151
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Abstract
Brown fat is emerging as an interesting and promising target for therapeutic intervention in obesity and metabolic disease. Activation of brown fat in humans is associated with marked improvement in metabolic parameters such as levels of free fatty acids and insulin sensitivity. Skeletal muscle is another important organ for thermogenesis, with the capacity to induce energy-consuming futile cycles. In this Review, we focus on how these two major thermogenic organs - brown fat and muscle - act and cooperate to maintain normal body temperature. Moreover, in the light of disease-relevant mechanisms, we explore the molecular pathways that regulate thermogenesis in brown fat and muscle. Brown adipocytes possess a unique cellular mechanism to convert chemical energy into heat: uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which can short-circuit the mitochondrial proton gradient. However, recent research demonstrates the existence of several other energy-expending 'futile' cycles in both adipocytes and muscle, such as creatine and calcium cycling. These mechanisms can complement or even substitute for UCP1-mediated thermogenesis. Moreover, they expand our view of cold-induced thermogenesis from a special feature of brown adipocytes to a more general physiological principle. Finally, we discuss how thermogenic mechanisms can be exploited to expend energy and hence offer new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias J Betz
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sven Enerbäck
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9A, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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152
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Barquissau V, Léger B, Beuzelin D, Martins F, Amri EZ, Pisani DF, Saris WHM, Astrup A, Maoret JJ, Iacovoni J, Déjean S, Moro C, Viguerie N, Langin D. Caloric Restriction and Diet-Induced Weight Loss Do Not Induce Browning of Human Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue in Women and Men with Obesity. Cell Rep 2018; 22:1079-1089. [PMID: 29386128 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) is standard lifestyle therapy in obesity management. CR-induced weight loss improves the metabolic profile of individuals with obesity. In mice, occurrence of beige fat cells in white fat depots favors a metabolically healthy phenotype, and CR promotes browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). Here, human subcutaneous abdominal WAT samples were analyzed in 289 individuals with obesity following a two-phase dietary intervention consisting of an 8 week very low calorie diet and a 6-month weight-maintenance phase. Before the intervention, we show sex differences and seasonal variation, with higher expression of brown and beige markers in women with obesity and during winter, respectively. The very low calorie diet resulted in decreased browning of subcutaneous abdominal WAT. During the whole dietary intervention, evolution of body fat and insulin resistance was independent of changes in brown and beige fat markers. These data suggest that diet-induced effects on body fat and insulin resistance are independent of subcutaneous abdominal WAT browning in people with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Barquissau
- INSERM, UMR 1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Benjamin Léger
- INSERM, UMR 1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Diane Beuzelin
- INSERM, UMR 1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Martins
- INSERM, UMR 1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Ez-Zoubir Amri
- University of Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France
| | | | - Wim H M Saris
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jean-José Maoret
- INSERM, UMR 1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Jason Iacovoni
- INSERM, UMR 1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Déjean
- University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France; CNRS, UMR 5219, Toulouse Mathematics Institute, Toulouse, France
| | - Cédric Moro
- INSERM, UMR 1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Viguerie
- INSERM, UMR 1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Langin
- INSERM, UMR 1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France; Toulouse University Hospitals, Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Toulouse, France.
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153
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Kuda O, Rossmeisl M, Kopecky J. Omega-3 fatty acids and adipose tissue biology. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 64:147-160. [PMID: 29329795 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review provides evidence for the importance of white and brown adipose tissue (i.e. WAT and BAT) function for the maintenance of healthy metabolic phenotype and its preservation in response to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFA), namely in the context of diseased states linked to aberrant accumulation of body fat, systemic low-grade inflammation, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. More specifically, the review deals with (i) the concept of immunometabolism, i.e. how adipose-resident immune cells and adipocytes affect each other and define the immune-metabolic interface; and (ii) the characteristic features of "healthy adipocytes" in WAT, which are relatively small fat cells endowed with a high capacity for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, triacylglycerol/fatty acid (TAG/FA) cycling and de novo lipogenesis (DNL). The intrinsic metabolic features of WAT and their flexible regulations, reflecting the presence of "healthy adipocytes", provide beneficial local and systemic effects, including (i) protection against in situ endoplasmic reticulum stress and related inflammatory response during activation of adipocyte lipolysis; (ii) prevention of ectopic fat accumulation and dyslipidemia caused by increased hepatic VLDL synthesis, as well as prevention of lipotoxic damage of insulin signaling in extra-adipose tissues; and also (iii) increased synthesis of anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing lipid mediators with pro-resolving properties, including the branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), also depending on the activity of DNL in WAT. The "healthy adipocytes" phenotype can be induced in WAT of obese mice in response to various stimuli including dietary omega-3 PUFA, especially when combined with moderate calorie restriction, and possibly also with other life style (e.g. physical activity) or pharmacological (e.g. thiazolidinediones) interventions. While omega-3 PUFA could exert beneficial systemic effects by improving immunometabolism of WAT without a concomitant induction of BAT, it is currently not clear whether the metabolic effects of the combined intervention using omega-3 PUFA and calorie restriction or thiazolidinediones depend also on the activation of BAT function and/or the induction of brite/beige adipocytes in WAT. It remains to be established why omega-3 PUFA intervention in type 2 diabetic subjects does not improve insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis despite inducing various anti-inflammatory mediators in WAT, including the recently discovered docosahexaenoyl esters of hydroxy linoleic acid, the lipokines from the FAHFA family, as well as several endocannabinoid-related anti-inflammatory lipids. To answer the question whether and to which extent omega-3 PUFA supplementation could promote the formation of "healthy adipocytes" in WAT of human subjects, namely in the obese insulin-resistant patients, represents a challenging task that is of great importance for the treatment of some serious non-communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Kuda
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska, 1083 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska, 1083 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska, 1083 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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154
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Abstract
Brown adipose tissue aging and the concomitant loss of thermogenic capacity have been linked to an inability to maintain normal energy homeostasis in late life. Similarly, the ability of white fat to convert into brite/beige adipose tissue declines. This may ultimately exacerbate the progression of age-related metabolic pathologies, such as insulin resistance and obesity. The depletion of all types of brown adipocytes during aging is well-established and has been described in rodent models as well as humans. We here review the available literature on the potential mechanisms leading to cell-autonomous and microenvironment-related aspects of brown adipocyte dysfunction. Among these, cellular senescence, mitochondrial impairment, and deteriorating changes to the local and endocrine microenvironments have been proposed. An important goal of aging research is to develop approaches that may not only extend life expectancy but also prolong health-span. These efforts may also be aimed at maintaining metabolic health throughout life by targeting brown adipocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Graja
- Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Sabrina Gohlke
- Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Tim J Schulz
- Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany. .,University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Nuthetal, Germany. .,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.
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155
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Abstract
The adult human adipose tissue is predominantly composed of white adipocytes. However, within certain depots, adipose tissue contains thermogenically active brown-like adipocytes, which have been evolutionarily conserved in mammals. This chapter will give a brief overview on the methods used to genetically target and trace both white and brown adipocytes using techniques such as bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) cloning to create transgenic mouse models and the tools with which genetic recombination is mediated in vivo (e.g., Cre-loxP, CreERT, and Tet-On). The chapter furthermore critically discusses the strength and limitation of the various systems used to target mature white and brown adipocytes (ap2-Cre, Adipoq-Cre, and Ucp1-Cre). Based on these systems, it is evident that our knowledge of mature adipocyte categorization into brown, white, brite, or beige adipocytes is strongly influenced by the use of the various genetic mouse models described in this chapter. Our evaluation of different studies using the aforementioned systems focuses on key genes, which have been reported to maintain adipocyte's function (insulin receptor, Raptor, or Atgl).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wolfrum
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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156
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Nie B, Nie T, Hui X, Gu P, Mao L, Li K, Yuan R, Zheng J, Wang H, Li K, Tang S, Zhang Y, Xu T, Xu A, Wu D, Ding S. Brown Adipogenic Reprogramming Induced by a Small Molecule. Cell Rep 2017; 18:624-635. [PMID: 28099842 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has attracted considerable research interest because of its therapeutic potential to treat obesity and associated metabolic diseases. Augmentation of brown fat mass and/or its function may represent an attractive strategy to enhance energy expenditure. Using high-throughput phenotypic screening to induce brown adipocyte reprogramming in committed myoblasts, we identified a retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist, bexarotene (Bex), that efficiently converted myoblasts into brown adipocyte-like cells. Bex-treated mice exhibited enlarged BAT mass, enhanced BAT function, and a modest browning effect in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT). Expression analysis showed that Bex initiated several "browning" pathways at an early stage during brown adipocyte reprogramming. Our findings suggest RXRs as new master regulators that control brown and beige fat development and activation, unlike the common adipogenic regulator PPARγ. Moreover, we demonstrated that selective RXR activation may potentially offer a therapeutic approach to manipulate brown/beige fat function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoming Nie
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tao Nie
- Central Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China; Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ping Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Liufeng Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China; Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Kuai Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China; Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Ran Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China; Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Jiashun Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Haixia Wang
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ke Li
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Shibing Tang
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tao Xu
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Donghai Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China; Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.
| | - Sheng Ding
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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157
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Knoll M, Winther S, Natarajan A, Yang H, Jiang M, Thiru P, Shahsafaei A, Chavarria TE, Lamming DW, Sun L, Hansen JB, Lodish HF. SYK kinase mediates brown fat differentiation and activation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2115. [PMID: 29235464 PMCID: PMC5727434 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) metabolism influences glucose homeostasis and metabolic health in mice and humans. Sympathetic stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors in response to cold induces proliferation, differentiation, and UCP1 expression in pre-adipocytes and mature brown adipocytes. Here we show that spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is upregulated during brown adipocyte differentiation and activated by β-adrenergic stimulation. Deletion or inhibition of SYK, a kinase known for its essential roles in the immune system, blocks brown and white pre-adipocyte proliferation and differentiation in vitro, and results in diminished expression of Ucp1 and other genes regulating brown adipocyte function in response to β-adrenergic stimulation. Adipocyte-specific SYK deletion in mice reduces BAT mass and BAT that developed consisted of SYK-expressing brown adipocytes that had escaped homozygous Syk deletion. SYK inhibition in vivo represses β-agonist-induced thermogenesis and oxygen consumption. These results establish SYK as an essential mediator of brown fat formation and function. Spleen protein tyrosine kinase (Syk) has so far been mainly studied in haematopoietic and immune cells. Here, the authors show that Syk also has a role in brown adipose tissue, where it regulates the formation of brown adipocytes and their thermogenic activation in response to β-adrenergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Knoll
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Sally Winther
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anirudh Natarajan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Huan Yang
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Mengxi Jiang
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Prathapan Thiru
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Aliakbar Shahsafaei
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tony E Chavarria
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Lei Sun
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Jacob B Hansen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Harvey F Lodish
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA. .,Departments of Biology and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 21 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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158
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Tapia P, Fernández-Galilea M, Robledo F, Mardones P, Galgani JE, Cortés VA. Biology and pathological implications of brown adipose tissue: promises and caveats for the control of obesity and its associated complications. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:1145-1164. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Tapia
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 367; Santiago, 8330024 Chile
| | - Marta Fernández-Galilea
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 367; Santiago, 8330024 Chile
| | - Fermín Robledo
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 367; Santiago, 8330024 Chile
| | - Pablo Mardones
- Research and Innovation Office, School of Engineering; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 367; Santiago, 8330024 Chile
| | - José E. Galgani
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 367; Santiago, 8330024 Chile
- Departamento Ciencias de la Salud; Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 367; Santiago, 8330024 Chile
| | - Víctor A. Cortés
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 367; Santiago, 8330024 Chile
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159
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Ozdemir AC, Wynn GM, Vester A, Weitzmann MN, Neigh GN, Srinivasan S, Rudd MK. GNB3 overexpression causes obesity and metabolic syndrome. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188763. [PMID: 29206867 PMCID: PMC5716578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The G-protein beta subunit 3 (GNB3) gene has been implicated in obesity risk; however, the molecular mechanism of GNB3-related disease is unknown. GNB3 duplication is responsible for a syndromic form of childhood obesity, and an activating DNA sequence variant (C825T) in GNB3 is also associated with obesity. To test the hypothesis that GNB3 overexpression causes obesity, we created bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic mice that carry an extra copy of the human GNB3 risk allele. Here we show that GNB3-T/+ mice have increased adiposity, but not greater food intake or a defect in satiety. GNB3-T/+ mice have elevated fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide, as well as glucose intolerance, indicating type 2 diabetes. Fasting plasma leptin, triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids are elevated, suggesting metabolic syndrome. Based on a battery of behavioral tests, GNB3-T/+ mice did not exhibit anxiety- or depressive-like phenotypes. GNB3-T/+ and wild-type animals have similar activity levels and heat production; however, GNB3-T/+ mice exhibit dysregulation of acute thermogenesis. Finally, Ucp1 expression is significantly lower in white adipose tissue (WAT) in GNB3-T/+ mice, suggestive of WAT remodeling that could lead to impaired cellular thermogenesis. Taken together, our study provides the first functional link between GNB3 and obesity, and presents insight into novel pathways that could be applied to combat obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alev Cagla Ozdemir
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Grace M. Wynn
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Aimee Vester
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - M. Neale Weitzmann
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States of America
| | - Gretchen N. Neigh
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Shanthi Srinivasan
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States of America
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - M. Katharine Rudd
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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160
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Wang Y, Paulo E, Wu D, Wu Y, Huang W, Chawla A, Wang B. Adipocyte Liver Kinase b1 Suppresses Beige Adipocyte Renaissance Through Class IIa Histone Deacetylase 4. Diabetes 2017; 66:2952-2963. [PMID: 28882900 PMCID: PMC5697944 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Uncoupling protein 1+ beige adipocytes are dynamically regulated by environment in rodents and humans; cold induces formation of beige adipocytes, whereas warm temperature and nutrient excess lead to their disappearance. Beige adipocytes can form through de novo adipogenesis; however, how "beiging" characteristics are maintained afterward is largely unknown. In this study, we show that beige adipocytes formed postnatally in subcutaneous inguinal white adipose tissue lost thermogenic gene expression and multilocular morphology at the adult stage, but cold restored their beiging characteristics, a phenomenon termed beige adipocyte renaissance. Ablation of these postnatal beige adipocytes inhibited cold-induced beige adipocyte formation in adult mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that beige adipocyte renaissance was governed by liver kinase b1 and histone deacetylase 4 in white adipocytes. Although neither presence nor thermogenic function of uncoupling protein 1+ beige adipocytes contributed to metabolic fitness in adipocyte liver kinase b1-deficient mice, our results reveal an unexpected role of white adipocytes in maintaining properties of preexisting beige adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmeng Wang
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Esther Paulo
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Yixuan Wu
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Wendong Huang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Ajay Chawla
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Biao Wang
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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161
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Hayashi M, Futawaka K, Koyama R, Fan Y, Matsushita M, Hirao A, Fukuda Y, Nushida A, Nezu S, Tagami T, Moriyama K. Effects of growth hormone on uncoupling protein 1 in white adipose tissues in obese mice. Growth Horm IGF Res 2017; 37:31-39. [PMID: 29111497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The transition of white adipocytes to beige cells (a phenomenon referred to as browning or beigeing) during obesity has been previously reported. Our study aimed to examine the mechanisms through which obesity induced by a high fat diet (HFD) affects uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression via signal transduction and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5s). DESIGN Seven-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal or HFD for 11weeks. Body weight, white adipose tissue weight, and blood lipid and glucose levels were measured. To unveil the molecular mechanisms of UCP1 expression in adipose tissue, we performed further studying 3T3-L1 cells using qRT-PCR. We also measured UCP1 promoter activity in the TSA201 cell line using a dual luciferase assay. In addition, we analyzed the predicted consensus sequences for STAT5 binding in the UCP1 promoter region. RESULTS Mice fed an HFD had higher body weight and intra-abdominal adipose tissues weight and a higher expression of UCP1, GH receptor (GHR), STATs, suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCSs), and cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CISH) compared to control mice. In 3T3-L1 cell studies, GH induced phosphorylation of the STAT5, SOCSs, CISH and UCP1 expressions. UCP1 promoter activity was associated with constitutively active STAT5 in a dose-dependent manner. We confirmed functional STAT5 binding sites at -425, -279, and -178bp of the UCP1 promoter. CONCLUSION We suggest that endogenous GH induces UCP1 expression in adipose tissue via STAT5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Hayashi
- Department of Medicine & Clinical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
| | - Kumi Futawaka
- Department of Medicine & Clinical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
| | - Rie Koyama
- Department of Medicine & Clinical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
| | - Yue Fan
- Department of Medicine & Clinical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
| | - Midori Matsushita
- Department of Medicine & Clinical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
| | - Asuka Hirao
- Department of Medicine & Clinical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
| | - Yuki Fukuda
- Department of Medicine & Clinical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
| | - Ayako Nushida
- Department of Medicine & Clinical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
| | - Syoko Nezu
- Department of Medicine & Clinical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tagami
- Clinical Research Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Moriyama
- Department of Medicine & Clinical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan; Clinical Research Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan.
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162
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Chen SH, Chao PM. Prenatal PPARα activation by clofibrate increases subcutaneous fat browning in male C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet during adulthood. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187507. [PMID: 29095960 PMCID: PMC5667850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that prenatal administration of PPARα agonist clofibrate may permanently increase browning capacity of developing white adipose tissue (WAT). Pregnant C57BL/6J mice were fed a basal diet, without (C) or with 0.5% clofibrate (CF, a PPARα agonist) throughout pregnancy. After parturition, only male offspring were used; all suckled their mothers (who were eating the C diet) and after weaning, they ate a standard chow diet for 4 wk, followed by a high-fat diet (HFD) for 5 wk. Administration of CF up-regulated serum concentrations and hepatic expression of FGF21 in fetuses, with a return to basal levels after CF withdrawal. At postnatal day 84 (P84), CF-offspring had significantly higher expression of thermogenic genes (Ucp1, Cidea, Ppara Ppargc1a, Cpt1b) and UCP1 protein levels in response to HFD in inguinal fat, but not in retroperitoneal (combined with perirenal) or epididymal fat. Based on UCP1 levels in inguinal fat on P7, P14, and P21, appearance of the transient brown-adipocyte phenotype seemed to be hastened by CF exposure. We concluded that giving CF to pregnant mice programmed greater HFD-induced WAT browning in subcutaneous, but not in visceral fat, in their male offspring at adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Han Chen
- Institute of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Min Chao
- Institute of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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163
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Okamatsu-Ogura Y, Nio-Kobayashi J, Nagaya K, Tsubota A, Kimura K. Brown adipocytes postnatally arise through both differentiation from progenitors and conversion from white adipocytes in Syrian hamster. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 124:99-108. [PMID: 28982944 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00622.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the postnatal development of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in Syrian hamsters, we histologically examined interscapular fat tissue from 5-16-day-old pups, focusing on how brown adipocytes arise. Interscapular fat of 5-day-old hamsters mainly consisted of white adipocytes containing large unilocular lipid droplets, as observed in typical white adipose tissue (WAT). On day 7, clusters of small, proliferative nonadipocytes with a strong immunoreactivity for Ki67 appeared near the edge of the interscapular fat tissue. The area of the Ki67-positive regions expanded to ~50% of the total tissue area by day 10. The interscapular fat showed the typical BAT feature by day 16. A brown adipocyte-specific marker, uncoupling protein-1, was clearly detected on day 10 and thereafter, while not detected on day 7. During conversion of interscapular fat from WAT to BAT, unilocular adipocytes completely and rapidly disappeared without obvious apoptosis. Dual immunofluorescence staining for Ki67 and monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), another selective marker for brown adipocytes, revealed that most of the proliferating cells were of the brown adipocyte lineage. Electron microscopic examination showed that some of the white adipocytes contained small lipid droplets in addition to the large droplet and expressed MCT1 as do progenitor and mature brown adipocytes, implying a direct conversion from white to brown adipocytes. These results suggest that BAT of Syrian hamsters develops postnatally through two different pathways: the proliferation and differentiation of brown adipocyte progenitors and the conversion of unilocular adipocytes to multilocular brown adipocytes. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Brown and white adipose tissues (BAT and WAT, respectively) are quite different in morphological features and function; however, the boundary between these tissues is obscure. In this study, we histologically evaluated the process of BAT development in Syrian hamsters, which shows postnatal conversion of WAT to BAT. Our results suggest that brown adipocytes arise through two different pathways: the proliferation and differentiation of brown adipocyte progenitors and the conversion from white adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Okamatsu-Ogura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Junko Nio-Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Kazuki Nagaya
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Ayumi Tsubota
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kimura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
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164
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Duteil D, Tosic M, Schüle R. Lsd1, a metabolic sensor of environment requirements that prevents adipose tissue from aging. Adipocyte 2017; 6:298-303. [PMID: 28700271 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2017.1345831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding development and maintenance of beige adipocytes provide exciting insights in establishing novel therapies against obesity and obesity-associated disorders. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (Lsd1) is an epigenetic eraser required for differentiation and function of adipocytes. Lsd1 is involved in early commitment of preadipocytes, but dispensable for terminal differentiation of white adipose tissue (WAT). In mature adipocytes, Lsd1 responds to different environmental stimuli to alter metabolic function and enable proper thermogenic and oxidative response. Exposure to cold leads to Lsd1 upregulation and subsequent beiging of WAT. Oppositely, Lsd1 levels decline during aging resulting in a conversion of beige into white adipocytes, associated with loss of thermogenic properties of WAT. Lsd1 maintains beige adipocytes by controlling the expression of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α. In summary, our studies not only provided insights into the mechanism of age-related beige-to-white adipocyte transition, but also established Lsd1 as a sensor that enables thermogenic response in WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Duteil
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Milica Tosic
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Schüle
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
- Deutsche Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Standort Freiburg, Germany
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165
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Ying F, Cai Y, Cai Y, Wang Y, Ching Tang EH. Prostaglandin E receptor subtype 4 regulates lipid droplet size and mitochondrial activity in murine subcutaneous white adipose tissue. FASEB J 2017; 31:4023-4036. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700191r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Ying
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacyState Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Yin Cai
- Department of AnesthesiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Yu Cai
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacyState Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacyState Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Eva Hoi Ching Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacyState Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- School of Biomedical SciencesLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
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166
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Abstract
Brown and beige adipocytes arise from distinct developmental origins. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) develops embryonically from precursors that also give to skeletal muscle. Beige fat develops postnatally and is highly inducible. Beige fat recruitment is mediated by multiple mechanisms, including de novo beige adipogenesis and white-to-brown adipocyte transdifferentiaiton. Beige precursors reside around vasculatures, and proliferate and differentiate into beige adipocytes. PDGFRα+Ebf2+ precursors are restricted to beige lineage cells, while another PDGFRα+ subset gives rise to beige adipocytes, white adipocytes, or fibrogenic cells. White adipocytes can be reprogramed and transdifferentiated into beige adipocytes. Brown and beige adipocytes display many similar properties, including multilocular lipid droplets, dense mitochondria, and expression of UCP1. UCP1-mediated thermogenesis is a hallmark of brown/beige adipocytes, albeit UCP1-independent thermogenesis also occurs. Development, maintenance, and activation of BAT/beige fat are guided by genetic and epigenetic programs. Numerous transcriptional factors and coactivators act coordinately to promote BAT/beige fat thermogenesis. Epigenetic reprograming influences expression of brown/beige adipocyte-selective genes. BAT/beige fat is regulated by neuronal, hormonal, and immune mechanisms. Hypothalamic thermal circuits define the temperature setpoint that guides BAT/beige fat activity. Metabolic hormones, paracrine/autocrine factors, and various immune cells also play a critical role in regulating BAT/beige fat functions. BAT and beige fat defend temperature homeostasis, and regulate body weight and glucose and lipid metabolism. Obesity is associated with brown/beige fat deficiency, and reactivation of brown/beige fat provides metabolic health benefits in some patients. Pharmacological activation of BAT/beige fat may hold promise for combating metabolic diseases. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:1281-1306, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyou Rui
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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167
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Miyashita K, Hosokawa M. Fucoxanthin in the management of obesity and its related disorders. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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168
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Castro É, Silva TEO, Festuccia WT. Critical review of beige adipocyte thermogenic activation and contribution to whole-body energy expenditure. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 31:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2017-0042/hmbci-2017-0042.xml. [PMID: 28862985 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2017-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Beige (or brite, "brown in white") adipocytes are uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-positive cells residing in white adipose depots that, depending on the conditions, behave either as classic white adipocytes, storing energy as lipids, or as brown adipocytes, dissipating energy from oxidative metabolism as heat through non-shivering thermogenesis. Because of their thermogenic potential and, therefore, possible usage to treat metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, beige cells have attracted the attention of many scientists worldwide aiming to develop strategies to safely recruit and activate their thermogenic activity. Indeed, in recent years, a large variety of conditions, molecules (including nutrients) and signaling pathways were reported to promote the recruitment of beige adipocytes. Despite of those advances, the true contribution of beige adipocyte thermogenesis to whole-body energy expenditure is still not completely defined. Herein, we discuss some important aspects that should be considered when studying beige adipocyte biology and the contribution to energy balance and whole-body metabolism.
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169
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McQueen AE, Kanamaluru D, Yan K, Gray NE, Wu L, Li ML, Chang A, Hasan A, Stifler D, Koliwad SK, Wang JC. The C-terminal fibrinogen-like domain of angiopoietin-like 4 stimulates adipose tissue lipolysis and promotes energy expenditure. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:16122-16134. [PMID: 28842503 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.803973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Angptl4 (Angiopoietin-like 4) is a circulating protein secreted by white and brown adipose tissues and the liver. Structurally, Angptl4 contains an N-terminal coiled-coil domain (CCD) connected to a C-terminal fibrinogen-like domain (FLD) via a cleavable linker, and both full-length Angptl4 and its individual domains circulate in the bloodstream. Angptl4 inhibits extracellular lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and stimulates the lipolysis of triacylglycerol stored by adipocytes in the white adipose tissue (WAT). The former activity is furnished by the CCD, but the Angptl4 domain responsible for stimulating adipocyte lipolysis is unknown. We show here that the purified FLD of Angptl4 is sufficient to stimulate lipolysis in mouse primary adipocytes and that increasing circulating FLD levels in mice through adenovirus-mediated overexpression (Ad-FLD) not only induces WAT lipolysis in vivo but also reduces diet-induced obesity without affecting LPL activity. Intriguingly, reduced adiposity in Ad-FLD mice was associated with increased oxygen consumption, fat utilization, and the expression of thermogenic genes (Ucp1 and Ppargc1a) in subcutaneous WAT. Moreover, Ad-FLD mice exhibited increased glucose tolerance. Chronically enhancing WAT lipolysis could produce ectopic steatosis because of an overflow of lipids from the WAT to peripheral tissues; however, this did not occur when Ad-FLD mice were fed a high-fat diet. Rather, these mice had reductions in both circulating triacylglycerol levels and the mRNA levels of lipogenic genes in the liver and skeletal muscle. We conclude that separating the FLD from the CCD-mediated LPL-inhibitory activity of full-length Angptl4 reveals lipolytic and thermogenic properties with therapeutic relevance to obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E McQueen
- From the Metabolic Biology Graduate Program and.,the Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720 and
| | - Deepthi Kanamaluru
- the Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720 and
| | - Kimberly Yan
- the Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720 and
| | - Nora E Gray
- From the Metabolic Biology Graduate Program and.,the Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720 and
| | - Leslie Wu
- the Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720 and
| | - Mei-Lan Li
- the Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720 and
| | - Anthony Chang
- the Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720 and
| | - Adeeba Hasan
- the Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720 and
| | | | - Suneil K Koliwad
- the Diabetes Center and .,the Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Jen-Chywan Wang
- From the Metabolic Biology Graduate Program and .,the Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720 and
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170
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Wiedmann NM, Stefanidis A, Oldfield BJ. Characterization of the central neural projections to brown, white, and beige adipose tissue. FASEB J 2017; 31:4879-4890. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700433r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aneta Stefanidis
- Department of PhysiologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
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171
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Jiang C, Cano-Vega MA, Yue F, Kuang L, Narayanan N, Uzunalli G, Merkel MP, Kuang S, Deng M. Dibenzazepine-Loaded Nanoparticles Induce Local Browning of White Adipose Tissue to Counteract Obesity. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1718-1729. [PMID: 28624262 PMCID: PMC5498918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of Notch signaling via systemic drug administration triggers conversion of white adipocytes into beige adipocytes (browning) and reduces adiposity. However, translation of this discovery into clinical practice is challenged by potential off-target side effects and lack of control over the location and temporal extent of beige adipocyte biogenesis. Here, we demonstrate an alternative approach to stimulate browning using nanoparticles (NPs) composed of FDA-approved poly(lactide-co-glycolide) that enable sustained local release of a Notch inhibitor (dibenzazepine, DBZ). These DBZ-loaded NPs support rapid cellular internalization and inhibit Notch signaling in adipocytes. Importantly, focal injection of these NPs into the inguinal white adipose tissue depots of diet-induced obese mice results in localized NP retention and browning of adipocytes, consequently improving the glucose homeostasis and attenuating body-weight gain of the treated mice. These findings offer new avenues to develop a potential therapeutic strategy for clinical treatment of obesity and its associated metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Jiang
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mario Alberto Cano-Vega
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Feng Yue
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Liangju Kuang
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Naagarajan Narayanan
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Gozde Uzunalli
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Madeline P Merkel
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Meng Deng
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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172
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Abstract
The induction of brown-like adipocyte development in white adipose tissue (WAT) confers numerous metabolic benefits by decreasing adiposity and increasing energy expenditure. Therefore, WAT browning has gained considerable attention for its potential to reverse obesity and its associated co-morbidities. However, this perspective has been tainted by recent studies identifying the detrimental effects of inducing WAT browning. This review aims to highlight the adverse outcomes of both overactive and underactive browning activity, the harmful side effects of browning agents, as well as the molecular brake-switch system that has been proposed to regulate this process. Developing novel strategies that both sustain the metabolic improvements of WAT browning and attenuate the related adverse side effects is therefore essential for unlocking the therapeutic potential of browning agents in the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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173
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Vargas-Castillo A, Fuentes-Romero R, Rodriguez-Lopez LA, Torres N, Tovar AR. Understanding the Biology of Thermogenic Fat: Is Browning A New Approach to the Treatment of Obesity? Arch Med Res 2017; 48:401-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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174
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El Hadi H, Vettor R, Rossato M. Functional imaging of brown adipose tissue in human. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 31:hmbci-2017-0009. [PMID: 28609290 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2017-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has become a major public health challenge and an increasing trend is seen in its prevalence worldwide. It is a complex disorder involving an excessive amount of body fat as a result of an energy imbalance leading to caloric overload. Since the discovery of functional brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans, with energy dissipating properties, this thermogenic tissue has thus emerged as an attractive therapeutic target to combat obesity and related cardiometabolic disorders. The advancements in imaging modalities to evaluate organ-specific metabolism in humans is substantially contributing to understand the physiological role of BAT. This review presents an overview of the different imaging approaches implied in BAT assessment, with a special emphasis on adult human BAT. In this context, we also attempted to summarize the developmental origins and physiology of BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza El Hadi
- Internal Medicine 3, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Roberto Vettor
- Internal Medicine 3, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Marco Rossato
- Internal Medicine 3, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova 35128, Italy, Phone: +39 049 8218747, Fax: +39 049 8213332
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175
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Physiologische Relevanz des braunen Fettgewebes beim Menschen. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-016-0129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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176
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Kwan HY, Wu J, Su T, Chao XJ, Liu B, Fu X, Chan CL, Lau RHY, Tse AKW, Han QB, Fong WF, Yu ZL. Cinnamon induces browning in subcutaneous adipocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2447. [PMID: 28550279 PMCID: PMC5446408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Browning is the process of increasing the number of brite cells, which helps to increase energy expenditure and reduce obesity. Consumption of natural and non-toxic herbal extracts that possess the browning effect is an attractive anti-obesity strategy. In this study, we examined the browning effect of cinnamon extract. We found that cinnamon extract (CE) induced typical brown adipocyte multiocular phenotype in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The treatment also increased brown adipocytes markers and reduced white adipocytes markers in the 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In ex vivo studies, we found that CE increased brown adipocytes markers in the subcutaneous adipocytes isolated from db/db mice and diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice. However, CE did not significantly affect UCP1 expression in the adipocytes isolated from perinephric adipose tissue and epididymal adipose tissue. β3-adernergic receptor (β3-AR) antagonist reduced the CE-enhanced UCP1 expression, suggesting an involvement of the β3-AR activity. Oral administration of CE significantly increased UCP1 expression in the subcutaneous adipose tissue in vivo and reduced the body weight of the DIO mice. Taken together, our data suggest that CE has a browning effect in subcutaneous adipocytes. Our study suggests a natural non-toxic herbal remedy to reduce obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu Yee Kwan
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China. .,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jiahui Wu
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Su
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Chao
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, and the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuqiong Fu
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chi Leung Chan
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rebecca Hiu Ying Lau
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Anfernee Kai Wing Tse
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Quan Bin Han
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wang Fun Fong
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China. .,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China.
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An Additive Effect of Promoting Thermogenic Gene Expression in Mice Adipose-Derived Stromal Vascular Cells by Combination of Rosiglitazone and CL316,243. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051002. [PMID: 28481288 PMCID: PMC5454915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-documented that CL316,243 (a β3 agonist) or rosiglitazone (a PPARγ agonist) can induce white adipocyte populations to brown-like adipocytes, thus increasing energy consumption and combating obesity. However, whether there is a combined effect remains unknown. In the present study, stromal vascular cells of inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT-SVCs for short) from mice were cultured and induced into browning by CL316,243, rosiglitazone, or both. Results showed that a combination of CL316,243 and rosiglitazone significantly upregulated the expression of the core thermogenic gene Ucp1 as well as genes related with mitochondrial function (Cidea, Cox5b, Cox7a1, Cox8b, and Cycs), compared with the treatment of CL316,243 or rosiglitazone alone. Moreover, co-treatment with rosiglitazone could reverse the downregulation of Adiponectin resulting from CL316,243 stimuli alone. Taken together, a combination of rosiglitazone and CL316,243 can produce an additive effect of promoting thermogenic gene expression and an improvement of insulin sensitivity in mouse iWAT-SVCs.
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Abstract
Aging is accompanied by major changes in adipose tissue distribution and function. In particular, with time, thermogenic-competent beige adipocytes progressively gain a white adipocyte morphology. However, the mechanisms controlling the age-related transition of beige adipocytes to white adipocytes remain unclear. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (Lsd1) is an epigenetic eraser enzyme positively regulating differentiation and function of adipocytes. Here we show that Lsd1 levels decrease in aging inguinal white adipose tissue concomitantly with beige fat cell decline. Accordingly, adipocyte-specific increase of Lsd1 expression is sufficient to rescue the age-related transition of beige adipocytes to white adipocytes in vivo, whereas loss of Lsd1 precipitates it. Lsd1 maintains beige adipocytes by controlling the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (Ppara), and treatment with a Ppara agonist is sufficient to rescue the loss of beige adipocytes caused by Lsd1 ablation. In summary, our data provide insights into the mechanism controlling the age-related beige-to-white adipocyte transition and identify Lsd1 as a regulator of beige fat cell maintenance.
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Maurizi G, Poloni A, Mattiucci D, Santi S, Maurizi A, Izzi V, Giuliani A, Mancini S, Zingaretti MC, Perugini J, Severi I, Falconi M, Vivarelli M, Rippo MR, Corvera S, Giordano A, Leoni P, Cinti S. Human White Adipocytes Convert Into “Rainbow” Adipocytes In Vitro. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2887-2899. [PMID: 27987321 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Maurizi
- Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari; Clinica di Ematologia; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Antonella Poloni
- Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari; Clinica di Ematologia; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Domenico Mattiucci
- Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari; Clinica di Ematologia; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Spartaco Santi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare del CNR; Laboratorio di Biologia Cellulare Muscoloscheletrica, Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli; Bologna Italy
| | - Angela Maurizi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Clinica Chirurgia del Pancreas; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Valerio Izzi
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine; Center for Cell-Matrix Research and Biocenter Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | - Angelica Giuliani
- Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari; Laboratorio di Patologia Sperimentale; Ancona Italy
| | - Stefania Mancini
- Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari; Clinica di Ematologia; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Zingaretti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Center of Obesity; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Jessica Perugini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Center of Obesity; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Ilenia Severi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Center of Obesity; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Massimo Falconi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Clinica Chirurgia del Pancreas; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Marco Vivarelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine; Hepatobiliary and Abdominal Transplantation Surgery; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Maria Rita Rippo
- Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari; Laboratorio di Patologia Sperimentale; Ancona Italy
| | - Silvia Corvera
- Program in Molecular Medicine; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester Massachusetts
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Center of Obesity; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Pietro Leoni
- Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari; Clinica di Ematologia; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Center of Obesity; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
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180
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Mitochondrial Patch Clamp of Beige Adipocytes Reveals UCP1-Positive and UCP1-Negative Cells Both Exhibiting Futile Creatine Cycling. Cell Metab 2017; 25:811-822.e4. [PMID: 28380374 PMCID: PMC5448977 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cold and other environmental factors induce "browning" of white fat depots-development of beige adipocytes with morphological and functional resemblance to brown fat. Similar to brown fat, beige adipocytes are assumed to express mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and are thermogenic due to the UCP1-mediated H+ leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane. However, this assumption has never been tested directly. Herein we patch clamped the inner mitochondrial membrane of beige and brown fat to provide a direct comparison of their thermogenic H+ leak (IH). All inguinal beige adipocytes had robust UCP1-dependent IH comparable to brown fat, but it was about three times less sensitive to purine nucleotide inhibition. Strikingly, only ∼15% of epididymal beige adipocytes had IH, while in the rest UCP1-dependent IH was undetectable. Despite the absence of UCP1 in the majority of epididymal beige adipocytes, these cells employ prominent creatine cycling as a UCP1-independent thermogenic mechanism.
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Abstract
Adipocyte-targeted therapies could potentially combat obesity and metabolic disorders; however, our understanding of adipogenesis and the characterization of the various adipose tissues are incomplete. In this issue, Bertholet et al. (2017) report the existence of two types of heat-producing beige-like adipocytes, those with and those without the mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Szabo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; CNR Neuroscience Institute, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Mario Zoratti
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, 35121 Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
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182
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Minaguchi JA, Ogata S, Takahashi N, Hirose T, Ueda H, Takehana K. Remodeling of rat stromal-vascular cells to brite/beige adipocytes by prolyl-hydroxyproline. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:547-553. [PMID: 28123139 PMCID: PMC5383175 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of prolyl-hydroxyproline (Pro-Hyp) on the proliferation and differentiation of rat stromal-vascular cells
(SVCs) being cultured in a medium with (Pro-Hyp group) or without Pro-Hyp (control group). The results showed that there was no significant difference in
proliferation rate of SVCs, lipid droplet (LD) diameter or intracellular concentration of triglycerides between two groups. However, the diameter range of LDs
in the Pro-Hyp group tended to be smaller than that in the control group. Transmission electron microscopy showed a tendency for increase in the area of
mitochondria and decrease in the number of mitochondria in the Pro-Hyp-treated SVCs. The mRNA expression levels of white adipose tissue differentiation markers
(Cbp, Fabp and Serpina3k) were significantly lower, but those of the brown adipose tissue differentiation
markers (Dio2, Ucp1 and Ucp3) were significantly higher in the Pro-Hyp group than in the control group. Our
results suggested that Pro-Hyp can facilitate SVCs to differentiate into “brite/beige” adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun A Minaguchi
- Laboratory of Microanatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582, Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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183
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Mota de Sá P, Richard AJ, Hang H, Stephens JM. Transcriptional Regulation of Adipogenesis. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:635-674. [PMID: 28333384 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adipocytes are the defining cell type of adipose tissue. Once considered a passive participant in energy storage, adipose tissue is now recognized as a dynamic organ that contributes to several important physiological processes, such as lipid metabolism, systemic energy homeostasis, and whole-body insulin sensitivity. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms involved in its development and function is of great importance. Adipocyte differentiation is a highly orchestrated process which can vary between different fat depots as well as between the sexes. While hormones, miRNAs, cytoskeletal proteins, and many other effectors can modulate adipocyte development, the best understood regulators of adipogenesis are the transcription factors that inhibit or promote this process. Ectopic expression and knockdown approaches in cultured cells have been widely used to understand the contribution of transcription factors to adipocyte development, providing a basis for more sophisticated in vivo strategies to examine adipogenesis. To date, over two dozen transcription factors have been shown to play important roles in adipocyte development. These transcription factors belong to several families with many different DNA-binding domains. While peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is undoubtedly the most important transcriptional modulator of adipocyte development in all types of adipose tissue, members of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein, Krüppel-like transcription factor, signal transducer and activator of transcription, GATA, early B cell factor, and interferon-regulatory factor families also regulate adipogenesis. The importance of PPARγ activity is underscored by several covalent modifications that modulate its activity and its ability to modulate adipocyte development. This review will primarily focus on the transcriptional control of adipogenesis in white fat cells and on the mechanisms involved in this fine-tuned developmental process. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:635-674, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mota de Sá
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Allison J Richard
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Hardy Hang
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Stephens
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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184
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Bopst M, Atzpodien EA. Non-clinical safety evaluation and risk assessment to human of aleglitazar, a dual PPAR α/γ agonist, and its major human metabolite. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 86:107-116. [PMID: 28274810 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The non-clinical safety profile of aleglitazar, a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha/gamma agonist, and its major human metabolite M6 was studied in a complete package consisting of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics characterization, safety pharmacology, genotoxicity, repeat dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity and carcinogenicity studies. These studies identified the following main targets similar to other PPAR agonists: red blood cell parameters, liver, heart, kidney, ovaries, testes, bone marrow, adipose tissue, and fluid accumulation. Additionally, and in the 12-month monkey study only, an increased incidence of generalized hair loss/thinning was observed in all groups including controls. In the rat carcinogenicity study there was no statistically significant increase in tumors. In the mouse carcinogenicity study, there was an increased incidence of angiomatous tumors and there were three males with gallbladder adenoma. No relevant compound-related effects were observed in safety pharmacology, genotoxicity, and a 28-day immunotoxicity rat study. Effects observed in reproductive toxicity studies were similar to those known for other PPARγ agonists. Separate studies with the human metabolite M6 did not reveal findings that would prevent human dosing. Overall, the results from the non-clinical safety studies conducted with aleglitazar and the human metabolite M6 were considered to support the clinical Phase 3 program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bopst
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Elke-Astrid Atzpodien
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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185
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Cinti S. UCP1 protein: The molecular hub of adipose organ plasticity. Biochimie 2017; 134:71-76. [PMID: 27622583 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Cinti
- Dpt. Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Via Tronto 10a, 60020, Ancona, Italy.
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186
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Shin W, Okamatsu-Ogura Y, Machida K, Tsubota A, Nio-Kobayashi J, Kimura K. Impaired adrenergic agonist-dependent beige adipocyte induction in aged mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:417-423. [PMID: 28026903 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are two types of thermogenic adipocytes expressing uncoupling protein (UCP)-1: the brown adipocyte activated by adrenergic stimulation and the beige adipocyte that appears within the white adipose tissue (WAT) in response to chronic adrenergic stimulation. This study examined age-related changes in responses of both types of adipocytes to adrenergic stimulation in mice. METHODS Aged (age 20 months) and young (4 months) mice were injected daily with either saline or β3-adrenergic receptor agonist CL316,243 (CL; 0.1 mg/kg, once a day) for 1 week. RESULTS The body and WAT weight tended to be higher in aged mice. CL treatment increased UCP-1 protein amounts in both brown adipose tissue and inguinal WAT, suggesting activation of brown and beige adipocytes. However, induction of beige adipocytes was impaired in aged mice, whereas brown adipocyte activation was comparable to young mice. The number of platelet-derived growth factor receptor α-expressing progenitor cells, which were reported to differentiate into beige adipocytes, significantly decreased in inguinal WAT of aged mice compared with that of young mice. CONCLUSIONS Inductive ability of beige adipocytes in WAT declines with aging in mice. It may be partly because of a decreased number of progenitor cells associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woongchul Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuko Okamatsu-Ogura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken Machida
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Tsubota
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junko Nio-Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kimura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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187
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van den Berg SM, van Dam AD, Rensen PCN, de Winther MPJ, Lutgens E. Immune Modulation of Brown(ing) Adipose Tissue in Obesity. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:46-68. [PMID: 27849358 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a variety of medical conditions such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases and is therefore responsible for high morbidity and mortality rates. Increasing energy expenditure by brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a current novel strategy to reduce the excessive energy stores in obesity. Brown adipocytes burn energy to generate heat and are mainly activated upon cold exposure. As prolonged cold exposure is not a realistic therapy, researchers worldwide are searching for novel ways to activate BAT and/or induce beiging of white adipose tissue. Recently, the contribution of immune cells in the regulation of brown adipocyte activity and beiging of white adipose tissue has gained increased attention, with a prominent role for eosinophils and alternatively activated macrophages. This review discusses the rediscovery of BAT, presents an overview of modes of activation and differentiation of beige and brown adipocytes, and describes the recently discovered immunological pathways that are key in mediating brown/beige adipocyte development and function. Interventions in immunological pathways harbor the potential to provide novel strategies to increase beige and brown adipose tissue activity as a therapeutic target for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M van den Berg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ The Netherlands
| | - Andrea D van Dam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; and
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; and
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ The Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ The Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
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188
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Aziz SA, Wakeling LA, Miwa S, Alberdi G, Hesketh JE, Ford D. Metabolic programming of a beige adipocyte phenotype by genistein. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61:1600574. [PMID: 27670404 PMCID: PMC5299525 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Promoting the development of brown or beige adipose tissue may protect against obesity and related metabolic features, and potentially underlies protective effects of genistein in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS We observed that application of genistein to 3T3-L1 adipocytes changed the lipid distribution from large droplets to a multilocular distribution, reduced mRNAs indicative of white adipocytes (ACC, Fasn, Fabp4, HSL, chemerin, and resistin) and increased mRNAs that are a characteristic feature of brown/beige adipocytes (CD-137 and UCP1). Transcripts with a role in adipocyte differentiation (Cebpβ, Pgc1α, Sirt1) peaked at different times after application of genistein. These responses were not affected by the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist fulvestrant, revealing that this action of genistein is not through the classical ER pathway. The Sirt1 inhibitor Ex-527 curtailed the genistein-mediated increase in UCP1 and Cebpβ mRNA, revealing a role for Sirt1 in mediating the effect. Baseline oxygen consumption and the proportional contribution of proton leak to maximal respiratory capacity was greater for cells exposed to genistein, demonstrating greater mitochondrial uncoupling. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that genistein acts directly on adipocytes or on adipocyte progenitor cells to programme the cells metabolically to adopt features of beige adipocytes. Thus, this natural dietary agent may protect against obesity and related metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadat A. Aziz
- Institute for Cell and Molecular BiosciencesNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | | | - Satomi Miwa
- Institute for Cell and Molecular BiosciencesNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Goiuri Alberdi
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity College DublinDublinUK
| | - John E. Hesketh
- Institute for Cell and Molecular BiosciencesNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Dianne Ford
- Faculty of Health and Life SciencesNorthumbria UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
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189
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Pardo F, Villalobos-Labra R, Chiarello DI, Salsoso R, Toledo F, Gutierrez J, Leiva A, Sobrevia L. Molecular implications of adenosine in obesity. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 55:90-101. [PMID: 28104382 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine has broad activities in organisms due to the existence of multiple receptors, the differential adenosine concentrations necessary to activate these receptors and the presence of proteins able to synthetize, degrade or transport this nucleoside. All adenosine receptors have been reported to be involved in glucose homeostasis, inflammation, adipogenesis, insulin resistance, and thermogenesis, indicating that adenosine could participate in the process of obesity. Since adenosine seems to be associated with several effects, it is plausible that adenosine participates in the initiation and development of obesity or may function to prevent it. Thus, the purpose of this review was to explore the involvement of adenosine in adipogenesis, insulin resistance and thermogenesis, with the aim of understanding how adenosine could be used to avoid, treat or improve the metabolic state of obesity. Treatment with specific agonists and/or antagonists of adenosine receptors could reverse the obesity state, since adenosine receptors normalizes several mechanisms involved in obesity, such as lipolysis, insulin sensitivity and thermogenesis. Furthermore, obesity is a preventable state, and the specific activation of adenosine receptors could aid in the prevention of obesity. Nevertheless, for the treatment of obesity and its consequences, more studies and therapeutic strategies in addition to adenosine are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Pardo
- Metabolic Diseases Research Laboratory, Center of Research, Development and Innovation in Health - Aconcagua Valley, San Felipe Campus, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaiso, 2172972 San Felipe, Chile; Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
| | - Roberto Villalobos-Labra
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Delia I Chiarello
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Rocío Salsoso
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville E-41012, Spain
| | - Fernando Toledo
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3780000, Chile
| | - Jaime Gutierrez
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Cellular Signaling Differentiation and Regeneration Laboratory, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Leiva
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville E-41012, Spain; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Queensland, Australia.
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190
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Flow Cytometric Isolation and Differentiation of Adipogenic Progenitor Cells into Brown and Brite/Beige Adipocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1566:25-36. [PMID: 28244038 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6820-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Aside from mature adipocytes, adipose tissue harbors several distinct cell populations including immune cells, endothelial cells, and adipogenic progenitor cells (AdPCs). AdPCs represent the reservoir of regenerative cells that replenishes adipocytes during normal cellular turnover and during times of increased demand for triglyceride-storage capacity. The worldwide increase in pathologies associated with the metabolic syndrome, such as obesity and type-2 diabetes, has heightened public and scientific interest in adipose tissues and the cell biological processes of adipose tissue formation and function. Two distinct types of fat cells are known: White and brown adipocytes. Especially brown adipose tissue (BAT) has received considerable attention due to its unique capacity for thermogenic energy expenditure and potential role in the treatment of adiposity. Accordingly, the cold-induced conversion of white into brown-like adipocytes has become a feasible approach in humans and a study-subject in rodents to better understand the underlying molecular processes. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) provides a method to isolate AdPCs and other cell populations from adipose tissue by using antibodies detecting unique surface markers. We here describe an approach to isolate cells committed to the adipogenic lineage and summarize established protocols to differentiate FACS-purified primary AdPCs into UCP1-expressing brown adipocytes under in vitro conditions.
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191
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bing Cui
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Shi-You Chen
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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192
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Abstract
Severe burn injury produces a plethora of metabolic abnormalities which contribute to the prolonged morbidity of burn survivors. The authors have recently demonstrated trans-differentiation of white adipose tissue (WAT) after burn trauma, toward a more thermogenic phenotype. However, the impact of burn injury on subcutaneous WAT (sWAT) morphology in humans is unknown. Here, the authors studied the effect of severe burn injury on the architecture of sWAT. sWAT was collected from 11 severely burned children (11 ± 3 years; 55 ± 16% total BSA burned) and 12 nonburned healthy children (9 ± 3 years). Histology, electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence were performed on fixed adipose tissue sections. sWAT cytokine and collagen concentrations were measured by multiplex assay and sirius/fast green staining method, respectively. sWAT histology demonstrated multiple fat droplets, significantly (P < .05) reduced mean cell size (104 ± 6 vs 68 ± 3 μm) and higher collagen content (7 ± 0.8 vs 4 ± 0.4) in burn patients. sWAT from burn victims stained positive for CD68 suggesting infiltration of macrophages. Furthermore, electron microscopic analysis showed multiple fat droplets and greater mitochondrial abundance in sWAT of burn survivors. In agreement with this, mitochondrial respiratory capacity in the leak and coupled state increased by 100% in sWAT of burned children from 1 to 3 weeks postinjury. The cytokines IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, IL-1a, IL-1b, MCP-1, and TNF-α were all significantly greater in the sWAT of burned children versus healthy children (P < .05). Furthermore, IL-6, IL-8, IL1-a, IL-1b, and TNF-α significantly increased after injury in sWAT of burned children (P < .05). This study provides detailed evidence of morphological and functional changes in sWAT of burn survivors which was associated with tissue inflammation. A better understanding of morphological and functional changes in sWAT will help discern the mechanisms underlying hypermetabolism in burned patients.
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193
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Weiner J, Kranz M, Klöting N, Kunath A, Steinhoff K, Rijntjes E, Köhrle J, Zeisig V, Hankir M, Gebhardt C, Deuther-Conrad W, Heiker JT, Kralisch S, Stumvoll M, Blüher M, Sabri O, Hesse S, Brust P, Tönjes A, Krause K. Thyroid hormone status defines brown adipose tissue activity and browning of white adipose tissues in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38124. [PMID: 27941950 PMCID: PMC5150531 DOI: 10.1038/srep38124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the effect of thyroid hormone dysfunction on brown adipose tissue activity and white adipose tissue browning in mice. Twenty randomized female C57BL/6NTac mice per treatment group housed at room temperature were rendered hypothyroid or hyperthyroid. In-vivo small animal 18F-FDG PET/MRI was performed to determine the effects of hypo- and hyperthyroidism on BAT mass and BAT activity. Ex-vivo14C-acetate loading assay and assessment of thermogenic gene and protein expression permitted analysis of oxidative and thermogenic capacities of WAT and BAT of eu-, hyper and hypothyroid mice. 18F-FDG PET/MRI revealed a lack of brown adipose tissue activity in hypothyroid mice, whereas hyperthyroid mice displayed increased BAT mass alongside enhanced 18F-FDG uptake. In white adipose tissue of both, hyper- and hypothyroid mice, we found a significant induction of thermogenic genes together with multilocular adipocytes expressing UCP1. Taken together, these results suggest that both the hyperthyroid and hypothyroid state stimulate WAT thermogenesis most likely as a consequence of enhanced adrenergic signaling or compensation for impaired BAT function, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Weiner
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Kranz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nora Klöting
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany.,University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne Kunath
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karen Steinhoff
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eddy Rijntjes
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vilia Zeisig
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mohammed Hankir
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Gebhardt
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Winnie Deuther-Conrad
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Leipzig, Germany
| | - John T Heiker
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susan Kralisch
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany.,University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany.,University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany.,University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Osama Sabri
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Swen Hesse
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Brust
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Krause
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
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194
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Vaitkus JA, Celi FS. The role of adipose tissue in cancer-associated cachexia. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 242:473-481. [PMID: 27932592 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216683282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (fat) is a heterogeneous organ, both in function and histology, distributed throughout the body. White adipose tissue, responsible for energy storage and more recently found to have endocrine and inflammation-modulatory activities, was historically thought to be the only type of fat present in adult humans. The recent demonstration of functional brown adipose tissue in adults, which is highly metabolic, shifted this paradigm. Additionally, recent studies demonstrate the ability of white adipose tissue to be induced toward the brown adipose phenotype - "beige" or "brite" adipose tissue - in a process referred to as "browning." While these adipose tissue depots are under investigation in the context of obesity, new evidence suggests a maladaptive role in other metabolic disturbances including cancer-associated cachexia, which is the topic of this review. This syndrome is multifactorial in nature and is an independent factor associated with poor prognosis. Here, we review the contributions of all three adipose depots - white, brown, and beige - to the development and progression of cancer-associated cachexia. Specifically, we focus on the local and systemic processes involving these adipose tissues that lead to increased energy expenditure and sustained negative energy balance. We highlight key findings from both animal and human studies and discuss areas within the field that need further exploration. Impact statement Cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) is a complex, multifactorial syndrome that negatively impacts patient quality of live and prognosis. This work reviews a component of CAC that lacks prior discussion: adipose tissue contributions. Uniquely, it discusses all three types of adipose tissue, white, beige, and brown, their interactions, and their contributions to the development and progression of CAC. Summarizing key bench and clinical studies, it provides information that will be useful to both basic and clinical researchers in designing experiments, studies, and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina A Vaitkus
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Francesco S Celi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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195
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Abstract
Adipose tissue plays a central role in regulating whole-body energy and glucose homeostasis through its subtle functions at both organ and systemic levels. On one hand, adipose tissue stores energy in the form of lipid and controls the lipid mobilization and distribution in the body. On the other hand, adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ and produces numerous bioactive factors such as adipokines that communicate with other organs and modulate a range of metabolic pathways. Moreover, brown and beige adipose tissue burn lipid by dissipating energy in the form of heat to maintain euthermia, and have been considered as a new way to counteract obesity. Therefore, adipose tissue dysfunction plays a prominent role in the development of obesity and its related disorders such as insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression and cancer. In this review, we will summarize the recent findings of adipose tissue in the control of metabolism, focusing on its endocrine and thermogenic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Luo
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyMetabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Meilian Liu
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyMetabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences Center,
Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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196
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Inter-organ regulation of adipose tissue browning. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:1765-1776. [PMID: 27866221 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2420-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive thermogenesis is an important component of energy expenditure. Brown adipocytes are best known for their ability to convert chemical energy into heat. Beige cells are brown-like adipocytes that arise in white adipose tissue in response to certain environmental cues to dissipate heat and improve metabolic homeostasis. A large body of intrinsic factors and external signals are critical for the function of beige adipocytes. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of neuronal, hormonal, and metabolic regulation of the development and activation of beige adipocytes, with a focus on the regulation of beige adipocytes by other organs, tissues, and cells. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of inter-organ regulation of adipose tissue browning may provide an avenue for combating obesity and associated diseases.
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197
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Aldiss P, Davies G, Woods R, Budge H, Sacks HS, Symonds ME. 'Browning' the cardiac and peri-vascular adipose tissues to modulate cardiovascular risk. Int J Cardiol 2016; 228:265-274. [PMID: 27865196 PMCID: PMC5236060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Excess visceral adiposity, in particular that located adjacent to the heart and coronary arteries is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. In the pathophysiological state, dysfunctional adipose tissue secretes an array of factors modulating vascular function and driving atherogenesis. Conversely, brown and beige adipose tissues utilise glucose and lipids to generate heat and are associated with improved cardiometabolic health. The cardiac and thoracic perivascular adipose tissues are now understood to be composed of brown adipose tissue in the healthy state and undergo a brown-to-white transition i.e. during obesity which may be a driving factor of cardiovascular disease. In this review we discuss the risks of excess cardiac and vascular adiposity and potential mechanisms by which restoring the brown phenotype i.e. “re-browning” could potentially be achieved in clinically relevant populations. Epicardial, paracardial and thoracic perivascular adipose tissues resemble BAT at birth. Despite ‘whitening’ in early life these depots remain metabolically active and potentially thermogenic into adulthood. Obesity induces further ‘whitening’ and inflammation in these depots likely driving the atherogenesis. Maintaining or inducing the brown phenotype in these depots could prevent atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Aldiss
- The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, NG7 2UH
| | - Graeme Davies
- The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, NG7 2UH
| | - Rachel Woods
- The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, NG7 2UH
| | - Helen Budge
- The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, NG7 2UH
| | - Harold S Sacks
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Endocrinology and Diabetes Division, and Department of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Michael E Symonds
- The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, NG7 2UH.
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198
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Abstract
Nesfatin-1, an 82 amino acid gastric peptide, is involved in regulation of food uptake and in multiple metabolic activities. Whether nesfatin-1 modulates the differentiation and lipid metabolism of brown adipocytes remains unknown. In the present study, we found that nesfatin-1 mRNA and protein were detectable in isolated brown adipocytes and gradually decreased during differentiation (95% CI 0.6057 to 1.034, p = 0.0001). The decrease in nesfatin-1 was associated with a significant reduction in p-S6. Exposure to nesfatin-1 promoted differentiation of brown adipocytes as revealed by a significant increase in UCP1 mRNA (p = 0.03) and lipolysis-related ATGL mRNA (p = 0.04). Nesfatin-1 attenuated phosphorylation of S6K and S6 during brown adipocyte differentiation. Activation of mTOR by leucine or deletion of TSC1 decreased expression of brown adipocyte-related genes UCP1, UCP3, PGC1α and PRDM16, as well as COX8B and ATP5B. Both leucine and TSC1 deletion blocked nesfatin-1-induced up-regulation of UCP1, PGC1α, COX8B and ATP5B in differentiated brown adipocytes. In conclusion, nesfatin-1 promotes the differentiation of brown adipocytes likely through the mTOR dependent mechanism.
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199
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Abstract
Brown and beige adipocytes expend chemical energy to produce heat and are therefore important in regulating body temperature and body weight. Brown adipocytes develop in discrete and relatively homogenous depots of brown adipose tissue, whereas beige adipocytes are induced to develop in white adipose tissue in response to certain stimuli - notably, exposure to cold. Fate-mapping analyses have identified progenitor populations that give rise to brown and beige fat cells, and have revealed unanticipated cell-lineage relationships between vascular smooth muscle cells and beige adipocytes, and between skeletal muscle cells and brown fat. In addition, non-adipocyte cells in adipose tissue, including neurons, blood vessel-associated cells and immune cells, have crucial roles in regulating the differentiation and function of brown and beige fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshan Wang
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
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200
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Fat tissues, the brite and the dark sides. Pflugers Arch 2016; 468:1803-1807. [PMID: 27704210 PMCID: PMC5138267 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1884-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fat tissue is well known for its capacity to store energy and its detrimental role in obesity and metaflammation. However, humans possess different types of fat that have different functions in physiology and metabolic diseases. Apart from white adipose tissue (WAT), the body's main energy storage, there is also brown adipose tissue (BAT) that dissipates energy as a defense against cold and maintains energy balance for the whole body. BAT is present not only in newborns but also in adult humans and its mass correlates with leanness. Moreover, "brown-like" adipocytes have been detected in human WAT. These "brown-in-white" (brite) or beige cells can be induced by cold and a broad spectrum of pharmacological substances and, therefore, they are also known as "inducible brown adipocytes." Activation of brown and/or brite adipocytes reduces metabolic diseases, at least in murine models of obesity. Thus, brown/brite adipocytes represent the "brite" side of fat and are potential targets for novel therapeutic approaches for treatment of obesity and obesity-associated diseases.
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