswick, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Exploring drought stress-regulated genes in senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.): a transcriptomic approach. Funct Integr Genomics 2016; 17:1-25. [PMID: 27709374 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-016-0523-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
De novo assembly of reads produced by next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies offers a rapid approach to obtain expressed gene sequences for non-model organisms. Senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) is a drought-tolerant annual undershrub of Caesalpiniaceae, a subfamily of Fabaceae. There are insufficient transcriptomic and genomic data in public databases for understanding the molecular mechanism underlying the drought tolerance of senna. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to know the transcriptome profile of senna, with special reference to drought stress. RNA from two different stages of leaf development was extracted and sequenced separately using the Illumina technology. A total of 200 million reads were generated, and a de novo assembly of processed reads in the pooled transcriptome using Trinity yielded 43,413 transcripts which were further annotated using NCBI BLAST with "green plant database (txid 33090)," Swiss Prot, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), and Gene Ontology (GO). Out of the total transcripts, 42,280 (95.0 %) were annotated by BLASTX against the green plant database of NCBI. Senna transcriptome showed the highest similarity to Glycine max (41 %), followed by Phaseolus vulgaris (16 %), Cicer arietinum (15 %), and Medicago trancatula (5 %). The highest number of GO terms were enriched for the molecular functions category; of these "catalytic activity" (GO: 0003824) (25.10 %) and "binding activity" (GO: 0005488) (20.10 %) were most abundantly represented. We used InterProscan to see protein similarity at domain level; a total of 33,256 transcripts were annotated against the Pfam domains. The transcripts were assigned with various KEGG pathways. Coding DNA sequences (CDS) encoding various drought stress-regulated pathways such as signaling factors, protein-modifying/degrading enzymes, biosynthesis of phytohormone, phytohormone signaling, osmotically active compounds, free radical scavengers, chlorophyll metabolism, leaf cuticular wax, polyamines, and protective proteins were identified through BLASTX search. The lucine-rich repeat kinase family was the most abundantly found group of protein kinases. Orphan, bHLH, and bZIP family TFs were the most abundantly found in senna. Six genes encoding MYC2 transcription factor, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED), l -ascorbate peroxidase (APX), aminocyclopropane carboxylate oxidase (ACO), abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase (ABA), and WRKY transcription factor were confirmed through reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) and Sanger sequencing for the first time in senna. The potential drought stress-related transcripts identified in this study provide a good start for further investigation into the drought adaptation in senna. Additionally, our transcriptome sequences are the valuable resource for accelerated genomics-assisted genetic improvement programs and facilitate manipulation of biochemical pathways for developing drought-tolerant genotypes of crop plants.
Collapse
|
194
|
Gao S, Gao J, Zhu X, Song Y, Li Z, Ren G, Zhou X, Kuai B. ABF2, ABF3, and ABF4 Promote ABA-Mediated Chlorophyll Degradation and Leaf Senescence by Transcriptional Activation of Chlorophyll Catabolic Genes and Senescence-Associated Genes in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:1272-1285. [PMID: 27373216 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) degradation is an integral process of leaf senescence, and NYE1/SGR1 has been demonstrated as a key regulator of Chl catabolism in diverse plant species. In this study, using yeast one-hybrid screening, we identified three abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive element (ABRE)-binding transcription factors, ABF2 (AREB1), ABF3, and ABF4 (AREB2), as the putative binding proteins of the NYE1 promoter. Through the transactivation analysis, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated that ABF2, ABF3, and ABF4 directly bound to and activated the NYE1 promoter in vitro and in vivo. ABA is a positive regulator of leaf senescence, and exogenously applied ABA can accelerate Chl degradation. The triple mutant of the ABFs, abf2abf3abf4, as well as two ABA-insensitive mutants, abi1-1 and snrk2.2/2.3/2.6, exhibited stay-green phenotypes after ABA treatment, along with decreased induction of NYE1 and NYE2 expression. In contrast, overexpression of ABF4 accelerated Chl degradation upon ABA treatment. Interestingly, ABF2/3/4 could also activate the expression of two Chl catabolic enzyme genes, PAO and NYC1, by directly binding to their promoters. In addition, abf2abf3abf4 exhibited a functional stay-green phenotype, and senescence-associated genes (SAGs), such as SAG29 (SWEET15), might be directly regulated by the ABFs. Taken together, our results suggest that ABF2, ABF3, and ABF4 likely act as key regulators in mediating ABA-triggered Chl degradation and leaf senescence in general in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jiong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhongpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guodong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Benke Kuai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
López Gialdi AI, Moschen S, Villán CS, López Fernández MP, Maldonado S, Paniego N, Heinz RA, Fernandez P. Identification and characterization of contrasting sunflower genotypes to early leaf senescence process combining molecular and physiological studies (Helianthus annuus L.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 250:40-50. [PMID: 27457982 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a complex mechanism ruled by multiple genetic and environmental variables that affect crop yields. It is the last stage in leaf development, is characterized by an active decline in photosynthetic rate, nutrients recycling and cell death. The aim of this work was to identify contrasting sunflower inbred lines differing in leaf senescence and to deepen the study of this process in sunflower. Ten sunflower genotypes, previously selected by physiological analysis from 150 inbred genotypes, were evaluated under field conditions through physiological, cytological and molecular analysis. The physiological measurement allowed the identification of two contrasting senescence inbred lines, R453 and B481-6, with an increase in yield in the senescence delayed genotype. These findings were confirmed by cytological and molecular analysis using TUNEL, genomic DNA gel electrophoresis, flow sorting and gene expression analysis by qPCR. These results allowed the selection of the two most promising contrasting genotypes, which enables future studies and the identification of new biomarkers associated to early senescence in sunflower. In addition, they allowed the tuning of cytological techniques for a non-model species and its integration with molecular variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A I López Gialdi
- Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, 25 de Mayo, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Moschen
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Rivadavia 1917, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolás Repetto y de los Reseros, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C S Villán
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Ruta Nacional 12 Km 7.5, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - M P López Fernández
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires. Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Maldonado
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires. Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Paniego
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Rivadavia 1917, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolás Repetto y de los Reseros, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R A Heinz
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Rivadavia 1917, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolás Repetto y de los Reseros, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires. Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Fernandez
- Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, 25 de Mayo, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Rivadavia 1917, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolás Repetto y de los Reseros, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Shimoda Y, Ito H, Tanaka A. Arabidopsis STAY-GREEN, Mendel's Green Cotyledon Gene, Encodes Magnesium-Dechelatase. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:2147-2160. [PMID: 27604697 PMCID: PMC5059807 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pheophytin a is an essential component of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms because the primary charge separation between chlorophyll a and pheophytin a is the first step in the conversion of light energy. In addition, conversion of chlorophyll a to pheophytin a is the first step of chlorophyll degradation. Pheophytin is synthesized by extracting magnesium (Mg) from chlorophyll; the enzyme Mg-dechelatase catalyzes this reaction. In this study, we report that Mendel's green cotyledon gene, STAY-GREEN (SGR), encodes Mg-dechelatase. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome has three SGR genes, SGR1, SGR2, and STAY-GREEN LIKE (SGRL). Recombinant SGR1/2 extracted Mg from chlorophyll a but had very low or no activity against chlorophyllide a; by contrast, SGRL had higher dechelating activity against chlorophyllide a compared with chlorophyll a All SGRs could not extract Mg from chlorophyll b Enzymatic experiments using the photosystem and light-harvesting complexes showed that SGR extracts Mg not only from free chlorophyll but also from chlorophyll in the chlorophyll-protein complexes. Furthermore, most of the chlorophyll and chlorophyll binding proteins disappeared when SGR was transiently expressed by a chemical induction system. Thus, SGR is not only involved in chlorophyll degradation but also contributes to photosystem degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Shimoda
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ito
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Ayumi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
Hydrogen Sulfide Alleviates Postharvest Senescence of Grape by Modulating the Antioxidant Defenses. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:4715651. [PMID: 27594971 PMCID: PMC4995347 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4715651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been identified as an important gaseous signal in plants. Here, we investigated the mechanism of H2S in alleviating postharvest senescence and rotting of Kyoho grape. Exogenous application of H2S released from 1.0 mM NaHS remarkably decreased the rotting and threshing rate of grape berries. H2S application also prevented the weight loss in grape clusters and inhibited the decreases in firmness, soluble solids, and titratable acidity in grape pulp during postharvest storage. The data of chlorophyll and carotenoid content suggested the role of H2S in preventing chlorophyll breakdown and carotenoid accumulation in both grape rachis and pulp. In comparison to water control, exogenous H2S application maintained significantly higher levels of ascorbic acid and flavonoid and total phenolics and reducing sugar and soluble protein in grape pulp. Meanwhile, H2S significantly reduced the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and superoxide anion (O2∙−) in grape pulp. Further investigations showed that H2S enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) and decreased those of lipoxygenase (LOX) in both grape peels and pulp. In all, we provided strong evidence that H2S effectively alleviated postharvest senescence and rotting of Kyoho grape by modulating antioxidant enzymes and attenuating lipid peroxidation.
Collapse
|
198
|
Li S, Gao J, Yao L, Ren G, Zhu X, Gao S, Qiu K, Zhou X, Kuai B. The role of ANAC072 in the regulation of chlorophyll degradation during age- and dark-induced leaf senescence. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:1729-41. [PMID: 27154758 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-1991-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
ANAC072 positively regulates both age- and dark-induced leaf senescence through activating the transcription of NYE1. Leaf senescence is integral to plant development, which is age-dependent and strictly regulated by internal and environmental signals. Although a number of senescence-related mutants and senescence-associated genes (SAGs) have been identified and characterized in the past decades, the general regulatory network of leaf senescence is still far from being elucidated. Here, we report the role of ANAC072, an SAG identified through bioinformatics analysis, in the regulation of chlorophyll degradation during natural and dark-induced leaf senescence. The expression of ANAC072 was increased with advancing leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. Leaf degreening was significantly delayed under normal or dark-induced conditions in anac072-1, a knockout mutant of ANAC072, with a higher chlorophyll level detected. In contrast, an overexpression mutant, anac072-2, with ANAC072 transcription markedly upregulated, showed an early leaf-yellowing phenotype. Consistently, senescent leaves of the loss-of-function mutant anac072-1 exhibited delays in the decrease of photosynthesis efficiency of photosystem II (F v/F m ratio) and the increase of plasma membrane ion leakage rate as compared with corresponding leaves of wild-type Col-0 plants, whereas the overexpression mutant anac072-2 showed opposite changes. Our data suggest that ANAC072 plays a positive role during natural and dark-induced leaf senescence. In addition, the transcript level of NYE1, a key regulatory gene in chlorophyll degradation, relied on the function of ANAC072. Combining these analyses with electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated that ANAC072 directly bound to the NYE1 promoter in vitro and in vivo, so ANAC072 may promote chlorophyll degradation by directly upregulating the expression of NYE1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jiong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lingya Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Guodong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Kai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Benke Kuai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Mishra S, Alfeld M, Sobotka R, Andresen E, Falkenberg G, Küpper H. Analysis of sublethal arsenic toxicity to Ceratophyllum demersum: subcellular distribution of arsenic and inhibition of chlorophyll biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4639-46. [PMID: 27340233 PMCID: PMC4973734 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) pollution is a serious concern worldwide. Recent studies under environmentally relevant conditions revealed that, in the aquatic plant Ceratophyllum demersum, pigments are the first observable target of toxicity, prior to any effect on photosynthetic parameters or to oxidative stress. Lethal toxicity was initiated by a change of As species and their distribution pattern in various tissues. Here, the localization of As was investigated at the subcellular level through X-ray fluorescence using a submicron beam and a Maia detector. Further, it was possible to obtain useful tissue structural information from the ratio of the tomogram of photon flux behind the sample to the tomogram of Compton scattering. The micro-X-ray fluorescence tomograms showed that As predominantly accumulated in the nucleus of the epidermal cells in young mature leaves exposed to sublethal 1 µM As. This suggests that As may exert toxic effects in the nucleus, for example, by interfering with nucleic acid synthesis by replacing phosphorous with As. At higher cellular concentrations, As was mainly stored in the vacuole, particularly in mature leaves. An analysis of precursors of chlorophyll and degradation metabolites revealed that the observed decrease in chlorophyll concentration was associated with hindered biosynthesis, and was not due to degradation. Coproporphyrinogen III could not be detected after exposure to only 0.5 µM As. Levels of subsequent precursors, for example, protoporphyrin IX, Mg-protoporphyrin, Mg-protoporphyrin methyl ester, and divinyl protochlorophyllide, were significantly decreased at this concentration as well, indicating that the pathway was blocked upstream of tetrapyrrole synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seema Mishra
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Plant Ecology & Environmental Science Division, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 001 (U.P.), India Universität Konstanz, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Sektion, Fachbereich Biologie, Postfach M665, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Matthias Alfeld
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Photon Science, Notkestr. 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roman Sobotka
- Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry of Plants, Biology Centre of the AS CR, Branišovská 31/1160, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Elisa Andresen
- Universität Konstanz, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Sektion, Fachbereich Biologie, Postfach M665, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, CZ-370 05 České Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Gerald Falkenberg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Photon Science, Notkestr. 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Küpper
- Universität Konstanz, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Sektion, Fachbereich Biologie, Postfach M665, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry of Plants, Biology Centre of the AS CR, Branišovská 31/1160, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, CZ-370 05 České Budejovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
Velasco-Arroyo B, Diaz-Mendoza M, Gandullo J, Gonzalez-Melendi P, Santamaria ME, Dominguez-Figueroa JD, Hensel G, Martinez M, Kumlehn J, Diaz I. HvPap-1 C1A protease actively participates in barley proteolysis mediated by abiotic stresses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4297-310. [PMID: 27217548 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Protein breakdown and mobilization from old or stressed tissues to growing and sink organs are some of the metabolic features associated with abiotic/biotic stresses, essential for nutrient recycling. The massive degradation of proteins implies numerous proteolytic events in which cysteine-proteases are the most abundant key players. Analysing the role of barley C1A proteases in response to abiotic stresses is crucial due to their impact on plant growth and grain yield and quality. In this study, dark and nitrogen starvation treatments were selected to induce stress in barley. Results show that C1A proteases participate in the proteolytic processes triggered in leaves by both abiotic treatments, which strongly induce the expression of the HvPap-1 gene encoding a cathepsin F-like protease. Differences in biochemical parameters and C1A gene expression were found when comparing transgenic barley plants overexpressing or silencing the HvPap-1 gene and wild-type dark-treated leaves. These findings associated with morphological changes evidence a lifespan-delayed phenotype of HvPap-1 silenced lines. All these data elucidate on the role of this protease family in response to abiotic stresses and the potential of their biotechnological manipulation to control the timing of plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Velasco-Arroyo
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (km 38), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Diaz-Mendoza
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (km 38), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacinto Gandullo
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (km 38), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Gonzalez-Melendi
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (km 38), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Estrella Santamaria
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (km 38), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose D Dominguez-Figueroa
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (km 38), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstr.3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (km 38), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstr.3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (km 38), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|