151
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Jansen PLM, Schaap FG. How sweet it is to activate FXR. Hepatology 2014; 59:1665-7. [PMID: 24123073 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter L M Jansen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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152
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Murashita K, Yoshiura Y, Chisada SI, Furuita H, Sugita T, Matsunari H, Iwashita Y, Yamamoto T. Homologue gene of bile acid transporters ntcp, asbt, and ost-alpha in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: tissue expression, effect of fasting, and response to bile acid administration. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 40:511-525. [PMID: 24026769 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-013-9862-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bile acid transporters belonging to the SLC10A protein family, Na+ taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP or SLC10A1), apical sodium-dependent bile salt transporter (ASBT or SLC10A2), and organic solute transporter alpha (Ost-alpha) have been known to play critical roles in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in mammals. In this study, ntcp, asbt, and ost-alpha-1/-2 cDNA were cloned, their tissue distributions were characterized, and the effects of fasting and bile acid administration on their expression were examined in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The structural characteristics of Ntcp, Asbt, and Ost-alpha were well conserved in trout, and three-dimensional structure analysis showed that Ntcp and Asbt were similar to each other. Tissue distribution analysis revealed that trout asbt was primarily expressed in the hindgut, while ntcp expression occurred in the brain, and ost-alpha-1/-2 was mainly expressed in the liver or ovary. Although asbt and ost-alpha-1 mRNA levels in the gut increased in response to fasting for 4 days, ost-alpha-1 expression in the liver decreased. Similarly, bile acid administration increased asbt and ost-alpha-1 expression levels in the gut, while those of ntcp and ost-alpha-2 in the liver decreased. These results suggested that the genes asbt, ntcp, and ost-alpha are involved in bile acid transport in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Murashita
- Aquaculture Systems Division, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Tamaki, Mie, 519-0423, Japan,
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153
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Functional transformations of bile acid transporters induced by high-affinity macromolecules. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4163. [PMID: 24566561 PMCID: PMC3933907 DOI: 10.1038/srep04163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporters (ASBT) are the intestinal transporters that form intermediate complexes with substrates and its conformational change drives the movement of substrates across the cell membrane. However, membrane-based intestinal transporters are confined to the transport of only small molecular substrates. Here, we propose a new strategy that uses high-affinity binding macromolecular substrates to functionally transform the membrane transporters so that they behave like receptors, ultimately allowing the apical-basal transport of bound macromolecules. Bile acid based macromolecular substrates were synthesized and allowed to interact with ASBT. ASBT/macromolecular substrate complexes were rapidly internalized in vesicles, localized in early endosomes, dissociated and escaped the vesicular transport while binding of cytoplasmic ileal bile acid binding proteins cause exocytosis of macromolecules and prevented entry into lysosomes. This newly found transformation process of ASBT suggests a new transport mechanism that could aid in further utilization of ASBT to mediate oral macromolecular drug delivery.
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154
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Li H, Zhuang Q, Wang Y, Zhang T, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Lin Y, Yuan Q, Xia N, Han J. HBV life cycle is restricted in mouse hepatocytes expressing human NTCP. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 11:175-83. [PMID: 24509445 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2013.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that human sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (SLC10A1 or NTCP) is a functional cellular receptor for hepatitis B virus (HBV). However, whether human NTCP can support HBV infection in mouse hepatocyte cell lines has not been clarified. Because an HBV-permissible mouse model would be helpful for the study of HBV pathogenesis, it is necessary to investigate whether human NTCP supports the susceptibility of mouse hepatocyte cell lines to HBV. The results show that exogenous human NTCP expression can render non-susceptible HepG2 (human), Huh7 (human), Hepa1-6 (mouse), AML-12 (mouse) cell lines and primary mouse hepatocyte (PMH) cells susceptible to hepatitis D virus (HDV) which employs HBV envelope proteins. However, human NTCP could only introduce HBV susceptibility in human-derived HepG2 and Huh7 cells, but not in mouse-derived Hepa1-6, AML-12 or PMH cells. These data suggest that although human NTCP is a functional receptor that mediates HBV infection in human cells, it cannot support HBV infection in mouse hepatocytes. Our study indicated that the restriction of HBV in mouse hepatocytes likely occurs after viral entry but prior to viral transcription. We have excluded the role of mouse hepatocyte nuclear factors in the restriction of the HBV life cycle and showed that knockdown or inhibition of Sting, TBK1, IRF3 or IRF7, the components of the anti-viral signaling pathways, had no effect on HBV infection in mouse hepatocytes. Therefore, murine restriction factors that limit HBV infection need to be identified before a HBV-permissible mouse line can be created.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qiuyu Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yuze Wang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China [2] School of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Tianying Zhang
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Junfang Zhang
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yi Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jiahuai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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155
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Li W, Chen J, Xie P, He J, Guo X, Tuo X, Zhang W, Wu L. Rapid conversion and reversible conjugation of glutathione detoxification of microcystins in bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 147:18-25. [PMID: 24362245 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The glutathione and cysteine conjugates of microcystin (MC-GSH and MC-Cys, respectively) are two important metabolites in the detoxification of microcystins (MCs). Although studies have quantitated both conjugates, the reason why the amounts of MC-GSH are much lower than those of MC-Cys in various animal organs remains unknown. In this study, MC-RR-GSH and MC-RR-Cys were respectively i.p. injected into the cyanobacteria-eating bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), to explore the biotransformation and detoxification mechanisms of the two conjugates. The contents of MC-RR, MC-RR-GSH, MC-RR-Cys and MC-RR-N-acetyl-cysteine (MC-RR-Nac, the acetylation product of MC-RR-Cys) in the liver, kidney, intestine and blood of bighead carp in both groups were quantified via liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). In the MC-RR-GSH-treated group, the MC-RR-Cys content in the kidney increased 96.7-fold from 0.25 to 0.5h post-injection, demonstrating that MC-RR-GSH acts as a highly reactive intermediate and is rapidly converted to MC-RR-Cys. The presence of MC-RR in both MC-RR-GSH- and MC-RR-Cys-treated groups indicates, for the first time, that MC conjugation with the thiol of GSH/Cys is a reversible process in vivo. Total MC-RR concentrations dissociated from MC-RR-Cys were lower than those from MC-RR-GSH, suggesting that MC-RR-Cys is more capable of detoxifying MC-RR. MC-RR-Cys was the most effectively excreted form in both the kidney and intestine, as the ratios of MC-RR-Cys to MC-RR reached as high as 15.2, 2.9 in the MC-RR-GSH-treated group and 63.4, 19.1 in the MC-RR-Cys-treated group. Whereas MC-RR-Nac could not be found in all of the samples of the present study. Our results indicate that MC-RR-GSH was rapidly converted to MC-RR-Cys and then excreted, and that both glutathione and cysteine conjugates could release MC-RR. This study quantitatively proves the importance of the GSH detoxification pathway and furthers our understanding of the biochemical mechanism by which bighead carp are resistant to toxic cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochun Guo
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Tuo
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Laiyan Wu
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
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156
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Iwamoto M, Watashi K, Tsukuda S, Aly HH, Fukasawa M, Fujimoto A, Suzuki R, Aizaki H, Ito T, Koiwai O, Kusuhara H, Wakita T. Evaluation and identification of hepatitis B virus entry inhibitors using HepG2 cells overexpressing a membrane transporter NTCP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:808-13. [PMID: 24342612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) entry has been analyzed using infection-susceptible cells, including primary human hepatocytes, primary tupaia hepatocytes, and HepaRG cells. Recently, the sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) membrane transporter was reported as an HBV entry receptor. In this study, we established a strain of HepG2 cells engineered to overexpress the human NTCP gene (HepG2-hNTCP-C4 cells). HepG2-hNTCP-C4 cells were shown to be susceptible to infection by blood-borne and cell culture-derived HBV. HBV infection was facilitated by pretreating cells with 3% dimethyl sulfoxide permitting nearly 50% of the cells to be infected with HBV. Knockdown analysis suggested that HBV infection of HepG2-hNTCP-C4 cells was mediated by NTCP. HBV infection was blocked by an anti-HBV surface protein neutralizing antibody, by compounds known to inhibit NTCP transporter activity, and by cyclosporin A and its derivatives. The infection assay suggested that cyclosporin B was a more potent inhibitor of HBV entry than was cyclosporin A. Further chemical screening identified oxysterols, oxidized derivatives of cholesterol, as inhibitors of HBV infection. Thus, the HepG2-hNTCP-C4 cell line established in this study is a useful tool for the identification of inhibitors of HBV infection as well as for the analysis of the molecular mechanisms of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Iwamoto
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Sciences, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Sciences, Noda 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Senko Tsukuda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Micro-signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hussein Hassan Aly
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Fukasawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Akira Fujimoto
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Suzuki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hideki Aizaki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ito
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan
| | - Osamu Koiwai
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Sciences, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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157
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Abstract
Bile is a unique and vital aqueous secretion of the liver that is formed by the hepatocyte and modified down stream by absorptive and secretory properties of the bile duct epithelium. Approximately 5% of bile consists of organic and inorganic solutes of considerable complexity. The bile-secretory unit consists of a canalicular network which is formed by the apical membrane of adjacent hepatocytes and sealed by tight junctions. The bile canaliculi (∼1 μm in diameter) conduct the flow of bile countercurrent to the direction of portal blood flow and connect with the canal of Hering and bile ducts which progressively increase in diameter and complexity prior to the entry of bile into the gallbladder, common bile duct, and intestine. Canalicular bile secretion is determined by both bile salt-dependent and independent transport systems which are localized at the apical membrane of the hepatocyte and largely consist of a series of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transport proteins that function as export pumps for bile salts and other organic solutes. These transporters create osmotic gradients within the bile canalicular lumen that provide the driving force for movement of fluid into the lumen via aquaporins. Species vary with respect to the relative amounts of bile salt-dependent and independent canalicular flow and cholangiocyte secretion which is highly regulated by hormones, second messengers, and signal transduction pathways. Most determinants of bile secretion are now characterized at the molecular level in animal models and in man. Genetic mutations serve to illuminate many of their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Boyer
- Department of Medicine and Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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158
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Reshetnyak VI. Physiological and molecular biochemical mechanisms of bile formation. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:7341-7360. [PMID: 24259965 PMCID: PMC3831216 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i42.7341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review considers the physiological and molecular biochemical mechanisms of bile formation. The composition of bile and structure of a bile canaliculus, biosynthesis and conjugation of bile acids, bile phospholipids, formation of bile micellar structures, and enterohepatic circulation of bile acids are described. In general, the review focuses on the molecular physiology of the transporting systems of the hepatocyte sinusoidal and apical membranes. Knowledge of physiological and biochemical basis of bile formation has implications for understanding the mechanisms of development of pathological processes, associated with diseases of the liver and biliary tract.
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159
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Anwer MS, Stieger B. Sodium-dependent bile salt transporters of the SLC10A transporter family: more than solute transporters. PFLUGERS ARCHIV : EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 2013. [PMID: 24196564 DOI: 10.1007/s00424‐013‐1367‐0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The SLC10A transporter gene family consists of seven members and substrates transported by three members (SLC10A1, SLC10A2 and SLC10A6) are Na(+)-dependent. SLC10A1 (sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide [NTCP]) and SLC10A2 (apical sodium-dependent bile salt transporter [ASBT]) transport bile salts and play an important role in maintaining enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. Solutes other than bile salts are also transported by NTCP. However, ASBT has not been shown to be a transporter for non-bile salt substrates. While the transport function of NTCP can potentially be used as liver function test, interpretation of such a test may be complicated by altered expression of NTCP in diseases and presence of drugs that may inhibit NTCP function. Transport of bile salts by NTCP and ASBT is inhibited by a number of drugs and it appears that ASBT is more permissive to drug inhibition than NTCP. The clinical significance of this inhibition in drug disposition and drug-drug interaction remains to be determined. Both NCTP and ASBT undergo post-translational regulations that involve phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, translocation to and retrieval from the plasma membrane and degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. These posttranslational regulations are mediated via signaling pathways involving cAMP, calcium, nitric oxide, phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase C (PKC) and protein phosphatases. There appears to be species difference in the substrate specificity and the regulation of plasma membrane localization of human and rodent NTCP. These differences should be taken into account when extrapolating rodent data for human clinical relevance and developing novel therapies. NTCP has recently been shown to play an important role in HBV and HDV infection by serving as a receptor for entry of these viruses into hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sawkat Anwer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA,
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160
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Pollheimer MJ, Fickert P, Stieger B. Chronic cholestatic liver diseases: clues from histopathology for pathogenesis. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 37:35-56. [PMID: 24141039 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic cholestatic liver diseases include fibrosing cholangiopathies such as primary biliary cirrhosis or primary sclerosing cholangitis. These and related cholangiopathies clearly display pathologies associated with (auto)immunologic processes. As the cholangiocyte's apical membrane is exposed to the toxic actions of the bile fluid, the interaction of bile with cholangiocytes and the biliary tree in general must be considered to completely understand the pathogenesis of cholangiopathies. While the molecular processes involved in the hepatocellular formation of bile are well understood in both normal and pathophysiologic conditions, those in the bile ducts of normal liver and in livers with cholangiopathies lag behind. This survey highlights key mechanisms known to date that are important for the formation of bile by hepatocytes and its modification by the biliary tree. It also delineates the clinical pathophysiologic findings for cholangiopathies and puts them in perspective with current experimental models to reveal the pathogenesis of cholangiopathies and develop novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion J Pollheimer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Fickert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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161
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Sodium-dependent bile salt transporters of the SLC10A transporter family: more than solute transporters. Pflugers Arch 2013; 466:77-89. [PMID: 24196564 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The SLC10A transporter gene family consists of seven members and substrates transported by three members (SLC10A1, SLC10A2 and SLC10A6) are Na(+)-dependent. SLC10A1 (sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide [NTCP]) and SLC10A2 (apical sodium-dependent bile salt transporter [ASBT]) transport bile salts and play an important role in maintaining enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. Solutes other than bile salts are also transported by NTCP. However, ASBT has not been shown to be a transporter for non-bile salt substrates. While the transport function of NTCP can potentially be used as liver function test, interpretation of such a test may be complicated by altered expression of NTCP in diseases and presence of drugs that may inhibit NTCP function. Transport of bile salts by NTCP and ASBT is inhibited by a number of drugs and it appears that ASBT is more permissive to drug inhibition than NTCP. The clinical significance of this inhibition in drug disposition and drug-drug interaction remains to be determined. Both NCTP and ASBT undergo post-translational regulations that involve phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, translocation to and retrieval from the plasma membrane and degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. These posttranslational regulations are mediated via signaling pathways involving cAMP, calcium, nitric oxide, phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase C (PKC) and protein phosphatases. There appears to be species difference in the substrate specificity and the regulation of plasma membrane localization of human and rodent NTCP. These differences should be taken into account when extrapolating rodent data for human clinical relevance and developing novel therapies. NTCP has recently been shown to play an important role in HBV and HDV infection by serving as a receptor for entry of these viruses into hepatocytes.
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162
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Bi YA, Qiu X, Rotter CJ, Kimoto E, Piotrowski M, Varma MV, EI-Kattan AF, Lai Y. Quantitative assessment of the contribution of sodium-dependent taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) to the hepatic uptake of rosuvastatin, pitavastatin and fluvastatin. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2013; 34:452-61. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-an Bi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer Global Research and Development; Groton; Connecticut; USA
| | - Xi Qiu
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer Global Research and Development; Groton; Connecticut; USA
| | - Charles J. Rotter
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer Global Research and Development; Groton; Connecticut; USA
| | - Emi Kimoto
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer Global Research and Development; Groton; Connecticut; USA
| | - Mary Piotrowski
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer Global Research and Development; Groton; Connecticut; USA
| | - Manthena V. Varma
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer Global Research and Development; Groton; Connecticut; USA
| | - Ayman F. EI-Kattan
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer Global Research and Development; Groton; Connecticut; USA
| | - Yurong Lai
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer Global Research and Development; Groton; Connecticut; USA
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163
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Song X, Chen Y, Valanejad L, Kaimal R, Yan B, Stoner M, Deng R. Mechanistic insights into isoform-dependent and species-specific regulation of bile salt export pump by farnesoid X receptor. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:3030-44. [PMID: 24002920 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m038323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of bile salt export pump (BSEP) is regulated by the bile acid/farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling pathway. Two FXR isoforms, FXRα1 and FXRα2, are predominantly expressed in human liver. We previously showed that human BSEP was isoform-dependently regulated by FXR and diminished with altered expression of FXRα1 and FXRα2 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. In this study, we demonstrate that FXRα1 and FXRα2 regulate human BSEP through two distinct FXR responsive elements (FXRE): IR1a and IR1b. As the predominant regulator, FXRα2 potently transactivated human BSEP through IR1a, while FXRα1 weakly transactivated human BSEP through a newly identified IR1b. Relative expression of FXRα1 and FXRα2 affected human BSEP expression in vitro and in vivo. Electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the binding and recruitment of FXRα1 and FXRα2 to IR1b and IR1a. Sequence analysis concluded that IR1b was completely conserved among species, whereas IR1a exhibited apparent differences across species. Sequence variations in IR1a were responsible for the observed species difference in BSEP transactivation by FXRα1 and FXRα2. In conclusion, FXR regulates BSEP in an isoform-dependent and species-specific manner through two distinct FXREs, and alteration of relative FXR isoform expression may be a potential mechanism for FXR to precisely regulate human BSEP in response to various physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulong Song
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
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164
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1062] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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165
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Seeger C, Mason WS. Sodium-dependent taurocholic cotransporting polypeptide: a candidate receptor for human hepatitis B virus. Gut 2013; 62:1093-5. [PMID: 23542357 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-304594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Seeger
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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166
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Kawase A, Yamada A, Gamou Y, Tahara C, Takeshita F, Murata K, Matsuda H, Samukawa K, Iwaki M. Effects of ginsenosides on the expression of cytochrome P450s and transporters involved in cholesterol metabolism. J Nat Med 2013; 68:395-401. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-013-0791-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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167
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Al-Hilal TA, Alam F, Byun Y. Oral drug delivery systems using chemical conjugates or physical complexes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:845-64. [PMID: 23220326 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oral delivery of therapeutics is extremely challenging. The digestive system is designed in a way that naturally allows the degradation of proteins or peptides into small molecules prior to absorption. For systemic absorption, the intact drug molecules must traverse the impending harsh gastrointestinal environment. Technologies, such as enteric coating, with oral dosage formulation strategies have successfully provided the protection of non-peptide based therapeutics against the harsh, acidic condition of the stomach. However, these technologies showed limited success on the protection of therapeutic proteins and peptides. Importantly, inherent permeability coefficient of the therapeutics is still a major problem that has remained unresolved for decades. Addressing this issue in the context, we summarize the strategies that are developed in enhancing the intestinal permeability of a drug molecule either by modifying the intestinal epithelium or by modifying the drug itself. These modifications have been pursued by using a group of molecules that can be conjugated to the drug molecule to alter the cell permeability of the drug or mixed with the drug molecule to alter the epithelial barrier function, in order to achieve the effective drug permeation. This article will address the current trends and future perspectives of the oral delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taslim A Al-Hilal
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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168
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Zhang Y, Csanaky IL, Selwyn FP, Lehman-McKeeman LD, Klaassen CD. Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1a4 (Oatp1a4) is important for secondary bile acid metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:437-45. [PMID: 23747753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptides (human: OATPs; rodent: Oatps) were thought to have important functions in bile acid (BA) transport. Oatp1a1, 1a4, and 1b2 are the three major Oatp1 family members in rodent liver. Our previous studies have characterized the BA homeostasis in Oatp1a1-null and Oatp1b2-null mice. The present study investigated the physiological role of Oatp1a4 in BA homeostasis by using Oatp1a4-null mice. Oatp1a4 expression is female-predominant in livers of mice, and thereby it was expected that female Oatp1a4-null mice will have more prominent changes than males. Interestingly, the present study demonstrated that female Oatp1a4-null mice had no significant alterations in BA concentrations in serum or liver, though they had increased mRNA of hepatic BA efflux transporters (Mrp4 and Ostα/β) and ileal BA transporters (Asbt and Ostα/β). In contrast, male Oatp1a4-null mice showed significantly altered BA homeostasis, including increased concentrations of deoxycholic acid (DCA) in serum, liver and intestinal contents. After feeding a DCA-supplemented diet, male but not female Oatp1a4-null mice had higher concentrations of DCA in serum and livers than their WT controls. This suggested that Oatp1a4 is important for intestinal absorption of secondary BAs in male mice. Furthermore, loss of Oatp1a4 function did not decrease BA accumulation in serum or livers of bile-duct-ligated mice, suggesting that Oatp1a4 is not likely a BA uptake transporter. In summary, the present study for the first time demonstrates that Oatp1a4 does not appear to mediate the hepatic uptake of BAs, but plays an important male-predominant role in secondary BA metabolism in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcai Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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169
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Transcription of the human microsomal epoxide hydrolase gene (EPHX1) is regulated by an HNF-4α/CAR/RXR/PSF complex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2013; 1829:1000-9. [PMID: 23714182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) is a bifunctional protein that plays a central role in the metabolism of numerous xenobiotics as well as mediating the sodium-dependent transport of bile acids into hepatocytes where they are involved in cholesterol excretion and metabolism, lipid digestion and regulating numerous signaling pathways. Previous studies have demonstrated the critical role of GATA-4 and a C/EBPα-NF/Y complex in the regulation of the mEH gene (EPHX1). In this study we show that HNF-4α and CAR/RXR also bind to the proximal promoter region and regulate EPHX1 expression. Bile acids, which inhibit the expression of HNF-4α also decrease the expression of EPHX1. Studies also established that the binding of HNF-4α was essential for the activation of EPHX1 activity by CAR suggesting the formation of a complex between these adjacent factors. The nature of this regulatory complex was further explored using a biotinylated oligonucleotide of this region in conjunction with BioMag beads and mass spectrometric analysis which demonstrated the presence of an additional inhibitory factor (PSF), confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and ChIP analyses, which interacted with DNA-bound CAR/RXR/HNF-4α forming a 4-component regulatory complex.
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170
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Qiu X, Bi YA, Balogh LM, Lai Y. Absolute measurement of species differences in sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP/Ntcp) and its modulation in cultured hepatocytes. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3252-63. [PMID: 23657999 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Species differences among membrane transporters can be remarkable and difficult to properly assess by conventional methods. Herein, we employed the first use of stable isotope labeling in mammals or stable isotope-labeled peptides combined with mass spectrometry to identify species differences in sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP/Ntcp) protein expression in liver tissue and to characterize the modulation of protein expression in sandwich-cultured human (SCHH) and rat hepatocytes (SCRH). The lower limit of quantification was established to be 5 fmol on column with a standard curve that was linear up to 2000 fmol. The accuracy and precision were evaluated with three quality control samples and known amounts of synthetic proteotypic peptides that were spiked into the membrane protein extracts. The overall relative error and coefficient of variation were less than 10%. The expression of Ntcp in mouse and rat was significant higher than that in human (five-fold) and monkey (two-fold) and ranked as mouse > rat >> monkey > human. In the cultured hepatocytes, although significant downregulation of Ntcp expression in SCRH at day 5 after the culture was detected, NTCP expression in SCHH was comparable to the suspension hepatocytes. The results suggested that NTCP/Ntcp modulation in cultured hepatocytes is species specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Qiu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
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171
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Döring B, Lütteke T, Geyer J, Petzinger E. The SLC10 carrier family: transport functions and molecular structure. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2013. [PMID: 23177985 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394316-3.00004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The SLC10 family represents seven genes containing 1-12 exons that encode proteins in humans with sequence lengths of 348-477 amino acids. Although termed solute carriers (SLCs), only three out of seven (i.e. SLC10A1, SLC10A2, and SLC10A6) show sodium-dependent uptake of organic substrates across the cell membrane. These include the uptake of bile salts, sulfated steroids, sulfated thyroidal hormones, and certain statin drugs by SLC10A1 (Na(+)-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP)), the uptake of bile salts by SLC10A2 (apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT)), and uptake of sulfated steroids and sulfated taurolithocholate by SLC10A6 (sodium-dependent organic anion transporter (SOAT)). The other members of the family are orphan carriers not all localized in the cell membrane. The name "bile acid transporter family" arose because the first two SLC10 members (NTCP and ASBT) are carriers for bile salts that establish their enterohepatic circulation. In recent years, information has been obtained on their 2D and 3D membrane topology, structure-transport relationships, and on the ligand and sodium-binding sites. For SLC10A2, the putative 3D morphology was deduced from the crystal structure of a bacterial SLC10A2 analog, ASBT(NM). This information was used in this chapter to calculate the putative 3D structure of NTCP. This review provides first an introduction to recent knowledge about bile acid synthesis and newly found bile acid hormonal functions, and then describes step-by-step each individual member of the family in terms of expression, localization, substrate pattern, as well as protein topology with emphasis on the three functional SLC10 carrier members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Döring
- SLC10 family research group, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Biomedical Research Center (BFS), Giessen, Germany
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172
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Emerging transporters of clinical importance: an update from the International Transporter Consortium. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2013; 94:52-63. [PMID: 23588305 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2013.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The International Transporter Consortium (ITC) has recently described seven transporters of particular relevance to drug development. Based on the second ITC transporter workshop in 2012, we have identified additional transporters of emerging importance in pharmacokinetics, interference of drugs with transport of endogenous compounds, and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in humans. The multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATEs, gene symbol SLC47A) mediate excretion of organic cations into bile and urine. MATEs are important in renal DDIs. Multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs or ABCCs) are drug and conjugate efflux pumps, and impaired activity of MRP2 results in conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The bile salt export pump (BSEP or ABCB11) prevents accumulation of toxic bile salt concentrations in hepatocytes, and BSEP inhibition or deficiency may cause cholestasis and liver injury. In addition, examples are presented on the roles of nucleoside and peptide transporters in drug targeting and disposition.
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173
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Ellinger P, Kluth M, Stindt J, Smits SHJ, Schmitt L. Detergent screening and purification of the human liver ABC transporters BSEP (ABCB11) and MDR3 (ABCB4) expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60620. [PMID: 23593265 PMCID: PMC3617136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The human liver ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11) and the multidrug resistance protein 3 (MDR3/ABCB4) fulfill the translocation of bile salts and phosphatidylcholine across the apical membrane of hepatocytes. In concert with ABCG5/G8, these two transporters are responsible for the formation of bile and mutations within these transporters can lead to severe hereditary diseases. In this study, we report the heterologous overexpression and purification of human BSEP and MDR3 as well as the expression of the corresponding C-terminal GFP-fusion proteins in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that BSEP-GFP and MDR3-GFP are localized in the plasma membrane of P. pastoris. Furthermore, we demonstrate the first purification of human BSEP and MDR3 yielding ∼1 mg and ∼6 mg per 100 g of wet cell weight, respectively. By screening over 100 detergents using a dot blot technique, we found that only zwitterionic, lipid-like detergents such as Fos-cholines or Cyclofos were able to extract both transporters in sufficient amounts for subsequent functional analysis. For MDR3, fluorescence-detection size exclusion chromatography (FSEC) screens revealed that increasing the acyl chain length of Fos-Cholines improved monodispersity. BSEP purified in n-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside or Cymal-5 after solubilization with Fos-choline 16 from P. pastoris membranes showed binding to ATP-agarose. Furthermore, detergent-solubilized and purified MDR3 showed a substrate-inducible ATPase activity upon addition of phosphatidylcholine lipids. These results form the basis for further biochemical analysis of human BSEP and MDR3 to elucidate the function of these clinically relevant ABC transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Ellinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marianne Kluth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan Stindt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H. J. Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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174
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Chen Y, Song X, Valanejad L, Vasilenko A, More V, Qiu X, Chen W, Lai Y, Slitt A, Stoner M, Yan B, Deng R. Bile salt export pump is dysregulated with altered farnesoid X receptor isoform expression in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2013; 57:1530-41. [PMID: 23213087 PMCID: PMC3608797 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED As a canalicular bile acid effluxer, the bile salt export pump (BSEP) plays a vital role in maintaining bile acid homeostasis. BSEP deficiency leads to severe cholestasis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in young children. Regardless of the etiology, chronic inflammation is the common pathological process for HCC development. Clinical studies have shown that bile acid homeostasis is disrupted in HCC patients with elevated serum bile acid level as a proposed marker for HCC. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that BSEP expression was severely diminished in HCC tissues and markedly reduced in adjacent nontumor tissues. In contrast to mice, human BSEP was regulated by farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in an isoform-dependent manner. FXR-α2 exhibited a much more potent activity than FXR-α1 in transactivating human BSEP in vitro and in vivo. The decreased BSEP expression in HCC was associated with altered relative expression of FXR-α1 and FXR-α2. FXR-α1/FXR-α2 ratios were significantly increased, with undetectable FXR-α2 expression in one third of the HCC tumor samples. A similar correlation between BSEP and FXR isoform expression was confirmed in hepatoma Huh7 and HepG2 cells. Further studies showed that intrahepatic proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), were significantly elevated in HCC tissues. Treatment of Huh7 cells with IL-6 and TNF-α resulted in a marked increase in FXR-α1/FXR-α2 ratio, concurrent with a significant decrease in BSEP expression. CONCLUSION BSEP expression is severely diminished in HCC patients associated with alteration of FXR isoform expression induced by inflammation. Restoration of BSEP expression through suppressing inflammation in the liver may reestablish bile acid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Xiulong Song
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Leila Valanejad
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Alexander Vasilenko
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Vijay More
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Xi Qiu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Groton, CT 06340
| | - Weikang Chen
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Yurong Lai
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Groton, CT 06340
| | - Angela Slitt
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Matthew Stoner
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Bingfang Yan
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Ruitang Deng
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
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175
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De Bruyn T, Chatterjee S, Fattah S, Keemink J, Nicolaï J, Augustijns P, Annaert P. Sandwich-cultured hepatocytes: utility for in vitro exploration of hepatobiliary drug disposition and drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:589-616. [PMID: 23452081 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.773973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The sandwich-cultured hepatocyte (SCH) model has become an invaluable in vitro tool for studying hepatic drug transport, metabolism, biliary excretion and toxicity. The relevant expression of many hepatocyte-specific functions together with the in vivo-like morphology favor SCHs over other preclinical models for evaluating hepatobiliary drug disposition and drug-induced hepatotoxicity. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors highlight recommended procedures required for reproducibly culturing hepatocytes in sandwich configuration. It also provides an overview of the SCH model characteristics as a function of culture time. Lastly, the article presents a summary of the most prominent applications of the SCH model, including hepatic drug clearance prediction, drug-drug interaction potential and drug-induced hepatotoxicity. EXPERT OPINION When human (cryopreserved) hepatocytes are used to establish sandwich cultures, the model appears particularly valuable to quantitatively investigate clinically relevant mechanisms related to in vivo hepatobiliary drug disposition and hepatotoxicity. Nonetheless, the SCH model would largely benefit from better insight into the fundamental cell signaling mechanisms that are critical for long-term in vitro maintenance of the hepatocytic phenotype. Studies systematically exploring improved cell culture conditions (e.g., co-cultures or extracellular matrix modifications), as well as in vitro work identifying key transcription factors involved in hepatocyte differentiation are currently emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom De Bruyn
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, O&N2, Herestraat 49-bus-921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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176
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Zhang L, Fang G, Zheng L, Chen Z, Liu X. The hypocholesterolemic effect of capsaicinoids in ovariectomized rats fed with a cholesterol-free diet was mediated by inhibition of hepatic cholesterol synthesis. Food Funct 2013; 4:738-44. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo30321g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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177
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González-Carmona MA, Quasdorff M, Vogt A, Tamke A, Yildiz Y, Hoffmann P, Lehmann T, Bartenschlager R, Engels JW, Kullak-Ublick GA, Sauerbruch T, Caselmann WH. Inhibition of hepatitis C virus RNA translation by antisense bile acid conjugated phosphorothioate modified oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN). Antiviral Res 2012; 97:49-59. [PMID: 23142319 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 5'-noncoding region (5'NCR) of the HCV-genome comprises an internal ribosome entry site essential for HCV-translation/replication. Phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (tS-ODN) complementary to this region can inhibit HCV-translation in vitro. In this study, bile acid conjugated tS-ODN were generated to increase cell-selective inhibition of 5'NCR-dependent HCV-translation. METHODS Different bile acid conjugated tS-ODN complementary to the HCV5'NCR were selected for their inhibitory potential in an in vitro transcription/translation assay. To analyze OATP (organic anion transporting polypeptides)-selective uptake of bile acid conjugated ODN, different hepatoma cells were stably transfected with the OATP1B1-transporter and primary human hepatocytes were used. An adenovirus encoding the HCV5'NCR fused to the luciferase gene (Ad-GFP-NCRluc) was generated to quantify 5'NCR-dependent HCV gene expression in OATP-overexpressing hepatoma cells and in vivo. RESULTS A 17mer phosphorothioate modified ODN (tS-ODN4_13) complementary to HCV5'NCR was able to inhibit 5'NCR-dependent HCV-translation in an in vitro transcription/translation test system by more than 90% and it was also effective in Huh7-cells containing the HCV subgenomic replicon. Conjugation to taurocholate (tS-ODN4_13T) significantly increased selective ODN uptake by primary human hepatocytes and by OATP1B1-expressing HepG2-cells compared to parental HepG2-cells. Correspondingly, tS-ODN4_13T significantly inhibited HCV gene expression in liver-derived OATP1B1-expressing HepG2- or CCL13-cells up to 70% compared to unconjugated tS-ODN and compared to mismatch taurocholate coupled tS-ODN. In vivo, tS-ODN4_13T showed also a trend to block 5'NCR-dependent HCV gene expression. CONCLUSIONS The tested taurocholate conjugated 17mer antisense ODN complementary to HCV5'NCV showed an increased and selective uptake by hepatocytes and liver-derived cells through OATP-mediated transport resulting in enhanced specific inhibition of HCV gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Thus, this novel approach may represent a promising strategy to improve antisense approaches with ODN in the control of hepatitis C infection.
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178
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Hao Y, Wu X, Xu L, Guan Y, Hong Z. MK-801 prevents overexpression of multidrug resistance protein 2 after status epilepticus. Neurol Res 2012; 34:430-8. [PMID: 22643638 DOI: 10.1179/1743132811y.0000000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether NMDA receptor was involved in the upregulation of multidrug resistance protein 2 (Mrp2) expression during status epilepticus (SE). METHODS The alterations in the expression of Mrp2 at various time points after SE, and the inhibition of glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor on Mrp2 expression in hippocampus were both tested by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Moreover, immunofluorescence was also used to analyze the impact of the NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801, on the distribution of Mrp2 in different brain areas. RESULTS The results showed that gene encoding Mrp2 was upregulated in hippocampus at 6 hours after the end of SE, and this initial increase was followed by gradual normalization. While between 3 and 72 hours after the end of SE, the protein level of Mrp2 was upregulated in hippocampus, with the highest level emerging at 24 hours. The increment of Mrp2 gene and protein induced by SE was prevented by MK-801 at 6 and 24 hours respectively after the end of SE in the hippocampus. Moreover, immunofluorescence showed that seizures-induced increase of Mrp2 expression was attenuated by the administration of MK-801 mainly in capillaries. Rats after SE exhibited a significant upregulation of Mrp2 in the capillary endothelial cells of the cerebral cortex, piriform cortex, and hippocampus, compared with those in control at 24 hours after the end of SE. CONCLUSION The results indicated that the NMDA receptor plays an important role in the upregulation of Mrp2 expression in the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hao
- Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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179
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Stieger B, Meier PJ. Pharmacogenetics of drug transporters in the enterohepatic circulation. Pharmacogenomics 2012; 12:611-31. [PMID: 21619426 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.11.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This article summarizes the impact of the pharmacogenetics of drug transporters expressed in the enterohepatic circulation on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs. The role of pharmacogenetics in the function of drug transporter proteins in vitro is now well established and evidence is rapidly accumulating from in vivo pharmacokinetic studies, which suggests that genetic variants of drug transporter proteins can translate into clinically relevant phenotypes. However, a large amount of conflicting information on the clinical relevance of drug transporter proteins has so far precluded the emergence of a clear picture regarding the role of drug transporter pharmacogenetics in medical practice. This is very well exemplified by the case of P-glycoprotein (MDR1, ABCB1). The challenge is now to develop pharmacogenetic models with sufficient predictive power to allow for translation into drug therapy. This will require a combination of pharmacogenetics of drug transporters, drug metabolism and pharmacodynamics of the respective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Stieger
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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180
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Schaefer B, Schaefer F, Wittmer D, Engelmann G, Wenning D, Schmitt CP. Molecular Adsorbents Recirculating System dialysis in children with cholestatic pruritus. Pediatr Nephrol 2012; 27:829-34. [PMID: 22083365 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-011-2058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholestatic pruritus may severely compromise quality of life. The Molecular Adsorbents Recirculating System (MARS) allows removal of pruritogenic substances without exposure to foreign proteins. Pediatric data, however, are scant. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the efficacy of MARS in three boys with severe cholestatic pruritus. They received a total of 135 MARS sessions during 8, 4, and 13 months prior to liver transplantation. Total serum bilirubin and bile acids were monitored, and pruritus was assessed by a numerical rating scale (NRS 0 = no pruritus, 10 = maximal pruritus). RESULTS MARS sessions were initially performed three times weekly at a mean duration of 6.3 ± 1.4 h. Sessions could be reduced to once weekly and once every other week in two patients. Pre-MARS plasma bile acid concentrations averaged 207 ± 67 μmol/l. They declined to 67 ± 9%, 48 ± 3%, 38 ± 14%, and 37 ± 5% of baseline within 2, 4, 6 and 8 h of therapy, respectively (all p < 0.05). The average interdialytic increase of plasma bile acids was 34 ± 33 μmol/l per day. Mean NRS score decreased from 6.5 ± 2.3 to 3.3 ± 2.9 (p < 0.01). Skin lesions from itching disappeared. All MARS treatments were well tolerated. CONCLUSION MARS dialysis substantially reduces cholestatic pruritus in children refractory to pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betti Schaefer
- Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, INF 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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181
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Zhang Y, Csanaky IL, Cheng X, Lehman-McKeeman LD, Klaassen CD. Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a1 null mice are sensitive to cholestatic liver injury. Toxicol Sci 2012; 127:451-62. [PMID: 22461449 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a1 (Oatp1a1) is predominantly expressed in livers of mice and is thought to transport bile acids (BAs) from blood into liver. Because Oatp1a1 expression is markedly decreased in mice after bile duct ligation (BDL). We hypothesized that Oatp1a1-null mice would be protected against liver injury during BDL-induced cholestasis due largely to reduced hepatic uptake of BAs. To evaluate this hypothesis, BDL surgeries were performed in both male wild-type (WT) and Oatp1a1-null mice. At 24 h after BDL, Oatp1a1-null mice showed higher serum alanine aminotransferase levels and more severe liver injury than WT mice, and all Oatp1a1-null mice died within 4 days after BDL, whereas all WT mice survived. At 24 h after BDL, surprisingly Oatp1a1-null mice had higher total BA concentrations in livers than WT mice, suggesting that loss of Oatp1a1 did not prevent BA accumulation in the liver. In addition, secondary BAs dramatically increased in serum of Oatp1a1-null BDL mice but not in WT BDL mice. Oatp1a1-null BDL mice had similar basolateral BA uptake (Na(+)-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide and Oatp1b2) and BA-efflux (multidrug resistance-associated protein [Mrp]-3, Mrp4, and organic solute transporter α/β) transporters, as well as BA-synthetic enzyme (Cyp7a1) in livers as WT BDL mice. Hepatic expression of small heterodimer partner Cyp3a11, Cyp4a14, and Nqo1, which are target genes of farnesoid X receptor, pregnane X receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, and NF-E2-related factor 2, respectively, were increased in WT BDL mice but not in Oatp1a1-null BDL mice. These results demonstrate that loss of Oatp1a1 function exacerbates cholestatic liver injury in mice and suggest that Oatp1a1 plays a unique role in liver adaptive responses to obstructive cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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182
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Homo- and hetero-dimeric architecture of the human liver Na+-dependent taurocholate co-transporting protein. Biochem J 2012; 441:1007-15. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20111234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The NTCP (Na+–taurocholate co-transporting protein)/SLC10A [solute carrier family 10 (Na+/bile acid co-transporter family)] 1 is tightly controlled to ensure hepatic bile salt uptake while preventing toxic bile salt accumulation. Many transport proteins require oligomerization for their activity and regulation. This is not yet established for bile salt transporters. The present study was conducted to elucidate the oligomeric state of NTCP. Chemical cross-linking revealed the presence of NTCP dimers in rat liver membranes and U2OS cells stably expressing NTCP. Co-immunoprecipitation of tagged NTCP proteins revealed a physical interaction between subunits. The C-terminus of NTCP was not required for subunit interaction, but was essential for exit from the ER (endoplasmic reticulum). NTCP without its C-terminus (NTCP Y307X) retained full-length wtNTCP (wild-type NTCP) in the ER in a dominant fashion, suggesting that dimerization occurs early in the secretory pathway. FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) using fluorescently labelled subunits further demonstrated that dimerization persists at the plasma membrane. NTCP belongs to the SLC10A protein family which consists of seven members. NTCP co-localized in U2OS cells with SLC10A4 and SLC10A6, but not with SLC10A3, SLC10A5 or SLC10A7. SLC10A4 and SLC10A6 co-immunoprecipitated with NTCP, demonstrating that heteromeric complexes can be formed between SLC10A family members in vitro. Expression of SLC10A4 and NTCP Y307X resulted in a reduction of NTCP abundance at the plasma membrane and NTCP-mediated taurocholate uptake, whereas expression of SLC10A6 or NTCP E257N, an inactive mutant, did not affect NTCP function. In conclusion, NTCP adopts a dimeric structure in which individual subunits are functional. Bile salt uptake is influenced by heterodimerization when this impairs NTCP plasma membrane trafficking.
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183
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Larbcharoensub N, Sornmayura P, Sirachainan E, Wilasrusmee C, Wanmoung H, Janvilisri T. Prognostic value of ABCG2 in moderately and poorly differentiated intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Histopathology 2012; 59:235-46. [PMID: 21884202 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a primary hepatic malignancy derived from cholangiocytes. The survival rate of ICC patients is very low, and conventional chemotherapy is not effective in prolonging long-term survival. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporters mediate the transport of various substances in several cellular processes. The expression of ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2 has been implicated in multidrug resistance and poor prognosis in several types of cancer. The aim of this study was to examine their expression in normal cholangiocytes and ICC tissues. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunohistochemistry was employed to evaluate the expression of these transporters in 60 cases of ICC with respect to clinicopathological features and patient outcome. The proportions of cases with loss of ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2 expression were 93.3%, 68.3% and 50%, respectively. Only the loss of ABCG2 was related to a worse prognosis (P = 0.031), and was associated with lymph node involvement (P = 0.003) and higher tumour grade (P = 0.028). Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed that the loss of ABCG2 expression was an independent prognostic factor in patients with moderately or poorly differentiated ICC (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that ABCG2 may be involved in cholangiocarcinogenesis; the loss of its expression may enhance tumour progression and contribute to aggressive growth of ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noppadol Larbcharoensub
- Department of Pathology Oncology Unit, Faculty of Medicine at Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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184
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Chen L, Yao X, Young A, McNulty J, Anderson D, Liu Y, Nystrom C, Croom D, Ross S, Collins J, Rajpal D, Hamlet K, Smith C, Gedulin B. Inhibition of apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter as a novel treatment for diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E68-76. [PMID: 21934041 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00323.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are recognized as metabolic modulators. The present study was aimed at evaluating the effects of a potent Asbt inhibitor (264W94), which blocks intestinal absorption of bile acids, on glucose homeostasis in Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats. Oral administration of 264W94 for two wk increased fecal bile acid concentrations and elevated non-fasting plasma total Glp-1. Treatment of 264W94 significantly decreased HbA1c and glucose, and prevented the drop of insulin levels typical of ZDF rats in a dose-dependent manner. An oral glucose tolerance test revealed up to two-fold increase in plasma total Glp-1 and three-fold increase in insulin in 264W94 treated ZDF rats at doses sufficient to achieve glycemic control. Tissue mRNA analysis indicated a decrease in farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) activation in small intestines and the liver but co-administration of a Fxr agonist (GW4064) did not attenuate 264W94 induced glucose lowering effects. In summary, our results demonstrate that inhibition of Asbt increases bile acids in the distal intestine, promotes Glp-1 release and may offer a new therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bile Acids and Salts/analysis
- Bile Acids and Salts/blood
- Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Feces/chemistry
- Gastrointestinal Agents/therapeutic use
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/blood
- Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Intestinal Absorption/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Isoxazoles/administration & dosage
- Isoxazoles/therapeutic use
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Random Allocation
- Rats
- Rats, Zucker
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/agonists
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Symporters/antagonists & inhibitors
- Thiazepines/administration & dosage
- Thiazepines/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Chen
- Department of Biology, Quantitative Science, Metabolic Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Five Moore Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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185
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Menter DG, Ramsauer VP, Harirforoosh S, Chakraborty K, Yang P, Hsi L, Newman RA, Krishnan K. Differential effects of pravastatin and simvastatin on the growth of tumor cells from different organ sites. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28813. [PMID: 22216116 PMCID: PMC3245236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors, commonly known as statins, may possess cancer preventive and therapeutic properties. Statins are effective suppressors of cholesterol synthesis with a well-established risk-benefit ratio in cardiovascular disease prevention. Mechanistically, targeting HMGCR activity primarily influences cholesterol biosynthesis and prenylation of signaling proteins. Pravastatin is a hydrophilic statin that is selectively taken up by a sodium-independent organic anion transporter protein-1B1 (OATP1B1) exclusively expressed in liver. Simvastatin is a hydrophobic statin that enters cells by other mechanisms. Poorly-differentiated and well-differentiated cancer cell lines were selected from various tissues and examined for their response to these two statins. Simvastatin inhibited the growth of most tumor cell lines more effectively than pravastatin in a dose dependent manner. Poorly-differentiated cancer cells were generally more responsive to simvastatin than well-differentiated cancer cells, and the levels of HMGCR expression did not consistently correlate with response to statin treatment. Pravastatin had a significant effect on normal hepatocytes due to facilitated uptake and a lesser effect on prostate PC3 and colon Caco-2 cancer cells since the OATP1B1 mRNA and protein were only found in the normal liver and hepatocytes. The inhibition of cell growth was accompanied by distinct alterations in mitochondrial networks and dramatic changes in cellular morphology related to cofilin regulation and loss of p-caveolin. Both statins, hydrophilic pravastatin and hypdrophobic simvastatin caused redistribution of OATP1B1 and HMGCR to perinuclear sites. In conclusion, the specific chemical properties of different classes of statins dictate mechanistic properties which may be relevant when evaluating biological responses to statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Menter
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Victoria P. Ramsauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sam Harirforoosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kanishka Chakraborty
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Peiying Yang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Linda Hsi
- Department of Cell Biology, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention. The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Newman
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Koyamangalath Krishnan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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186
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Minuesa G, Huber-Ruano I, Pastor-Anglada M, Koepsell H, Clotet B, Martinez-Picado J. Drug uptake transporters in antiretroviral therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 132:268-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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187
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Nicolaou M, Andress EJ, Zolnerciks JK, Dixon PH, Williamson C, Linton KJ. Canalicular ABC transporters and liver disease. J Pathol 2011; 226:300-15. [DOI: 10.1002/path.3019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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188
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Iusuf D, van de Steeg E, Schinkel AH. Functions of OATP1A and 1B transporters in vivo: insights from mouse models. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 33:100-8. [PMID: 22130008 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are a superfamily of uptake transporters that mediate the cellular uptake of a broad range of endogenous and exogenous compounds. Of these OATP transporters, members of the 1A and 1B subfamilies have broad substrate specificities. Because they are mainly expressed in liver, kidney and small intestine, OATP1A and 1B transporters can have a major impact on the pharmacokinetics of many drugs. To study their role in physiology and drug disposition, several mouse models lacking functional expression of one or more OATPs have been generated. This review discusses recent findings for these models that have led to new insights into the impact of OATP1A and 1B transporters on pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics, and on bilirubin detoxification and bile acid handling in normal liver physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Iusuf
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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189
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Ogimura E, Sekine S, Horie T. Bile salt export pump inhibitors are associated with bile acid-dependent drug-induced toxicity in sandwich-cultured hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 416:313-7. [PMID: 22108051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major reason for the dropout of candidate compounds from drug testing and the withdrawal of pharmaceuticals from clinical use. Among the various mechanisms of liver injury, the accumulation of bile acids (BAs) within hepatocytes is thought to be a primary mechanism for the development of DILI. Although bile salt export pump (BSEP) dysfunction is considered a susceptibility factor for DILI, little is known about the relationship between drug-induced BSEP dysfunction and BA-dependent hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, few methods are at hand for the systematic and quantitative evaluation of BA-dependent DILI. This study aimed to construct a model of DILI by employing sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCHs). SCHs can be used to assess functions of canalicular transporters such as BSEP and the activity of metabolic enzymes. Here, the impact of 26 test compounds (ritonavir, troglitazone, etc.) was investigated on BA-dependent cytotoxicity in SCHs. SCHs were exposed to each compound for 24h with or without BAs (glycochenodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid, etc.). As a result, BA-dependent toxicity was observed for 11 test compounds in SCHs treated in the presence of BAs, while no signs of toxicity were observed for SCHs treated in the absence of BAs. Of the 11 compounds, nine were known BSEP inhibitors. Moreover, for some compounds, an increase in the severity of BA-dependent toxicity was observed in SCHs that were co-treated with 1-aminobenzotriazole, a non-selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP450)-mediated drug metabolism. These results indicate that the SCH-based model is likely to prove useful for the evaluation of BA-dependent DILI, including the effects of drug metabolism and BSEP inhibition on liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichiro Ogimura
- The Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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190
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Colombo F, Armstrong C, Duan J, Rioux N. A high throughput in vitro mrp2 assay to predict in vivo biliary excretion. Xenobiotica 2011; 42:157-63. [PMID: 21961530 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.614021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Prediction of biliary excretion is a challenge for drug discovery scientists due to the lack of in vitro assays. This study explores the possibility of establishing a simple assay to predict in vivo biliary excretion via the mrp2 transport system. In vitro mrp2 activity was determined by measuring the ATP-dependent uptake of 5(6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (CDCF) in canalicular plasma membrane vesicles (cLPM) from rat livers. The CDCF uptake was time- and concentration-dependent (K(m) of 2.2 ± 0.3 µM and V(max) of 115 ± 26 pmol/mg/min) and strongly inhibited by the mrp2 inhibitors, benzbromarone, MK-571, and cyclosporine A, with IC(50) values ≤ 1.1 µM. Low inhibition of CDCF uptake by taurocholate (BSEP inhibitor; 57 µM) and digoxin (P-gp inhibitor; 101 µM) demonstrated assay specificity towards mrp2. A highly significant correlation (r(2) = 0.959) between the in vitro IC(50) values from the described mrp2 assay and in vivo biliary excretion in rats was observed using 10 literature compounds. This study demonstrated, for the first time, that a high throughput assay could be established with the capability of predicting biliary excretion in the rat using CDCF as a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Colombo
- Biological Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Laval, Québec, Canada
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191
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Biehler E, Hoffmann L, Krause E, Bohn T. Divalent minerals decrease micellarization and uptake of carotenoids and digestion products into Caco-2 cells. J Nutr 2011; 141:1769-76. [PMID: 21865558 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.143388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are lipophilic, dietary antioxidants with the potential to prevent chronic and age-related diseases. Prior to their availability for physiological functions, carotenoids require micellarization and intestinal uptake, both constituting marginally understood processes. Based on an in vitro digestion model coupled to Caco-2 cells, we assessed the effect of dietary abundant divalent ions on spinach-derived carotenoid micellarization and cellular uptake: Ca and Mg ranging from 7.5 to 25 mmol/L in the digesta and Zn and Fe ranging from 3.8 to 12.5 mmol/L. Both micellarization and uptake were significantly inhibited by minerals in a concentration-dependent manner, with stronger effects for Fe and Zn compared to Ca and Mg. Compared to controls (no mineral addition), fractional micellarization and uptake were decreased to the greatest extent (to 22.5 and 5.0%, respectively; P < 0.001) by 12.5 mmol/L Fe. Effects of Mg were of the least magnitude; at 25 mmol/L, only uptake was decreased significantly to 69.2% of the control value (P < 0.001). Total cellular carotenoid uptake from test meals decreased similarly compared to micellarization; however, decreased β-carotene micellarization was counterbalanced by improved fractional cellular uptakes from the micelles for all ions. Compared to controls, fractional β-carotene uptake from the micelles was greater in samples digested in the presence of Fe, Ca, and Zn, by up to 5-10 times at the highest concentrations of each ion (P < 0.001). Like for the above carotenoids, a high cellular uptake of the epoxycarotenoid conversion products neochrome (from neoxanthin) and luteoxanthin+auroxanthin (from violaxanthin) was also observed. The present results indicate that divalent ions may inhibit carotenoid micellarization and uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Biehler
- Environment and Agro-Biotechnologies Department, Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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192
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Time-course activities of Oct1, Mrp3, and cytochrome P450s in cultures of cryopreserved rat hepatocytes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 44:427-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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193
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Zhang Y, Csanaky IL, Lehman-McKeeman LD, Klaassen CD. Loss of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a1 increases deoxycholic acid absorption in mice by increasing intestinal permeability. Toxicol Sci 2011; 124:251-60. [PMID: 21914718 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxycholic acid (DCA) is a known hepatotoxicant, a tissue tumor promoter, and has been implicated in colorectal cancer. Male mice are more susceptible to DCA toxicity than female mice. Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a1 (Oatp1a1), which is known to transport bile acids (BAs) in vitro, is predominantly expressed in livers of male mice. In addition, the concentrations of DCA and its taurine conjugate (TDCA) are increased in serum of Oatp1a1-null mice. To investigate whether Oatp1a1 contributes to the gender difference in DCA toxicity in mice, wild-type (WT) and Oatp1a1-null mice were fed a 0.3% DCA diet for 7 days. After feeding DCA, Oatp1a1-null mice had 30-fold higher concentrations of DCA in both serum and livers than WT mice. Feeding DCA caused more hepatotoxcity in Oatp1a1-null mice than WT mice. After feeding DCA, Oatp1a1-null mice expressed higher BA efflux-transporters (bile salt-export pump, organic solute transporter (Ost)α/β, and multidrug resistance-associated protein [Mrp]2) and lower BA-synthetic enzymes (cytochrome P450 [Cyp]7a1, 8b1, 27a1, and 7b1) in livers than WT mice. Intravenous administration of DCA and TDCA showed that lack of Oatp1a1 does not decrease the plasma elimination of DCA or TDCA. After feeding DCA, the concentrations of DCA in ileum and colon tissues are higher in Oatp1a1-null than in WT mice. In addition, Oatp1a1-null mice have enhanced intestinal permeability. Taken together, the current data suggest that Oatp1a1 does not mediate the hepatic uptake of DCA or TDCA, but lack of Oatp1a1 increases intestinal permeability and thus enhances the absorption of DCA in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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194
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Role of nuclear receptors for bile acid metabolism, bile secretion, cholestasis, and gallstone disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:867-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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195
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Abstract
The blood--testis barrier (BTB) creates an immunological barrier that segregates the seminiferous epithelium into the basal and apical compartment. Thus, meiosis I/II and post-meiotic germ cell development take place in a specialized microenvironment in the apical compartment behind the BTB and these events are being shielded from the host immune system. If unwanted drugs and/or chemicals enter the apical compartment from the microvessels in the interstitium via the basal compartment, efflux pumps (e.g. P-glycoprotein) located in Sertoli cells and/or spermatids can actively transport these molecules out of the apical compartment. However, the mechanism(s) by which influx pumps regulate the entry of drugs/chemicals into the apical compartment is not known. In this study, a solute carrier (SLC) transporter organic anion transporting polypeptide 3 (Oatp3, Slco1a5) was shown to be an integrated component of the N-cadherin-based adhesion complex at the BTB. However, a knockdown of Oatp3 alone or in combination with three other major Sertoli cell drug influx pumps, namely Slc22a5, Slco6b1, and Slco6c1, by RNAi using corresponding specific siRNA duplexes failed to perturb the Sertoli cell tight junction (TJ) permeability barrier function. Yet, the transport of [(3)H]adjudin, a potential male contraceptive that is considered a toxicant to spermatogenesis, across the BTB was impeded following the knockdown of either Oatp3 or all the four SLC transporters. In short, even though drug transporters (e.g. influx pumps) are integrated components of the adhesion protein complexes at the BTB, they are not involved in regulating the Sertoli cell TJ permeability barrier function, instead they are only involved in the transport of drugs, such as adjudin, across the immunological barrier at the BTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Su
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York 10065, USA
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196
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ElAli A, Hermann DM. ATP-binding cassette transporters and their roles in protecting the brain. Neuroscientist 2011; 17:423-36. [PMID: 21518814 DOI: 10.1177/1073858410391270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is a network of endothelial cells that are tightly attached with each other via specialized cell-cell contacts. This passive diffusion barrier is complemented by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which are localized on the surface of the endothelial cells. ABC transporters play important roles in the maintenance of blood-brain barrier integrity, as they carry a wide range of organic molecules, cell metabolites, and nutrients both out of the brain and into the brain. Recent studies have unraveled important roles of ABC transporters in the preservation of tissue homeostasis, pointing out the fact that ABC transporters protect both brain parenchymal cells and microvascular cells from injury. As such, ABC transporters have been involved in the pathogenesis of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases, recently. This has led to the idea that neurodegenerative processes might be targeted by restoration of transport processes across the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman ElAli
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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197
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Rizzi L, Braschi M, Colombo M, Vaiana N, Tibolla G, Norata GD, Catapano AL, Romeo S, Prosperi D. Novel biotinylated bile acid amphiphiles: micellar aggregates formation and interaction with hepatocytes. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:2899-905. [PMID: 21373679 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00878h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic bile acids linked through an oligoethylene glycol to a biotin moiety were synthesized and shown to create micellar structures in aqueous environment, interact with avidin and be efficiently incorporated into hepatocyte cells, suggesting their potential as a drug delivery system against liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Rizzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche Pietro Pratesi, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milano, Italy
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198
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Stieger B, Geier A. Genetic variations of bile salt transporters as predisposing factors for drug-induced cholestasis, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and therapeutic response of viral hepatitis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 7:411-25. [PMID: 21320040 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2011.557067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug-induced cholestasis, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and viral hepatitis are acquired forms of liver disease. Cholestasis is a pathophysiologic state with impaired bile formation and subsequent accumulation of bile salts in hepatocytes. The bile salt export pump (BSEP) (ABCB11) is the key export system for bile salts from hepatocytes. AREAS COVERED This article provides an introduction into the physiology of bile formation followed by a summary of the current knowledge on the key bile salt transporters, namely, the sodium-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide NTCP, the organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs), BSEP and the multi-drug resistance protein 3. The pathophysiologic consequences of altered functions of these transporters, with an emphasis on molecular and genetic aspects, are then discussed. EXPERT OPINION Knowledge of the role of hepatocellullar transporters, especially BSEP, in acquired cholestasis is continuously increasing. A common variant of BSEP (p.V444A) is now a well-established susceptibility factor for acquired cholestasis and recent evidence suggests that the same variant also influences the therapeutic response and disease progression of viral hepatitis C. Studies in large independent cohorts are now needed to confirm the relevance of p.V444A. Genome-wide association studies should lead to the identification of additional genetic factors underlying cholestatic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Stieger
- University Hospital Zurich, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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199
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Herfindal L, Myhren L, Kleppe R, Krakstad C, Selheim F, Jokela J, Sivonen K, Døskeland SO. Nostocyclopeptide-M1: a potent, nontoxic inhibitor of the hepatocyte drug transporters OATP1B3 and OATP1B1. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:360-7. [PMID: 21214185 DOI: 10.1021/mp1002224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated a novel cyanobacterial cyclic peptide (nostocyclopeptide M1; Ncp-M1) that blocks the hepatotoxic action of microcystin (MC) and nodularin (Nod). We show here that Ncp-M1 is nontoxic to primary hepatocytes in long-term culture. Ncp-M1 does not affect any known intracellular targets or pathways involved in MC action, like protein phosphatases, CaM-KII, or ROS-dependent cell death effectors. In support of this conclusion Ncp-M1 had no protective effect when microinjected into cells. Rather, the antitoxin effect was solely due to blocked hepatocyte uptake of MC and Nod. The hepatic uptake of MC and Nod is mainly via the closely related organic anion transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3, which also mediate hepatic transport of endogenous metabolites and hormones as well as drugs. OATP1B3 is also expressed in some aggressive cancers, where it confers apoptosis resistance. We show that Ncp-M1 inhibits transport through OATP1B3 and OATP1B1 expressed in HEK293 cells. The Ncp-M1 molecule has several nonproteinogenic amino acids and an imino bond, which hamper its synthesis. Moreover, a cyclic all L-amino acid heptapeptide analogue of Ncp-M1 also inhibits the OATP1B1/1B3 transporters, and with higher OATP1B3 preference than Ncp-M1 itself. The nontoxic Ncp-M1 and its synthetic cyclic peptide analogues thus provide new tools to probe the role of OATB1B1/1B3 mediated drug and metabolite transport in liver and cancer cells. They can also serve as scaffolds to design new, exopeptidase resistant OATP1B3-specific modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Herfindal
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
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200
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Csanaky IL, Lu H, Zhang Y, Ogura K, Choudhuri S, Klaassen CD. Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1b2 (Oatp1b2) is important for the hepatic uptake of unconjugated bile acids: Studies in Oatp1b2-null mice. Hepatology 2011; 53:272-81. [PMID: 20949553 PMCID: PMC3186067 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1b family (Oatp1b2 in rodents and OATP1B1/1B3 in humans) is liver-specific and transports various chemicals into the liver. However, the role of the Oatp1b family in the hepatic uptake of bile acids (BAs) into the liver is unknown. Therefore, in Oatp1b2-null mice, the concentrations of BAs in plasma, liver, and bile were compared with wild-type (WT) mice. It was first determined that livers of the Oatp1b2-null mice were not compensated by altered expression of other hepatic transporters. However, the messenger RNA of Cyp7a1 was 70% lower in the Oatp1b2-null mice. Increased expression of fibroblast growth factor 15 in intestines of Oatp1b2-null mice might be responsible for decreased hepatic expression of Cyp7a1 in Oatp1b2-null mice. The hepatic concentration and biliary excretion of conjugated and unconjugated BAs were essentially the same in Oatp1b2-null and WT mice. The serum concentration of taurine-conjugated BAs was essentially the same in the two genotypes. In contrast, the serum concentrations of unconjugated BAs were 3-45 times higher in Oatp1b2-null than WT mice. After intravenous administration of cholate to Oatp1b2-null mice, its clearance was 50% lower than in WT mice, but the clearance of taurocholate was similar in the two genotypes. CONCLUSION This study indicates that Oatp1b2 has a major role in the hepatic uptake of unconjugated BAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván L Csanaky
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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