151
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McManus JB, Wilson L, Yang H, Kubicki JD, Tien M. Kinetic analysis of cellulose synthase of Gluconacetobacter hansenii in whole cells and in purified form. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 119:24-29. [PMID: 30243383 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium, Gluconacetobacter hansenii, has been long studied and is a model for cellulose synthesis. It produces cellulose, using the enzyme AcsA-AcsB, of exceptionally high crystallinity in comparison to the cellulose of higher plants. We determined the rate of cellulose synthesis in whole cells measured as moles of glucose incorporated into cellulose per second per mole of enzyme. This was determined by quantifying the rate of cellulose synthesis (over a short time span, such that the enzyme concentration is not changing due to cell growth) and the amount of enzyme in the whole cell by quantitative western blotting. We found that the whole cell rate of 24 s-1 is much faster than the kcat, measured from steady-state kinetic analysis, of 1.7 s-1. Our whole cell rates are consistent with previous studies using microscopy. We postulate that the rationale for this difference is the presence of an alternative in vivo priming mechanism. This in turn can increase the rate of initiation, which we previously postulated to be the rate-limiting step in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B McManus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 305 South Frear, University Park, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Liza Wilson
- Department of Biology, University Park, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Biology, University Park, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, 16802, USA
| | - James D Kubicki
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Ming Tien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 305 South Frear, University Park, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, 16802, USA.
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152
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Johnson BR. Taxonomically Restricted Genes Are Fundamental to Biology and Evolution. Front Genet 2018; 9:407. [PMID: 30294344 PMCID: PMC6158316 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes limited to particular clades, taxonomically restricted genes (TRGs), are common in all sequenced genomes. TRGs have recently become associated with the evolution of novelty, as numerous studies across the tree of life have now linked expression of TRGs with novel phenotypes. However, TRGs that underlie ancient lineage specific traits have been largely omitted from discussions of the general importance of TRGs. Here it is argued that when all TRGs are considered, it is apparent that TRGs are fundamental to biology and evolution and likely play many complementary roles to the better understood toolkit genes. Genes underlying photosynthesis and skeletons, for example, are examples of commonplace fundamental TRGs. Essentially, although basic cell biology has a highly conserved genetic basis across the tree of life, most major clades also have lineage specific traits central to their biology and these traits are often based on TRGs. In short, toolkit genes underlie what is conserved across organisms, while TRGs define in many cases what is unique. An appreciation of the importance of TRGs will improve our understanding of evolution by triggering the study of neglected topics in which TRGs are of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Johnson
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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153
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Combined small RNA and gene expression analysis revealed roles of miRNAs in maize response to rice black-streaked dwarf virus infection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13502. [PMID: 30201997 PMCID: PMC6131507 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31919-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize rough dwarf disease, caused by rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV), is a devastating disease in maize (Zea mays L.). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to play critical roles in regulation of plant growth, development, and adaptation to abiotic and biotic stresses. To elucidate the roles of miRNAs in the regulation of maize in response to RBSDV, we employed high-throughput sequencing technology to analyze the miRNAome and transcriptome following RBSDV infection. A total of 76 known miRNAs, 226 potential novel miRNAs and 351 target genes were identified. Our dataset showed that the expression patterns of 81 miRNAs changed dramatically in response to RBSDV infection. Transcriptome analysis showed that 453 genes were differentially expressed after RBSDV infection. GO, COG and KEGG analysis results demonstrated that genes involved with photosynthesis and metabolism were significantly enriched. In addition, twelve miRNA-mRNA interaction pairs were identified, and six of them were likely to play significant roles in maize response to RBSDV. This study provided valuable information for understanding the molecular mechanism of maize disease resistance, and could be useful in method development to protect maize against RBSDV.
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154
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Feeding the Walls: How Does Nutrient Availability Regulate Cell Wall Composition? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092691. [PMID: 30201905 PMCID: PMC6164997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrients are critical for plants to grow and develop, and nutrient depletion severely affects crop yield. In order to optimize nutrient acquisition, plants adapt their growth and root architecture. Changes in growth are determined by modifications in the cell walls surrounding every plant cell. The plant cell wall, which is largely composed of complex polysaccharides, is essential for plants to attain their shape and to protect cells against the environment. Within the cell wall, cellulose strands form microfibrils that act as a framework for other wall components, including hemicelluloses, pectins, proteins, and, in some cases, callose, lignin, and suberin. Cell wall composition varies, depending on cell and tissue type. It is governed by synthesis, deposition and remodeling of wall components, and determines the physical and structural properties of the cell wall. How nutrient status affects cell wall synthesis and organization, and thus plant growth and morphology, remains poorly understood. In this review, we aim to summarize and synthesize research on the adaptation of root cell walls in response to nutrient availability and the potential role of cell walls in nutrient sensing.
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155
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Gigli-Bisceglia N, Hamann T. Outside-in control - does plant cell wall integrity regulate cell cycle progression? PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 164:82-94. [PMID: 29652097 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
During recent years it has become accepted that plant cell walls are not inert objects surrounding all plant cells but are instead highly dynamic, plastic structures. They are involved in a large number of cell biological processes and contribute actively to plant growth, development and interaction with environment. Therefore, it is not surprising that cellular processes can control plant cell wall integrity (CWI) while, simultaneously, CWI can influence cellular processes. In yeast and animal cells such a bidirectional relationship also exists between the yeast/animal extracellular matrices and the cell cycle. In yeast, the CWI maintenance mechanism and a dedicated plasma membrane integrity checkpoint are mediating this relationship. Recent research has yielded insights into the mechanism controlling plant cell wall metabolism during cytokinesis. However, the knowledge regarding putative regulatory pathways controlling adaptive modifications in plant cell cycle activity in response to changes in the state of the plant cell wall are not yet identified. In this review, we summarize similarities and differences in regulatory mechanisms coordinating extracellular matrices and cell cycle activity in animal and yeast cells, discuss the available evidence supporting the existence of such a mechanism in plants and suggest that the plant CWI maintenance mechanism might also control cell cycle activity in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
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156
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Mazarei M, Baxter HL, Li M, Biswal AK, Kim K, Meng X, Pu Y, Wuddineh WA, Zhang JY, Turner GB, Sykes RW, Davis MF, Udvardi MK, Wang ZY, Mohnen D, Ragauskas AJ, Labbé N, Stewart CN. Functional Analysis of Cellulose Synthase CesA4 and CesA6 Genes in Switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum) by Overexpression and RNAi-Mediated Gene Silencing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1114. [PMID: 30127793 PMCID: PMC6088197 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a leading lignocellulosic bioenergy feedstock. Cellulose is a major component of the plant cell walls and the primary substrate for saccharification. Accessibility of cellulose to enzymatic breakdown into fermentable sugars is limited by the presence of lignin in the plant cell wall. In this study, putatively novel switchgrass secondary cell wall cellulose synthase PvCesA4 and primary cell wall PvCesA6 genes were identified and their functional role in cellulose synthesis and cell wall composition was examined by overexpression and knockdown of the individual genes in switchgrass. The endogenous expression of PvCesA4 and PvCesA6 genes varied among including roots, leaves, stem, and reproductive tissues. Increasing or decreasing PvCesA4 and PvCesA6 expression to extreme levels in the transgenic lines resulted in decreased biomass production. PvCesA6-overexpressing lines had reduced lignin content and syringyl/guaiacyl lignin monomer ratio accompanied by increased sugar release efficiency, suggesting an impact of PvCesA6 expression levels on lignin biosynthesis. Cellulose content and cellulose crystallinity were decreased, while xylan content was increased in PvCesA4 and PvCesA6 overexpression or knockdown lines. The increase in xylan content suggests that the amount of non-cellulosic cell wall polysaccharide was modified in these plants. Taken together, the results show that the manipulation of the cellulose synthase genes alters the cell wall composition and availability of cellulose as a bioprocessing substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Mazarei
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Holly L. Baxter
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Mi Li
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Biosciences Division, Joint Institute for Biological Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Ajaya K. Biswal
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Keonhee Kim
- Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Biosciences Division, Joint Institute for Biological Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Wegi A. Wuddineh
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Ji-Yi Zhang
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Geoffrey B. Turner
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Robert W. Sykes
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Mark F. Davis
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Michael K. Udvardi
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Debra Mohnen
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Biosciences Division, Joint Institute for Biological Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Nicole Labbé
- Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - C. Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
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157
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Mao Y, Bleuel M, Lyu Y, Zhang X, Henderson D, Wang H, Briber RM. Phase Separation and Stack Alignment in Aqueous Cellulose Nanocrystal Suspension under Weak Magnetic Field. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:8042-8051. [PMID: 29957957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Isotropic-nematic (I-N) transitions in cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) suspension and self-assembled structures in the isotropic and nematic phases were investigated using scattering and microscopy methods. A CNC suspension with a mass fraction of 7.4% spontaneously phase separated into an isotropic phase of 6.9% in the top layer and a nematic phase of 7.9% in the bottom layer. In both the phases, the CNC particles formed stacks with an interparticle distance being of ≈37 nm. One-dimensional small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) profiles due to both phases could be fitted using a stacking model considering finite particle sizes. SANS and atomic force microscopy studies indicate that the nematic phase in the bottom layer contains more populations of larger particles. A weak magnetic field of ≈0.5 T was able to induce a preferred orientation of CNC stacks in the nematic phase, with the stack normals being aligned with the field (perpendicular to the long axis of CNC particles). The Hermans orientation parameter, ⟨ P2⟩, was ≈0.5 for the nematic phase; it remained unchanged during the relaxation process of ≈10 h. The fraction of oriented CNC populations decreased during the relaxation; dramatic decrease occurred in the first 3 h. The top layer remained isotropic in the weak field. Polarized microscopy studies revealed that the nematic phase was chiral. Adjacent particles in a stack form a twisting angle of ≈0.6 °, resulting in a helix pitch distance of ≈22 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Mao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Markus Bleuel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Yadong Lyu
- Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Doug Henderson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Howard Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Robert M Briber
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
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158
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Hill JL, Hill AN, Roberts AW, Haigler CH, Tien M. Domain swaps of Arabidopsis secondary wall cellulose synthases to elucidate their class specificity. PLANT DIRECT 2018; 2:e00061. [PMID: 31245731 PMCID: PMC6508838 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose microfibrils are synthesized by membrane-embedded cellulose synthesis complexes (CSCs), currently modeled as hexamers of cellulose synthase (CESA) trimers. The three paralogous CESAs involved in secondary cell wall (SCW) cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (CESA4, CESA7, CESA8) are similar, but nonredundant, with all three isoforms required for assembly and function of the CSC. The molecular basis of protein-protein recognition among the isoforms is not well understood. To investigate the locations of the interfaces that are responsible for isoform recognition, we swapped three domains between the Arabidopsis CESAs required for SCW synthesis (CESA4, CESA7, and CESA8): N-terminus, central domain containing the catalytic core, and C-terminus. Chimeric genes with all pairwise permutations of the domains were tested for in vivo functionality within knockout mutant backgrounds of cesa4, cesa7, and cesa8. Immunoblotting with isoform-specific antibodies confirmed the anticipated protein expression in transgenic plants. The percent recovery of stem height and crystalline cellulose content was assayed, as compared to wild type, the mutant background lines, and other controls. Retention of the native central domain was sufficient for CESA8 chimeras to function, with neither its N-terminal nor C-terminal domains required. The C-terminal domain is required for class-specific function of CESA4 and CESA7, and CESA7 also requires its own N-terminus. Across all isoforms, the results indicate that the central domain, as well as the N- and C-terminal regions, contributes to class-specific function variously in Arabidopsis CESA4, CESA7, and CESA8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lee Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe Center for Lignocellulose Structure and FormationPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania
- Present address:
Department of HorticultureMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824
| | - Ashley Nicole Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe Center for Lignocellulose Structure and FormationPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania
| | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Candace H. Haigler
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth Carolina
| | - Ming Tien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe Center for Lignocellulose Structure and FormationPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania
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159
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Le PY, Jeon HW, Kim MH, Park EJ, Lee H, Hwang I, Han KH, Ko JH. Gain-of-function mutation of AtDICE1, encoding a putative endoplasmic reticulum-localized membrane protein, causes defects in anisotropic cell elongation by disturbing cell wall integrity in Arabidopsis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:151-164. [PMID: 29659701 PMCID: PMC6025203 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Anisotropic cell elongation depends on cell wall relaxation and cellulose microfibril arrangement. The aim of this study was to characterize the molecular function of AtDICE1 encoding a novel transmembrane protein involved in anisotropic cell elongation in Arabidopsis. Methods Phenotypic characterizations of transgenic Arabidopsis plants mis-regulating AtDICE1 expression with different pharmacological treatments were made, and biochemical, cell biological and transcriptome analyses were performed. Key Results Upregulation of AtDICE1 in Arabidopsis (35S::AtDICE1) resulted in severe dwarfism, probably caused by defects in anisotropic cell elongation. Epidermal cell swelling was evident in all tissues, and abnormal secondary wall thickenings were observed in pith cells of stems. These phenotypes were reproduced not only by inducible expression of AtDICE1 but also by overexpression of its poplar homologue in Arabidopsis. RNA interference suppression lines of AtDICE1 resulted in no observable phenotypic changes. Interestingly, wild-type plants treated with isoxaben, a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor, phenocopied the 35S::AtDICE1 plants, suggesting that cellulose biosynthesis was compromised in the 35S::AtDICE1 plants. Indeed, disturbed cortical microtubule arrangements in 35S::AtDICE1/GFP-TuA6 plants were observed, and the cellulose content was significantly reduced in 35S::AtDICE1 plants. A promoter::GUS analysis showed that AtDICE1 is mainly expressed in vascular tissue, and transient expression of GFP:AtDICE1 in tobacco suggests that AtDICE1 is probably localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In addition, the external N-terminal conserved domain of AtDICE1 was found to be necessary for AtDICE1 function. Whole transcriptome analyses of 35S::AtDICE1 revealed that many genes involved in cell wall modification and stress/defence responses were mis-regulated. Conclusions AtDICE1, a novel ER-localized transmembrane protein, may contribute to anisotropic cell elongation in the formation of vascular tissue by affecting cellulose biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phi-Yen Le
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Woo Jeon
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ha Kim
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Jun Park
- Division of Forest Biotechnology, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoshin Lee
- Division of Forest Biotechnology, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Indeok Hwang
- Department of Horticulture and Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kyung-Hwan Han
- Department of Horticulture and Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jae-Heung Ko
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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160
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Abstract
Fruit ripening is a complex developmental process that involves the synthesis and modification of the cell wall leading up to the formation of an edible fruit. During the period of fruit ripening, new cell wall polymers and enzymes are synthesized and trafficked to the apoplast. Vesicle trafficking has been shown to play a key role in facilitating the synthesis and modification of cell walls in fruits. Through reverse genetics and gene expression studies, the importance of Rab guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) as integral regulators of vesicle trafficking to the cell wall has been revealed. It has been a decade since a rich literature on the involvement of Rab GTPase in ripening was published. Therefore, this review sets out to summarize the progress in studies on the pivotal roles of Rab GTPases in fruit development and sheds light on new approaches that could be adopted in the fields of postharvest biology and fruit-ripening research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamunonengiyeofori Lawson
- a School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science , The University of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus , Semenyih , Selangor , Malaysia.,b Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences , University of Nottingham , Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough , Leicestershire , UK.,c Crops for the Future (CFF) , Semenyih , Malaysia
| | - Sean Mayes
- b Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences , University of Nottingham , Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough , Leicestershire , UK.,c Crops for the Future (CFF) , Semenyih , Malaysia
| | - Grantley W Lycett
- b Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences , University of Nottingham , Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough , Leicestershire , UK
| | - Chiew Foan Chin
- a School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science , The University of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus , Semenyih , Selangor , Malaysia
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161
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Niu E, Fang S, Shang X, Guo W. Ectopic expression of GhCOBL9A, a cotton glycosyl-phosphatidyl inositol-anchored protein encoding gene, promotes cell elongation, thickening and increased plant biomass in transgenic Arabidopsis. Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 293:1191-1204. [PMID: 29869696 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose is a major component of plant cell walls and is necessary for plant morphogenesis and biomass. COBL (COBRA-Like) proteins have been shown to be key regulators in the orientation of cell expansion and cellulose crystallinity status. To clarify the role of a cotton COBL gene, GhCOBL9A, we conducted the ectopic expression and functional analysis in Arabidopsis. Previous study showed that GhCOBL9A was preferentially expressed during secondary cell wall biosynthesis in cotton fibers, and showed a significant co-expression pattern with cellulose synthase genes. Here, we detected that overexpression of GhCOBL9A induced the up-regulation of genes related to cellulose synthesis and enhanced the cellulose deposition. As a result, GhCOBL9A transgenic plants displayed increased hypocotyl and root lengths in early development, and cell wall thickening at the SCW stage. Notably, overexpression of GhCOBL9A led to an erect, robust-stature phenotype and brought higher biomass in mature plants. In addition, overexpression of GhCOBL9A in Arabidopsis AtCOBL4 mutants, a paralogous gene of GhCOBL9A, also led to a stronger growth potential, but the Atcobl4 mutant phenotype could not be rescued, implying the functional divergence of GhCOBL9A and AtCOBL4 paralogs. Taken together, these results suggest that overexpression of GhCOBL9A contributes to plant cell elongation and thickening, and increased biomass, which provides references for further utilizing GhCOBL9A to improve yield and quality traits in cotton and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erli Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuai Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoguang Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wangzhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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162
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Scavuzzo-Duggan TR, Chaves AM, Singh A, Sethaphong L, Slabaugh E, Yingling YG, Haigler CH, Roberts AW. Cellulose synthase 'class specific regions' are intrinsically disordered and functionally undifferentiated. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:481-497. [PMID: 29380536 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose synthases (CESAs) are glycosyltransferases that catalyze formation of cellulose microfibrils in plant cell walls. Seed plant CESA isoforms cluster in six phylogenetic clades, whose non-interchangeable members play distinct roles within cellulose synthesis complexes (CSCs). A 'class specific region' (CSR), with higher sequence similarity within versus between functional CESA classes, has been suggested to contribute to specific activities or interactions of different isoforms. We investigated CESA isoform specificity in the moss, Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.) B. S. G. to gain evolutionary insights into CESA structure/function relationships. Like seed plants, P. patens has oligomeric rosette-type CSCs, but the PpCESAs diverged independently and form a separate CESA clade. We showed that P. patens has two functionally distinct CESAs classes, based on the ability to complement the gametophore-negative phenotype of a ppcesa5 knockout line. Thus, non-interchangeable CESA classes evolved separately in mosses and seed plants. However, testing of chimeric moss CESA genes for complementation demonstrated that functional class-specificity is not determined by the CSR. Sequence analysis and computational modeling showed that the CSR is intrinsically disordered and contains predicted molecular recognition features, consistent with a possible role in CESA oligomerization and explaining the evolution of class-specific sequences without selection for class-specific function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess R Scavuzzo-Duggan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Arielle M Chaves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Latsavongsakda Sethaphong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Erin Slabaugh
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yaroslava G Yingling
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Candace H Haigler
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Alison W Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
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Ye Y, Wu K, Chen J, Liu Q, Wu Y, Liu B, Fu X. OsSND2, a NAC family transcription factor, is involved in secondary cell wall biosynthesis through regulating MYBs expression in rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 11:36. [PMID: 29855737 PMCID: PMC5981155 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-018-0228-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As one of the most important staple food crops, rice produces huge agronomic biomass residues that contain lots of secondary cell walls (SCWs) comprising cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. The transcriptional regulation mechanism underlying SCWs biosynthesis remains elusive. RESULTS In this study, we isolated a NAC family transcription factor (TF), OsSND2 through yeast one-hybrid screening using the secondary wall NAC-binding element (SNBE) on the promoter region of OsMYB61 which is known transcription factor for regulation of SCWs biosynthesis as bait. We used an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis (ChIP) to further confirm that OsSND2 can directly bind to the promoter of OsMYB61 both in vitro and in vivo. OsSND2, a close homolog of AtSND2, is localized in the nucleus and has transcriptional activation activity. Expression pattern analysis indicated that OsSND2 was mainly expressed in internodes and panicles. Overexpression of OsSND2 resulted in rolled leaf, increased cellulose content and up-regulated expression of SCWs related genes. The knockout of OsSND2 using CRISPR/Cas9 system decreased cellulose content and down-regulated the expression of SCWs related genes. Furthermore, OsSND2 can also directly bind to the promoters of other MYB family TFs by transactivation analysis in yeast cells and rice protoplasts. Altogether, our findings suggest that OsSND2 may function as a master regulator to mediate SCWs biosynthesis. CONCLUSION OsSND2 was identified as a positive regulator of cellulose biosynthesis in rice. An increase in the expression level of this gene can improve the SCWs cellulose content. Therefore, the study of the function of OsSND2 can provide a strategy for manipulating plant biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Ye
- Institute of Technical Biology and Agricultural Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yuejin Wu
- Institute of Technical Biology and Agricultural Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Binmei Liu
- Institute of Technical Biology and Agricultural Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiangdong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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164
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Hu H, Zhang R, Feng S, Wang Y, Wang Y, Fan C, Li Y, Liu Z, Schneider R, Xia T, Ding S, Persson S, Peng L. Three AtCesA6-like members enhance biomass production by distinctively promoting cell growth in Arabidopsis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:976-988. [PMID: 28944540 PMCID: PMC5902768 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is an abundant biopolymer and a prominent constituent of plant cell walls. Cellulose is also a central component to plant morphogenesis and contributes the bulk of a plant's biomass. While cellulose synthase (CesA) genes were identified over two decades ago, genetic manipulation of this family to enhance cellulose production has remained difficult. In this study, we show that increasing the expression levels of the three primary cell wall AtCesA6-like genes (AtCesA2, AtCesA5, AtCesA6), but not AtCesA3, AtCesA9 or secondary cell wall AtCesA7, can promote the expression of major primary wall CesA genes to accelerate primary wall CesA complex (cellulose synthase complexes, CSCs) particle movement for acquiring long microfibrils and consequently increasing cellulose production in Arabidopsis transgenic lines, as compared with wild-type. The overexpression transgenic lines displayed changes in expression of genes related to cell growth and proliferation, perhaps explaining the enhanced growth of the transgenic seedlings. Notably, overexpression of the three AtCesA6-like genes also enhanced secondary cell wall deposition that led to improved mechanical strength and higher biomass production in transgenic mature plants. Hence, we propose that overexpression of certain AtCesA genes can provide a biotechnological approach to increase cellulose synthesis and biomass accumulation in transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Hu
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ran Zhang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shengqiu Feng
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Youmei Wang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yanting Wang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Chunfen Fan
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ying Li
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zengyu Liu
- Max‐Planck‐Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam‐GolmGermany
| | - René Schneider
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Tao Xia
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shi‐You Ding
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Staffan Persson
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Max‐Planck‐Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam‐GolmGermany
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Liangcai Peng
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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165
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Abstract
Shoot architecture is determined by the organization and activities of apical, axillary, intercalary, secondary, and inflorescence meristems and by the subsequent development of stems, leaves, shoot branches, and inflorescences. In this review, we discuss the unifying principles of hormonal and genetic control of shoot architecture including advances in our understanding of lateral branch outgrowth; control of stem elongation, thickness, and angle; and regulation of inflorescence development. We focus on recent progress made mainly in Arabidopsis thaliana, rice, pea, maize, and tomato, including the identification of new genes and mechanisms controlling shoot architecture. Key advances include elucidation of mechanisms by which strigolactones, auxins, and genes such as IDEAL PLANT ARCHITECTURE1 and TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 control shoot architecture. Knowledge now available provides a foundation for rational approaches to crop breeding and the generation of ideotypes with defined architectural features to improve performance and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Steven M Smith
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia;
| | - Jiayang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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166
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Wang X, Lin L, Tang Y, Xia H, Zhang X, Yue M, Qiu X, Xu K, Wang Z. Transcriptomic insights into citrus segment membrane's cell wall components relating to fruit sensory texture. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:280. [PMID: 29685103 PMCID: PMC5914067 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4669-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During fresh fruit consumption, sensory texture is one factor that affects the organoleptic qualities. Chemical components of plant cell walls, including pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, play central roles in determining the textural qualities. To explore the genes and regulatory pathways involved in fresh citrus’ perceived sensory texture, we performed mRNA-seq analyses of the segment membranes of two citrus cultivars, Shiranui and Kiyomi, with different organoleptic textures. Results Segment membranes were sampled at two developmental stages of citrus fruit, the beginning and end of the expansion period. More than 3000 differentially expressed genes were identified. The gene ontology analysis revealed that more categories were significantly enriched in ‘Shiranui’ than in ‘Kiyomi’ at both developmental stages. In total, 108 significantly enriched pathways were obtained, with most belonging to metabolism. A detailed transcriptomic analysis revealed potential critical genes involved in the metabolism of cell wall structures, for example, GAUT4 in pectin synthesis, CESA1, 3 and 6, and SUS4 in cellulose synthesis, CSLC5, XXT1 and XXT2 in hemicellulose synthesis, and CSE in lignin synthesis. Low levels, or no expression, of genes involved in cellulose and hemicellulose, such as CESA4, CESA7, CESA8, IRX9 and IRX14, confirmed that secondary cell walls were negligible or absent in citrus segment membranes. A chemical component analysis of the segment membranes from mature fruit revealed that the pectin, cellulose and lignin contents, and the segment membrane’s weight (% of segment) were greater in ‘Kiyomi’. Conclusion Organoleptic quality of citrus is easily overlooked. It is mainly determined by sensory texture perceived in citrus segment membrane properties. We performed mRNA-seq analyses of citrus segment membranes to explore the genes and regulatory pathways involved in fresh citrus’ perceived sensory texture. Transcriptomic data showed high repeatability between two independent biological replicates. The expression levels of genes involved in cell wall structure metabolism, including pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, were investigated. Meanwhile, chemical component contents of the segment membranes from mature fruit were analyzed. This study provided detailed transcriptional regulatory profiles of different organoleptic citrus qualities and integrated insights into the mechanisms affecting citrus’ sensory texture. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4669-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Wang
- Institution of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, No 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lijin Lin
- Institution of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, No 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Institution of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, No 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Xia
- Institution of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, No 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiancong Zhang
- Institution of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, No 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Maolan Yue
- Institution of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, No 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xia Qiu
- Institution of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, No 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Sichuan Horticultural Crop Agrotechnical Promotion Workstation, No 4 Wuhou Memorial Temple Street, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, No 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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167
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McManus JB, Yang H, Wilson L, Kubicki JD, Tien M. Initiation, Elongation, and Termination of Bacterial Cellulose Synthesis. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:2690-2698. [PMID: 30023847 PMCID: PMC6044951 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is the major component of the plant cell wall and composed of β-linked glucose units. Use of cellulose is greatly impacted by its physical properties, which are dominated by the number of individual cellulose strand within each fiber and the average length of each strand. Our work described herein provides a complete mechanism for cellulose synthase accounting for its processivity and mechanism of initiation. Using ionic liquids and gel permeation chromatography, we obtain kinetic constants for initiation, elongation, and termination (release of the cellulose strand from the enzyme) for two bacterial cellulose synthases (Gluconacetobacter hansenii and Rhodobacter sphaeroides). Our results show that initiation of synthesis is primer-independent. After initiation, the enzyme undergoes multiple cycles of elongation until the strand is released. The rate of elongation is much faster than that of steady-state turnover. Elongation requires cyclic addition of glucose (from uridine diphosphate-glucose) and then strand translocation by one glucose unit. Translocations greater than one glucose unit result in termination requiring reinitiation. The rate of the strand release, relative to the rate of elongation, determines the processivity of the enzyme. This mechanism and the measured rate constants were supported by kinetic simulation. With the experimentally determined rate constants, we are able to simulate steady-state kinetics and mimic the size distribution of the product. Thus, our results provide for the first time a mechanism for cellulose synthase that accounts for initiation, elongation, and termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B. McManus
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Hui Yang
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Liza Wilson
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - James D. Kubicki
- Department
of Geological Sciences, University of Texas
at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United
States
| | - Ming Tien
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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168
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Majda M, Robert S. The Role of Auxin in Cell Wall Expansion. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040951. [PMID: 29565829 PMCID: PMC5979272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cells are surrounded by cell walls, which are dynamic structures displaying a strictly regulated balance between rigidity and flexibility. Walls are fairly rigid to provide support and protection, but also extensible, to allow cell growth, which is triggered by a high intracellular turgor pressure. Wall properties regulate the differential growth of the cell, resulting in a diversity of cell sizes and shapes. The plant hormone auxin is well known to stimulate cell elongation via increasing wall extensibility. Auxin participates in the regulation of cell wall properties by inducing wall loosening. Here, we review what is known on cell wall property regulation by auxin. We focus particularly on the auxin role during cell expansion linked directly to cell wall modifications. We also analyze downstream targets of transcriptional auxin signaling, which are related to the cell wall and could be linked to acid growth and the action of wall-loosening proteins. All together, this update elucidates the connection between hormonal signaling and cell wall synthesis and deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Majda
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
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169
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Jarvis MC. Structure of native cellulose microfibrils, the starting point for nanocellulose manufacture. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2018; 376:rsta.2017.0045. [PMID: 29277742 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
There is an emerging consensus that higher plants synthesize cellulose microfibrils that initially comprise 18 chains. However, the mean number of chains per microfibril in situ is usually greater than 18, sometimes much greater. Microfibrils from woody tissues of conifers, grasses and dicotyledonous plants, and from organs like cotton hairs, all differ in detailed structure and mean diameter. Diameters increase further when aggregated microfibrils are isolated. Because surface chains differ, the tensile properties of the cellulose may be augmented by increasing microfibril diameter. Association of microfibrils with anionic polysaccharides in primary cell walls and mucilages leads to in vivo mechanisms of disaggregation that may be relevant to the preparation of nanofibrillar cellulose products. For the preparation of nanocrystalline celluloses, the key issue is the nature and axial spacing of disordered domains at which axial scission can be initiated. These disordered domains do not, as has often been suggested, take the form of large blocks occupying much of the length of the microfibril. They are more likely to be located at chain ends or at places where the microfibril has been mechanically damaged, but their structure and the reasons for their sensitivity to acid hydrolysis need better characterization.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'New horizons for cellulose nanotechnology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Jarvis
- College of Science and Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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170
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Bacete L, Mélida H, Miedes E, Molina A. Plant cell wall-mediated immunity: cell wall changes trigger disease resistance responses. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:614-636. [PMID: 29266460 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a repertoire of monitoring systems to sense plant morphogenesis and to face environmental changes and threats caused by different attackers. These systems integrate different signals into overreaching triggering pathways which coordinate developmental and defence-associated responses. The plant cell wall, a dynamic and complex structure surrounding every plant cell, has emerged recently as an essential component of plant monitoring systems, thus expanding its function as a passive defensive barrier. Plants have a dedicated mechanism for maintaining cell wall integrity (CWI) which comprises a diverse set of plasma membrane-resident sensors and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The PRRs perceive plant-derived ligands, such as peptides or wall glycans, known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These DAMPs function as 'danger' alert signals activating DAMP-triggered immunity (DTI), which shares signalling components and responses with the immune pathways triggered by non-self microbe-associated molecular patterns that mediate disease resistance. Alteration of CWI by impairment of the expression or activity of proteins involved in cell wall biosynthesis and/or remodelling, as occurs in some plant cell wall mutants, or by wall damage due to colonization by pathogens/pests, activates specific defensive and growth responses. Our current understanding of how these alterations of CWI are perceived by the wall monitoring systems is scarce and few plant sensors/PRRs and DAMPs have been characterized. The identification of these CWI sensors and PRR-DAMP pairs will help us to understand the immune functions of the wall monitoring system, and might allow the breeding of crop varieties and the design of agricultural strategies that would enhance crop disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bacete
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugo Mélida
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Miedes
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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171
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Direct observation of the effects of cellulose synthesis inhibitors using live cell imaging of Cellulose Synthase (CESA) in Physcomitrella patens. Sci Rep 2018; 8:735. [PMID: 29335590 PMCID: PMC5768717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18994-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Results from live cell imaging of fluorescently tagged Cellulose Synthase (CESA) proteins in Cellulose Synthesis Complexes (CSCs) have enhanced our understanding of cellulose biosynthesis, including the mechanisms of action of cellulose synthesis inhibitors. However, this method has been applied only in Arabidopsis thaliana and Brachypodium distachyon thus far. Results from freeze fracture electron microscopy of protonemal filaments of the moss Funaria hygrometrica indicate that a cellulose synthesis inhibitor, 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB), fragments CSCs and clears them from the plasma membrane. This differs from Arabidopsis, in which DCB causes CSC accumulation in the plasma membrane and a different cellulose synthesis inhibitor, isoxaben, clears CSCs from the plasma membrane. In this study, live cell imaging of the moss Physcomitrella patens indicated that DCB and isoxaben have little effect on protonemal growth rates, and that only DCB causes tip rupture. Live cell imaging of mEGFP-PpCESA5 and mEGFP-PpCESA8 showed that DCB and isoxaben substantially reduced CSC movement, but had no measureable effect on CSC density in the plasma membrane. These results suggest that DCB and isoxaben have similar effects on CSC movement in P. patens and Arabidopsis, but have different effects on CSC intracellular trafficking, cell growth and cell integrity in these divergent plant lineages.
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172
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Seo JK, Kim MK, Kwak HR, Choi HS, Nam M, Choe J, Choi B, Han SJ, Kang JH, Jung C. Molecular dissection of distinct symptoms induced by tomato chlorosis virus and tomato yellow leaf curl virus based on comparative transcriptome analysis. Virology 2018; 516:1-20. [PMID: 29316505 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The viral infection of plants may cause various physiological symptoms associated with the reprogramming of plant gene expression. However, the molecular mechanisms and associated genes underlying disease symptom development in plants infected with viruses are largely unknown. In this study, we employed RNA sequencing for in-depth molecular characterization of the transcriptional changes associated with the development of distinct symptoms induced by tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) and tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in tomato. Comparative analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that ToCV and TYLCV induced distinct transcriptional changes in tomato and resulted in the identification of important genes responsible for the development of symptoms of ToCV (i.e., chlorosis and anthocyanin accumulation) and TYLCV (i.e., yellowing, stunted growth, and leaf curl). Our comprehensive transcriptome analysis can provide molecular strategies to reduce the severity of disease symptoms as well as new insights for the development of virus-resistant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Kyun Seo
- Department of International Agricultural Technology and Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mi-Kyeong Kim
- Crop Protection Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Ryun Kwak
- Crop Protection Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Soo Choi
- Crop Protection Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Nam
- SEEDERS Inc., Daejeon 34015, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Boram Choi
- Department of International Agricultural Technology and Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jung Han
- Department of International Agricultural Technology and Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Kang
- Department of International Agricultural Technology and Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Choonkyun Jung
- Department of International Agricultural Technology and Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea.
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173
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Deng H, Zhang C, Su JW, Xie Y, Zhang C, Lin J. Bioinspired multi-responsive soft actuators controlled by laser tailored graphene structures. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:5415-5423. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01285g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aligned laser induced graphene (LIG) functions as a stiff constraining element for multi-responsive soft actuators with programmable shape transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Deng
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering
- University of Missouri-Columbia
- Columbia
- USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering
- University of Missouri-Columbia
- Columbia
- USA
| | - Jheng-Wun Su
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering
- University of Missouri-Columbia
- Columbia
- USA
| | - Yunchao Xie
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering
- University of Missouri-Columbia
- Columbia
- USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering
- University of Missouri-Columbia
- Columbia
- USA
| | - Jian Lin
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering
- University of Missouri-Columbia
- Columbia
- USA
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174
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Shim I, Law R, Kileeg Z, Stronghill P, Northey JGB, Strap JL, Bonetta DT. Alleles Causing Resistance to Isoxaben and Flupoxam Highlight the Significance of Transmembrane Domains for CESA Protein Function. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1152. [PMID: 30197649 PMCID: PMC6118223 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The cellulose synthase (CESA) proteins in Arabidopsis play an essential role in the production of cellulose in the cell walls. Herbicides such as isoxaben and flupoxam specifically target this production process and are prominent cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs). Forward genetic screens in Arabidopsis revealed that mutations that can result in varying degrees of resistance to either isoxaben or flupoxam CBI can be attributed to single amino acid substitutions in primary wall CESAs. Missense mutations were almost exclusively present in the predicted transmembrane regions of CESA1, CESA3, and CESA6. Resistance to isoxaben was also conferred by modification to the catalytic residues of CESA3. This resulted in cellulose deficient phenotypes characterized by reduced crystallinity and dwarfism. However, mapping of mutations to the transmembrane regions also lead to growth phenotypes and altered cellulose crystallinity phenotypes. These results provide further genetic evidence supporting the involvement of CESA transmembrane regions in cellulose biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Shim
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Law
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Zachary Kileeg
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia Stronghill
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough Campus, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julian G. B. Northey
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Janice L. Strap
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dario T. Bonetta
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Dario T. Bonetta,
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175
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Li F, Liu S, Xu H, Xu Q. A novel FC17/CESA4 mutation causes increased biomass saccharification and lodging resistance by remodeling cell wall in rice. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:298. [PMID: 30410573 PMCID: PMC6211429 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice not only produces grains for human beings, but also provides large amounts of lignocellulose residues, which recently highlighted as feedstock for biofuel production. Genetic modification of plant cell walls can potentially enhance biomass saccharification; however, it remains a challenge to maintain a normal growth with enhanced lodging resistance in rice. RESULTS In this study, rice (Oryza sativa) mutant fc17, which harbors the substitution (F426S) at the plant-conserved region (P-CR) of cellulose synthase 4 (CESA4) protein, exhibited slightly affected plant growth and 17% higher lodging resistance compared to the wild-type. More importantly, the mutant showed a 1.68-fold enhancement in biomass saccharification efficiency. Cell wall composition analysis showed a reduction in secondary wall thickness and cellulose content, and compensatory increase in hemicelluloses and lignin content. Both X-ray diffraction and calcofluor staining demonstrated a significant reduction in cellulose crystallinity, which should be a key factor for its high saccharification. Proteomic profiling of wild-type and fc17 plants further indicated a possible mechanism by which mutation induces cellulose deposition and cell wall remodeling. CONCLUSION These results suggest that CESA4 P-CR site mutation affects cell wall features especially cellulose structure and thereby causes enhancement in biomass digestion and lodging resistance. Therefore, CESA4 P-CR region is promising target for cell wall modification to facilitate the breeding of bioenergy rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengcheng Li
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866 China
| | - Sitong Liu
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866 China
| | - Hai Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866 China
| | - Quan Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866 China
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176
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Li H, Cheng X, Zhang L, Hu J, Zhang F, Chen B, Xu K, Gao G, Li H, Li L, Huang Q, Li Z, Yan G, Wu X. An Integration of Genome-Wide Association Study and Gene Co-expression Network Analysis Identifies Candidate Genes of Stem Lodging-Related Traits in Brassica napus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:796. [PMID: 29946333 PMCID: PMC6006280 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Lodging is a persistent problem which severely reduce yield and impair seed quality in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Enhancing stem strength (SS) has proven to be an effective approach to decrease lodging risk. In the present study, four interrelated stem lodging-related traits, including stem breaking resistance (SBR), stem diameter (SD), SS, and lodging coefficient (LC), were investigated among 472 rapeseed accessions. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) using Brassica 60K SNP array for stem lodging-related traits identified 67 significantly associated quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and 71 candidate genes. In parallel, a gene co-expression network based on transcriptome sequencing was constructed. The module associated with cellulose biosynthesis was highlighted. By integrating GWAS and gene co-expression network analysis, some promising candidate genes, such as ESKIMO1 (ESK1, BnaC08g26920D), CELLULOSE SYNTHASE 6 (CESA6, BnaA09g06990D), and FRAGILE FIBER 8 (FRA8, BnaC04g39510D), were prioritized for further research. These findings revealed the genetic basis underlying stem lodging and provided worthwhile QTLs and genes information for genetic improvement of stem lodging resistance in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongge Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Oil Crop Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Jihong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Fugui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Biyun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Guizhen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Lixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Zaiyun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Oil Crop Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guixin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Guixin Yan, Xiaoming Wu,
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Guixin Yan, Xiaoming Wu,
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177
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Tucker G, Yin X, Zhang A, Wang M, Zhu Q, Liu X, Xie X, Chen K, Grierson D. Ethylene† and fruit softening. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyx024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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178
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Hu Y, Zhong X, Liu X, Lou B, Zhou C, Wang X. Comparative transcriptome analysis unveils the tolerance mechanisms of Citrus hystrix in response to 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189229. [PMID: 29232716 PMCID: PMC5726760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), a highly devastating citrus disease, is associated with 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiacitus' (CLas), a member of phloem-inhabiting α-proteobacteria. HLB can affect all cultivated citrus and no cure is currently available. Previous studies showed that Kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix), primarily grown in South Asia and Southeast Asia, was tolerant to HLB but the molecular mechanism remains unknown. In this study, gene expression profiling experiments were performed on HLB-tolerant C. hystrix and HLB-susceptible C. sinensis three months after inoculation with CLas using RNA-seq data. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the two citrus cultivars were mainly involved in diverse cellular functions including carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis, cell wall metabolism, secondary metabolism, hormone metabolism and oxidation/reduction processes. Notably, starch synthesis and photosynthesis process were not disturbed in CLas-infected C. hystrix. Most of the DEGs involved in cell wall metabolism and secondary metabolism were up-regulated in C. hystrix. In addition, the activation of peroxidases, Cu/Zn-SOD and POD4, may also enhance the tolerance of C. hystrix to CLas. This study provides an insight into the host response of HLB-tolerant citrus cultivar to CLas. C. hystrix is potentially useful for HLB-tolerant/resistant citrus breeding in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Ganzhou Bureau of Fruit Industry, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Xi Zhong
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xuelu Liu
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Binghai Lou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Citrus Biology, Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, Guilin, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Changyong Zhou
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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179
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Xia X, Zhang HM, Offler CE, Patrick JW. A Structurally Specialized Uniform Wall Layer is Essential for Constructing Wall Ingrowth Papillae in Transfer Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2035. [PMID: 29259611 PMCID: PMC5723425 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Transfer cells are characterized by wall labyrinths with either a flange or reticulate architecture. A literature survey established that reticulate wall ingrowth papillae ubiquitously arise from a modified component of their wall labyrinth, termed the uniform wall layer; a structure absent from flange transfer cells. This finding sparked an investigation of the deposition characteristics and role of the uniform wall layer using a Vicia faba cotyledon culture system. On transfer of cotyledons to culture, their adaxial epidermal cells spontaneously trans-differentiate to a reticulate architecture comparable to their abaxial epidermal transfer cell counterparts formed in planta. Uniform wall layer construction commenced once adaxial epidermal cell expansion had ceased to overlay the original outer periclinal wall on its inner surface. In contrast to the dense ring-like lattice of cellulose microfibrils in the original primary wall, the uniform wall layer was characterized by a sparsely dispersed array of linear cellulose microfibrils. A re-modeled cortical microtubule array exerted no influence on uniform wall layer formation or on its cellulose microfibril organization. Surprisingly, formation of the uniform wall layer was not dependent upon depositing a cellulose scaffold. In contrast, uniform wall cellulose microfibrils were essential precursors for constructing wall ingrowth papillae. On converging to form wall ingrowth papillae, the cellulose microfibril diameters increased 3-fold. This event correlated with up-regulated differential, and transfer-cell specific, expression of VfCesA3B while transcript levels of other cellulose biosynthetic-related genes linked with primary wall construction were substantially down-regulated.
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180
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Li N, Huang B, Tang N, Jian W, Zou J, Chen J, Cao H, Habib S, Dong X, Wei W, Gao Y, Li Z. The MADS-Box Gene SlMBP21 Regulates Sepal Size Mediated by Ethylene and Auxin in Tomato. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:2241-2256. [PMID: 29069449 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Normal organ size is achieved by successful co-ordination of cell proliferation and cell expansion, which are modulated by multiple factors such as ethylene and auxin. In our work, SlMBP21-RNAi (RNA interference) tomato exhibited longer sepals and improved fruit set. Histological analysis indicated that longer sepals were attributed to cell expansion. To explore how SlMBP21 regulates sepal size, we compared the transcriptomes of sepals between SlMBP21-RNAi and the wild type by RNA sequencing and found that the differentially expressed genes were dominantly related to cell expansion, ethylene and auxin, and photosynthesis. Down-regulation of SlMBP21 affected ethylene production and the free IAA and IAA-Val intensity in sepals. Hormone treatment further indicated that SlMBP21 was involved in the ethylene and auxin pathways. As reported, ethylene and auxin were important factors for cell expansion. Hence, SlMBP21 negatively regulated cell expansion to control sepal size, and ethylene and auxin may mediate this process. Additionally, the contents of Chl and the activity of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, the key photosynthetic enzyme, were both increased in SlMBP21-RNAi sepals, which indicated that photosynthesis might be enhanced in transgenic longer sepals. Therefore, the longer sepal, with better protection and enhanced photosynthesis, may contribute to improve fruit set. Altogether, these results suggested that SlMBP21 was a novel factor involved in organ size control. Moreover, our study provided potential application value for improving fruit set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Baowen Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Ning Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Special Plant Industry in Chongqing; Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences; Yongchuan 402160, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Jian
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jian Zou
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Haohao Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Sidra Habib
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xuekui Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Wen Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yanqiang Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
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181
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McBride Z, Chen D, Reick C, Xie J, Szymanski DB. Global Analysis of Membrane-associated Protein Oligomerization Using Protein Correlation Profiling. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:1972-1989. [PMID: 28887381 PMCID: PMC5672003 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-associated proteins are required for essential processes like transport, organelle biogenesis, and signaling. Many are expected to function as part of an oligomeric protein complex. However, membrane-associated proteins are challenging to work with, and large-scale data sets on the oligomerization state of this important class of proteins is missing. Here we combined cell fractionation of Arabidopsis leaves with nondenaturing detergent solubilization and LC/MS-based profiling of size exclusion chromatography fractions to measure the apparent masses of >1350 membrane-associated proteins. Our method identified proteins from all of the major organelles, with more than 50% of them predicted to be part of a stable complex. The plasma membrane was the most highly enriched in large protein complexes compared with other organelles. Hundreds of novel protein complexes were identified. Over 150 proteins had a complicated localization pattern, and were clearly partitioned between cytosolic and membrane-associated pools. A subset of these dual localized proteins had oligomerization states that differed based on localization. Our data set is an important resource for the community that includes new functionally relevant data for membrane-localized protein complexes that could not be predicted based on sequence alone. Our method enables the analysis of protein complex localization and dynamics, and is a first step in the development of a method in which LC/MS profile data can be used to predict the composition of membrane-associated protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary McBride
- ‡Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Donglai Chen
- §Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Christy Reick
- ¶College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis
| | - Jun Xie
- §Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- ‡Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; .,‖Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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182
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Li F, Xie G, Huang J, Zhang R, Li Y, Zhang M, Wang Y, Li A, Li X, Xia T, Qu C, Hu F, Ragauskas AJ, Peng L. OsCESA9 conserved-site mutation leads to largely enhanced plant lodging resistance and biomass enzymatic saccharification by reducing cellulose DP and crystallinity in rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:1093-1104. [PMID: 28117552 PMCID: PMC5552474 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Genetic modification of plant cell walls has been posed to reduce lignocellulose recalcitrance for enhancing biomass saccharification. Since cellulose synthase (CESA) gene was first identified, several dozen CESA mutants have been reported, but almost all mutants exhibit the defective phenotypes in plant growth and development. In this study, the rice (Oryza sativa) Osfc16 mutant with substitutions (W481C, P482S) at P-CR conserved site in CESA9 shows a slightly affected plant growth and higher biomass yield by 25%-41% compared with wild type (Nipponbare, a japonica variety). Chemical and ultrastructural analyses indicate that Osfc16 has a significantly reduced cellulose crystallinity (CrI) and thinner secondary cell walls compared with wild type. CESA co-IP detection, together with implementations of a proteasome inhibitor (MG132) and two distinct cellulose inhibitors (Calcofluor, CGA), shows that CESA9 mutation could affect integrity of CESA4/7/9 complexes, which may lead to rapid CESA proteasome degradation for low-DP cellulose biosynthesis. These may reduce cellulose CrI, which improves plant lodging resistance, a major and integrated agronomic trait on plant growth and grain production, and enhances biomass enzymatic saccharification by up to 2.3-fold and ethanol productivity by 34%-42%. This study has for the first time reported a direct modification for the low-DP cellulose production that has broad applications in biomass industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengcheng Li
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and BreedingMinistry of AgricultureRice Research InstituteShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Guosheng Xie
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jiangfeng Huang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ran Zhang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yu Li
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yanting Wang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ao Li
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xukai Li
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Tao Xia
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Chengcheng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Fan Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe University of Tennessee‐ KnoxvilleKnoxvilleTNUSA
- Department of ForestryThe University of Tennessee‐KnoxvilleKnoxvilleTNUSA
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe University of Tennessee‐ KnoxvilleKnoxvilleTNUSA
- Department of ForestryThe University of Tennessee‐KnoxvilleKnoxvilleTNUSA
| | - Liangcai Peng
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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183
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Goulao LF, Fernandes JC, Amâncio S. How the Depletion in Mineral Major Elements Affects Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) Primary Cell Wall. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1439. [PMID: 28871267 PMCID: PMC5566972 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The noteworthy fine remodeling that plant cell walls (CWs) undergo to adapt to developmental, physiological and environmental cues and the observation that its composition and dynamics differ between species represents an opportunity to couple crop species agronomic studies with research on CW modifications. Vitis vinifera is one of the most important crops from an economic point-of-view due to the high value of the fruit, predominantly for winemaking. The availability of some information related to this species' CWs allows researching its responses to imposed conditions that affect the plant's development. Mineral deficiency, in particular nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur, strongly affects plant metabolism, reducing both growth and crop yield. Despite the importance of mineral nutrition in development, its influence on CW synthesis and modifications is still insufficiently documented. Addressing this knowledge gap, V. vinifera experimental models were used to study CW responses to imposed mineral depletion in unorganized (callus) and organized (shoots) tissues. The discussion of the obtained results is the main focus of this review. Callus and shoots submitted to mineral restriction are impaired in specific CW components, predominantly cellulose. Reorganization on structure and deposition of several other polymers, in particular the degree and pattern of pectin methyl-esterification and the amount of xyloglucan (XyG), arabinan and extensin, is also observed. In view of recently proposed CW models that consider biomechanical hotspots and direct linkages between pectins and XyG/cellulose, the outcome of these modifications in explaining maintenance of CW integrity through compensatory stiffening can be debated. Nutrient stresses do not affect evenly all tissues with undifferentiated callus tissues showing more pronounced responses, followed by shoot mature internodes, and then newly formed internodes. The impact of nitrogen depletion leads to more noticeable responses, supporting this nutrient's primary role in plant development and metabolism. The consequential compensatory mechanisms highlight the pivotal role of CW in rearranging under environmental stresses.
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Podgórska A, Burian M, Gieczewska K, Ostaszewska-Bugajska M, Zebrowski J, Solecka D, Szal B. Altered Cell Wall Plasticity Can Restrict Plant Growth under Ammonium Nutrition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1344. [PMID: 28848567 PMCID: PMC5554365 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants mainly utilize inorganic forms of nitrogen (N), such as nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+). However, the composition of the N source is important, because excess of NH4+ promotes morphological disorders. Plants cultured on NH4+ as the sole N source exhibit serious growth inhibition, commonly referred to as "ammonium toxicity syndrome." NH4+-mediated suppression of growth may be attributable to both repression of cell elongation and reduction of cell division. The precondition for cell enlargement is the expansion of the cell wall, which requires the loosening of the cell wall polymers. Therefore, to understand how NH4+ nutrition may trigger growth retardation in plants, properties of their cell walls were analyzed. We found that Arabidopsis thaliana using NH4+ as the sole N source has smaller cells with relatively thicker cell walls. Moreover, cellulose, which is the main load-bearing polysaccharide revealed a denser assembly of microfibrils. Consequently, the leaf blade tissue showed elevated tensile strength and indicated higher cell wall stiffness. These changes might be related to changes in polysaccharide and ion content of cell walls. Further, NH4+ toxicity was associated with altered activities of cell wall modifying proteins. The lower activity and/or expression of pectin hydrolyzing enzymes and expansins might limit cell wall expansion. Additionally, the higher activity of cell wall peroxidases can lead to higher cross-linking of cell wall polymers. Overall, the NH4+-mediated inhibition of growth is related to a more rigid cell wall structure, which limits expansion of cells. The changes in cell wall composition were also indicated by decreased expression of Feronia, a receptor-like kinase involved in the control of cell wall extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Podgórska
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Burian
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gieczewska
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Ostaszewska-Bugajska
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Zebrowski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biotechnology and Basic Science, University of RzeszówKolbuszowa, Poland
| | - Danuta Solecka
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Szal
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
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185
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Li Y, Yang T, Dai D, Hu Y, Guo X, Guo H. Evolution, gene expression profiling and 3D modeling of CSLD proteins in cotton. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:119. [PMID: 28693426 PMCID: PMC5504666 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among CESA-like gene superfamily, the cellulose synthase-like D (CSLD) genes are most similar to cellulose synthase genes and have been reported to be involved in tip-growing cell and stem development. However, there has been no genome-wide characterization of this gene subfamily in cotton. We thus sought to analyze the evolution and functional characterization of CSLD proteins in cotton based on fully sequenced cotton genomes. RESULTS A total of 23 full-length CSLD proteins were identified in Gossypium raimondii, Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium hirsutum. The phylogenetic tree divided the CSLD proteins into five clades with strong support: CSLD1, CSLD2/3, CSLD4, CSLD5 and CSLD6. The total expression of GhCSLD genes was the highest in androecium & gynoecium (mostly contributed by CSLD1 and CSLD4) compared with other CSL genes. CSLD1 and CSLD4 were only highly expressed in androecium & gynoecium (A&G), and showed tissue-specific expression. The total expression of CSLD2/3, 5 and 6 was highest in the specific tissues. These results suggest that CSLD genes showed the different pattern of expression. Cotton CSLD proteins were subjected to different evolutionary pressures, and the CSLD1 and CSLD4 proteins exhibited episodic and long-term shift positive selection. The predicted three-dimensional structure of GrCSLD1 suggested that GrCSLD1 belongs to glycosyltransferase family 2. The amino acid residues under positive selection in the CSLD1 lineage are positioned in a region adjacent to the class-specific region (CSR), β1-strand and transmembrane helices (TMHs) in the GrCSLD1structure. CONCLUSION Our results characterized the CSLD proteins by an integrated approach containing phylogeny, transcriptional profiling and 3D modeling. The study added to the understanding about the importance of the CSLD family and provide a useful reference for selecting candidate genes and their associations with the biosynthesis of the cell wall in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Li
- Industrial Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116, Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in Central Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 116, Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
| | - Tiegang Yang
- Industrial Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116, Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in Central Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 116, Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
| | - Dandan Dai
- Industrial Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116, Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in Central Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 116, Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
| | - Ying Hu
- Industrial Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116, Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in Central Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 116, Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
| | - Xiaoyang Guo
- Industrial Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116, Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in Central Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 116, Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
| | - Hongxia Guo
- Industrial Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116, Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in Central Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 116, Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
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186
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Mokshina N, Gorshkov O, Ibragimova N, Chernova T, Gorshkova T. Cellulosic fibres of flax recruit both primary and secondary cell wall cellulose synthases during deposition of thick tertiary cell walls and in the course of graviresponse. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:820-831. [PMID: 32480610 DOI: 10.1071/fp17105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose synthesising complex consists of cellulose synthase (CESA) subunits encoded by a multigene family; different sets of CESA genes are known to be expressed during primary and secondary cell wall formation. We examined the expression of LusCESAs in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cellulosic fibres at various stages of development and in the course of graviresponse by means of RNA-Seq and quantitative PCR. Transcripts for both primary and secondary cell wall-related CESAs were abundant in fibres depositing highly cellulosic tertiary cell walls. Gravistimulation of flax plants temporally increased the abundance of CESA transcripts, specifically in phloem fibres located at the pulling stem side. Construction of coexpression networks for LusCESAs revealed that both primary and secondary cell wall-related CESAs were involved in the joint coexpression group in fibres depositing tertiary cell walls, as distinct from other tissues, where these genes were within separate groups. The obtained data suggest that fibres depositing tertiary cell walls have a specific mechanism of cellulose biosynthesis and a specific way of its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mokshina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of Kazan Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevsky str., 2/31, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Oleg Gorshkov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of Kazan Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevsky str., 2/31, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Nadezda Ibragimova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of Kazan Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevsky str., 2/31, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Tatyana Chernova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of Kazan Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevsky str., 2/31, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of Kazan Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevsky str., 2/31, Kazan, Russia 420111
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187
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Lehman TA, Smertenko A, Sanguinet KA. Auxin, microtubules, and vesicle trafficking: conspirators behind the cell wall. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3321-3329. [PMID: 28666373 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant morphogenesis depends on the synchronized anisotropic expansion of individual cells in response to developmental and environmental cues. The magnitude of cell expansion depends on the biomechanical properties of the cell wall, which in turn depends on both its biosynthesis and extensibility. Although the control of cell expansion by the phytohormone auxin is well established, its regulation of cell wall composition, trafficking of H+-ATPases, and K+ influx that drives growth is still being elucidated. Furthermore, the maintenance of auxin fluxes via the interaction between the cytoskeleton and PIN protein recycling on the plasma membrane remains under investigation. This review proposes a model that describes how the cell wall, auxin, microtubule binding-protein CLASP and Kin7/separase complexes, and vesicle trafficking are co-ordinated on a cellular level to mediate cell wall loosening during cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiel A Lehman
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Andrei Smertenko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Karen A Sanguinet
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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188
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Yarbrough JM, Zhang R, Mittal A, Vander Wall T, Bomble YJ, Decker SR, Himmel ME, Ciesielski PN. Multifunctional Cellulolytic Enzymes Outperform Processive Fungal Cellulases for Coproduction of Nanocellulose and Biofuels. ACS NANO 2017; 11:3101-3109. [PMID: 28267923 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Producing fuels, chemicals, and materials from renewable resources to meet societal demands remains an important step in the transition to a sustainable, clean energy economy. The use of cellulolytic enzymes for the production of nanocellulose enables the coproduction of sugars for biofuels production in a format that is largely compatible with the process design employed by modern lignocellulosic (second generation) biorefineries. However, yields of enzymatically produced nanocellulose are typically much lower than those achieved by mineral acid production methods. In this study, we compare the capacity for coproduction of nanocellulose and fermentable sugars using two vastly different cellulase systems: the classical "free enzyme" system of the saprophytic fungus, Trichoderma reesei (T. reesei) and the complexed, multifunctional enzymes produced by the hot springs resident, Caldicellulosiruptor bescii (C. bescii). We demonstrate by comparative digestions that the C. bescii system outperforms the fungal enzyme system in terms of total cellulose conversion, sugar production, and nanocellulose production. In addition, we show by multimodal imaging and dynamic light scattering that the nanocellulose produced by the C. bescii cellulase system is substantially more uniform than that produced by the T. reesei system. These disparities in the yields and characteristics of the nanocellulose produced by these disparate systems can be attributed to the dramatic differences in the mechanisms of action of the dominant enzymes in each system.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Yarbrough
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Lab , 1503 Denver W. Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ruoran Zhang
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Lab , 1503 Denver W. Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ashutosh Mittal
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Lab , 1503 Denver W. Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Todd Vander Wall
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Lab , 1503 Denver W. Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Yannick J Bomble
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Lab , 1503 Denver W. Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Stephen R Decker
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Lab , 1503 Denver W. Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Michael E Himmel
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Lab , 1503 Denver W. Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Peter N Ciesielski
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Lab , 1503 Denver W. Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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189
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Xi W, Song D, Sun J, Shen J, Li L. Formation of wood secondary cell wall may involve two type cellulose synthase complexes in Populus. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 93:419-429. [PMID: 27987127 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0570-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose biosynthesis is mediated by cellulose synthases (CesAs), which constitute into rosette-like cellulose synthase complexe (CSC) on the plasma membrane. Two types of CSCs in Arabidopsis are believed to be involved in cellulose synthesis in the primary cell wall and secondary cell walls, respectively. In this work, we found that the two type CSCs participated cellulose biosynthesis in differentiating xylem cells undergoing secondary cell wall thickening in Populus. During the cell wall thickening process, expression of one type CSC genes increased while expression of the other type CSC genes decreased. Suppression of different type CSC genes both affected the wall-thickening and disrupted the multilaminar structure of the secondary cell walls. When CesA7A was suppressed, crystalline cellulose content was reduced, which, however, showed an increase when CesA3D was suppressed. The CesA suppression also affected cellulose digestibility of the wood cell walls. The results suggest that two type CSCs are involved in coordinating the cellulose biosynthesis in formation of the multilaminar structure in Populus wood secondary cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xi
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dongliang Song
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiayan Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Junhui Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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190
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Hu K, Cao J, Zhang J, Xia F, Ke Y, Zhang H, Xie W, Liu H, Cui Y, Cao Y, Sun X, Xiao J, Li X, Zhang Q, Wang S. Improvement of multiple agronomic traits by a disease resistance gene via cell wall reinforcement. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:17009. [PMID: 28211849 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2017.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The major disease resistance gene Xa4 confers race-specific durable resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, which causes the most damaging bacterial disease in rice worldwide. Although Xa4 has been one of the most widely exploited resistance genes in rice production worldwide, its molecular nature remains unknown. Here we show that Xa4, encoding a cell wall-associated kinase, improves multiple traits of agronomic importance without compromising grain yield by strengthening the cell wall via promoting cellulose synthesis and suppressing cell wall loosening. Strengthening of the cell wall by Xa4 enhances resistance to bacterial infection, and also increases mechanical strength of the culm with slightly reduced plant height, which may improve lodging resistance of the rice plant. The simultaneous improvement of multiple agronomic traits conferred by Xa4 may account for its widespread and lasting utilization in rice breeding programmes globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keming Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianbo Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fan Xia
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yinggen Ke
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenya Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ying Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yinglong Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinli Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinghua Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xianghua Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qinglu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shiping Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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191
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PhCESA3 silencing inhibits elongation and stimulates radial expansion in petunia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41471. [PMID: 28150693 PMCID: PMC5288708 DOI: 10.1038/srep41471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose synthase catalytic subunits (CESAs) play important roles in plant growth, development and disease resistance. Previous studies have shown an essential role of Arabidopsis thaliana CESA3 in plant growth. However, little is known about the role of CESA3 in species other than A. thaliana. To gain a better understanding of CESA3, the petunia (Petunia hybrida) PhCESA3 gene was isolated, and the role of PhCESA3 in plant growth was analyzed in a wide range of plants. PhCESA3 mRNA was present at varying levels in tissues examined. VIGS-mediated PhCESA3 silencing resulted in dwarfing of plant height, which was consistent with the phenotype of the A. thaliana rsw1 mutant (a temperature-sensitive allele of AtCESA1), the A. thaliana cev1 mutant (the AtCESA3 mild mutant), and the antisense AtCESA3 line. However, PhCESA3 silencing led to swollen stems, pedicels, filaments, styles and epidermal hairs as well as thickened leaves and corollas, which were not observed in the A. thaliana cev1 mutant, the rsw1 mutant and the antisense AtCESA3 line. Further micrographs showed that PhCESA3 silencing reduced the length and increased the width of cells, suggesting that PhCESA3 silencing inhibits elongation and stimulates radial expansion in petunia.
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192
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Zhang Q, Qu Y, Wang Q, Song P, Wang P, Jia Q, Guo J. Arabidopsis phospholipase D alpha 1-derived phosphatidic acid regulates microtubule organization and cell development under microtubule-interacting drugs treatment. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2017; 130:193-202. [PMID: 27864640 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0870-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) and its product phosphatidic acid (PA) are emerging as essential regulators of cytoskeleton organization in plants. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of PA-mediated microtubule reorganization in plants remain largely unknown. In this study, we used pharmacological and genetic approaches to analyze the function of Arabidopsis thaliana PLDα1 in the regulation of microtubule organization and cell development in response to microtubule-affecting drugs. Treatment with the microtubule-stabilizing drug paclitaxel resulted in less growth inhibition and decreased rightward slant of roots, longitudinal alignment of microtubules, and enhanced length of hypocotyl epidermal cells in the pldα1 mutant, the phenotype of which was rescued by exogenous application of PA. Moreover, the pldα1 mutant was sensitive to the microtubule-disrupting drugs oryzalin and propyzamide in terms of seedling survival ratio, left-skewing angle of roots and microtubule organization. In addition, both disruption and stabilization of microtubules induced by drugs activated PLDα1 activity. Our findings demonstrate that in A. thaliana, PLDα1/PA might regulate cell development by modulating microtubule organization in an activity-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yana Qu
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Wang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Song
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Peipei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianru Jia
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhe Guo
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
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193
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Collins CA, Leslie ME, Peck SC, Heese A. Simplified Enrichment of Plasma Membrane Proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana Seedlings Using Differential Centrifugation and Brij-58 Treatment. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1564:155-168. [PMID: 28124253 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6813-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM) forms a barrier between a plant cell and its environment. Proteins at this subcellular location play diverse and complex roles, including perception of extracellular signals to coordinate cellular changes. Analyses of PM proteins, however, are often limited by the relatively low abundance of these proteins in the total cellular protein pool. Techniques traditionally used for enrichment of PM proteins are time consuming, tedious, and require extensive optimization. Here, we provide a simple and reproducible enrichment procedure for PM proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings starting from total microsomal membranes isolated by differential centrifugation. To enrich for PM proteins, total microsomes are treated with the nonionic detergent Brij-58 to decrease the abundance of contaminating organellar proteins. This protocol combined with the genetic resources available in Arabidopsis provides a powerful tool that will enhance our understanding of proteins at the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina A Collins
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group (IPG), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Michelle E Leslie
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group (IPG), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Scott C Peck
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group (IPG), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Antje Heese
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group (IPG), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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Langhans M, Weber W, Babel L, Grunewald M, Meckel T. The right motifs for plant cell adhesion: what makes an adhesive site? PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:95-108. [PMID: 27091341 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0970-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cells of multicellular organisms are surrounded by and attached to a matrix of fibrous polysaccharides and proteins known as the extracellular matrix. This fibrous network not only serves as a structural support to cells and tissues but also plays an integral part in the process as important as proliferation, differentiation, or defense. While at first sight, the extracellular matrices of plant and animals do not have much in common, a closer look reveals remarkable similarities. In particular, the proteins involved in the adhesion of the cell to the extracellular matrix share many functional properties. At the sequence level, however, a surprising lack of homology is found between adhesion-related proteins of plants and animals. Both protein machineries only reveal similarities between small subdomains and motifs, which further underlines their functional relationship. In this review, we provide an overview on the similarities between motifs in proteins known to be located at the plant cell wall-plasma membrane-cytoskeleton interface to proteins of the animal adhesome. We also show that by comparing the proteome of both adhesion machineries at the level of motifs, we are also able to identify potentially new candidate proteins that functionally contribute to the adhesion of the plant plasma membrane to the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Langhans
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64297, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Wadim Weber
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64297, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Laura Babel
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64297, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Miriam Grunewald
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64297, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tobias Meckel
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64297, Darmstadt, Germany.
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195
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Jiang F, Hsieh YL. Rice Straw Nanocelluloses: Process-Linked Structures, Properties, and Self-Assembling into Ultra-Fine Fibers. NANOCELLULOSES: THEIR PREPARATION, PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2017-1251.ch007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- Fiber and Polymer Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - You-Lo Hsieh
- Fiber and Polymer Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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196
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Kameshwar AKS, Qin W. Metadata Analysis of Phanerochaete chrysosporium Gene Expression Data Identified Common CAZymes Encoding Gene Expression Profiles Involved in Cellulose and Hemicellulose Degradation. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:85-99. [PMID: 28123349 PMCID: PMC5264264 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.17390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In literature, extensive studies have been conducted on popular wood degrading white rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium about its lignin degrading mechanisms compared to the cellulose and hemicellulose degrading abilities. This study delineates cellulose and hemicellulose degrading mechanisms through large scale metadata analysis of P. chrysosporium gene expression data (retrieved from NCBI GEO) to understand the common expression patterns of differentially expressed genes when cultured on different growth substrates. Genes encoding glycoside hydrolase classes commonly expressed during breakdown of cellulose such as GH-5,6,7,9,44,45,48 and hemicellulose are GH-2,8,10,11,26,30,43,47 were found to be highly expressed among varied growth conditions including simple customized and complex natural plant biomass growth mediums. Genes encoding carbohydrate esterase class enzymes CE (1,4,8,9,15,16) polysaccharide lyase class enzymes PL-8 and PL-14, and glycosyl transferases classes GT (1,2,4,8,15,20,35,39,48) were differentially expressed in natural plant biomass growth mediums. Based on these results, P. chrysosporium, on natural plant biomass substrates was found to express lignin and hemicellulose degrading enzymes more than cellulolytic enzymes except GH-61 (LPMO) class enzymes, in early stages. It was observed that the fate of P. chrysosporium transcriptome is significantly affected by the wood substrate provided. We believe, the gene expression findings in this study plays crucial role in developing genetically efficient microbe with effective cellulose and hemicellulose degradation abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wensheng Qin
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada
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197
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Wesener DA, Levengood MR, Kiessling LL. Comparing Galactan Biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Corynebacterium diphtheriae. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:2944-2955. [PMID: 28039359 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.759340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The suborder Corynebacterineae encompasses species like Corynebacterium glutamicum, which has been harnessed for industrial production of amino acids, as well as Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which cause devastating human diseases. A distinctive component of the Corynebacterineae cell envelope is the mycolyl-arabinogalactan (mAG) complex. The mAG is composed of lipid mycolic acids, and arabinofuranose (Araf) and galactofuranose (Galf) carbohydrate residues. Elucidating microbe-specific differences in mAG composition could advance biotechnological applications and lead to new antimicrobial targets. To this end, we compare and contrast galactan biosynthesis in C. diphtheriae and M. tuberculosis In each species, the galactan is constructed from uridine 5'-diphosphate-α-d-galactofuranose (UDP-Galf), which is generated by the enzyme UDP-galactopyranose mutase (UGM or Glf). UGM and the galactan are essential in M. tuberculosis, but their importance in Corynebacterium species was not known. We show that small molecule inhibitors of UGM impede C. glutamicum growth, suggesting that the galactan is critical in corynebacteria. Previous cell wall analysis data suggest the galactan polymer is longer in mycobacterial species than corynebacterial species. To explore the source of galactan length variation, a C. diphtheriae ortholog of the M. tuberculosis carbohydrate polymerase responsible for the bulk of galactan polymerization, GlfT2, was produced, and its catalytic activity was evaluated. The C. diphtheriae GlfT2 gave rise to shorter polysaccharides than those obtained with the M. tuberculosis GlfT2. These data suggest that GlfT2 alone can influence galactan length. Our results provide tools, both small molecule and genetic, for probing and perturbing the assembly of the Corynebacterineae cell envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew R Levengood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Laura L Kiessling
- From the Department of Biochemistry and .,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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198
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Abstract
Morphogenesis in plants and animals involves large irreversible deformations. In plants, the response of the cell wall material to internal and external forces is determined by its mechanical properties. An appropriate model for plant tissue growth must include key features such as anisotropic and heterogeneous elasticity and cell dependent evaluation of mechanical variables such as turgor pressure, stress and strain. In addition, a growth model needs to cope with cell divisions as a necessary part of the growth process. Here we develop such a growth model, which is capable of employing not only mechanical signals but also morphogen signals for regulating growth. The model is based on a continuous equation for updating the resting configuration of the tissue. Simultaneously, material properties can be updated at a different time scale. We test the stability of our model by measuring convergence of growth results for a tissue under the same mechanical and material conditions but with different spatial discretization. The model is able to maintain a strain field in the tissue during re-meshing, which is of particular importance for modeling cell division. We confirm the accuracy of our estimations in two and three-dimensional simulations, and show that residual stresses are less prominent if strain or stress is included as input signal to growth. The approach results in a model implementation that can be used to compare different growth hypotheses, while keeping residual stresses and other mechanical variables updated and available for feeding back to the growth and material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behruz Bozorg
- Computational Biology & Biological Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14A, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
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199
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Sun SJ, Horikawa Y, Wada M, Sugiyama J, Imai T. Site-directed mutagenesis of bacterial cellulose synthase highlights sulfur–arene interaction as key to catalysis. Carbohydr Res 2016; 434:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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200
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Cellulose synthase complexes act in a concerted fashion to synthesize highly aggregated cellulose in secondary cell walls of plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11348-11353. [PMID: 27647923 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613273113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose, often touted as the most abundant biopolymer on Earth, is a critical component of the plant cell wall and is synthesized by plasma membrane-spanning cellulose synthase (CESA) enzymes, which in plants are organized into rosette-like CESA complexes (CSCs). Plants construct two types of cell walls, primary cell walls (PCWs) and secondary cell walls (SCWs), which differ in composition, structure, and purpose. Cellulose in PCWs and SCWs is chemically identical but has different physical characteristics. During PCW synthesis, multiple dispersed CSCs move along a shared linear track in opposing directions while synthesizing cellulose microfibrils with low aggregation. In contrast, during SCW synthesis, we observed swaths of densely arranged CSCs that moved in the same direction along tracks while synthesizing cellulose microfibrils that became highly aggregated. Our data support a model in which distinct spatiotemporal features of active CSCs during PCW and SCW synthesis contribute to the formation of cellulose with distinct structure and organization in PCWs and SCWs of Arabidopsis thaliana This study provides a foundation for understanding differences in the formation, structure, and organization of cellulose in PCWs and SCWs.
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