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Constant Light Desynchronizes Olfactory versus Object and Visuospatial Recognition Memory Performance. J Neurosci 2017; 37:3555-3567. [PMID: 28264977 PMCID: PMC5373134 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3213-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms optimize physiology and behavior to the varying demands of the 24 h day. The master circadian clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus and it regulates circadian oscillators in tissues throughout the body to prevent internal desynchrony. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that, under standard 12 h:12 h light/dark (LD) cycles, object, visuospatial, and olfactory recognition performance in C57BL/6J mice is consistently better at midday relative to midnight. However, under repeated exposure to constant light (rLL), recognition performance becomes desynchronized, with object and visuospatial performance better at subjective midday and olfactory performance better at subjective midnight. This desynchrony in behavioral performance is mirrored by changes in expression of the canonical clock genes Period1 and Period2 (Per1 and Per2), as well as the immediate-early gene Fos in the SCN, dorsal hippocampus, and olfactory bulb. Under rLL, rhythmic Per1 and Fos expression is attenuated in the SCN. In contrast, hippocampal gene expression remains rhythmic, mirroring object and visuospatial performance. Strikingly, Per1 and Fos expression in the olfactory bulb is reversed, mirroring the inverted olfactory performance. Temporal desynchrony among these regions does not result in arrhythmicity because core body temperature and exploratory activity rhythms persist under rLL. Our data provide the first demonstration that abnormal lighting conditions can give rise to temporal desynchrony between autonomous circadian oscillators in different regions, with different consequences for performance across different sensory domains. Such a dispersed network of dissociable circadian oscillators may provide greater flexibility when faced with conflicting environmental signals. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A master circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus regulates physiology and behavior across the 24 h day by synchronizing peripheral clocks throughout the brain and body. Without the SCN, these peripheral clocks rapidly become desynchronized. Here, we provide a unique demonstration that, under lighting conditions in which the central clock in the SCN is dampened, peripheral oscillators in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb become desynchronized, along with the behavioral processes mediated by these clocks. Multiple clocks that adopt different phase relationships may enable processes occurring in different brain regions to be optimized to specific phases of the 24 h day. Moreover, such a dispersed network of dissociable circadian clocks may provide greater flexibility when faced with conflicting environmental signals (e.g., seasonal changes in photoperiod).
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Zoladz PR, Dailey AM, Nagle HE, Fiely MK, Mosley BE, Brown CM, Duffy TJ, Scharf AR, Earley MB, Rorabaugh BR. ADRA2B deletion variant influences time-dependent effects of pre-learning stress on long-term memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 140:71-81. [PMID: 28254464 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Extensive work over the past few decades has shown that certain genetic variations interact with life events to confer increased susceptibility for the development of psychological disorders. The deletion variant of the ADRA2B gene, which has been associated with enhanced emotional memory and heightened amygdala responses to emotional stimuli, might confer increased susceptibility for the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or related phenotypes by increasing the likelihood of traumatic memory formation. Thus, we examined whether this genetic variant would predict stress effects on learning and memory in a non-clinical sample. Two hundred and thirty-five individuals were exposed to the socially evaluated cold pressor test or a control condition immediately or 30min prior to learning a list of words that varied in emotional valence and arousal level. Participants' memory for the words was tested immediately (recall) and 24h after learning (recall and recognition), and saliva samples were collected to genotype participants for the ADRA2B deletion variant. Results showed that stress administered immediately before learning selectively enhanced long-term recall in deletion carriers. Stress administered 30min before learning impaired recognition memory in male deletion carriers, while enhancing recognition memory in female deletion carriers. These findings provide additional evidence to support the idea that ADRA2B deletion variant carriers retain a sensitized stress response system, which results in amplified effects of stress on learning and memory. The accumulating evidence regarding this genetic variant implicates it as a susceptibility factor for traumatic memory formation and PTSD-related phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip R Zoladz
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH 45810, USA.
| | - Alison M Dailey
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH 45810, USA
| | - Hannah E Nagle
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH 45810, USA
| | - Miranda K Fiely
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH 45810, USA
| | - Brianne E Mosley
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH 45810, USA
| | - Callie M Brown
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH 45810, USA
| | - Tessa J Duffy
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH 45810, USA
| | - Amanda R Scharf
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH 45810, USA
| | - McKenna B Earley
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH 45810, USA
| | - Boyd R Rorabaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH 45810, USA
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153
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Zoladz PR, Dailey AM, Nagle HE, Fiely MK, Mosley BE, Brown CM, Duffy TJ, Scharf AR, Earley MB, Rorabaugh BR. FKBP5 polymorphisms influence pre-learning stress-induced alterations of learning and memory. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:648-659. [PMID: 28002634 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP5) is a co-chaperone of heat shock protein 90 and significantly influences glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FKBP5 gene are associated with altered hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function, changes in the structure and function of several cognitive brain areas, and increased susceptibility to post-traumatic stress disorder, major depression, bipolar disorder and suicidal events. The mechanisms underlying these associations are largely unknown, but it has been speculated that the influence of these SNPs on emotional memory systems may play a role. In the present study, 112 participants were exposed to the socially evaluated cold pressor test (stress) or control (no stress) conditions immediately prior to learning a list of 42 words. Participant memory was assessed immediately after learning (free recall) and 24 h later (free recall and recognition). Participants provided a saliva sample that enabled the genotyping of three FKBP5 polymorphisms: rs1360780, rs3800373 and rs9296158. Results showed that stress impaired immediate recall in risk allele carriers. More importantly, stress enhanced long-term recall and recognition memory in non-carriers of the risk alleles, effects that were completely absent in risk allele carriers. Follow-up analyses revealed that memory performance was correlated with salivary cortisol levels in non-carriers, but not in carriers. These findings suggest that FKBP5 risk allele carriers may possess a sensitized stress response system, perhaps specifically for stress-induced changes in corticosteroid levels, which might aid our understanding of how SNPs in the FKBP5 gene confer increased risk for stress-related psychological disorders and their related phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip R Zoladz
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH, 45810, USA
| | - Alison M Dailey
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH, 45810, USA
| | - Hannah E Nagle
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH, 45810, USA
| | - Miranda K Fiely
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH, 45810, USA
| | - Brianne E Mosley
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH, 45810, USA
| | - Callie M Brown
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH, 45810, USA
| | - Tessa J Duffy
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH, 45810, USA
| | - Amanda R Scharf
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH, 45810, USA
| | - McKenna B Earley
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH, 45810, USA
| | - Boyd R Rorabaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH, USA
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154
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A Deletion Variant of the α2b-Adrenoceptor Modulates the Stress-Induced Shift from "Cognitive" to "Habit" Memory. J Neurosci 2017; 37:2149-2160. [PMID: 28115477 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3507-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress induces a shift from hippocampus-based "cognitive" toward dorsal striatum-based "habitual" learning and memory. This shift is thought to have important implications for stress-related psychopathologies, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, there is large individual variability in the stress-induced bias toward habit memory, and the factors underlying this variability are completely unknown. Here we hypothesized that a functional deletion variant of the gene encoding the α2b-adrenoceptor (ADRA2B), which has been linked to emotional memory processes and increased PTSD risk, modulates the stress-induced shift from cognitive toward habit memory. In two independent experimental studies, healthy humans were genotyped for the ADRA2B deletion variant. After a stress or control manipulation, participants completed a dual-solution learning task while electroencephalographic (Study I) or fMRI measurements (Study II) were taken. Carriers compared with noncarriers of the ADRA2B deletion variant exhibited a significantly reduced bias toward habit memory after stress. fMRI results indicated that, whereas noncarriers of the ADRA2B deletion variant showed increased functional connectivity between amygdala and putamen after stress, this increase in connectivity was absent in carriers of the deletion variant, who instead showed overall enhanced connectivity between amygdala and entorhinal cortex. Our results indicate that a common genetic variation of the noradrenergic system modulates the impact of stress on the balance between cognitive and habitual memory systems, most likely via altered amygdala orchestration of these systems.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Stressful events have a powerful effect on human learning and memory. Specifically, accumulating evidence suggests that stress favors more rigid dorsal striatum-dependent habit memory, at the expense of flexible hippocampus-dependent cognitive memory. Although this shift may have important implications for understanding mental disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, little is known about the source of individual differences in the sensitivity for the stress-induced bias toward habit memory. We report here that a common genetic variation of the noradrenergic system, a known risk factor for post-traumatic stress disorder, modulates the stress-induced shift from cognitive to habit memory, most likely through altered crosstalk between the hippocampus and dorsal striatum with the amygdala, a key structure in emotional memory.
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155
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Medina Gómez B, Gil Ibáñez R. Estrés y estrategias de afrontamiento en personas con discapacidad intelectual: revisión sistemática. ANSIEDAD Y ESTRÉS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anyes.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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156
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Visser LNC, Tollenaar MS, Bosch JA, van Doornen LJP, de Haes HCJM, Smets EMA. Are psychophysiological arousal and self-reported emotional stress during an oncological consultation related to memory of medical information? An experimental study. Stress 2017; 20:86-94. [PMID: 28235396 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1286323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients forget 20-80% of information provided during medical consultations. The emotional stress often experienced by patients during consultations could be one of the mechanisms that lead to limited recall. The current experimental study therefore investigated the associations between (analog) patients' psychophysiological arousal, self-reported emotional stress and their (long term) memory of information provided by the physician. One hundred and eighty one cancer-naïve individuals acted as so-called analog patients (APs), i.e. they were instructed to watch a scripted video-recoding of an oncological bad news consultation while imagining themselves being in the patient's situation. Electrodermal and cardiovascular activity (e.g. skin conductance level and heart rate) were recorded during watching. Self-reported emotional stress was assessed before and after watching, using the STAI-State and seven Visual Analog Scales. Memory, both free recall and recognition, was assessed after 24-28 h. Watching the consultation evoked significant psychophysiological and self-reported stress responses. However, investigating the associations between 24 psychophysiological arousal measures, eight self-reported stress measures and free recall and recognition of information resulted in one significant, small (partial) correlation (r = 0.19). Considering multiple testing, this significant result was probably due to chance. Alternative analytical methods yielded identical results, strengthening our conclusion that no evidence was found for relationships between variables of interest. These null-findings are highly relevant, as they may be considered to refute the long-standing, but yet untested assumption that a relationship between stress and memory exists within this context. Moreover, these findings suggest that lowering patients' stress levels during the consultation would probably not be sufficient to raise memory of information to an optimal level. Alternative explanations for these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie N C Visser
- a Department of Medical Psychology , Academic Medical Centre/University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Marieke S Tollenaar
- b Department of Clinical Psychology , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Jos A Bosch
- c Department of Clinical Psychology , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Lorenz J P van Doornen
- d Department of Clinical and Health Psychology , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke C J M de Haes
- a Department of Medical Psychology , Academic Medical Centre/University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Ellen M A Smets
- a Department of Medical Psychology , Academic Medical Centre/University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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157
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Tam SKE, Hasan S, Hughes S, Hankins MW, Foster RG, Bannerman DM, Peirson SN. Modulation of recognition memory performance by light requires both melanopsin and classical photoreceptors. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20162275. [PMID: 28003454 PMCID: PMC5204172 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute light exposure exerts various effects on physiology and behaviour. Although the effects of light on brain network activity in humans are well demonstrated, the effects of light on cognitive performance are inconclusive, with the size, as well as direction, of the effect depending on the nature of the task. Similarly, in nocturnal rodents, bright light can either facilitate or disrupt performance depending on the type of task employed. Crucially, it is unclear whether the effects of light on behavioural performance are mediated via the classical image-forming rods and cones or the melanopsin-expressing photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Here, we investigate the modulatory effects of light on memory performance in mice using the spontaneous object recognition task. Importantly, we examine which photoreceptors are required to mediate the effects of light on memory performance. By using a cross-over design, we show that object recognition memory is disrupted when the test phase is conducted under a bright light (350 lux), regardless of the light level in the sample phase (10 or 350 lux), demonstrating that exposure to a bright light at the time of test, rather than at the time of encoding, impairs performance. Strikingly, the modulatory effect of light on memory performance is completely abolished in both melanopsin-deficient and rodless-coneless mice. Our findings provide direct evidence that melanopsin-driven and rod/cone-driven photoresponses are integrated in order to mediate the effect of light on memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu K E Tam
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences), Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Tinbergen Building, 9 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK
| | - Sibah Hasan
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences), Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Steven Hughes
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences), Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Mark W Hankins
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences), Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Russell G Foster
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences), Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - David M Bannerman
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Tinbergen Building, 9 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences), Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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158
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Kim S, Tellez K, Buchan G, Lebestky T. Fly Stampede 2.0: A Next Generation Optomotor Assay for Walking Behavior in Drosophila Melanogaster. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:148. [PMID: 28105003 PMCID: PMC5214522 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Optomotor behavior represents a stereotyped locomotor response to visual motion that is found in both vertebrate and invertebrate models. The Fly Stampede assay was developed to study an optomotor response in freely walking populations of Drosophila. Here we share optimized assay designs and software for production of a modified stampede assay that can be used for genetic screens, and improved tracking outputs for understanding behavioral parameters of visual-motion responses and arousal state of individual animals. Arousal state influences behavioral performance in the stampede assay. As proof of principle experiments we show parametric modulation of visual stimuli and startle stimuli in both wildtype and mutant flies for the type I family dopamine receptor Dop1R1 (DopR). DopR mutants are hyperactive and perform poorly in the stampede assay, suggesting a potential role in visual perception and/or arousal. The stampede assay creates an efficient platform for rapid screening of mutant animals or circuit manipulations for investigating attentional processes in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soomin Kim
- Department of Biology, Williams College Williamstown, MA, USA
| | - Kelly Tellez
- Department of Biology, Williams College Williamstown, MA, USA
| | - Graham Buchan
- Department of Biology, Williams College Williamstown, MA, USA
| | - Tim Lebestky
- Department of Biology, Williams College Williamstown, MA, USA
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159
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The contribution of trait negative affect and stress to recall for bodily states. Physiol Behav 2016; 167:274-281. [PMID: 27693593 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
How does trait negative affect shape somatic memory of stressful events? We hypothesized that negative affect would impair accurate recall of one's own heart rate during stressful situations. Two bio-behavioral studies used a new paradigm to test retrospective visceral perception and assessed whether negative affective states experienced during aversive events (i.e., the Trier Stress Task-Time 1) would retrospectively shape recall of past heart rate (Time 2), even when accounting for actual heart rate at the time of each stressful event (Time 1). Results across both studies showed that individual differences in negative affect in response to a stressful task predicted visceral recollections, and those who experienced more negative affect were more inaccurate. Negative affect was associated with a tendency to remember visceral reactions as worse than they actually were.
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160
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Qualitatively different memory states in Lymnaea as shown by differential responses to propranolol. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 136:63-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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161
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McLellan TM, Caldwell JA, Lieberman HR. A review of caffeine’s effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:294-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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162
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Imbir KK. From heart to mind and back again. A duality of emotion overview on emotion-cognition interactions. NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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163
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Schwabe L. Memory under stress: from single systems to network changes. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 45:478-489. [PMID: 27862513 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stressful events have profound effects on learning and memory. These effects are mainly mediated by catecholamines and glucocorticoid hormones released from the adrenals during stressful encounters. It has been known for long that both catecholamines and glucocorticoids influence the functioning of the hippocampus, a critical hub for episodic memory. However, areas implicated in other forms of memory, such as the insula or the dorsal striatum, can be affected by stress as well. Beyond changes in single memory systems, acute stress triggers the reconfiguration of large scale neural networks which sets the stage for a shift from thoughtful, 'cognitive' control of learning and memory toward more reflexive, 'habitual' processes. Stress-related alterations in amygdala connectivity with the hippocampus, dorsal striatum, and prefrontal cortex seem to play a key role in this shift. The bias toward systems proficient in threat processing and the implementation of well-established routines may facilitate coping with an acute stressor. Overreliance on these reflexive systems or the inability to shift flexibly between them, however, may represent a risk factor for psychopathology in the long-run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Schwabe
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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164
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Vasconcelos M, Stein DJ, de Almeida RMM. Social defeat protocol and relevant biomarkers, implications for stress response physiology, drug abuse, mood disorders and individual stress vulnerability: a systematic review of the last decade. TRENDS IN PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2016. [PMID: 26222297 DOI: 10.1590/2237-6089-2014-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Social defeat (SD) in rats, which results from male intraspecific confrontations, is ethologically relevant and useful to understand stress effects on physiology and behavior. METHODS A systematic review of studies about biomarkers induced by the SD protocol and published from 2002 to 2013 was carried out in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Knowledge and ScienceDirect. The search terms were: social defeat, rat, neurotrophins, neuroinflammatory markers, and transcriptional factors. RESULTS Classical and recently discovered biomarkers were found to be relevant in stress-induced states. Findings were summarized in accordance to the length of exposure to stress: single, repeated, intermittent and continuous SD. This review found that the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a distinct marker of stress adaptation. Along with glucocorticoids and catecholamines, BDNF seems to be important in understanding stress physiology. CONCLUSION The SD model provides a relevant tool to study stress response features, development of addictive behaviors, clinic depression and anxiety, as well as individual differences in vulnerability and resilience to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mailton Vasconcelos
- Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Dirson João Stein
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria M de Almeida
- Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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165
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Abstract
Musculoskeletal pain (MSP) is a common sequela of traumatic stress exposure. While biological factors contributing to chronic MSP after motor vehicle collision (MVC) have traditionally focused on tissue injury, increasing evidence suggests that neuro/stress/immune processes mediated by stress system activation may play a more dominant role. In a previous study, we found that genetic variants in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis-related gene FKBP5 influence vulnerability to persistent MSP 6 weeks after MVC. In the present cohort study (n = 855), we evaluated whether genetic variants in several other important HPA axis-related genes, including the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1), corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor R1 (CRHR1), and corticotropin-releasing hormone-binding protein (CRHBP), influence risk of chronic MSP over time after MVC. Genetic polymorphism rs7718461 in the CRHBP gene showed significant association (P = 0.0012) with overall pain severity during the year after MVC in regression models controlling for multiple comparisons. Two additional CRHBP alleles in high linkage disequilibrium with rs7718461 also showed trend-level significance. In secondary analyses, a significant interaction between this CRHBP locus (minor allele frequency = 0.33) and time was observed (P = 0.015), with increasing effect observed over time following trauma. A significant CRHBP × FKBP5 interaction was also observed, with substantially increased MSP after MVC in those with a risk allele in both genes compared with either gene alone. The results of this study indicate that genetic variants in 2 different HPA axis genes predict chronic MSP severity following MVC and support the hypothesis that the HPA axis is involved in chronic post-MVC MSP pathogenesis.
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166
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Chaby LE. Why are there lasting effects from exposure to stress during development? An analysis of current models of early stress. Physiol Behav 2016; 164:164-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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167
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Yamakawa K, Ohira H, Matsunaga M, Isowa T. Prolonged Effects of Acute Stress on Decision-Making under Risk: A Human Psychophysiological Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:444. [PMID: 27679566 PMCID: PMC5020085 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the prolonged effects of physiological responses induced by acute stress on risk-taking in decision-making. Participants were divided into a Stress group (N = 14) and a Control group (N = 12). The Trier Social Stress Test was administered as an acute stressor, and reading was administered as a control task; thereafter, participants performed a decision-making task in which they needed to choose a sure option or a gamble option in Gain and Loss frame trials 2 h after (non-) exposure to the stressor. Increased cortisol, adrenaline, heart rate (HR), and subjective stress levels validated acute stress manipulation. Stressed participants made fewer risky choices only in the Gain domain, whereas no effect of stress was shown in the Loss domain. Deceleration of HR reflecting attention was greater for Gains compared with Losses only in the Stress group. Risk avoidance was determined by increased levels of cortisol caused by acute stress. These results suggest that processes regarding glucocorticoid might be involved in the prolonged effects of acute stress on the evaluation of risks and the monitoring of outcomes in decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Yamakawa
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya UniversityNagoya, Japan; Department of Psychology, School of Humanities, Tokaigakuen UniversityNagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Ohira
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Matsunaga
- Department of Health and Psychosocial Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine Nagakute, Japan
| | - Tokiko Isowa
- Department of Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University Tsu, Japan
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168
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Ebenezer PJ, Wilson CB, Wilson LD, Nair AR, J F. The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Blueberries in an Animal Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160923. [PMID: 27603014 PMCID: PMC5014311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma and stressor-related disorder that results in a prolonged stress response. It is associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HC). The only approved therapy for PTSD is selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), but their efficacy is marginal. Recently, we demonstrated that over-production of norepinephrine (NE) as the possible reason for the lack of efficacy of SSRIs. Hence, there is a need for novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of PTSD. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory role of blueberries in modulating inflammatory markers and neurotransmitter levels in PTSD. Rats were fed either a blueberry enriched (2%) or a control diet. Rats were exposed to cats for one hour on days 1 and 11 of a 31-day schedule to simulate traumatic conditions. The rats were also subjected to psychosocial stress via daily cage cohort changes. At the end of the study, the rats were euthanized and the PFC and HC were isolated. Monoamines were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), gene and protein expression levels of inflammatory cytokines were also measured. In our PTSD model, NE levels were increased and 5-HT levels were decreased when compared to control. In contrast, a blueberry enriched diet increased 5-HT without affecting NE levels. The rate limiting enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase were also studied and they confirmed our findings. The enhanced levels free radicals, gene and protein expression of inflammatory cytokines seen in the PTSD group were normalized with a blueberry enriched diet. Decreased anxiety in this group was shown by improved performance on the elevated plus-maze. These findings indicate blueberries can attenuate oxidative stress and inflammation and restore neurotransmitter imbalances in a rat model of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Ebenezer
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - C. Brad Wilson
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Leslie D. Wilson
- Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Anand R. Nair
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Francis J
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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169
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Crespo I, Santos A, Gómez-Ansón B, López-Mourelo O, Pires P, Vives-Gilabert Y, Webb SM, Resmini E. Brain metabolite abnormalities in ventromedial prefrontal cortex are related to duration of hypercortisolism and anxiety in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Endocrine 2016; 53:848-56. [PMID: 27103571 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-0963-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to excessive glucocorticoid (GC) concentration in Cushing's syndrome (CS) can affect the brain structurally and functionally; ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is rich in GC receptors and therefore particularly vulnerable to excessive GC concentration. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) is a sensitive, non-invasive imaging technique that provides information on brain metabolites in vivo. Our aim was to investigate metabolite concentrations in vmPFC of CS patients and their relationship with clinical outcome. Twenty-two right-handed CS patients (7 active/15 in remission, 19 females, 41.6 ± 12.3 years) and 22 right-handed healthy controls (14 females, 41.7 ± 11 years) underwent brain MRI and (1)H-MRS exams at 3 Tesla. Concentrations of glutamate (Glu), glutamate + glutamine (Glx), creatine (Cr), N-Acetyl-aspartate (NAA), N-Acetyl-aspartate + N-acetylaspartylglutamate (total NAA), choline-containing compounds (Cho) and myoinositol (MI) were determined. Moreover, anxiety and depressive symptoms were evaluated with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) test, respectively. CS patients had lower concentrations of glutamate and total NAA in the vmPFC than healthy controls (8.6 ± 1.2 vs. 9.3 ± 0.7 mmol/L, and 6.4 ± 0.8 vs. 6.8 ± 0.4 mmol/L, respectively; p < 0.05). Duration of hypercortisolism was negatively correlated with total NAA (r = -0.488, p < 0.05). Moreover, the concentration of total NAA was negatively correlated with anxiety state (r = -0.359, p < 0.05). Brain metabolites are abnormal in the vmPFC of patients with CS. Decreased total NAA and glutamate concentrations indicate neuronal dysfunction that appear to be related with duration of hypercortisolism and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Crespo
- Endocrinology/Medicine Departments, Hospital Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER, Unidad 747), IIB-Sant Pau, ISCIII and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), C/Sant Antoni Maria Claret n.167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alicia Santos
- Endocrinology/Medicine Departments, Hospital Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER, Unidad 747), IIB-Sant Pau, ISCIII and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), C/Sant Antoni Maria Claret n.167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gómez-Ansón
- Neuroradiology Unit, Hospital de Sant Pau, and IIB-Sant Pau, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Patricia Pires
- INNDACYT, Avda. Europa, 20, Planta Baja Puerta, D 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | - Susan M Webb
- Endocrinology/Medicine Departments, Hospital Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER, Unidad 747), IIB-Sant Pau, ISCIII and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), C/Sant Antoni Maria Claret n.167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eugenia Resmini
- Endocrinology/Medicine Departments, Hospital Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER, Unidad 747), IIB-Sant Pau, ISCIII and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), C/Sant Antoni Maria Claret n.167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain.
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170
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Evaluating the Effects of Stress and Fatigue on Police Officer Response and Recall: A Challenge for Research, Training, Practice and Policy. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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171
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Vogel S, Schwabe L. Stress in the zoo: Tracking the impact of stress on memory formation over time. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 71:64-72. [PMID: 27240149 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although stress is well known to modulate human memory, precisely how memory formation is altered by a stressful encounter remains unclear. Stress effects on cognition are mainly mediated by the rapidly acting sympathetic nervous system, resulting in the release of catecholamines, and the slower acting hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis secreting cortisol, which induces its effects on cognition through fast, non-genomic actions and delayed, genomic actions. Importantly, these different waves of the physiological stress response are thought to dynamically alter neural processing in brain regions important for memory such as the amygdala and the hippocampus. However, the precise time course of stress effects on memory formation is still unclear. To track the development of stress effects on memory over time, we tested individuals who underwent a stressful experience or a control procedure before a 2-h walk through a zoo, while an automatic camera continuously photographed the events they encoded. In a recognition memory test one week later, participants were presented with target photographs of their own zoo tour and lure photographs from an alternate tour. Stressed participants showed better memory for the experimental treatment than control participants, and this memory enhancement for the stressful encounter itself was directly linked to the sympathetic stress response. Moreover, stress enhanced memory for events encoded 41-65min after stressor onset, which was associated with the cortisol stress response, most likely arising from non-genomic cortisol actions. However, memory for events encoded long after the stressor, when genomic cortisol actions had most likely developed, remained unchanged. Our findings provide novel insights into how stress effects on memory formation develop over time, depending on the activity of major physiological stress response systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Vogel
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Lars Schwabe
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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172
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Devinney MJ, Nichols NL, Mitchell GS. Sustained Hypoxia Elicits Competing Spinal Mechanisms of Phrenic Motor Facilitation. J Neurosci 2016; 36:7877-85. [PMID: 27466333 PMCID: PMC4961775 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4122-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) induces phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF), a form of spinal motor plasticity. Competing mechanisms give rise to phrenic motor facilitation (pMF; a general term including pLTF) depending on the severity of hypoxia within episodes. In contrast, moderate acute sustained hypoxia (mASH) does not elicit pMF. By varying the severity of ASH and targeting competing mechanisms of pMF, we sought to illustrate why moderate AIH (mAIH) elicits pMF but mASH does not. Although mAIH elicits serotonin-dependent pLTF, mASH does not; thus, mAIH-induced pLTF is pattern sensitive. In contrast, severe AIH (sAIH) elicits pLTF through adenosine-dependent mechanisms, likely from greater extracellular adenosine accumulation. Because serotonin- and adenosine-dependent pMF interact via cross talk inhibition, we hypothesized that pMF is obscured because the competing mechanisms of pMF are balanced and offsetting during mASH. Here, we demonstrate the following: (1) blocking spinal A2A receptors with MSX-3 reveals mASH-induced pMF; and (2) sASH elicits A2A-dependent pMF. In anesthetized rats pretreated with intrathecal A2A receptor antagonist injections before mASH (PaO2 = 40-54 mmHg) or sASH (PaO2 = 25-36 mmHg), (1) mASH induced a serotonin-dependent pMF and (2) sASH induced an adenosine-dependent pMF, which was enhanced by spinal serotonin receptor inhibition. Thus, competing adenosine- and serotonin-dependent mechanisms contribute differentially to pMF depending on the pattern/severity of hypoxia. Understanding interactions between these mechanisms has clinical relevance as we develop therapies to treat severe neuromuscular disorders that compromise somatic motor behaviors, including breathing. Moreover, these results demonstrate how competing mechanisms of plasticity can give rise to pattern sensitivity in pLTF. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Intermittent hypoxia elicits pattern-sensitive spinal plasticity and improves motor function after spinal injury or during neuromuscular disease. Specific mechanisms of pattern sensitivity in this form of plasticity are unknown. We provide evidence that competing mechanisms of phrenic motor facilitation mediated by adenosine 2A and serotonin 2 receptors are differentially expressed, depending on the pattern/severity of hypoxia. Understanding how these distinct mechanisms interact during hypoxic exposures differing in severity and duration will help explain interesting properties of plasticity, such as pattern sensitivity, and may help optimize therapies to restore motor function in patients with neuromuscular disorders that compromise movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Devinney
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and
| | - Nicole L Nichols
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and
| | - Gordon S Mitchell
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Physical Therapy, Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
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173
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Ghesmaty Sangachin M, Gustafson WW, Cavuoto LA. Effect of Active Workstation Use on Workload, Task Performance, and Postural and Physiological Responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/21577323.2016.1184196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Ghesmaty Sangachin
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University at Buffalo, SUNY, 324 Bell Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Woodrow W. Gustafson
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University at Buffalo, SUNY, 324 Bell Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Lora A. Cavuoto
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University at Buffalo, SUNY, 324 Bell Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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174
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Transcranial Stimulation of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Prevents Stress-Induced Working Memory Deficits. J Neurosci 2016; 36:1429-37. [PMID: 26818528 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3687-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Stress is known to impair working memory performance. This disruptive effect of stress on working memory has been linked to a decrease in the activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). In the present experiment, we tested whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the dlPFC can prevent stress-induced working memory impairments. We tested 120 healthy participants in a 2 d, sham-controlled, double-blind between-subjects design. Participants completed a test of their individual baseline working memory capacity on day 1. On day 2, participants were exposed to either a stressor or a control manipulation before they performed a visuospatial and a verbal working memory task. While participants completed the tasks, anodal, cathodal, or sham tDCS was applied over the right dlPFC. Stress impaired working memory performance in both tasks, albeit to a lesser extent in the verbal compared with the visuospatial working memory task. This stress-induced working memory impairment was prevented by anodal, but not sham or cathodal, stimulation of the dlPFC. Compared with sham or cathodal stimulation, anodal tDCS led to significantly better working memory performance in both tasks after stress. Our findings indicate a causal role of the dlPFC in working memory impairments after acute stress and point to anodal tDCS as a promising tool to reduce cognitive deficits related to working memory in stress-related mental disorders, such as depression, schizophrenia, or post-traumatic stress disorder. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Working memory deficits are prominent in stress-related mental disorders, such as depression, schizophrenia, or post-traumatic stress disorder. Similar working memory impairments have been observed in healthy individuals exposed to acute stress. So far, attempts to prevent such stress-induced working memory deficits focused mainly on pharmacological interventions. Here, we tested the idea that transcranial direct current stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), a critical neural substrate of working memory, may prevent working memory impairments after stress. Our results indicate that anodal stimulation of the dlPFC may indeed preserve working memory performance under stress, suggesting that the dlPFC plays a causal role in stress-induced working memory deficits and pointing to a potential new avenue to prevent stress-induced cognitive impairments.
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175
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Xia T, Song L, Wang TT, Tan L, Mo L. Exploring the Effect of Red and Blue on Cognitive Task Performances. Front Psychol 2016; 7:784. [PMID: 27303343 PMCID: PMC4880552 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on the effect of color on cognitive task performances and have led to two different views. Some researchers think that the influence of red and blue on cognitive tasks is modulated by the difficulty of the task, and other researchers suggest that the influence mainly depends on the type of task. The current study combined these factors to investigate the effect of color on cognitive task performance. In Experiment 1, we manipulated the difficulty of the task to investigate the effect of red and blue on detail-oriented task performance (the proofreading task), whereas in Experiment 2 we manipulated task difficulty to explore the effect of red and blue on creative task performance (the Remote Associates Test). The results showed that red enhanced the performance on a simple detail-oriented task. However, blue improved the performance on a difficult detail-oriented task as well as on both simple and difficult creative tasks. The results of the current study indicate that the type and difficulty of the task together modulate the effect of color on cognitive performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiansheng Xia
- School of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Song
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting T Wang
- Research Center for Psychology and Special Education, National Institute of Education Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Ling Tan
- School of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Mo
- School of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University Guangzhou, China
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176
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Baratta MV, Kodandaramaiah SB, Monahan PE, Yao J, Weber MD, Lin PA, Gisabella B, Petrossian N, Amat J, Kim K, Yang A, Forest CR, Boyden ES, Goosens KA. Stress Enables Reinforcement-Elicited Serotonergic Consolidation of Fear Memory. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:814-822. [PMID: 26248536 PMCID: PMC4698247 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior exposure to stress is a risk factor for developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in response to trauma, yet the mechanisms by which this occurs are unclear. Using a rodent model of stress-based susceptibility to PTSD, we investigated the role of serotonin in this phenomenon. METHODS Adult mice were exposed to repeated immobilization stress or handling, and the role of serotonin in subsequent fear learning was assessed using pharmacologic manipulation and western blot detection of serotonin receptors, measurements of serotonin, high-speed optogenetic silencing, and behavior. RESULTS Both dorsal raphe serotonergic activity during aversive reinforcement and amygdala serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT2CR) activity during memory consolidation were necessary for stress enhancement of fear memory, but neither process affected fear memory in unstressed mice. Additionally, prior stress increased amygdala sensitivity to serotonin by promoting surface expression of 5-HT2CR without affecting tissue levels of serotonin in the amygdala. We also showed that the serotonin that drives stress enhancement of associative cued fear memory can arise from paired or unpaired footshock, an effect not predicted by theoretical models of associative learning. CONCLUSIONS Stress bolsters the consequences of aversive reinforcement, not by simply enhancing the neurobiological signals used to encode fear in unstressed animals, but rather by engaging distinct mechanistic pathways. These results reveal that predictions from classical associative learning models do not always hold for stressed animals and suggest that 5-HT2CR blockade may represent a promising therapeutic target for psychiatric disorders characterized by excessive fear responses such as that observed in PTSD.
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MESH Headings
- Amygdala/drug effects
- Amygdala/metabolism
- Animals
- Association Learning/drug effects
- Association Learning/physiology
- Conditioning, Psychological/drug effects
- Conditioning, Psychological/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dorsal Raphe Nucleus/metabolism
- Electroshock
- Fear/drug effects
- Fear/physiology
- Male
- Memory Consolidation/drug effects
- Memory Consolidation/physiology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Neurological
- Models, Psychological
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Optogenetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/metabolism
- Restraint, Physical
- Serotonin/metabolism
- Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics
- Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Baratta
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Suhasa B Kodandaramaiah
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering (SBK, CRF), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Patrick E Monahan
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Junmei Yao
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Michael D Weber
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Pei-Ann Lin
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Barbara Gisabella
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Natalie Petrossian
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jose Amat
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Kyungman Kim
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Aimei Yang
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Craig R Forest
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering (SBK, CRF), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Edward S Boyden
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ki A Goosens
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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177
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Homberg JR, Kyzar EJ, Scattoni ML, Norton WH, Pittman J, Gaikwad S, Nguyen M, Poudel MK, Ullmann JFP, Diamond DM, Kaluyeva AA, Parker MO, Brown RE, Song C, Gainetdinov RR, Gottesman II, Kalueff AV. Genetic and environmental modulation of neurodevelopmental disorders: Translational insights from labs to beds. Brain Res Bull 2016; 125:79-91. [PMID: 27113433 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a heterogeneous group of prevalent neuropsychiatric illnesses with various degrees of social, cognitive, motor, language and affective deficits. NDDs are caused by aberrant brain development due to genetic and environmental perturbations. Common NDDs include autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability, communication/speech disorders, motor/tic disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Genetic and epigenetic/environmental factors play a key role in these NDDs with significant societal impact. Given the lack of their efficient therapies, it is important to gain further translational insights into the pathobiology of NDDs. To address these challenges, the International Stress and Behavior Society (ISBS) has established the Strategic Task Force on NDDs. Summarizing the Panel's findings, here we discuss the neurobiological mechanisms of selected common NDDs and a wider NDD+ spectrum of associated neuropsychiatric disorders with developmental trajectories. We also outline the utility of existing preclinical (animal) models for building translational and cross-diagnostic bridges to improve our understanding of various NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith R Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Evan J Kyzar
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; The International Stress and Behavior Society (ISBS) and ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Scattoni
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Julian Pittman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Troy University, Troy, AL, USA
| | - Siddharth Gaikwad
- The International Stress and Behavior Society (ISBS) and ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA
| | - Michael Nguyen
- The International Stress and Behavior Society (ISBS) and ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA; New York University School of Medicine, NY, NY, USA
| | - Manoj K Poudel
- The International Stress and Behavior Society (ISBS) and ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA
| | - Jeremy F P Ullmann
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M Diamond
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; J.A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Research and Development Service, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Aleksandra A Kaluyeva
- The International Stress and Behavior Society (ISBS) and ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA
| | - Matthew O Parker
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Richard E Brown
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Cai Song
- Research Institute of Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Moscow Region, Russia
| | | | - Allan V Kalueff
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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178
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Sanz-García A, Knafo S, Pereda-Pérez I, Esteban JA, Venero C, Armario A. Administration of the TrkB receptor agonist 7,8-dihydroxyflavone prevents traumatic stress-induced spatial memory deficits and changes in synaptic plasticity. Hippocampus 2016; 26:1179-88. [PMID: 27068341 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs after exposure to traumatic situations and it is characterized by cognitive deficits that include impaired explicit memory. The neurobiological bases of such PTSD-associated memory alterations are yet to be elucidated and no satisfactory treatment for them exists. To address this issue, we first studied whether a single exposure of young adult rats (60 days) to immobilization on boards (IMO), a putative model of PTSD, produces long-term behavioral effects (2-8 days) similar to those found in PTSD patients. Subsequently, we investigated whether the administration of the TrkB agonist 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (DHF) 8 h after stress (therapeutic window) ameliorated the PTSD-like effect of IMO and the associated changes in synaptic plasticity. A single IMO exposure induced a spatial memory impairment similar to that found in other animal models of PTSD or in PTSD patients. IMO also increased spine density and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA3-CA1 pathway. Significantly, DHF reverted both spatial memory impairment and the increase in LTP, while it produced no effect in the controls. These data provide novel insights into the possible neurobiological substrate for explicit memory impairment in PTSD patients, supporting the idea that the activation of the BDNF/TrkB pathway fulfils a protective role after severe stress. Administration of DHF in the aftermath of a traumatic experience might be relevant to prevent its long-term consequences. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancor Sanz-García
- Unitat De Fisiologia Animal (Facultat De Biociències), Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut De Neurociències, Universitat Autonòma De Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Red De Trastornos Adictivos (RTA), Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Shira Knafo
- IkerBasque Research Professor, Biophysics Unit (Unidad De Biofísica CSIC-UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - José A Esteban
- Deparment of Molecular Neurobiology, Centro De Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad Autónoma De Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - César Venero
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidad Nacional De Educación a Distancia, Juan Del Rosal 10, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Antonio Armario
- Unitat De Fisiologia Animal (Facultat De Biociències), Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut De Neurociències, Universitat Autonòma De Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Red De Trastornos Adictivos (RTA), Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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179
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Kurtek P. Role of Anxiety as a Trait and State in Youth With Mild Intellectual Disability: Coping With Difficult Situations. JOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jppi.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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180
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Effects of stress on behavioral flexibility in rodents. Neuroscience 2016; 345:176-192. [PMID: 27066767 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive flexibility is the ability to switch between different rules or concepts and behavioral flexibility is the overt physical manifestation of these shifts. Behavioral flexibility is essential for adaptive responses and commonly measured by reversal learning and set-shifting performance in rodents. Both tasks have demonstrated vulnerability to stress with effects dependent upon stressor type and number of repetitions. This review compares the effects of stress on reversal learning and set-shifting to provide insight into the differential effect of stress on cognition. Acute and short-term repetition of stress appears to facilitate reversal learning whereas the longer term repetition of stress impairs reversal learning. Stress facilitated intradimensional set-shifting within a single, short-term stress protocol but otherwise generally impaired set-shifting performance in acute and repeated stress paradigms. Chronic unpredictable stress impairs reversal learning and set-shifting whereas repeated cold intermittent stress selectively impairs reversal learning and has no effect on set-shifting. In considering the mechanisms underlying the effects of stress on behavioral flexibility, pharmacological manipulations performed in conjunction with stress are also reviewed. Blocking corticosterone receptors does not affect the facilitation of reversal learning following acute stress but the prevention of corticosterone synthesis rescues repeated stress-induced set-shifting impairment. Enhancing post-synaptic norepinephrine function, serotonin availability, and dopamine receptor activation rescues and/or prevents behavioral flexibility performance following stress. While this review highlights a lack of a standardization of stress paradigms, some consistent effects are apparent. Future studies are necessary to specify the mechanisms underlying the stress-induced impairments of behavioral flexibility, which will aid in alleviating these symptoms in patients with some psychiatric disorders.
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181
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From Memory Impairment to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-Like Phenotypes: The Critical Role of an Unpredictable Second Traumatic Experience. J Neurosci 2016; 35:15903-15. [PMID: 26631471 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0771-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arousal and stress critically regulate memory formation and retention. Increasing levels of stress produce an inverted U-shaped effect on cognitive performance, including the retention of explicit memories, and experiencing a severe stress during a traumatic event may lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The molecular mechanisms underlying the impairing effect of a severe stress on memory and the key contribution of traumatic experiences toward the development of PTSD are still unknown. Here, using increasing footshock intensities in an inhibitory avoidance paradigm, we reproduced the inverted U-shaped curve of memory performance in rats. We then show that the inverted U profile of memory performance correlates with an inverted U profile of corticosterone level in the circulation and of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, phosphorylated tropomyosin-receptor kinase B, and methyl CpG binding protein in the dorsal hippocampus. Furthermore, training with the highest footshock intensity (traumatic experience) led to a significant elevation of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors. Exposure to an unpredictable, but not to a predictable, highly stressful reminder shock after a first traumatic experience resulted in PTSD-like phenotypes, including increased memory of the trauma, high anxiety, threat generalization, and resistance to extinction. Systemic corticosterone injection immediately after the traumatic experience, but not 3 d later, was sufficient to produce PTSD-like phenotypes. We suggest that, although after a first traumatic experience a suppression of the corticosterone-dependent response protects against the development of an anxiety disorder, experiencing more than one trauma (multiple hits) is a critical contributor to the etiology of PTSD.
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182
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Effects of treadmill exercise intensity on spatial working memory and long-term memory in rats. Life Sci 2016; 149:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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183
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Sommer T. The Emergence of Knowledge and How it Supports the Memory for Novel Related Information. Cereb Cortex 2016; 27:1906-1921. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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184
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Diazepam effects on aversive memory retrieval and extinction: Role of anxiety levels. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 141:42-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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185
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Knezevic B, Komatsuzaki Y, de Freitas E, Lukowiak K. A flavanoid component of chocolate quickly reverses an imposed memory deficit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:816-23. [PMID: 26823103 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.130765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The ability to remember is influenced by environmental and lifestyle factors, such as stress and diet. A flavanol contained in chocolate, epicatechin (Epi), has been shown to enhance long-term memory (LTM) formation in Lymnaea. Combining two stressors (low-calcium pond water and crowding) blocks learning and all forms of memory; that is, this combination of environmentally relevant stressors creates a memory-unfriendly state. We tested the hypothesis that Epi will immediately reverse the memory-unfriendly state, i.e. that snails in the memory-deficit state when trained in Epi will immediately become competent to learn and form memory. We found that Epi not only reverses the memory-deficit state but also further enhances LTM formation. Thus, a naturally occurring bioactive plant compound can overcome a memory-unfriendly state. This supports the idea that bioactive substances may mitigate memory-making deficits that, for example, occur with ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Knezevic
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Yoshimasa Komatsuzaki
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Emily de Freitas
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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186
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Hoogerheide V, Deijkers L, Loyens SM, Heijltjes A, van Gog T. Gaining from explaining: Learning improves from explaining to fictitious others on video, not from writing to them. CONTEMPORARY EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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187
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Association of Epidemiologic Factors and Genetic Variants Influencing Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis Function With Postconcussive Symptoms After Minor Motor Vehicle Collision. Psychosom Med 2016; 78:68-78. [PMID: 26588823 PMCID: PMC4696893 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the influence of epidemiologic factors and the influence of genetic variants affecting FKBP5, a protein known to modulate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis function, on the severity of somatic symptoms commonly termed "postconcussive" 6 and 12 months after motor vehicle collision (MVC). METHODS European Americans 18 to 65 years of age who presented to one of eight emergency departments (EDs) after MVC were enrolled. Exclusion criteria included hospital admission. Blood samples were collected in the ED for genotyping. Participants completed evaluations including an adapted Rivermead Post-Concussive Symptoms Questionnaire in the ED and at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year. Repeated-measures analysis of covariance was used to evaluate the association between epidemiologic factors (sociodemographic, pre-MVC health, collision characteristics, head injury, peritraumatic pain, and stress), FKBP5 genetic variants, and postconcussive symptom severity. RESULTS Among 943 patients recruited in the ED, follow-up was completed on 835 (88%) at 6 months and 857 (90%) at 1 year. Self-reported head impact during collision was not associated with chronic postconcussive symptom severity. After correction for multiple testing, three FKBP5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs3800373, rs7753746, and rs9380526) predicted chronic postconcussive symptom severity, with an average symptom severity of 1.10 (95% confidence interval = 0.96-1.24), 1.36 (1.21-1.51), and 1.55 (1.23-1.88) for one, two, or three copies of minor allele at rs3800373 (p = .001). Similar effect sizes were observed for the minor alleles of rs7753746 and rs9380526. CONCLUSIONS Postconcussive symptoms after minor MVC are not generally related to the severity of mild brain injury. This study shows that neurobiologic stress systems may play a role in the pathogenesis of postconcussive symptoms.
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188
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Halonen JD, Zoladz PR, Park CR, Diamond DM. Behavioral and Neurobiological Assessments of Predator-Based Fear Conditioning and Extinction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/jbbs.2016.68033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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189
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McGinley MJ, Vinck M, Reimer J, Batista-Brito R, Zagha E, Cadwell CR, Tolias AS, Cardin JA, McCormick DA. Waking State: Rapid Variations Modulate Neural and Behavioral Responses. Neuron 2015; 87:1143-1161. [PMID: 26402600 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The state of the brain and body constantly varies on rapid and slow timescales. These variations contribute to the apparent noisiness of sensory responses at both the neural and the behavioral level. Recent investigations of rapid state changes in awake, behaving animals have provided insight into the mechanisms by which optimal sensory encoding and behavioral performance are achieved. Fluctuations in state, as indexed by pupillometry, impact both the "signal" (sensory evoked response) and the "noise" (spontaneous activity) of cortical responses. By taking these fluctuations into account, neural response (co)variability is significantly reduced, revealing the brain to be more reliable and predictable than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J McGinley
- Department of Neurobiology, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Martin Vinck
- Department of Neurobiology, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jacob Reimer
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Renata Batista-Brito
- Department of Neurobiology, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Edward Zagha
- Department of Neurobiology, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Cathryn R Cadwell
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andreas S Tolias
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Jessica A Cardin
- Department of Neurobiology, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - David A McCormick
- Department of Neurobiology, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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190
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Stress Effects on Multiple Memory System Interactions. Neural Plast 2015; 2016:4932128. [PMID: 27034845 PMCID: PMC4807050 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4932128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive behavioural, pharmacological, and neurological research reports stress effects on mammalian memory processes. While stress effects on memory quantity have been known for decades, the influence of stress on multiple memory systems and their distinct contributions to the learning process have only recently been described. In this paper, after summarizing the fundamental biological aspects of stress/emotional arousal and recapitulating functionally and anatomically distinct memory systems, we review recent animal and human studies exploring the effects of stress on multiple memory systems. Apart from discussing the interaction between distinct memory systems in stressful situations, we will also outline the fundamental role of the amygdala in mediating such stress effects. Additionally, based on the methods applied in the herein discussed studies, we will discuss how memory translates into behaviour.
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191
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Pardilla-Delgado E, Alger SE, Cunningham TJ, Kinealy B, Payne JD. Effects of post-encoding stress on performance in the DRM false memory paradigm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 23:46-50. [PMID: 26670187 PMCID: PMC4749840 DOI: 10.1101/lm.039354.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have investigated how stress impacts veridical memory, but how stress influences false memory formation remains poorly understood. In order to target memory consolidation specifically, a psychosocial stress (TSST) or control manipulation was administered following encoding of 15 neutral, semantically related word lists (DRM false memory task) and memory was tested 24 h later. Stress decreased recognition of studied words, while increasing false recognition of semantically related lure words. Moreover, while control subjects remembered true and false words equivalently, stressed subjects remembered more false than true words. These results suggest that stress supports gist memory formation in the DRM task, perhaps by hindering detail-specific processing in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara E Alger
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Tony J Cunningham
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Brian Kinealy
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Jessica D Payne
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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192
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Fernández RS, Bavassi L, Campos J, Allegri RF, Molina VA, Forcato C, Pedreira ME. Positive modulation of a neutral declarative memory by a threatening social event. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 126:56-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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193
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Thompson BL, Levitt P. Complete or partial reduction of the Met receptor tyrosine kinase in distinct circuits differentially impacts mouse behavior. J Neurodev Disord 2015; 7:35. [PMID: 26523156 PMCID: PMC4628780 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-015-9131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our laboratory discovered that the gene encoding the receptor tyrosine kinase, MET, contributes to autism risk. Expression of MET is reduced in human postmortem temporal lobe in autism and Rett Syndrome. Subsequent studies revealed a role for MET in human and mouse functional and structural cortical connectivity. To further understand the contribution of Met to brain development and its impact on behavior, we generated two conditional mouse lines in which Met is deleted from select populations of central nervous system neurons. Mice were then tested to determine the consequences of disrupting Met expression. METHODS Mating of Emx1 (cre) and Met (fx/fx) mice eliminates receptor signaling from all cells arising from the dorsal pallium. Met (fx/fx) and Nestin (cre) crosses result in receptor signaling elimination from all neural cells. Behavioral tests were performed to assess cognitive, emotional, and social impairments that are observed in multiple neurodevelopmental disorders and that are in part subserved by circuits that express Met. RESULTS Met (fx/fx) /Emx1 (cre) null mice displayed significant hypoactivity in the activity chamber and in the T-maze despite superior performance on the rotarod. Additionally, these animals showed a deficit in spontaneous alternation. Surprisingly, Met (fx/fx; fx/+) /Nestin (cre) null and heterozygous mice exhibited deficits in contextual fear conditioning, and Met (fx/+) /Nestin (cre) heterozygous mice spent less time in the closed arms of the elevated plus maze. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a complex contribution of Met in the development of circuits mediating social, emotional, and cognitive behavior. The impact of disrupting developmental Met expression is dependent upon circuit-specific deletion patterns and levels of receptor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L Thompson
- Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA ; Institute for the Developing Mind, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027 USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027 USA
| | - Pat Levitt
- Institute for the Developing Mind, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027 USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027 USA
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194
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195
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Wang YK, Jung TP, Lin CT. EEG-Based Attention Tracking During Distracted Driving. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2015; 23:1085-94. [DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2015.2415520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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196
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Blair C, Sulik M, Willoughby M, Mills-Koonce R, Petrill S, Bartlett C, Greenberg M. Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158met polymorphism interacts with early experience to predict executive functions in early childhood. Dev Psychobiol 2015; 57:833-41. [PMID: 26251232 PMCID: PMC5241672 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies demonstrate that the Methionine variant of the catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism, which confers less efficient catabolism of catecholamines, is associated with increased focal activation of prefrontal cortex (PFC) and higher levels of executive function abilities. By and large, however, studies of COMT Val158Met have been conducted with adult samples and do not account for the context in which development is occurring. Effects of early adversity on stress response physiology and the inverted U shape relating catecholamine levels to neural activity in PFC indicate the need to take into account early experience when considering relations between genes such as COMT and executive cognitive ability. Consistent with this neurobiology, we find in a prospective longitudinal sample of children and families (N = 1292) that COMT Val158Met interacts with early experience to predict executive function abilities in early childhood. Specifically, the Valine variant of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism, which confers more rather than less efficient catabolism of catecholamines is associated with higher executive function abilities at child ages 48 and 60 months and with faster growth of executive function for children experiencing early adversity, as indexed by cumulative risk factors in the home at child ages 7, 15, 24, and 36 months. Findings indicate the importance of the early environment for the relation between catecholamine genes and developmental outcomes and demonstrate that the genetic moderation of environmental risk is detectable in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clancy Blair
- Department of Applied Psychology, NYU, 246 Greene St, Kimball Hall, 8th floor, New York, NY 10003.
| | - Michael Sulik
- Department of Applied Psychology, NYU, 246 Greene St, Kimball Hall, 8th floor, New York, NY 10003
| | - Michael Willoughby
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Center, 521 S. Greensboro Street, CB 8185, NC 27599
| | - Roger Mills-Koonce
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Center, 521 S. Greensboro Street, CB 8185, NC 27599
| | - Stephen Petrill
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Christopher Bartlett
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital & The Ohio State University, 575 Children's Crossroad WB5149, Columbus, OH 43215
| | - Mark Greenberg
- Department of HDFS, 110 Henderson South, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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197
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Wang Z, Lukowski SL, Hart SA, Lyons IM, Thompson LA, Kovas Y, Mazzocco MMM, Plomin R, Petrill SA. Is Math Anxiety Always Bad for Math Learning? The Role of Math Motivation. Psychol Sci 2015; 26:1863-76. [PMID: 26518438 DOI: 10.1177/0956797615602471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The linear relations between math anxiety and math cognition have been frequently studied. However, the relations between anxiety and performance on complex cognitive tasks have been repeatedly demonstrated to follow a curvilinear fashion. In the current studies, we aimed to address the lack of attention given to the possibility of such complex interplay between emotion and cognition in the math-learning literature by exploring the relations among math anxiety, math motivation, and math cognition. In two samples-young adolescent twins and adult college students-results showed inverted-U relations between math anxiety and math performance in participants with high intrinsic math motivation and modest negative associations between math anxiety and math performance in participants with low intrinsic math motivation. However, this pattern was not observed in tasks assessing participants' nonsymbolic and symbolic number-estimation ability. These findings may help advance the understanding of mathematics-learning processes and provide important insights for treatment programs that target improving mathematics-learning experiences and mathematical skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Center for Gerontology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
| | | | - Sara A Hart
- Department of Psychology and the Florida Center for Reading Research, Florida State University
| | - Ian M Lyons
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario
| | - Lee A Thompson
- Department of Psychological Science, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Yulia Kovas
- Laboratory for Cognitive Investigations and Behavioural Genetics, Tomsk State University Psychology Department, Goldsmiths, University of London MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London
| | - Michèle M M Mazzocco
- Institute of Child Development and the Center for Early Education and Development, University of Minnesota
| | - Robert Plomin
- MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London
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198
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Diamond DM, Zoladz PR. Dysfunctional or hyperfunctional? The amygdala in posttraumatic stress disorder is the bull in the evolutionary China shop. J Neurosci Res 2015; 94:437-44. [PMID: 26511328 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Our motivation in writing this Review arose not only from the great value in contributing to this special issue of the Journal of Neuroscience Research but also from the desire to express our opinion that the description of the amygdala as "dysfunctional" in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) might not be appropriate. We acknowledge that excessive activation of the amygdala contributes to the cluster of PTSD symptoms, including hypervigilance, intrusive memories, and impaired sleep, that underlies the devastating mental and physical outcomes in trauma victims. The issue that we address is whether the symptoms of PTSD represent an impaired (dysfunctional) or sensitized (hyperfunctional) amygdala status. We propose that the amygdala in PTSD is hyperfunctional rather than dysfunctional in recognition of the fact that the individual has already survived one life-threatening attack and that another may be forthcoming. We therefore consider PTSD to be a state in which the amygdala is functioning optimally if the goal is to ensure a person's survival. The misery caused by a hyperfunctional amygdala in PTSD is the cost of inheriting an evolutionarily primitive mechanism that considers survival more important than the quality of one's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Diamond
- Medical Research Service, Veterans Administration Hospital, Tampa, Florida.,Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.,Center for Preclinical and Clinical Research on PTSD, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Phillip R Zoladz
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, and Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, Ada, Ohio
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199
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Despair-associated memory requires a slow-onset CA1 long-term potentiation with unique underlying mechanisms. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15000. [PMID: 26449319 PMCID: PMC4598857 DOI: 10.1038/srep15000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The emotion of despair that occurs with uncontrollable stressful event is probably retained by memory, termed despair-associated memory, although little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Here, we report that forced swimming (FS) with no hope to escape, but not hopefully escapable swimming (ES), enhances hippocampal α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR)-dependent GluA1 Ser831 phosphorylation (S831-P), induces a slow-onset CA1 long-term potentiation (LTP) in freely moving rats and leads to increased test immobility 24-h later. Before FS application of the antagonists to block S831-P or N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) or glucocorticoid receptor (GR) disrupts LTP and reduces test immobility, to levels similar to those of the ES group. Because these mechanisms are specifically linked with the hopeless of escape from FS, we suggest that despair-associated memory occurs with an endogenous CA1 LTP that is intriguingly mediated by a unique combination of rapid S831-P with NMDAR and GR activation to shape subsequent behavioral despair.
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200
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Bains JS, Wamsteeker Cusulin JI, Inoue W. Stress-related synaptic plasticity in the hypothalamus. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:377-88. [PMID: 26087679 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stress necessitates an immediate engagement of multiple neural and endocrine systems. However, exposure to a single stressor causes adaptive changes that modify responses to subsequent stressors. Recent studies examining synapses onto neuroendocrine cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus demonstrate that stressful experiences leave indelible marks that alter the ability of these synapses to undergo plasticity. These adaptations include a unique form of metaplasticity at glutamatergic synapses, bidirectional changes in endocannabinoid signalling and bidirectional changes in strength at GABAergic synapses that rely on distinct temporal windows following stress. This rich repertoire of plasticity is likely to represent an important building block for dynamic, experience-dependent modulation of neuroendocrine stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep S Bains
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jaclyn I Wamsteeker Cusulin
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Wataru Inoue
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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