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HCV-Induced Oxidative Stress: Battlefield-Winning Strategy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:7425628. [PMID: 27293514 PMCID: PMC4880679 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7425628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
About 150 million people worldwide are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). The persistence of the infection is controlled by several mechanisms including the induction of oxidative stress. HCV relies on this strategy to redirect lipid metabolism machinery and escape immune response. The 3β-hydroxysterol Δ24-reductase (DHCR24) is one of the newly discovered host markers of oxidative stress. This protein, as HCV-induced oxidative stress responsive protein, may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of HCV chronic infection and associated liver diseases, when aberrantly expressed. The sustained expression of DHCR24 in response to HCV-induced oxidative stress results in suppression of nuclear p53 activity by blocking its acetylation and increasing its interaction with MDM2 in the cytoplasm leading to its degradation, which may induce hepatocarcinogenesis.
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152
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Zeiger WA, Sun LR, Bosemani T, Pearl PL, Stafstrom CE. Acute Infantile Encephalopathy as Presentation of Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency. Pediatr Neurol 2016; 58:113-5. [PMID: 27268762 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency is a rare neurological disorder resulting from impaired gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism. The syndrome typically presents as a static encephalopathy with developmental delays, hypotonia, and seizures. METHODS A six-month-old previously healthy girl developed acute choreoathetosis and severe hypotonia in the setting of influenza A infection. In our database of 112 patients with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, one additional patient was identified who presented with an acute illness (encephalopathy associated with bronchiolitis at age five months). RESULTS Urine organic acid and cerebrospinal fluid analyses confirmed elevated 4-hydroxybutyric acid in both cases, verified by enzymatic quantification in lymphocytes in the second patient. Brain magnetic resonance imaging scans in both cases showed bilateral symmetric T2 hyperintensities of globus pallidi. The lesions demonstrated restricted diffusion, consistent with acute symptom onset. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to most organic acidopathies, succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency typically presents with nonprogressive global developmental delays. Here we report that succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency can present fulminantly during a febrile illness as well as in the more common static fashion, thereby broadening the spectrum of onset patterns in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Zeiger
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lisa R Sun
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Phillip L Pearl
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carl E Stafstrom
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland.
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153
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Oxidative Stress in Children with Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:3831071. [PMID: 27127547 PMCID: PMC4834172 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3831071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) has not been fully understood; nevertheless, significant progress has been achieved in recent years. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pathogenesis of CSU. Sixty-two children with CSU and 41 healthy control subjects were enrolled in the study. An extensive evaluation of demographic and clinical features was done, and serum oxidative stress was evaluated by plasma total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) measurements. The median value of plasma TOS was found to be 10.49 μmol H2O2 equiv./L (interquartile range, 7.29–17.65) in CSU patients and 7.68 μmol H2O2 equiv./L (5.95–10.39) in the control group. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (p = 0.003). Likewise, the median plasma TAS level in the CSU group was decreased significantly compared to that of the control group (2.64 [2.30–2.74] versus 2.76 [2.65–2.86] mmol Trolox equiv./L, resp., p = 0,001). Our results indicated that plasma oxidative stress is increased in children with CSU when compared to healthy subjects, and plasma oxidative stress markers are positively correlated with disease activity.
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Priyathilaka TT, Kim Y, Udayantha HMV, Lee S, Herath HMLPB, Lakmal HHC, Elvitigala DAS, Umasuthan N, Godahewa GI, Kang SI, Jeong HB, Kim SK, Kim DJ, Lim BS. Identification and molecular characterization of peroxiredoxin 6 from Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) revealing its potent antioxidant properties and putative immune relevancy. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 51:291-302. [PMID: 26911410 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prdx) are thiol specific antioxidant enzymes that play a pivotal role in cellular oxidative stress by reducing toxic peroxide compounds into nontoxic products. In this study, we identified and characterized a peroxiredoxin 6 counterpart from Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) (AjPrdx6) at molecular, transcriptional and protein level. The identified full-length coding sequence of AjPrdx6 (669 bp) coded for a polypeptide of 223 aa residues (24.9 kDa). Deduced protein of AjPrdx6 showed analogy to characteristic structural features of 1-cysteine peroxiredoxin sub-family. According to the topology of the generated phylogenetic reconstruction AjPrdx6 showed closest evolutionary relationship with Salmo salar. As detected by Quantitative real time PCR (qPCR), AjPrdx6 mRNA was constitutively expressed in all the tissues examined. Upon the immune challenges with Edwardsiella tarda, lipopolysaccharides and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, expression of AjPrdx6 mRNA transcripts were significantly induced. The general functional properties of Prdx6 were confirmed using purified recombinant AjPrdx6 protein by deciphering its potent protective effects on cultured vero cells (kidney epithelial cell from an African green monkey) against H2O2-induced oxidative stress and protection against oxidative DNA damage elicited by mixed function oxidative (MFO) system. Altogether, our findings suggest that AjPrdx6 is a potent antioxidant protein in Japanese eels and its putative immune relevancy in pathogen stress mounted by live-bacteria or pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanthrige Thiunuwan Priyathilaka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 695-965, Republic of Korea
| | - Yucheol Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 695-965, Republic of Korea
| | - H M V Udayantha
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 695-965, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongdo Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 695-965, Republic of Korea
| | - H M L P B Herath
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 695-965, Republic of Korea
| | - H H Chaminda Lakmal
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Don Anushka Sandaruwan Elvitigala
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 695-965, Republic of Korea
| | - Navaneethaiyer Umasuthan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 695-965, Republic of Korea
| | - G I Godahewa
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 695-965, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Il Kang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 695-965, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Bok Jeong
- Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 695-965, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Kwon Kim
- New Strategy Research Center, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Jung Kim
- New Strategy Research Center, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bong Soo Lim
- Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 695-965, Republic of Korea.
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Yu JS, Chen WC, Tseng CK, Lin CK, Hsu YC, Chen YH, Lee JC. Sulforaphane Suppresses Hepatitis C Virus Replication by Up-Regulating Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression through PI3K/Nrf2 Pathway. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152236. [PMID: 27023634 PMCID: PMC4811417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection-induced oxidative stress is a major risk factor for the development of HCV-associated liver disease. Sulforaphane (SFN) is an antioxidant phytocompound that acts against cellular oxidative stress and tumorigenesis. However, there is little known about its anti-viral activity. In this study, we demonstrated that SFN significantly suppressed HCV protein and RNA levels in HCV replicon cells and infectious system, with an IC50 value of 5.7 ± 0.2 μM. Moreover, combination of SFN with anti-viral drugs displayed synergistic effects in the suppression of HCV replication. In addition, we found nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/HO-1 induction in response to SFN and determined the signaling pathways involved in this process, including inhibition of NS3 protease activity and induction of IFN response. In contrast, the anti-viral activities were attenuated by knockdown of HO-1 with specific inhibitor (SnPP) and shRNA, suggesting that anti-HCV activity of SFN is dependent on HO-1 expression. Otherwise, SFN stimulated the phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) leading Nrf2-mediated HO-1 expression against HCV replication. Overall, our results indicated that HO-1 is essential in SFN-mediated anti-HCV activity and provide new insights in the molecular mechanism of SFN in HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Sheng Yu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 71004, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Kai Tseng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Kuang Lin
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, College of Marine Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chin Hsu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 71004, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsu Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Sepsis Research Center, Center for Dengue Fever Control and Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, HsinChu, Taiwan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (J-CL); (Y-HC)
| | - Jin-Ching Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Natural Products and Drug Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (J-CL); (Y-HC)
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156
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HCV and Oxidative Stress: Implications for HCV Life Cycle and HCV-Associated Pathogenesis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:9012580. [PMID: 26955431 PMCID: PMC4756209 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9012580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HCV (hepatitis C virus) is a member of the Flaviviridae family that contains a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome of approximately 9600 bases. HCV is a major causative agent for chronic liver diseases such as steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma which are caused by multifactorial processes. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered as a major factor contributing to HCV-associated pathogenesis. This review summarizes the mechanisms involved in formation of ROS in HCV replicating cells and describes the interference of HCV with ROS detoxifying systems. The relevance of ROS for HCV-associated pathogenesis is reviewed with a focus on the interference of elevated ROS levels with processes controlling liver regeneration. The overview about the impact of ROS for the viral life cycle is focused on the relevance of autophagy for the HCV life cycle and the crosstalk between HCV, elevated ROS levels, and the induction of autophagy.
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157
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Timilsina U, Gaur R. Modulation of apoptosis and viral latency - an axis to be well understood for successful cure of human immunodeficiency virus. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:813-824. [PMID: 26764023 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the causative agent of the deadly disease AIDS, which is characterized by the progressive decline of CD4(+)T-cells. HIV-1-encoded proteins such as envelope gp120 (glycoprotein gp120), Tat (trans-activator of transcription), Nef (negative regulatory factor), Vpr (viral protein R), Vpu (viral protein unique) and protease are known to be effective in modulating host cell signalling pathways that lead to an alteration in apoptosis of both HIV-infected and uninfected bystander cells. Depending on the stage of the virus life cycle and host cell type, these viral proteins act as mediators of pro- or anti-apoptotic signals. HIV latency in viral reservoirs is a persistent phenomenon that has remained beyond the control of the human immune system. To cure HIV infections completely, it is crucial to reactivate latent HIV from cellular pools and to drive these apoptosis-resistant cells towards death. Several previous studies have reported the role of HIV-encoded proteins in apoptosis modulation, but the molecular basis for apoptosis evasion of some chronically HIV-infected cells and reactivated latently HIV-infected cells still needs to be elucidated. The current review summarizes our present understanding of apoptosis modulation in HIV-infected cells, uninfected bystander cells and latently infected cells, with a focus on highlighting strategies to activate the apoptotic pathway to kill latently infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uddhav Timilsina
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi- 110021, India
| | - Ritu Gaur
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi- 110021, India
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158
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The Influenza Virus H5N1 Infection Can Induce ROS Production for Viral Replication and Host Cell Death in A549 Cells Modulated by Human Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase (SOD1) Overexpression. Viruses 2016; 8:v8010013. [PMID: 26761025 PMCID: PMC4728573 DOI: 10.3390/v8010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic H5N1 infections are often accompanied by excessive pro-inflammatory response, high viral titer, and apoptosis; as such, the efficient control of these infections poses a great challenge. The pathogenesis of influenza virus infection is also related to oxidative stress. However, the role of endogenic genes with antioxidant effect in the control of influenza viruses, especially H5N1 viruses, should be further investigated. In this study, the H5N1 infection in lung epithelial cells decreased Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) expression at mRNA and protein levels. Forced SOD1 expression significantly inhibited the H5N1-induced increase in reactive oxygen species, decreased pro-inflammatory response, prevented p65 and p38 phosphorylation, and impeded viral ribonucleoprotein nuclear export and viral replication. The SOD1 overexpression also rescued H5N1-induced cellular apoptosis and alleviated H5N1-caused mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, this study described the role of SOD1 in the replication of H5N1 influenza virus and emphasized the relevance of this enzyme in the control of H5N1 replication in epithelial cells. Pharmacological modulation or targeting SOD1 may open a new way to fight H5N1 influenza virus.
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159
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Activation of the DNA Damage Response by RNA Viruses. Biomolecules 2016; 6:2. [PMID: 26751489 PMCID: PMC4808796 DOI: 10.3390/biom6010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses are a genetically diverse group of pathogens that are responsible for some of the most prevalent and lethal human diseases. Numerous viruses introduce DNA damage and genetic instability in host cells during their lifecycles and some species also manipulate components of the DNA damage response (DDR), a complex and sophisticated series of cellular pathways that have evolved to detect and repair DNA lesions. Activation and manipulation of the DDR by DNA viruses has been extensively studied. It is apparent, however, that many RNA viruses can also induce significant DNA damage, even in cases where viral replication takes place exclusively in the cytoplasm. DNA damage can contribute to the pathogenesis of RNA viruses through the triggering of apoptosis, stimulation of inflammatory immune responses and the introduction of deleterious mutations that can increase the risk of tumorigenesis. In addition, activation of DDR pathways can contribute positively to replication of viral RNA genomes. Elucidation of the interactions between RNA viruses and the DDR has provided important insights into modulation of host cell functions by these pathogens. This review summarises the current literature regarding activation and manipulation of the DDR by several medically important RNA viruses.
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160
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Assessment of a Flavone-Polysaccharide Based Prescription for Treating Duck Virus Hepatitis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146046. [PMID: 26731101 PMCID: PMC4701506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Because polysaccharide and flavone ingredients display good antiviral activity, we developed a flavone/polysaccharide-containing prescription that would be effective against duck viral hepatitis (DVH) and investigated its hepatoprotective effects. Flavones were derived from Hypericum japonicum (HJF) (entire herb of Hypericum japonicum Thunb) and Salvia plebeia (SPF) (entire herb of Salvia plebeia R. Br.), and polysaccharides were derived from Radix Rehmanniae Recens (RRRP) (dried root of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch). This prescription combination was based on the theory of syndrome differentiation and treatment in traditional Chinese veterinary medicine. In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted using the three single ingredients compared to the combined HRS prescription to determine their anti-duck hepatitis A viral (anti-DHAV) activity. The results showed that all experimental conditions displayed anti-DHAV activity, but the HRS prescription presented the best effect. To further investigate the hepatoprotective effect of the HRS prescription on DHAV-induced hepatic injury, we tested the mortality rate, the hepatic pathological severity score, plasma biochemical indexes of hepatic function, blood DHAV gene expression levels and peroxidation damage evaluation indexes and then analyzed correlations among these indexes. The results demonstrated that the HRS prescription significantly decreased the mortality rate, reduced the severity of hepatic injury, decreased the hepatic pathological severity score, depressed blood DHAV gene expression levels, and returned the indexes of hepatic function and peroxidation almost to a normal level. These results indicate that the HRS prescription confers an outstanding hepatoprotective effect, and we expect that it will be developed into a new candidate anti-DHAV drug.
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161
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Reshi L, Wu JL, Wang HV, Hong JR. Aquatic viruses induce host cell death pathways and its application. Virus Res 2015; 211:133-44. [PMID: 26494167 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Virus infections of mammalian and animal cells consist of a series of events. As intracellular parasites, viruses rely on the use of host cellular machinery. Through the use of cell culture and molecular approaches over the past decade, our knowledge of the biology of aquatic viruses has grown exponentially. The increase in aquaculture operations worldwide has provided new approaches for the transmission of aquatic viruses that include RNA and DNA viruses. Therefore, the struggle between the virus and the host for control of the cell's death machinery is crucial for survival. Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites and, as such, must modulate apoptotic pathways to control the lifespan of their host to complete their replication cycle. This paper updates the discussion on the detailed mechanisms of action that various aquatic viruses use to induce cell death pathways in the host, such as Bad-mediated, mitochondria-mediated, ROS-mediated and Fas-mediated cell death circuits. Understanding how viruses exploit the apoptotic pathways of their hosts may provide great opportunities for the development of future potential therapeutic strategies and pathogenic insights into different aquatic viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latif Reshi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No 1. University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1. University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jen-Leih Wu
- Laboratory of Marine Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hao-Ven Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1. University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jiann-Ruey Hong
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No 1. University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan, ROC.
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162
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Dagenais-Lussier X, Mouna A, Routy JP, Tremblay C, Sekaly RP, El-Far M, Grevenynghe JV. Current topics in HIV-1 pathogenesis: The emergence of deregulated immuno-metabolism in HIV-infected subjects. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:603-13. [PMID: 26409789 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection results in long-lasting activation of the immune system including elevated production of pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokines, and bacterial product release from gut into blood and tissue compartments, which are not fully restored by antiretroviral therapies. HIV-1 has also developed numerous strategies via viral regulatory proteins to hijack cell molecular mechanisms to enhance its own replication and dissemination. Here, we reviewed the relationship between viral proteins, immune activation/inflammation, and deregulated metabolism occurring in HIV-1-infected patients that ultimately dampens the protective innate and adaptive arms of immunity. Defining precisely the molecular mechanisms related to deregulated immuno-metabolism during HIV-1 infection could ultimately help in the development of novel clinical approaches to restore proper immune functions in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aounallah Mouna
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Glen site, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Julien van Grevenynghe
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada.
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163
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Ahmed M, Henson DA, Sanderson MC, Nieman DC, Zubeldia JM, Shanely RA. Rhodiola rosea Exerts Antiviral Activity in Athletes Following a Competitive Marathon Race. Front Nutr 2015; 2:24. [PMID: 26284250 PMCID: PMC4521101 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2015.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodiola rosea, a medicinal plant with demonstrated adaptogenic properties, has recently been reported to contain active compounds with antimicrobial activity. The goal of this study was to measure the antiviral and antibacterial properties of the bioactive metabolites of Rhodiola rosea in the serum of experienced marathon runners following supplementation. Marathon runners, randomly divided into two groups, ingested 600 mg/day of Rhodiola rosea (n = 24, 6 female, 18 male) or placebo (n = 24, 7 females, 17 males) for 30 days prior to, the day of, and 7 days post-marathon. Blood serum samples were collected the day before, 15 min post-, and 1.5 h post-marathon. Serum from Rhodiola rosea-supplemented runners collected after marathon running did not attenuate the marathon-induced susceptibility of HeLa cells to killing by vesicular stomatitis virus. However, the use of Rhodiola rosea induced antiviral activity at early times post-infection by delaying an exercise-dependent increase in virus replication (P = 0.013 compared to placebo). Serum from both groups collected 15 min post-marathon significantly promoted the growth of Escherichia coli in culture as compared to serum collected the day before the marathon (P = 0.003, all subjects). Furthermore, the serum from subjects ingesting Rhodiola rosea did not display antibacterial properties at any time point as indicated by a lack of group differences immediately (P = 0.785) or 1.5 h (P = 0.633) post-marathon. These results indicate that bioactive compounds in the serum of subjects ingesting Rhodiola rosea may exert protective effects against virus replication following intense and prolonged exercise by inducing antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ahmed
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University , Boone, NC , USA
| | - Dru A Henson
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University , Boone, NC , USA
| | | | - David C Nieman
- Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University , Kannapolis, NC , USA
| | | | - R Andrew Shanely
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University , Boone, NC , USA
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Chen WC, Tseng CK, Chen YH, Lin CK, Hsu SH, Wang SN, Lee JC. HCV NS5A Up-Regulates COX-2 Expression via IL-8-Mediated Activation of the ERK/JNK MAPK Pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133264. [PMID: 26231035 PMCID: PMC4521820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection leads to intrahepatic inflammation and liver cell injury, which are considered a risk factor for virus-associated hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. Inflammatory cytokines are critical components of the immune system and influence cellular signaling, and genetic imbalances. In this study, we found that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were significantly induced by HCV infection and HCV NS5A expression, and induction of COX-2 correlated with HCV-induced IL-8 production. We also found that the ERK and JNK signaling pathways were involved in the regulation of IL-8-mediated COX-2 induction in response to HCV infection. Using a promoter-linked reporter assay, we identified that the C/EBP regulatory element within the COX-2 promoter was the dominant factor responsible for the induction of COX-2 by HCV. Silencing C/EBP attenuated HCV-induced COX-2 expression. Our results revealed that HCV-induced inflammation promotes viral replication, providing new insights into the involvement of IL-8-mediated COX-2 induction in HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Kai Tseng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsu Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Sepsis Research Center, Center for Dengue Fever Control and Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, HsinChu, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Kuang Lin
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-hsien Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Nien Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Ching Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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165
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The Flavonoid Isoliquiritigenin Reduces Lung Inflammation and Mouse Morbidity during Influenza Virus Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:6317-27. [PMID: 26248373 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01098-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The host response to influenza virus infection is characterized by an acute lung inflammatory response in which intense inflammatory cell recruitment, hypercytokinemia, and a high level of oxidative stress are present. The sum of these events contributes to the virus-induced lung damage that leads to high a level of morbidity and mortality in susceptible infected patients. In this context, we identified compounds that can simultaneously reduce the excessive inflammatory response and the viral replication as a strategy to treat influenza virus infection. We investigated the anti-inflammatory and antiviral potential activities of isoliquiritigenin (ILG). Interestingly, we demonstrated that ILG is a potent inhibitor of influenza virus replication in human bronchial epithelial cells (50% effective concentration [EC50] = 24.7 μM). In addition, our results showed that this molecule inhibits the expression of inflammatory cytokines induced after the infection of cells with influenza virus. We demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory activity of ILG in the context of influenza virus infection is dependent on the activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma pathway. Interestingly, ILG phosphate (ILG-p)-treated mice displayed decreased lung inflammation as depicted by reduced cytokine gene expression and inflammatory cell recruitment. We also demonstrated that influenza virus-specific CD8(+) effector T cell recruitment was reduced up to 60% in the lungs of mice treated with ILG-p (10 mg/kg) compared to that in saline-treated mice. Finally, we showed that administration of ILG-p reduced lung viral titers and morbidity of mice infected with the PR8/H1N1 virus.
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Ramos I, Fernandez-Sesma A. Modulating the Innate Immune Response to Influenza A Virus: Potential Therapeutic Use of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Front Immunol 2015; 6:361. [PMID: 26257731 PMCID: PMC4507467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by influenza A viruses (IAV) is frequently characterized by robust inflammation that is usually more pronounced in the case of avian influenza. It is becoming clearer that the morbidity and pathogenesis caused by IAV are consequences of this inflammatory response, with several components of the innate immune system acting as the main players. It has been postulated that using a therapeutic approach to limit the innate immune response in combination with antiviral drugs has the potential to diminish symptoms and tissue damage caused by IAV infection. Indeed, some anti-inflammatory agents have been shown to be effective in animal models in reducing IAV pathology as a proof of principle. The main challenge in developing such therapies is to selectively modulate signaling pathways that contribute to lung injury while maintaining the ability of the host cells to mount an antiviral response to control virus replication. However, the dissection of those pathways is very complex given the numerous components regulated by the same factors (i.e., NF kappa B transcription factors) and the large number of players involved in this regulation, some of which may be undescribed or unknown. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current knowledge regarding the innate immune responses associated with tissue damage by IAV infection, the understanding of which is essential for the development of effective immunomodulatory drugs. Furthermore, we summarize the recent advances on the development and evaluation of such drugs as well as the lessons learned from those studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ramos
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
| | - Ana Fernandez-Sesma
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
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167
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Mathys L, Balzarini J. The role of cellular oxidoreductases in viral entry and virus infection-associated oxidative stress: potential therapeutic applications. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:123-43. [PMID: 26178644 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1068760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cellular oxidoreductases catalyze thiol/disulfide exchange reactions in susceptible proteins and contribute to the cellular defense against oxidative stress. Oxidoreductases and oxidative stress are also involved in viral infections. In this overview, different aspects of the role of cellular oxidoreductases and oxidative stress during viral infections are discussed from a chemotherapeutic viewpoint. AREAS COVERED Entry of enveloped viruses into their target cells is triggered by the interaction of viral envelope glycoproteins with cellular (co)receptor(s) and depends on obligatory conformational changes in these viral envelope glycoproteins and/or cellular receptors. For some viruses, these conformational changes are mediated by cell surface-associated cellular oxidoreductases, which mediate disulfide bridge reductions in viral envelope glycoprotein(s). Therefore, targeting these oxidoreductases using oxidoreductase inhibitors might yield an interesting strategy to block viral entry of these viruses. Furthermore, since viral infections are often associated with systemic oxidative stress, contributing to disease progression, the enhancement of the cellular antioxidant defense systems might have potential as an adjuvant antiviral strategy, slowing down disease progression. EXPERT OPINION Promising antiviral data were obtained for both strategies. However, potential pitfalls have also been identified for these strategies, indicating that it is important to carefully assess the benefits versus risks of these antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Mathys
- a 1 Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Minderbroedersstraat 10 blok x - bus 1030, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- b 2 Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Minderbroedersstraat 10 blok x - bus 1030, Leuven, Belgium +32 16 3 37352 ; +32 16 3 37340 ;
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168
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Ishikawa T, Konishi E. Potential chemotherapeutic targets for Japanese encephalitis: current status of antiviral drug development and future challenges. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1379-95. [PMID: 26156208 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1065817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Japanese encephalitis (JE) remains a public health threat in Asia. Although several vaccines have been licensed, ∼ 67,900 cases of the disease are estimated to occur annually, probably because the vaccine coverage is low. Therefore, effective antiviral drugs are required to control JE. However, no licensed anti-JE drugs are available, despite extensive efforts to develop them. AREAS COVERED We provide a general overview of JE and JE virus, including its transmission cycle, distribution, structure, replication machinery, immune evasion mechanisms and vaccines. The current situation in antiviral drug development is then reviewed and future perspectives are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Although the development of effective anti-JE drugs is an urgent issue, only supportive care is currently available. Recent progress in our understanding of the viral replication machinery and immune evasion strategies has identified new targets for anti-JE drug development. To date, most candidate drugs have only been evaluated in single-drug formulations, and efficient drug delivery to the CNS has virtually not been considered. However, an effective anti-JE treatment is expected to be achieved with multiple-drug formulations and a targeted drug delivery system in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ishikawa
- a 1 Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology , 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Eiji Konishi
- b 2 Mahidol University, BIKEN Endowed Department of Dengue Vaccine Development, Faculty of Tropical Medicine , 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.,c 3 Osaka University, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, BIKEN Endowed Department of Dengue Vaccine Development , 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan +66 2 354 5981 ;
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169
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Ren X, Ma H, Qiu Y, Liu B, Qi H, Li Z, Kong H, Kong L. The downregulation of thioredoxin accelerated Neuro2a cell apoptosis induced by advanced glycation end product via activating several pathways. Neurochem Int 2015; 87:128-35. [PMID: 26142569 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx), a 12 kDa protein, has different functions in different cellular environments, playing important anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic roles and regulating the expression of transcription factors. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a heterogeneous group of irreversible adducts from glucose-protein condensation reactions and are considered crucial to the development of diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, neurodegeneration and atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to use a Trx inhibitor to investigate the effects and mechanism of Trx down-regulation on AGE-induced Neuro2a cell apoptosis. Neuro2a cells were cultured in vitro and treated with different conditions. The apoptosis and proliferation of Neuro2a cells were detected using flow cytometry, DNA-Ladder and CCK8 assays. Rho 123 was used to detect the mitochondrial membrane potential. ROS generation and caspase3 activity were detected using a DCFH-DA probe and micro-plate reader. Western blotting and real-time PCR were used to detect the expression of proteins and genes. We found that the down-regulation of thioredoxin could accelerate AGE-induced apoptosis in Neuro2a cells. A possible underlying mechanism is that the down-regulation of thioredoxin stimulated the up-regulation of ASK1, p-JNK, PTEN, and Txnip, as well as the down-regulation of p-AKT, ultimately increasing ROS levels and caspase3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ren
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, LiaoNing Province, China
| | - Haiying Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, LiaoNing Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qiu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, LiaoNing Province, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, LiaoNing Province, China
| | - Hui Qi
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, LiaoNing Province, China
| | - Zeyu Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, LiaoNing Province, China
| | - Hui Kong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, LiaoNing Province, China.
| | - Li Kong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, LiaoNing Province, China.
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170
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Jeong EH, Vaidya B, Cho SY, Park MA, Kaewintajuk K, Kim SR, Oh MJ, Choi JS, Kwon J, Kim D. Identification of regulators of the early stage of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus infection during curcumin treatment. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:184-193. [PMID: 25862970 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of curcumin pretreatment (15-240 μM) in fathead minnow cells infected with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) was evaluated. Cell viability, apoptosis and viral copy number were analyzed using Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, Annexin V staining, and reverse transcription-PCR, respectively. Pretreatment with 120 μM curcumin showed an increase in viability (>90% of mock) of VHSV-infected cells and reduction in the copy number (0.2-log reduction in VHSV N gene expression), reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in the cells without cytotoxic effects. To understand the mechanisms underlaying the antiviral effects of curcumin pretreatment, a comparative proteomic analysis was performed in four samples (M, mock; C, curcumin-treated; V, VHSV-infected; and CV, curcumin-treated VHSV-infected) in triplicate. In total, 185 proteins were detected. The analysis showed that three proteins, including heat shock cognate 71 (HSC71), actin, alpha cardiac muscle (ACTC1) and elongation factor 1 (EEF1) were differentially expressed between V and CV samples. Network analysis performed by Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) showed that HSC71 was the primary protein interacting with fibronectin (FN) 1, actins (ACTB, ACTG, F-actin) and gelsolin (GSN) in both V and CV samples and thus is a strong target candidate for the protection from VHSV infection at the viral entry stage. Our proteomics data suggest that curcumin pretreatment inhibits entry of VHSV in cells by downregulating FN1 or upregulating F-actin. For both proteins, HSC71 acts as a binding protein that modulates their functions. Furthermore, consistent with the effect of a heat shock protein inhibitor (KNK437), curcumin downregulated HSC71 expression with increasing viability of VHSV-infected cells and inhibited VHSV replication, suggesting that the downregulation of HSC71 could be responsible for the antiviral activity of curcumin. In conclusion, this study indicates that the suppression of viral entry by rearrangement of the F-actin/G-actin ratio via downregulating HSC71 is a plausible mechanism by which curcumin pretreatment controls the early stages of VHSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hye Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Bipin Vaidya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea; Bioenergy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Se-Young Cho
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Myoung-Ae Park
- Aquatic Life Disease Control Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-705, South Korea
| | - Kusuma Kaewintajuk
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Seok Ryel Kim
- West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Incheon 400-420, South Korea
| | - Myung-Joo Oh
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, South Korea
| | - Jong-Soon Choi
- Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Joseph Kwon
- Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea.
| | - Duwoon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea; Bioenergy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea; Agribio Disaster Research Center, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea.
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171
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Abstract
The liver is a very important organ with a lot of functions for the host to survive. Dietary components are essential for and can be beneficial or detrimental to the healthy or diseased liver. Plants food is an essential part of the human diet and comprises various compounds which are closely related to liver health. Selected food plants can provide nutritional and medicinal support for liver disease. At the present, the knowledge of the effects of plants on the liver is still incomplete. The most urgent task at the present time is to find the best dietary and medicinal plants for liver health in an endless list of candidates. This review article updates the knowledge about the effects of plants consumption on the health of the liver, putting particular emphasis on the potential beneficial and harmful impact of dietary and medicinal plants on liver function.
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172
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Ivanov AV, Smirnova OA, Petrushanko IY, Ivanova ON, Karpenko IL, Alekseeva E, Sominskaya I, Makarov AA, Bartosch B, Kochetkov SN, Isaguliants MG. HCV core protein uses multiple mechanisms to induce oxidative stress in human hepatoma Huh7 cells. Viruses 2015; 7:2745-70. [PMID: 26035647 PMCID: PMC4488712 DOI: 10.3390/v7062745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is accompanied by the induction of oxidative stress, mediated by several virus proteins, the most prominent being the nucleocapsid protein (HCV core). Here, using the truncated forms of HCV core, we have delineated several mechanisms by which it induces the oxidative stress. The N-terminal 36 amino acids of HCV core induced TGF\(\upbeta\)1-dependent expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases 1 and 4, both of which independently contributed to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The same fragment also induced the expression of cyclo-oxygenase 2, which, however, made no input into ROS production. Amino acids 37-191 of HCV core up-regulated the transcription of a ROS generating enzyme cytochrome P450 2E1. Furthermore, the same fragment induced the expression of endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin 1\(\upalpha\). The latter triggered efflux of Ca2+ from ER to mitochondria via mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter, leading to generation of superoxide anions, and possibly also H2O2. Suppression of any of these pathways in cells expressing the full-length core protein led to a partial inhibition of ROS production. Thus, HCV core causes oxidative stress via several independent pathways, each mediated by a distinct region of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Ivanov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Olga A Smirnova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Irina Y Petrushanko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Olga N Ivanova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Inna L Karpenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina Alekseeva
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, Ratsupites 1, Riga LV1067, Latvia.
| | - Irina Sominskaya
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, Ratsupites 1, Riga LV1067, Latvia.
| | - Alexander A Makarov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Birke Bartosch
- Inserm U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, University of Lyon, 151, Cours A Thomas, 69424 Lyon Cedex, Lyon, France.
- DevWeCan Laboratories of Excellence Network (Labex), Lyon F-69000, France.
| | - Sergey N Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Maria G Isaguliants
- Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Gamaleya str. 16, Moscow 123098, Russia.
- Kirchenstein Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradins University, Ratsupites 5, Riga LV-1069, Latvia.
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobelsvägen 16, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.
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173
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Steinbrenner H, Al-Quraishy S, Dkhil MA, Wunderlich F, Sies H. Dietary selenium in adjuvant therapy of viral and bacterial infections. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:73-82. [PMID: 25593145 PMCID: PMC4288282 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.007575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral and bacterial infections are often associated with deficiencies in macronutrients and micronutrients, including the essential trace element selenium. In selenium deficiency, benign strains of Coxsackie and influenza viruses can mutate to highly pathogenic strains. Dietary supplementation to provide adequate or supranutritional selenium supply has been proposed to confer health benefits for patients suffering from some viral diseases, most notably with respect to HIV and influenza A virus (IAV) infections. In addition, selenium-containing multimicronutrient supplements improved several clinical and lifestyle variables in patients coinfected with HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Selenium status may affect the function of cells of both adaptive and innate immunity. Supranutritional selenium promotes proliferation and favors differentiation of naive CD4-positive T lymphocytes toward T helper 1 cells, thus supporting the acute cellular immune response, whereas excessive activation of the immune system and ensuing host tissue damage are counteracted through directing macrophages toward the M2 phenotype. This review provides an up-to-date overview on selenium in infectious diseases caused by viruses (e.g., HIV, IAV, hepatitis C virus, poliovirus, West Nile virus) and bacteria (e.g., M. tuberculosis, Helicobacter pylori). Data from epidemiologic studies and intervention trials, with selenium alone or in combination with other micronutrients, and animal experiments are discussed against the background of dietary selenium requirements to alter immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and
| | - Mohamed A Dkhil
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Frank Wunderlich
- Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Helmut Sies
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I and Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and
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174
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He L, Zhang Y, Fang Y, Liang W, Lin J, Cheng M. Classical swine fever virus induces oxidative stress in swine umbilical vein endothelial cells. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:279. [PMID: 25439655 PMCID: PMC4270048 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection causes significant losses of pigs, which is characterized by hemorrhage, disseminated intravascular coagulation and leucopenia. The swine vascular endothelial cell is a primary target cell for CSFV. The aim of this study was to determine the role of CSFV infection in inducing oxidative stress (OS) in vascular endothelial cells. RESULTS We demonstrated that CSFV infection induced oxidative stress in swine umbilical vein endothelial cells (SUVECs), characterized by the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the elevations of porcine antioxidant proteins thioredoxin (Trx), peroxiredoxin-6 (PRDX-6) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. Furthermore, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a pro-inflammatory protein related to oxidative stress, was up-regulated while anti-inflammatory protein peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), an important mediator in vascular functional regulation, was down-regulated in the CSFV infected cells. In addition, antioxidants showed significant inhibitory effects on the CSFV replication, indicating a close relationship between CSFV replication and OS induced in the host cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that CSFV infection induced oxidative stress in SUVECs. These findings provide novel information on the mechanism by which CSFV can alter intracellular events associated with the viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China. .,Animal Disease and Public Security Academician Workstation of Henan province, The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public security, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, P.R. China.
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.
| | - Yanqin Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.
| | - Wulong Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.
| | - Jihui Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.
| | - Min Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.
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175
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Reshi ML, Wu JL, Wang HV, Hong JR. RNA interference technology used for the study of aquatic virus infections. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:14-23. [PMID: 24945574 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture is one of the most important economic activities in Asia and is presently the fastest growing sector of food production in the world. Explosive increases in global fish farming have been accompanied by an increase in viral diseases. Viral infections are responsible for huge economic losses in fish farming, and control of these viral diseases in aquaculture remains a serious challenge. Recent advances in biotechnology have had a significant impact on disease reduction in aquaculture. RNAi is one of the most important technological breakthroughs in modern biology, allowing us to directly observe the effects of the loss of specific genes in living systems. RNA interference technology has emerged as a powerful tool for manipulating gene expression in the laboratory. This technology represents a new therapeutic approach for treating aquatic diseases, including viral infections. RNAi technology is based on a naturally occurring post-transcriptional gene silencing process mediated by the formation of dsRNA. RNAi has been proven widely effective for gene knockdown in mammalian cultured cells, but its utility in fish remains unexplored. This review aims to highlight the RNAi technology that has made significant contributions toward the improvement of aquatic animal health and will also summarize the current status and future strategies concerning the therapeutic applications of RNAi to combat viral disease in aquacultured organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Latif Reshi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No 1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jen-Leih Wu
- Laboratory of Marine Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hao-Ven Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jiann-Ruey Hong
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No 1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan, ROC.
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