151
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Venosa A, Smith LC, Murray A, Banota T, Gow AJ, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Regulation of Macrophage Foam Cell Formation During Nitrogen Mustard (NM)-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis by Lung Lipids. Toxicol Sci 2019; 172:344-358. [PMID: 31428777 PMCID: PMC6876262 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM) is a vesicant known to target the lung, causing acute injury which progresses to fibrosis. Evidence suggests that activated macrophages contribute to the pathologic response to NM. In these studies, we analyzed the role of lung lipids generated following NM exposure on macrophage activation and phenotype. Treatment of rats with NM (0.125 mg/kg, i.t.) resulted in a time-related increase in enlarged vacuolated macrophages in the lung. At 28 days postexposure, macrophages stained positively for Oil Red O, a marker of neutral lipids. This was correlated with an accumulation of oxidized phospholipids in lung macrophages and epithelial cells and increases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) phospholipids and cholesterol. RNA-sequencing and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that lipid handling pathways under the control of the transcription factors liver-X receptor (LXR), farnesoid-X receptor (FXR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-ɣ, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) were significantly altered following NM exposure. Whereas at 1-3 days post NM, FXR and the downstream oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor, Cd36, were increased, Lxr and the lipid efflux transporters, Abca1 and Abcg1, were reduced. Treatment of naïve lung macrophages with phospholipid and cholesterol enriched large aggregate fractions of BAL prepared 3 days after NM exposure resulted in upregulation of Nos2 and Ptgs2, markers of proinflammatory activation, whereas large aggregate fractions prepared 28 days post NM upregulated expression of the anti-inflammatory markers, Il10, Cd163, and Cx3cr1, and induced the formation of lipid-laden foamy macrophages. These data suggest that NM-induced alterations in lipid handling and metabolism drive macrophage foam cell formation, potentially contributing to the development of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Venosa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy
| | - Ley Cody Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy
| | - Alexa Murray
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy
| | - Tanvi Banota
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy
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152
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Zhong S, Li L, Shen X, Li Q, Xu W, Wang X, Tao Y, Yin H. An update on lipid oxidation and inflammation in cardiovascular diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 144:266-278. [PMID: 30946962 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including ischemic heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases, are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis is the major underlying factor for most CVD. It is well-established that oxidative stress and inflammation are two major mechanisms leading to atherosclerosis. Under oxidative stress, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)-containing phospholipids and cholesterol esters in cellular membrane and lipoproteins can be readily oxidized through a free radical-induced lipid peroxidation (LPO) process to form a complex mixture of oxidation products. Overwhelming evidence demonstrates that these oxidized lipids are actively involved in the inflammatory responses in atherosclerosis by interacting with immune cells (such as macrophages) and endothelial cells. In addition to lipid lowering in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic CVD, targeting chronic inflammation has been entering the medical realm. Clinical trials are under way to lower the lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) and its associated oxidized phospholipids, which will provide clinical evidence that targeting inflammation caused by oxidized lipids is a viable approach for CVD. In this review, we aim to give an update on our understanding of the free radical oxidation of LPO, analytical technique to analyze the oxidation products, especially the oxidized phospholipids and cholesterol esters in low density lipoproteins (LDL), and focusing on the experimental and clinical evidence on the role of lipid oxidation in the inflammatory responses associated with CVD, including myocardial infarction and calcific aortic valve stenosis. The challenges and future directions in understanding the role of LPO in CVD will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Luxiao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xia Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Qiujing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhangzhou Health Vocational College, Zhangzhou, 363000, China
| | - Wenxin Xu
- Department of Medical Technology, Zhangzhou Health Vocational College, Zhangzhou, 363000, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhangzhou Health Vocational College, Zhangzhou, 363000, China
| | - Yongzhen Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Huiyong Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, 100000, China.
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153
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Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), which encompasses coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and aortic atherosclerosis. In each vascular bed, macrophages contribute to the maintenance of the local inflammatory response, propagate plaque development, and promote thrombosis. These central roles, coupled with their plasticity, makes macrophages attractive therapeutic targets in stemming the development of and stabilizing existing atherosclerosis. In the context of ASCVD, classically activated M1 macrophages initiate and sustain inflammation, and alternatively activated M2 macrophages resolve inflammation. However, this classification is now considered an oversimplification, and a greater understanding of plaque macrophage physiology in ASCVD is required to aid in the development of therapeutics to promote ASCVD regression. Reviewed herein are the macrophage phenotypes and molecular regulators characteristic of ASCVD regression, and the current murine models of ASCVD regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa J. Barrett
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University
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154
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Yang S, Yuan HQ, Hao YM, Ren Z, Qu SL, Liu LS, Wei DH, Tang ZH, Zhang JF, Jiang ZS. Macrophage polarization in atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 501:142-146. [PMID: 31730809 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory response that increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. An in-depth study of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is critical for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The development of atherosclerosis involves many cells, such as endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, macrophages, and others. The considerable effects of macrophages in atherosclerosis are inextricably linked to macrophage polarization and the resulting phenotype. Moreover, the significant impact of macrophages on atherosclerosis depend not only on the function of the different macrophage phenotypes but also on the relative ratio of different phenotypes in the plaque. Research on atherosclerosis therapy indicates that the reduced plaque size and enhanced stability are partly due to modulating macrophage polarization. Therefore, regulating macrophage polarization and changing the proportion of macrophage phenotypes in plaques is a new therapeutic approach for atherosclerosis. This review provides a new perspective for atherosclerosis therapy by summarizing the relationship between macrophage polarization and atherosclerosis, as well as treatment targeting macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China
| | - Hou-Qin Yuan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China
| | - Ya-Meng Hao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China
| | - Zhong Ren
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China
| | - Shun-Lin Qu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China
| | - Lu-Shan Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China
| | - Dang-Heng Wei
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China
| | - Zhi-Han Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China
| | - Ji-Feng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, NCRC Bldg26-357S, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China.
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155
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Chistiakov DA, Kashirskikh DA, Khotina VA, Grechko AV, Orekhov AN. Immune-Inflammatory Responses in Atherosclerosis: The Role of Myeloid Cells. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111798. [PMID: 31717832 PMCID: PMC6912749 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a key role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and can be caused by multiple agents, including increased concentration of circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Areas of the arterial wall affected by atherosclerosis are enriched with lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DCs). Atherosclerotic plaques contain a variety of proinflammatory immune cells, such as macrophages, DCs, T cells, natural killer cells, neutrophils and others. Intracellular lipid accumulation in atherosclerotic plaque leads to formation of so-called foam cells, the cytoplasm of which is filled with lipid droplets. According to current understanding, these cells can also derive from the immune cells that engulf lipids by means of phagocytosis. Macrophages play a crucial role in the initial stages of atherogenesis by engulfing oxidized LDL (oxLDL) in the intima that leads to their transformation to foam cells. Dying macrophages inside the plaque form a necrotic core that further aggravates the lesion. Proinflammatory DCs prime differentiation of naïve T cells to proinflammatory Th1 and Th17 subsets. In this review, we discuss the roles of cell types of myeloid origin in atherosclerosis-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A. Chistiakov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.C.); (D.A.K.); (V.A.K.)
| | - Dmitry A. Kashirskikh
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.C.); (D.A.K.); (V.A.K.)
| | - Victoriya A. Khotina
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.C.); (D.A.K.); (V.A.K.)
| | - Andrey V. Grechko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 109240 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.C.); (D.A.K.); (V.A.K.)
- Institute of Human Morphology, Tsyrupa st. 3, 117418 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-903-169-08-66
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156
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Herrero-Fernandez B, Gomez-Bris R, Somovilla-Crespo B, Gonzalez-Granado JM. Immunobiology of Atherosclerosis: A Complex Net of Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5293. [PMID: 31653058 PMCID: PMC6862594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, and atherosclerosis the principal factor underlying cardiovascular events. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by endothelial dysfunction, intimal lipid deposition, smooth muscle cell proliferation, cell apoptosis and necrosis, and local and systemic inflammation, involving key contributions to from innate and adaptive immunity. The balance between proatherogenic inflammatory and atheroprotective anti-inflammatory responses is modulated by a complex network of interactions among vascular components and immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T, B, and foam cells; these interactions modulate the further progression and stability of the atherosclerotic lesion. In this review, we take a global perspective on existing knowledge about the pathogenesis of immune responses in the atherosclerotic microenvironment and the interplay between the major innate and adaptive immune factors in atherosclerosis. Studies such as this are the basis for the development of new therapies against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Herrero-Fernandez
- LamImSys Lab. Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Fisiología. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raquel Gomez-Bris
- LamImSys Lab. Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Jose Maria Gonzalez-Granado
- LamImSys Lab. Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Fisiología. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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157
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Albadrani M, Seth RK, Sarkar S, Kimono D, Mondal A, Bose D, Porter DE, Scott GI, Brooks B, Raychoudhury S, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti P, Jule Y, Diehl AM, Chatterjee S. Exogenous PP2A inhibitor exacerbates the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via NOX2-dependent activation of miR21. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G408-G428. [PMID: 31393787 PMCID: PMC6842990 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00061.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging global pandemic. Though significant progress has been made in unraveling the pathophysiology of the disease, the role of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and its subsequent inhibition by environmental and genetic factors in NAFLD pathophysiology remains unclear. The present report tests the hypothesis that an exogenous PP2A inhibitor leads to hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis via an NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2)-dependent pathway in NAFLD. Results showed that microcystin (MC) administration, a potent PP2A inhibitor found in environmental exposure, led to an exacerbation of NAFLD pathology with increased CD68 immunoreactivity, the release of proinflammatory cytokines, and stellate cell activation, a process that was attenuated in mice that lacked the p47phox gene and miR21 knockout mice. Mechanistically, leptin-primed immortalized Kupffer cells (a mimicked model for an NAFLD condition) treated with apocynin or nitrone spin trap 5,5 dimethyl-1- pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) had significantly decreased CD68 and decreased miR21 and α-smooth muscle actin levels, suggesting the role of NOX2-dependent reactive oxygen species in miR21-induced Kupffer cell activation and stellate cell pathology. Furthermore, NOX2-dependent peroxynitrite generation was primarily responsible for cellular events observed following MC exposure since incubation with phenylboronic acid attenuated miR21 levels, Kupffer cell activation, and inflammatory cytokine release. Furthermore, blocking of the AKT pathway attenuated PP2A inhibitor-induced NOX2 activation and miR21 upregulation. Taken together, we show that PP2A may have protective roles, and its inhibition exacerbates NAFLD pathology via activating NOX2-dependent peroxynitrite generation, thus increasing miR21-induced pathology.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Protein phosphatase 2A inhibition causes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progression via NADPH oxidase 2. In addition to a novel emchanism of action, we describe a new tool to describe NASH histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muayad Albadrani
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ratanesh K Seth
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Sutapa Sarkar
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Diana Kimono
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Ayan Mondal
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Dipro Bose
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Dwayne E Porter
- Center for Oceans and Human Health on Climate Change Interactions, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Geoff I Scott
- Center for Oceans and Human Health on Climate Change Interactions, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Bryan Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
| | - Samir Raychoudhury
- Departments of Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Health Science, Benedict College, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | | | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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158
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Chandrasekaran P, Izadjoo S, Stimely J, Palaniyandi S, Zhu X, Tafuri W, Mosser DM. Regulatory Macrophages Inhibit Alternative Macrophage Activation and Attenuate Pathology Associated with Fibrosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2130-2140. [PMID: 31541024 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diversity and plasticity are the hallmarks of macrophages. The two most well-defined macrophage subsets are the classically activated macrophages (CAMϕs) and the IL-4-derived alternatively activated macrophages (AAMϕs). Through a series of studies, we previously identified and characterized a distinct population of macrophages with immunoregulatory functions, collectively termed regulatory macrophages (RMϕs). Although considerable advances have been made in understanding these various macrophage subsets, it is not known whether macrophages of one activation state can influence the other. In this study, we examined whether RMϕs capable of inhibiting inflammatory responses of CAMϕs could also inhibit AAMϕs and their profibrotic responses. Our results demonstrated that RMϕs significantly dampened the alternate activation phenotype of AAMϕs generated in vitro and intrinsically occurring AAMϕs from TACI-/- macrophages. Further, RMϕs inhibited AAMϕ-promoted arginase activity and fibroblast proliferation in vitro. This inhibition occurred regardless of the strength, duration, and mode of alternative activation and was only partially dependent on IL-10. In the chlorhexidine gluconate-induced peritoneal fibrosis model, AAMϕs worsened the fibrosis, but RMϕs rescued mice from AAMϕ-mediated pathological conditions. Taken together, our study demonstrates that RMϕs are a specialized subset of macrophages with a nonredundant role in limiting overt proregenerative functions of AAMϕs, a role distinct from their well-defined role of suppression of inflammatory responses by CAMϕs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabha Chandrasekaran
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.,Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740
| | - Salman Izadjoo
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.,Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740
| | - Jessica Stimely
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.,Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740
| | - Senthilkumar Palaniyandi
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20470; and
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20470; and
| | - Wagner Tafuri
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - David M Mosser
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742; .,Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740
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159
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de Sousa JR, Da Costa Vasconcelos PF, Quaresma JAS. Functional aspects, phenotypic heterogeneity, and tissue immune response of macrophages in infectious diseases. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:2589-2611. [PMID: 31686866 PMCID: PMC6709804 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s208576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a functionally heterogeneous group of cells with specialized functions depending not only on their subgroup but also on the function of the organ or tissue in which the cells are located. The concept of macrophage phenotypic heterogeneity has been investigated since the 1980s, and more recent studies have identified a diverse spectrum of phenotypic subpopulations. Several types of macrophages play a central role in the response to infectious agents and, along with other components of the immune system, determine the clinical outcome of major infectious diseases. Here, we review the functions of various macrophage phenotypic subpopulations, the concept of macrophage polarization, and the influence of these cells on the evolution of infections. In addition, we emphasize their role in the immune response in vivo and in situ, as well as the molecular effectors and signaling mechanisms used by these cells. Furthermore, we highlight the mechanisms of immune evasion triggered by infectious agents to counter the actions of macrophages and their consequences. Our aim here is to provide an overview of the role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of critical transmissible diseases and discuss how elucidation of this relationship could enhance our understanding of the host-pathogen association in organ-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rodrigues de Sousa
- Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | - Pedro Fernando Da Costa Vasconcelos
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
- Center of Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Juarez Antonio Simões Quaresma
- Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
- Center of Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- School of Medicine, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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160
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Chen Q, Lv J, Yang W, Xu B, Wang Z, Yu Z, Wu J, Yang Y, Han Y. Targeted inhibition of STAT3 as a potential treatment strategy for atherosclerosis. Theranostics 2019; 9:6424-6442. [PMID: 31588227 PMCID: PMC6771242 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main pathological basis of ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and has attracted more attention in recent years. Multiple studies have demonstrated that the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) plays essential roles in the process of atherosclerosis. Moreover, aberrant STAT3 activation has been shown to contribute to the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. Therefore, the study of STAT3 inhibitors has gradually become a focal research topic. In this review, we describe the crucial roles of STAT3 in endothelial cell dysfunction, macrophage polarization, inflammation, and immunity during atherosclerosis. STAT3 in mitochondria is mentioned as well. Then, we present a summary and classification of STAT3 inhibitors, which could offer potential treatment strategies for atherosclerosis. Furthermore, we enumerate some of the problems that have interfered with the development of mature therapies utilizing STAT3 inhibitors to treat atherosclerosis. Finally, we propose ideas that may help to solve these problems to some extent. Collectively, this review may be useful for developing future STAT3 inhibitor therapies for atherosclerosis.
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161
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Patsalos A, Tzerpos P, Halasz L, Nagy G, Pap A, Giannakis N, Lyroni K, Koliaraki V, Pintye E, Dezso B, Kollias G, Spilianakis CG, Nagy L. The BACH1-HMOX1 Regulatory Axis Is Indispensable for Proper Macrophage Subtype Specification and Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1532-1547. [PMID: 31405954 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The infiltration and subsequent in situ subtype specification of monocytes to effector/inflammatory and repair macrophages is indispensable for tissue repair upon acute sterile injury. However, the chromatin-level mediators and regulatory events controlling this highly dynamic macrophage phenotype switch are not known. In this study, we used a murine acute muscle injury model to assess global chromatin accessibility and gene expression dynamics in infiltrating macrophages during sterile physiological inflammation and tissue regeneration. We identified a heme-binding transcriptional repressor, BACH1, as a novel regulator of this process. Bach1 knockout mice displayed impaired muscle regeneration, altered dynamics of the macrophage phenotype transition, and transcriptional deregulation of key inflammatory and repair-related genes. We also found that BACH1 directly binds to and regulates distal regulatory elements of these genes, suggesting a novel role for BACH1 in controlling a broad spectrum of the repair response genes in macrophages upon injury. Inactivation of heme oxygenase-1 (Hmox1), one of the most stringently deregulated genes in the Bach1 knockout in macrophages, impairs muscle regeneration by changing the dynamics of the macrophage phenotype switch. Collectively, our data suggest the existence of a heme-BACH1--HMOX1 regulatory axis, that controls the phenotype and function of the infiltrating myeloid cells upon tissue damage, shaping the overall tissue repair kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Patsalos
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, HU-4032 Hungary
| | - Petros Tzerpos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, HU-4032 Hungary.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-70013 Greece
| | - Laszlo Halasz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, HU-4032 Hungary
| | - Gergely Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, HU-4032 Hungary
| | - Attila Pap
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, HU-4032 Hungary
| | - Nikolas Giannakis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, HU-4032 Hungary
| | - Konstantina Lyroni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, GR-71003 Greece
| | - Vasiliki Koliaraki
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Vari, GR-16672 Greece
| | - Eva Pintye
- Department of Radiotherapy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, HU-4032 Hungary.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701
| | - Balazs Dezso
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701
| | - George Kollias
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Vari, GR-16672 Greece.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, HU-4032 Hungary.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, HU-4032 Hungary
| | - Charalampos G Spilianakis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-70013 Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-70013 Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-70013 Greece
| | - Laszlo Nagy
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701; .,Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, HU-4032 Hungary
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162
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Decreased M1 macrophage polarization in dabigatran-treated Ldlr-deficient mice: Implications for atherosclerosis and adipose tissue inflammation. Atherosclerosis 2019; 287:81-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.06.897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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163
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Bartlett B, Ludewick HP, Misra A, Lee S, Dwivedi G. Macrophages and T cells in atherosclerosis: a translational perspective. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H375-H386. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00206.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is now considered a chronic maladaptive inflammatory disease. The hallmark feature in both human and murine disease is atherosclerotic plaques. Macrophages and various T-cell lineages play a crucial role in atherosclerotic plaque establishment and disease progression. Humans and mice share many of the same processes that occur within atherogenesis. The various similarities enable considerable insight into disease mechanisms and those which contribute to cardiovascular complications. The apolipoprotein E-null and low-density lipoprotein receptor-null mice have served as the foundation for further immunological pathway manipulation to identify pro- and antiatherogenic pathways in attempt to reveal more novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we provide a translational perspective and discuss the roles of macrophages and various T-cell lineages in contrasting proatherosclerotic and atheroprotective settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bartlett
- Department of Advanced Clinical and Translational Cardiovascular Imaging, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Herbert P. Ludewick
- Department of Advanced Clinical and Translational Cardiovascular Imaging, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ashish Misra
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Silvia Lee
- Department of Advanced Clinical and Translational Cardiovascular Imaging, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Girish Dwivedi
- Department of Advanced Clinical and Translational Cardiovascular Imaging, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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164
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Abdolmaleki F, Gheibi Hayat SM, Bianconi V, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Atherosclerosis and immunity: A perspective. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2019; 29:363-371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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165
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Bruen R, Curley S, Kajani S, Lynch G, O'Reilly ME, Dillon ET, Fitzsimons S, Mthunzi L, McGillicuddy FC, Belton O. Different monocyte phenotypes result in proresolving macrophages in conjugated linoleic acid-induced attenuated progression and regression of atherosclerosis. FASEB J 2019; 33:11006-11020. [PMID: 31284764 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900922r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages drive progression and regression of atherosclerosis. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), an anti-inflammatory lipid, mediates atheroprotective effects. We investigated how CLA alters monocyte/macrophage phenotype during attenuated progression and regression of atherosclerosis. Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice were fed a high-fat (60%) high-cholesterol (1%) diet (HFHCD) for 2 wk, followed by 6-wk 1% CLA 80:20 supplementation to investigate disease progression. Simultaneously, ApoE-/- mice were fed a 12-wk HFHCD with/without CLA for the final 4 wk to investigate regression. Aortic lesions were quantified by en face staining. Proteomic analysis, real-time quantitative PCR and flow cytometry were used to interrogate monocyte/macrophage phenotypes. CLA supplementation inhibited atherosclerosis progression coincident with decreased proinflammatory and increased anti-inflammatory macrophages. However, CLA-induced regression was associated with increased proinflammatory monocytes resulting in increased proresolving M2 bone marrow-derived macrophages, splenic macrophages, and dendritic cells in lesion-draining lymph nodes. Proteomic analysis confirmed regulation of a proinflammatory bone marrow response, which was abolished upon macrophage differentiation. Thus, in attenuation and regression of atherosclerosis, regardless of the monocyte signature, during monocyte to macrophage differentiation, proresolving macrophages prevail, mediating vascular repair. This study provides novel mechanistic insight into the monocyte/macrophage phenotypes in halted atherosclerosis progression and regression of atherosclerosis.-Bruen, R., Curley, S., Kajani, S., Lynch, G., O'Reilly, M. E., Dillon, E. T., Fitzsimons, S., Mthunzi, L., McGillicuddy, F. C., Belton, O. Different monocyte phenotypes result in proresolving macrophages in conjugated linoleic acid-induced attenuated progression and regression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Bruen
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seán Curley
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarina Kajani
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gina Lynch
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy, and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marcella E O'Reilly
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy, and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eugéne T Dillon
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen Fitzsimons
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Liberty Mthunzi
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona C McGillicuddy
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Orina Belton
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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166
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IL33 attenuates ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction through inducing alternatively activated macrophages ethical standards statement. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 854:307-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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167
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Tyurina YY, St Croix CM, Watkins SC, Watson AM, Epperly MW, Anthonymuthu TS, Kisin ER, Vlasova II, Krysko O, Krysko DV, Kapralov AA, Dar HH, Tyurin VA, Amoscato AA, Popova EN, Bolevich SB, Timashev PS, Kellum JA, Wenzel SE, Mallampalli RK, Greenberger JS, Bayir H, Shvedova AA, Kagan VE. Redox (phospho)lipidomics of signaling in inflammation and programmed cell death. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:57-81. [PMID: 31071242 PMCID: PMC6626990 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir0119-004rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to the known prominent role of polyunsaturated (phospho)lipids as structural blocks of biomembranes, there is an emerging understanding of another important function of these molecules as a highly diversified signaling language utilized for intra- and extracellular communications. Technological developments in high-resolution mass spectrometry facilitated the development of a new branch of metabolomics, redox lipidomics. Analysis of lipid peroxidation reactions has already identified specific enzymatic mechanisms responsible for the biosynthesis of several unique signals in response to inflammation and regulated cell death programs. Obtaining comprehensive information about millions of signals encoded by oxidized phospholipids, represented by thousands of interactive reactions and pleiotropic (patho)physiological effects, is a daunting task. However, there is still reasonable hope that significant discoveries, of at least some of the important contributors to the overall overwhelmingly complex network of interactions triggered by inflammation, will lead to the discovery of new small molecule regulators and therapeutic modalities. For example, suppression of the production of AA-derived pro-inflammatory mediators, HXA3 and LTB4, by an iPLA2 γ inhibitor, R-BEL, mitigated injury associated with the activation of pro-inflammatory processes in animals exposed to whole-body irradiation. Further, technological developments promise to make redox lipidomics a powerful approach in the arsenal of diagnostic and therapeutic instruments for personalized medicine of inflammatory diseases and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Y Tyurina
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Claudette M St Croix
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alan M Watson
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael W Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tamil S Anthonymuthu
- Department of Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elena R Kisin
- Exposure Assessment Branch, NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Irina I Vlasova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Krysko
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, and Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dmitri V Krysko
- Cell Death Investigation and Therapy Laboratory, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, and Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alexandr A Kapralov
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Haider H Dar
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vladimir A Tyurin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew A Amoscato
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elena N Popova
- Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey B Bolevich
- Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter S Timashev
- Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - John A Kellum
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sally E Wenzel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Joel S Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hulya Bayir
- Department of Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna A Shvedova
- Exposure Assessment Branch, NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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168
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Yarana C, Thompson H, Chaiswing L, Butterfield DA, Weiss H, Bondada S, Alhakeem S, Sukati S, St Clair DK. Extracellular vesicle-mediated macrophage activation: An insight into the mechanism of thioredoxin-mediated immune activation. Redox Biol 2019; 26:101237. [PMID: 31276937 PMCID: PMC6612011 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) generated from redox active anticancer drugs are released into the extracellular environment. These EVs contain oxidized molecules and trigger inflammatory responses by macrophages. Using a mouse model of doxorubicin (DOX)-induced tissue injury, we previously found that the major sources of circulating EVs are from heart and liver, organs that are differentially affected by DOX. Here, we investigated the effects of EVs from cardiomyocytes and those from hepatocytes on macrophage activation. EVs from H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes (H9c2 EVs) and EVs from FL83b mouse hepatocytes (FL83 b EVs) have different levels of protein-bound 4-hydroxynonenal and thus different immunostimulatory effects on mouse RAW264.7 macrophages. H9c2 EVs but not FL83 b EVs induced both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory macrophage activation, mediated by NFκB and Nrf-2 pathways, respectively. DOX enhanced the effects of H9c2 EVs but not FL83 b EVs. While EVs from DOX-treated H9c2 cells (H9c2 DOXEVs) suppressed mitochondrial respiration and increased glycolysis of macrophages, EVs from DOX-treated FL83b cells (FL83b DOXEVs) enhanced mitochondrial reserve capacity. Mechanistically, the different immunostimulatory functions of H9c2 EVs and FL83 b EVs are regulated, in part, by the redox status of the cytoplasmic thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) of macrophages. H9c2 DOXEVs lowered the level of reduced Trx1 in cytoplasm while FL83b DOXEVs did the opposite. Trx1 overexpression alleviated the effect of H9c2 DOXEVs on NFκB and Nrf-2 activation and prevented the upregulation of their target genes. Our findings identify EVs as a novel Trx1-mediated redox mediator of immune response, which greatly enhances our understanding of innate immune responses during cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chontida Yarana
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, 73170, Thailand
| | - Hannah Thompson
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Luksana Chaiswing
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Heidi Weiss
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Subbarao Bondada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Sara Alhakeem
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Suriyan Sukati
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA; School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand
| | - Daret K St Clair
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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169
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Poston RN. Atherosclerosis: integration of its pathogenesis as a self-perpetuating propagating inflammation: a review. Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab 2019; 8:51-61. [PMID: 31588428 PMCID: PMC6738649 DOI: 10.1097/xce.0000000000000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review proposes that the development of the atherosclerotic plaque is critically dependent on its inflammatory components forming a self-perpetuating and propagating positive feedback loop. The components involved are: (1) LDL oxidation, (2) activation of the endothelium, (3) recruitment of inflammatory monocytes, (4) macrophage accumulation, which induces LDL oxidation, and (5) macrophage generation of inflammatory mediators, which also activate the endothelium. Through these stages, the positive feedback loop is formed, which generates and promotes expansion of the atherosclerotic process. To illustrate this dynamic of lesion development, the author previously produced a computer simulation, which allowed realistic modelling. This hypothesis on atherogenesis can explain the existence and characteristic focal morphology of the atherosclerotic plaque. Each of the components contributing to the feedback loop is discussed. Many of these components also contain subsidiary positive feedback loops, which could exacerbate the overall process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin N. Poston
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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170
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Peng W, Cai G, Xia Y, Chen J, Wu P, Wang Z, Li G, Wei D. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Atherosclerosis. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:597-606. [PMID: 31095428 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles beyond powerhouses of a cell. These components also play important roles in cell homeostasis by regulating cell function and phenotypic modulation. Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed and developing countries. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been increasingly associated with the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis by elevating the production of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial oxidative stress damage, mitochondrial dynamics dysfunction, and energy supply. In this review, we describe the progression of the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and atherosclerosis and its potential regulation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxi Peng
- 1 Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Guoding Cai
- 2 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, P.R. China
| | - Yiping Xia
- 3 University of South China of Nursing, Hengyang, P.R. China
| | - Jinna Chen
- 1 Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wu
- 1 Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Zuo Wang
- 1 Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Guohua Li
- 1 Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Dangheng Wei
- 1 Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
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171
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Song M, Xu S, Zhong A, Zhang J. Crosstalk between macrophage and T cell in atherosclerosis: Potential therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases. Clin Immunol 2019; 202:11-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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172
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Park S, Lee IK. Progression of Multifaceted Immune Cells in Atherosclerotic Development. J Lipid Atheroscler 2019; 8:15-25. [PMID: 32821696 PMCID: PMC7379084 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2019.8.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, that are associated with thrombosis-induced organ infarction. In Westernized countries, the high prevalence of obesity-induced insulin resistance is predicted to be a major factor leading to atherosclerotic vascular disease. Both genetic and environmental factors interfere with immune responses in atherosclerosis development with chronic and non-resolving states. The most known autoimmune disease therapy is cytokine-targeted therapy, which targets tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-17 antagonists. Recently, a clinical trial with the anti-IL-1β antibody (canakinumab) had shown that the anti-inflammatory effects in canakinumab-treated subjects play a critical role in reducing cardiovascular disease prevalence. Recent emerging data have suggested effective therapeutics involving anti-obesity and anti-diabetic agents, as well as statin and anti-platelet drugs, for atherothrombosis prevention. It is well-known that specialized immune differentiation and activation completely depends on metabolic reprogramming mediated by mitochondrial dynamics in distinct immune cells. Therefore, there is a strong mechanistic link between metabolism and immune function mediated by mitochondrial function. In this review, we describe that cellular metabolism in immune cells is strongly interconnected with systemic metabolism in terms of diverse phenotypes and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmi Park
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
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173
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De Santa F, Vitiello L, Torcinaro A, Ferraro E. The Role of Metabolic Remodeling in Macrophage Polarization and Its Effect on Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1553-1598. [PMID: 30070144 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Macrophages are crucial for tissue homeostasis. Based on their activation, they might display classical/M1 or alternative/M2 phenotypes. M1 macrophages produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO). M2 macrophages upregulate arginase-1 and reduce NO and ROS levels; they also release anti-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and polyamines, thus promoting angiogenesis and tissue healing. Moreover, M1 and M2 display key metabolic differences; M1 polarization is characterized by an enhancement in glycolysis and in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) along with a decreased oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos), whereas M2 are characterized by an efficient OxPhos and reduced PPP. Recent Advances: The glutamine-related metabolism has been discovered as crucial for M2 polarization. Vice versa, flux discontinuities in the Krebs cycle are considered additional M1 features; they lead to increased levels of immunoresponsive gene 1 and itaconic acid, to isocitrate dehydrogenase 1-downregulation and to succinate, citrate, and isocitrate over-expression. Critical Issues: A macrophage classification problem, particularly in vivo, originating from a gap in the knowledge of the several intermediate polarization statuses between the M1 and M2 extremes, characterizes this field. Moreover, the detailed features of metabolic reprogramming crucial for macrophage polarization are largely unknown; in particular, the role of β-oxidation is highly controversial. Future Directions: Manipulating the metabolism to redirect macrophage polarization might be useful in various pathologies, including an efficient skeletal muscle regeneration. Unraveling the complexity pertaining to metabolic signatures that are specific for the different macrophage subsets is crucial for identifying new compounds that are able to trigger macrophage polarization and that might be used for therapeutical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Santa
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Vitiello
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Cachexia and Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Torcinaro
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ferraro
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Cachexia and Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
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174
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Pigarevsky PV, Snegova VA, Nazarov PG. Macrophages and Their Role in Destabilization of an Atherosclerotic Plaque. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 59:88-91. [DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2019.4.10254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The modern data on structure and the functional activity of macrophages are presented in the review. It is shown that they are the nonhomogeneous cell population. Two of their main subpopulations are presented as M1 and M2 phenotypes which perform opposite functions at inflammation development. The main attention in the review is paid to a role of macrophages in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and, first, in formation of unstable atherosclerotic plaques which are the cause of the most severe complications of the disease. It is shown that main subpopulations of macrophages play different roles in formation of unstable and stable atherosclerotic plaques. Macrophages of M1 phenotype in the vascular wall carry out pro-atherogenic role and influence destabilization of an atherosclerotic plaque, while M2 macrophages perform atheroprotective function.
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Gill N, Leng Y, Romero R, Xu Y, Panaitescu B, Miller D, Arif A, Mumuni S, Qureshi F, Hsu CD, Hassan SS, Staff AC, Gomez-Lopez N. The immunophenotype of decidual macrophages in acute atherosis. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 81:e13098. [PMID: 30734977 PMCID: PMC6556389 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Acute atherosis is a uteroplacental arterial lesion that is associated with pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia and preterm birth, the latter being the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, the immunobiology of acute atherosis is poorly understood. METHOD OF STUDY Placental basal plate samples were collected from women who delivered with (n = 11) and without (n = 31) decidua basalis lesions of acute atherosis. Multicolor flow cytometry was used to quantify M1- and M2-like macrophage subsets and the expression of iNOS and IL-12 by decidual macrophages. Multiplex fluorescence staining and phenoptics were performed to localize M1-, MOX-, and Mhem-like macrophages in the decidual basalis. RESULTS Macrophages displayed diverse phenotypes in the decidua basalis with acute atherosis. M2-like macrophages were the most abundant subset in the decidua; yet, this macrophage subset did not change with the presence of acute atherosis. Decidual M1-like macrophages were increased in acute atherosis, and such macrophages displayed a pro-inflammatory phenotype, as indicated by the expression of iNOS and IL-12. Decidual M1-like pro-inflammatory macrophages were localized near both transformed and non-transformed vessels in the decidua basalis with acute atherosis. MOX and Mhem macrophages were also identified near transformed vessels in the decidua basalis with acute atherosis. Finally, monocyte-like cells were present on the vessel wall of non-transformed decidual vessels, indicating a possible intravascular source for macrophages in acute atherosis. CONCLUSION Decidual macrophages display different phenotypes, namely M1-like, M2-like, MOX, and Mhem subsets. Yet, pro-inflammatory macrophages are enriched in the decidua basalis with acute atherosis. These findings provide a molecular foundation for future mechanistic inquiries about the role of pro-inflammatory macrophages in the pathogenesis of acute atherosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navleen Gill
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Yaozhu Leng
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Yi Xu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Bogdan Panaitescu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Derek Miller
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Afrah Arif
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Salma Mumuni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Faisal Qureshi
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pathology, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Chaur-Dong Hsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Sonia S. Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Anne Cathrine Staff
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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176
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O'Donnell VB, Aldrovandi M, Murphy RC, Krönke G. Enzymatically oxidized phospholipids assume center stage as essential regulators of innate immunity and cell death. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/574/eaau2293. [PMID: 30914483 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aau2293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatically oxidized phospholipids (eoxPLs) are formed through regulated processes by which eicosanoids or prostaglandins are attached to phospholipids (PLs) in immune cells. These eoxPLs comprise structurally diverse families of biomolecules with potent bioactivities, and they have important immunoregulatory roles in both health and disease. The formation of oxPLs through enzymatic pathways and their signaling capabilities are emerging concepts. This paradigm is changing our understanding of eicosanoid, prostaglandin, and PL biology in health and disease. eoxPLs have roles in cellular events such as ferroptosis, apoptosis, and blood clotting and diseases such as arthritis, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. They are increasingly recognized as endogenous bioactive mediators and potential targets for drug development. This review will describe recent evidence that places eoxPLs and their biosynthetic pathways center stage in immunoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie B O'Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Maceler Aldrovandi
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Gerhard Krönke
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU) 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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177
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Arbeeny CM, Ling H, Smith MM, O'Brien S, Wawersik S, Ledbetter SR, McAlexander A, Schopfer FJ, Willette RN, Jorkasky DK. CXA-10, a Nitrated Fatty Acid, Is Renoprotective in Deoxycorticosterone Acetate-Salt Nephropathy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:503-510. [PMID: 30894457 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.254755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Underlying pathogenic mechanisms in chronic kidney disease (CKD) include chronic inflammation, oxidant stress, and matrix remodeling associated with dysregulated nuclear factor-κ B, nuclear factor-κ B, and SMAD signaling pathways, respectively. Important cytoprotective mechanisms activated by oxidative inflammatory conditions are mediated by nitrated fatty acids that covalently modify proteins to limit inflammation and oxidant stress. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of chronic treatment with CXA-10 (10-nitro-9(E)-octadec-9-enoic acid) in the uninephrectomized deoxycorticosterone acetate-high-salt mouse model of CKD. After 4 weeks of treatment, CXA-10 [2.5 millligrams per kilogram (mpk), p.o.] significantly attenuated increases in plasma cholesterol, heart weight, and kidney weight observed in the model without impacting systemic arterial blood pressure. CXA-10 also reduced albuminuria, nephrinuria, glomerular hypertrophy, and glomerulosclerosis in the model. Inflammatory MCP-1 and fibrosis (collagen, fibronectin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and osteopontin) renal biomarkers were significantly reduced in the CXA-10 (2.5 mpk) group. The anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects, as well as glomerular protection, were not observed in the enalapril-treated group. Also, CXA-10 appears to exhibit hormesis as all protective effects observed in the low-dose group were absent in the high-dose group (12.5 mpk). Taken together, these findings demonstrate that, at the appropriate dose, the nitrated fatty acid CXA-10 exhibits anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects in the kidney and limits renal injury in a model of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Arbeeny
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Hong Ling
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Mandy M Smith
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Stephen O'Brien
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Stefan Wawersik
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Steven R Ledbetter
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Allen McAlexander
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Robert N Willette
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Diane K Jorkasky
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
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178
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Chen W, Li X, Guo S, Song N, Wang J, Jia L, Zhu A. Tanshinone IIA harmonizes the crosstalk of autophagy and polarization in macrophages via miR-375/KLF4 pathway to attenuate atherosclerosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 70:486-497. [PMID: 30870679 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play a pivotal role in destabilizing atherosclerotic plaque. The diverse phenotypes and complex autophagy in macrophage are observed in atherosclerotic lesions. Tanshinone IIA (TNA) is known as the major component extracted from the root of Chinese herb Salvia miltiorrhiza, used for treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, the therapeutic mechanism of TNA is not clear yet. In this study, we identified inflammation-related gene expression by microarray in atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE knockout mice fed with high fat diet and found miR-375 was one of the significantly high expressed microRNAs compared with wild type mice and TNA treated mice. Then we compared the levels of proteins related to the signal pathway of autophagy, and the phenotype of macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques ex vivo. We predicted KLF4 might be the key target of miR-375 that mediated the crosstalk between autophagy and polarization by TNA. Furthermore, we detected the expression of signal pathway in ox-LDL induced macrophages after treatment with TNA in vitro to verify this predict. The results suggest TNA could activate KLF4 and enhance autophagy as well as M2 polarization of macrophages by inhibiting miR-375 to Attenuate Atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenna Chen
- Department of Medical Science of Laboratory, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Ximing Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shengnan Guo
- Department of Medical Science of Laboratory, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Nan Song
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Junyan Wang
- The First Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lianqun Jia
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Aisong Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
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179
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Wang C, Petriello MC, Zhu B, Hennig B. PCB 126 induces monocyte/macrophage polarization and inflammation through AhR and NF-κB pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 367:71-81. [PMID: 30768972 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants that contribute to inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, and macrophages play a key role in the overall inflammatory response. Depending on specific environmental stimuli, macrophages can be polarized either to pro-inflammatory (e.g., M1) or anti-inflammatory (e.g., M2) phenotypes. We hypothesize that dioxin-like PCBs can contribute to macrophage polarization associated with inflammation. To test this hypothesis, human monocytes (THP-1) were differentiated to macrophages and subsequently exposed to PCB 126. Exposure to PCB 126, but not to PCB 153 or 118, significantly induced the expression of inflammatory cytokines, including TNFα and IL-1β, suggesting polarization to the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype. Additionally, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) was increased in PCB 126-activated macrophages, suggesting induction of chemokines which regulate immune cell recruitment and infiltration of monocytes/macrophages into vascular tissues. In addition, oxidative stress sensitive markers including nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NFE2L2; Nrf2) and down-stream genes, such as heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), were induced following PCB 126 exposure. Since dioxin-like PCBs may elicit inflammatory cascades through multiple mechanisms, we then pretreated macrophages with both aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and NF-κB antagonists prior to PCB treatment. The NF-κB antagonist BMS-345541 significantly decreased mRNA and protein levels of multiple cytokines by approximately 50% compared to PCB treatment alone, but the AhR antagonist CH-223191 was protective to a lesser degree. Our data demonstrate the involvement of PCB 126 in macrophage polarization and inflammation, indicating another important role of dioxin-like PCBs in the pathology of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Wang
- University of Kentucky Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michael C Petriello
- University of Kentucky Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Beibei Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Bernhard Hennig
- University of Kentucky Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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180
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Juknat A, Gao F, Coppola G, Vogel Z, Kozela E. miRNA expression profiles and molecular networks in resting and LPS-activated BV-2 microglia-Effect of cannabinoids. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212039. [PMID: 30742662 PMCID: PMC6370221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian microRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in modulating the response of immune cells to stimuli. Cannabinoids are known to exert beneficial actions such as neuroprotection and immunosuppressive activities. However, the underlying mechanisms which contribute to these effects are not fully understood. We previously reported that the psychoactive cannabinoid Δ9–tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and the non-psychoactive cannabidiol (CBD) differ in their anti-inflammatory signaling pathways. Using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate BV-2 microglial cells, we examined the role of cannabinoids on the expression of miRNAs. Expression was analyzed by performing deep sequencing, followed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to describe networks and intracellular pathways. miRNA sequencing analysis revealed that 31 miRNAs were differentially modulated by LPS and by cannabinoids treatments. In addition, we found that at the concentration tested, CBD has a greater effect than THC on the expression of most of the studied miRNAs. The results clearly link the effects of both LPS and cannabinoids to inflammatory signaling pathways. LPS upregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory miRNAs associated to Toll-like receptor (TLR) and NF-κB signaling, including miR-21, miR-146a and miR-155, whereas CBD inhibited LPS-stimulated expression of miR-146a and miR-155. In addition, CBD upregulated miR-34a, known to be involved in several pathways including Rb/E2f cell cycle and Notch-Dll1 signaling. Our results show that both CBD and THC reduced the LPS-upregulated Notch ligand Dll1 expression. MiR-155 and miR-34a are considered to be redox sensitive miRNAs, which regulate Nrf2-driven gene expression. Accordingly, we found that Nrf2-mediated expression of redox-dependent genes defines a Mox-like phenotype in CBD treated BV-2 cells. In summary, we have identified a specific repertoire of miRNAs that are regulated by cannabinoids, in resting (surveillant) and in LPS-activated microglia. The modulated miRNAs and their target genes are controlled by TLR, Nrf2 and Notch cross-talk signaling and are involved in immune response, cell cycle regulation as well as cellular stress and redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Juknat
- The Dr Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Fuying Gao
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Zvi Vogel
- The Dr Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ewa Kozela
- The Dr Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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181
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Limongi D, Baldelli S, Checconi P, Marcocci ME, De Chiara G, Fraternale A, Magnani M, Ciriolo MR, Palamara AT. GSH-C4 Acts as Anti-inflammatory Drug in Different Models of Canonical and Cell Autonomous Inflammation Through NFκB Inhibition. Front Immunol 2019; 10:155. [PMID: 30787932 PMCID: PMC6372722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An imbalance in GSH/GSSG ratio represents a triggering event in pro-inflammatory cytokine production and inflammatory response. However, the molecular mechanism(s) through which GSH regulates macrophage and cell autonomous inflammation remains not deeply understood. Here, we investigated the effects of a derivative of GSH, the N-butanoyl glutathione (GSH-C4), a cell permeable compound, on lipopolisaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine RAW 264.7 macrophages, and human macrophages. LPS alone induces a significant production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α and a significant decrement of GSH content. Such events were significantly abrogated by treatment with GSH-C4. Moreover, GSH-C4 was highly efficient in buffering cell autonomous inflammatory status of aged C2C12 myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes by suppressing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We found that inflammation was paralleled by a strong induction of the phosphorylated form of NFκB, which translocates into the nucleus; a process that was also efficiently inhibited by the treatment with GSH-C4. Overall, the evidence suggests that GSH decrement is required for efficient activation of an inflammatory condition and, at the same time, GSH-C4 can be envisaged as a good candidate to abrogate such process, expanding the anti-inflammatory role of this molecule in chronic inflammatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Limongi
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Baldelli
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Checconi
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Marcocci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Chiara
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Magnani
- University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Urbino, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Ciriolo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.,Institute Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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182
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Aberrant DNA methylation of M1-macrophage genes in coronary artery disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1429. [PMID: 30723273 PMCID: PMC6363807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
M1 and M2 macrophage balance in atherosclerosis has attracted much interest. Though, it remains unknown how macrophage heterogeneity is regulated. Moreover, the regulation of macrophage polarization and activation also involve DNA methylation. However, it remains ambiguous which genes are under direct regulation by DNA methylation. Our aim was to evaluate the gene-specific promoter DNA methylation status of M1/M2 polarization markers in PBMCs of CAD patients. A case-control study was performed with 25 CAD patients and 25 controls to study the promoter DNA methylation status of STAT1, STAT6, MHC2, IL12b, iNOS, JAK1, JAK2 and SOCS5 using MS-HRM analysis. Our data indicates that there was a clear-cut difference in the pattern of gene-specific promoter DNA methylation of CAD patients in comparison to controls. A significant difference was observed between the percentage methylation of STAT1, IL12b, MHC2, iNOS, JAK1 and JAK2 in CAD patients and control subjects. In conclusion, our data show that MS-HRM assay is a rapid and inexpensive method for qualitatively identifying aberrant gene-specific promoter DNA methylation changes in CAD. Furthermore, we propose that gene-specific promoter DNA methylation based on monocyte/macrophage might aid as diagnostic marker for clinical application or DNA methylation-related drug interventions may offer novel possibilities for atherosclerotic disease management.
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183
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Abstract
Research during the last decade has generated numerous insights on the presence, phenotype, and function of myeloid cells in cardiovascular organs. Newer tools with improved detection sensitivities revealed sizable populations of tissue-resident macrophages in all major healthy tissues. The heart and blood vessels contain robust numbers of these cells; for instance, 8% of noncardiomyocytes in the heart are macrophages. This number and the cell's phenotype change dramatically in disease conditions. While steady-state macrophages are mostly monocyte independent, macrophages residing in the inflamed vascular wall and the diseased heart derive from hematopoietic organs. In this review, we will highlight signals that regulate macrophage supply and function, imaging applications that can detect changes in cell numbers and phenotype, and opportunities to modulate cardiovascular inflammation by targeting macrophage biology. We strive to provide a systems-wide picture, i.e., to focus not only on cardiovascular organs but also on tissues involved in regulating cell supply and phenotype, as well as comorbidities that promote cardiovascular disease. We will summarize current developments at the intersection of immunology, detection technology, and cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Frodermann
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
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184
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Orecchioni M, Ghosheh Y, Pramod AB, Ley K. Macrophage Polarization: Different Gene Signatures in M1(LPS+) vs. Classically and M2(LPS-) vs. Alternatively Activated Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1084. [PMID: 31178859 PMCID: PMC6543837 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1122] [Impact Index Per Article: 224.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are found in tissues, body cavities, and mucosal surfaces. Most tissue macrophages are seeded in the early embryo before definitive hematopoiesis is established. Others are derived from blood monocytes. The macrophage lineage diversification and plasticity are key aspects of their functionality. Macrophages can also be generated from monocytes in vitro and undergo classical (LPS+IFN-γ) or alternative (IL-4) activation. In vivo, macrophages with different polarization and different activation markers coexist in tissues. Certain mouse strains preferentially promote T-helper-1 (Th1) responses and others Th2 responses. Their macrophages preferentially induce iNOS or arginase and have been called M1 and M2, respectively. In many publications, M1 and classically activated and M2 and alternatively activated are used interchangeably. We tested whether this is justified by comparing the gene lists positively [M1(=LPS+)] or negatively [M2(=LPS-)] correlated with the ratio of IL-12 and arginase 1 in transcriptomes of LPS-treated peritoneal macrophages with in vitro classically (LPS, IFN-γ) vs. alternatively activated (IL-4) bone marrow derived macrophages, both from published datasets. Although there is some overlap between in vivo M1(=LPS+) and in vitro classically activated (LPS+IFN-γ) and in vivo M2(=LPS-) and in vitro alternatively activated macrophages, many more genes are regulated in opposite or unrelated ways. Thus, M1(=LPS+) macrophages are not equivalent to classically activated, and M2(=LPS-) macrophages are not equivalent to alternatively activated macrophages. This fundamental discrepancy explains why most surface markers identified on in vitro generated macrophages do not translate to the in vivo situation. Valid in vivo M1/M2 surface markers remain to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Orecchioni
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yanal Ghosheh
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Akula Bala Pramod
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Klaus Ley
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185
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Evidence accumulates suggesting that cellular metabolic alterations fuel and dictate the inflammatory state of cells. In this review, we provide an overview of the observed metabolic reprogramming in endothelial cells and innate immune cells upon interaction with modified lipoproteins, thereby contributing to the progression of atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Inflammatory endothelial cells at sites exposed to disturbed flow patterns show increased glycolytic activity. Atherogenic factors further enhance these metabolic changes by upregulating the mitochondrial energy production and thereby facilitating increased energy expenditure. Metabolic alterations are pivotal for monocyte and macrophage function as well. Exposure to atherogenic particles such as oxidized phospholipids lead to a regulatory metabolic pro-inflammatory phenotype, mediated via Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and the transcription factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf) 2. Translational studies highlighted the importance of metabolic alterations, as atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries showed an increased glycolytic signature. SUMMARY Alterations in cellular metabolism play an important role in controlling and steering the inflammatory state of both endothelial cells and immune cells. Targeting glycolysis may therefore provide an interesting route to attenuate the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Ali
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine
| | | | - Jeffrey Kroon
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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186
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Baardman J, Verberk SGS, Prange KHM, van Weeghel M, van der Velden S, Ryan DG, Wüst RCI, Neele AE, Speijer D, Denis SW, Witte ME, Houtkooper RH, O'neill LA, Knatko EV, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Lutgens E, de Winther MPJ, Van den Bossche J. A Defective Pentose Phosphate Pathway Reduces Inflammatory Macrophage Responses during Hypercholesterolemia. Cell Rep 2018; 25:2044-2052.e5. [PMID: 30463003 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming has emerged as a crucial regulator of immune cell activation, but how systemic metabolism influences immune cell metabolism and function remains to be investigated. To investigate the effect of dyslipidemia on immune cell metabolism, we performed in-depth transcriptional, metabolic, and functional characterization of macrophages isolated from hypercholesterolemic mice. Systemic metabolic changes in such mice alter cellular macrophage metabolism and attenuate inflammatory macrophage responses. In addition to diminished maximal mitochondrial respiration, hypercholesterolemia reduces the LPS-mediated induction of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and the Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response. Our observation that suppression of the PPP diminishes LPS-induced cytokine secretion supports the notion that this pathway contributes to inflammatory macrophage responses. Overall, this study reveals that systemic and cellular metabolism are strongly interconnected, together dictating macrophage phenotype and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Baardman
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne G S Verberk
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Koen H M Prange
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michel van Weeghel
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia van der Velden
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dylan G Ryan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Rob C I Wüst
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annette E Neele
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dave Speijer
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Simone W Denis
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten E Witte
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luke A O'neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Elena V Knatko
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Van den Bossche
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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187
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Grajchen E, Hendriks JJA, Bogie JFJ. The physiology of foamy phagocytes in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:124. [PMID: 30454040 PMCID: PMC6240956 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0628-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system characterized by massive infiltration of immune cells, demyelination, and axonal loss. Active MS lesions mainly consist of macrophages and microglia containing abundant intracellular myelin remnants. Initial studies showed that these foamy phagocytes primarily promote MS disease progression by internalizing myelin debris, presenting brain-derived autoantigens, and adopting an inflammatory phenotype. However, more recent studies indicate that phagocytes can also adopt a beneficial phenotype upon myelin internalization. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge on the spatiotemporal physiology of foamy phagocytes in MS lesions, and elaborate on extrinsic and intrinsic factors regulating their behavior. In addition, we discuss and link the physiology of myelin-containing phagocytes to that of foamy macrophages in other disorders such atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elien Grajchen
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium/School of Life Sciences, Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jerome J A Hendriks
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium/School of Life Sciences, Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jeroen F J Bogie
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium/School of Life Sciences, Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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188
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Kis-Toth K, Rajani GM, Simpson A, Henry KL, Dumont J, Peters RT, Salas J, Loh C. Recombinant factor VIII Fc fusion protein drives regulatory macrophage polarization. Blood Adv 2018; 2:2904-2916. [PMID: 30396910 PMCID: PMC6234359 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018024497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The main complication of replacement therapy with factor in hemophilia A (HemA) is the formation of inhibitors (neutralizing anti-factor VIII [FVIII] antibodies) in ∼30% of severe HemA patients. Because these inhibitors render replacement FVIII treatment essentially ineffective, preventing or eliminating them is of top priority in disease management. The extended half-life recombinant FVIII Fc fusion protein (rFVIIIFc) is an approved therapy for HemA patients. In addition, it has been reported that rFVIIIFc may induce tolerance to FVIII more readily than FVIII alone in HemA patients that have developed inhibitors. Given that the immunoglobulin G1 Fc region has the potential to interact with immune cells expressing Fc receptors (FcRs) and thereby affect the immune response to rFVIII, we investigated how human macrophages, expressing both FcRs and receptors reported to bind FVIII, respond to rFVIIIFc. We show herein that rFVIIIFc, but not rFVIII, uniquely skews macrophages toward an alternatively activated regulatory phenotype. rFVIIIFc initiates signaling events that result in morphological changes, as well as a specific gene expression and metabolic profile that is characteristic of the regulatory type Mox/M2-like macrophages. Further, these changes are dependent on rFVIIIFc-FcR interactions. Our findings elucidate mechanisms of potential immunomodulatory properties of rFVIIIFc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joe Salas
- Bioverativ, a Sanofi company, Waltham, MA; and
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189
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Narzt MS, Nagelreiter IM, Oskolkova O, Bochkov VN, Latreille J, Fedorova M, Ni Z, Sialana FJ, Lubec G, Filzwieser M, Laggner M, Bilban M, Mildner M, Tschachler E, Grillari J, Gruber F. A novel role for NUPR1 in the keratinocyte stress response to UV oxidized phospholipids. Redox Biol 2018; 20:467-482. [PMID: 30466060 PMCID: PMC6243031 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet light is the dominant environmental oxidative skin stressor and a major skin aging factor. We studied which oxidized phospholipid (OxPL) mediators would be generated in primary human keratinocytes (KC) upon exposure to ultraviolet A light (UVA) and investigated the contribution of OxPL to UVA responses. Mass spectrometric analysis immediately or 24 h post UV stress revealed significant changes in abundance of 173 and 84 lipid species, respectively. We identified known and novel lipid species including known bioactive and also potentially reactive carbonyl containing species. We found indication for selective metabolism and degradation of selected reactive lipids. Exposure to both UVA and to in vitro UVA - oxidized phospholipids activated, on transcriptome and proteome level, NRF2/antioxidant response signaling, lipid metabolizing enzyme expression and unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling. We identified NUPR1 as an upstream regulator of UVA/OxPL transcriptional stress responses and found this protein to be expressed in the epidermis. Silencing of NUPR1 resulted in augmented expression of antioxidant and lipid detoxification genes and disturbed the cell cycle, making it a potential key factor in skin reactive oxygen species (ROS) responses intimately involved in aging and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Sophie Narzt
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Austria
| | - Ionela-Mariana Nagelreiter
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Austria
| | - Olga Oskolkova
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Valery N Bochkov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Julie Latreille
- Department of Biology & Women's Beauty, Chanel, Pantin, France
| | - Maria Fedorova
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zhixu Ni
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Fernando J Sialana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Manuel Filzwieser
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Austria
| | - Maria Laggner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Bilban
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Core Facility Genomics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Austria.
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190
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Zhang M, Nakamura K, Kageyama S, Lawal AO, Gong KW, Bhetraratana M, Fujii T, Sulaiman D, Hirao H, Bolisetty S, Kupiec-Weglinski JW, Araujo JA. Myeloid HO-1 modulates macrophage polarization and protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury. JCI Insight 2018; 3:120596. [PMID: 30282830 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.120596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages polarize into heterogeneous proinflammatory M1 and antiinflammatory M2 subtypes. Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) protects against inflammatory processes such as ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), organ transplantation, and atherosclerosis. To test our hypothesis that HO-1 regulates macrophage polarization and protects against IRI, we generated myeloid-specific HO-1-knockout (mHO-1-KO) and -transgenic (mHO-1-Tg) mice, with deletion or overexpression of HO-1, in various macrophage populations. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from mHO-1-KO mice, treated with M1-inducing LPS or M2-inducing IL-4, exhibited increased mRNA expression of M1 (CXCL10, IL-1β, MCP1) and decreased expression of M2 (Arg1 and CD163) markers as compared with controls, while BMDMs from mHO-1-Tg mice displayed the opposite. A similar pattern was observed in the hepatic M1/M2 expression profile in a mouse model of liver IRI. mHO-1-KO mice displayed increased hepatocellular damage, serum AST/ALT levels, Suzuki's histological score of liver IRI, and neutrophil and macrophage infiltration, while mHO-1-Tg mice exhibited the opposite. In human liver transplant biopsies, subjects with higher HO-1 levels showed lower expression of M1 markers together with decreased hepatocellular damage and improved outcomes. In conclusion, myeloid HO-1 expression modulates macrophage polarization, and protects against liver IRI, at least in part by favoring an M2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and
| | - Kojiro Nakamura
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shoichi Kageyama
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Ke Wei Gong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and
| | | | - Takehiro Fujii
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Hirofumi Hirao
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Jerzy W Kupiec-Weglinski
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jesus A Araujo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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191
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Pivotal role of innate myeloid cells in cerebral post-ischemic sterile inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:523-538. [PMID: 30206661 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0707-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses play a multifaceted role in regulating both disability and recovery after ischemic brain injury. In the acute phase of ischemic stroke, resident microglia elicit rapid inflammatory responses by the ischemic milieu. After disruption of the blood-brain barrier, peripheral-derived neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes infiltrate into the ischemic brain. These infiltrating myeloid cells are activated by the endogenous alarming molecules released from dying brain cells. Inflammation after ischemic stroke thus typically consists of sterile inflammation triggered by innate immunity, which exacerbates the pathologies of ischemic stroke and worsens neurological prognosis. Infiltrating immune cells sustain the post-ischemic inflammation for several days; after this period, however, these cells take on a repairing function, phagocytosing inflammatory mediators and cellular debris. This time-specific polarization of immune cells in the ischemic brain is a potential novel therapeutic target. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the phase-dependent role of innate myeloid cells in ischemic stroke and discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms of their inflammatory or repairing polarization from a therapeutic perspective.
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192
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Ruytinx P, Proost P, Van Damme J, Struyf S. Chemokine-Induced Macrophage Polarization in Inflammatory Conditions. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1930. [PMID: 30245686 PMCID: PMC6137099 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages represent a heterogeneous cell population and are known to display a remarkable plasticity. In response to distinct micro-environmental stimuli, e.g., tumor stroma vs. infected tissue, they polarize into different cell subtypes. Originally, two subpopulations were defined: classically activated macrophages or M1, and alternatively activated macrophages or M2. Nowadays, the M1/M2 classification is considered as an oversimplified approach that does not adequately cover the total spectrum of macrophage phenotypes observed in vivo. Especially in pathological circumstances, macrophages behave as plastic cells modifying their expression and transcription profile along a continuous spectrum with M1 and M2 phenotypes as extremes. Here, we focus on the effect of chemokines on macrophage differentiation and polarization in physiological and pathological conditions. In particular, we discuss chemokine-induced macrophage polarization in inflammatory diseases, including obesity, cancer, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Ruytinx
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, REGA Institute KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, REGA Institute KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Damme
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, REGA Institute KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, REGA Institute KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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193
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Cui J, Zhang F, Cao W, Wang Y, Liu J, Liu X, Chen T, Li L, Tian J, Yu B. Erythropoietin alleviates hyperglycaemia-associated inflammation by regulating macrophage polarization via the JAK2/STAT3 signalling pathway. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:221-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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194
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Fang P, Li X, Dai J, Cole L, Camacho JA, Zhang Y, Ji Y, Wang J, Yang XF, Wang H. Immune cell subset differentiation and tissue inflammation. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:97. [PMID: 30064449 PMCID: PMC6069866 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cells were traditionally considered as major pro-inflammatory contributors. Recent advances in molecular immunology prove that immune cell lineages are composed of different subsets capable of a vast array of specialized functions. These immune cell subsets share distinct duties in regulating innate and adaptive immune functions and contribute to both immune activation and immune suppression responses in peripheral tissue. Here, we summarized current understanding of the different subsets of major immune cells, including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages. We highlighted molecular characterization, frequency, and tissue distribution of these immune cell subsets in human and mice. In addition, we described specific cytokine production, molecular signaling, biological functions, and tissue population changes of these immune cell subsets in both cardiovascular diseases and cancers. Finally, we presented a working model of the differentiation of inflammatory mononuclear cells, their interaction with endothelial cells, and their contribution to tissue inflammation. In summary, this review offers an updated and comprehensive guideline for immune cell development and subset differentiation, including subset characterization, signaling, modulation, and disease associations. We propose that immune cell subset differentiation and its complex interaction within the internal biological milieu compose a “pathophysiological network,” an interactive cross-talking complex, which plays a critical role in the development of inflammatory diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Fang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Temple University, Medical Education and Research Building, Room 1060, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jin Dai
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Temple University, Medical Education and Research Building, Room 1060, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Lauren Cole
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Temple University, Medical Education and Research Building, Room 1060, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Javier Andres Camacho
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Temple University, Medical Education and Research Building, Room 1060, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Temple University, Medical Education and Research Building, Room 1060, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Temple University, Medical Education and Research Building, Room 1060, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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195
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Gibson MS, Domingues N, Vieira OV. Lipid and Non-lipid Factors Affecting Macrophage Dysfunction and Inflammation in Atherosclerosis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:654. [PMID: 29997514 PMCID: PMC6029489 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease and a leading cause of human mortality. The lesional microenvironment contains a complex accumulation of variably oxidized lipids and cytokines. Infiltrating monocytes become polarized in response to these stimuli, resulting in a broad spectrum of macrophage phenotypes. The extent of lipid loading in macrophages influences their phenotype and consequently their inflammatory status. In response to excess atherogenic ligands, many normal cell processes become aberrant following a loss of homeostasis. This can have a direct impact upon the inflammatory response, and conversely inflammation can lead to cell dysfunction. Clear evidence for this exists in the lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria of atherosclerotic macrophages, the principal lesional cell type. Furthermore, several intrinsic cell processes become dysregulated under lipidotic conditions. Therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring cell function under disease conditions are an ongoing coveted aim. Macrophages play a central role in promoting lesional inflammation, with plaque progression and stability being directly proportional to macrophage abundance. Understanding how mixtures or individual lipid species regulate macrophage biology is therefore a major area of atherosclerosis research. In this review, we will discuss how the myriad of lipid and lipoprotein classes and products used to model atherogenic, proinflammatory immune responses has facilitated a greater understanding of some of the intricacies of chronic inflammation and cell function. Despite this, lipid oxidation produces a complex mixture of products and with no single or standard method of derivatization, there exists some variation in the reported effects of certain oxidized lipids. Likewise, differences in the methods used to generate macrophages in vitro may also lead to variable responses when apparently identical lipid ligands are used. Consequently, the complexity of reported macrophage phenotypes has implications for our understanding of the metabolic pathways, processes and shifts underpinning their activation and inflammatory status. Using oxidized low density lipoproteins and its oxidized cholesteryl esters and phospholipid constituents to stimulate macrophage has been hugely valuable, however there is now an argument that only working with low complexity lipid species can deliver the most useful information to guide therapies aimed at controlling atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Gibson
- Lysosomes in Chronic Human Pathologies and Infection, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Neuza Domingues
- Lysosomes in Chronic Human Pathologies and Infection, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Otilia V Vieira
- Lysosomes in Chronic Human Pathologies and Infection, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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196
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Macrophage phenotype and bioenergetics are controlled by oxidized phospholipids identified in lean and obese adipose tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6254-E6263. [PMID: 29891687 PMCID: PMC6142199 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800544115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) maintain adipose tissue homeostasis. However, during obesity ATMs become inflammatory, resulting in impaired adipose tissue function. Oxidative stress increases during obesity, which is thought to contribute to adipose tissue inflammation. To date, the connection between oxidative stress and adipose tissue inflammation remain unclear. In this study, we identify two classes of phospholipid oxidation products in lean and obese adipose tissue, which polarize macrophages to an antioxidant or proinflammatory state, respectively. Furthermore, we show that these phospholipids differently affect macrophage cellular metabolism, reflecting the metabolisms of ATMs found in lean and obese adipose tissue. Identification of pathways controlling ATM metabolism will lead to novel therapies for insulin resistance. Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) adapt their metabolic phenotype either to maintain lean tissue homeostasis or drive inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity. However, the factors in the adipose tissue microenvironment that control ATM phenotypic polarization and bioenergetics remain unknown. We have recently shown that oxidized phospholipids (OxPL) uniquely regulate gene expression and cellular metabolism in Mox macrophages, but the presence of the Mox phenotype in adipose tissue has not been reported. Here we show, using extracellular flux analysis, that ATMs isolated from lean mice are metabolically inhibited. We identify a unique population of CX3CR1neg/F4/80low ATMs that resemble the Mox (Txnrd1+HO1+) phenotype to be the predominant ATM phenotype in lean adipose tissue. In contrast, ATMs isolated from obese mice had characteristics typical of the M1/M2 (CD11c+CD206+) phenotype with highly activated bioenergetics. Quantifying individual OxPL species in the stromal vascular fraction of murine adipose tissue, using targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, revealed that high fat diet-induced adipose tissue expansion led to a disproportional increase in full-length over truncated OxPL species. In vitro studies showed that macrophages respond to truncated OxPL species by suppressing bioenergetics and up-regulating antioxidant programs, mimicking the Mox phenotype of ATMs isolated from lean mice. Conversely, full-length OxPL species induce proinflammatory gene expression and an activated bioenergetic profile that mimics ATMs isolated from obese mice. Together, these data identify a redox-regulatory Mox macrophage phenotype to be predominant in lean adipose tissue and demonstrate that individual OxPL species that accumulate in adipose tissue instruct ATMs to adapt their phenotype and bioenergetic profile to either maintain redox homeostasis or to promote inflammation.
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197
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A Corylus avellana L. extract enhances human macrophage bactericidal response against Staphylococcus aureus by increasing the expression of anti-inflammatory and iron metabolism genes. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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198
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Funes SC, Rios M, Escobar‐Vera J, Kalergis AM. Implications of macrophage polarization in autoimmunity. Immunology 2018; 154:186-195. [PMID: 29455468 PMCID: PMC5980179 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are extremely heterogeneous and plastic cells with an important role not only in physiological conditions, but also during inflammation (both for initiation and resolution). In the early 1990s, two different phenotypes of macrophages were described: one of them called classically activated (or inflammatory) macrophages (M1) and the other alternatively activated (or wound-healing) macrophages (M2). Currently, it is known that functional polarization of macrophages into only two groups is an over-simplified description of macrophage heterogeneity and plasticity; indeed, it is necessary to consider a continuum of functional states. Overall, the current available data indicate that macrophage polarization is a multifactorial process in which a huge number of factors can be involved producing different activation scenarios. Once a macrophage adopts a phenotype, it still retains the ability to continue changing in response to new environmental influences. The reversibility of polarization has a critical therapeutic value, especially in diseases in which an M1/M2 imbalance plays a pathogenic role. In this review, we assess the high plasticity of macrophages and their potential to be exploited to reduce chronic/detrimental inflammation. On the whole, the evidence detailed in this review underscores macrophage polarization as a target of interest for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta C. Funes
- Facultad de Ciencias BiológicasDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaMillennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Mariana Rios
- Facultad de Ciencias BiológicasDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaMillennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Jorge Escobar‐Vera
- Facultad de Ciencias de la SaludDepartamento BiomédicoLaboratorio de GenéticaUniversidad de AntofagastaAntofagastaChile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Facultad de Ciencias BiológicasDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaMillennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
- Facultad de MedicinaDepartamento de EndocrinologíaEscuela de MedicinaPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
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199
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MicroRNA-99a mimics inhibit M1 macrophage phenotype and adipose tissue inflammation by targeting TNFα. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 16:495-507. [PMID: 29849090 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-018-0038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In human adipose tissue and obesity, miR-99a expression is negatively correlated with inflammation. Therefore, the present study investigated the role of miR-99a in macrophage phenotype activation and adipose tissue inflammation. M2 BMDMs showed a significant increase in miR-99a expression when compared to the M0 and M1 phenotypes. Phenotype-switching experiments established an association between upregulated miR-99a expression and the M2 phenotype. Overexpression of miR-99a prevented M1 phenotype activation and attenuated bactericidal activity. Likewise, knockdown of miR-99a abolished M2 phenotype activation. By means of in silico target prediction tools and a luciferase reporter assay, TNFα was identified as a direct target of miR-99a. Knockdown of TNFα recapitulated the effect of miR-99a overexpression in M1 BMDMs. In a db/db mice model, miR-99a expression was reduced in eWAT and F4/80+ ATMs. Systemic overexpression of miR-99a in db/db mice attenuated adipocyte hypertrophy with increased CD301 and reduced CD86 immunostaining. Flow cytometry analysis also showed an increased M2 and a reduced M1 macrophage population. Mimics of miR-99a also improved the diabetic dyslipidemia and insulin signaling in eWAT and liver, with an attenuated expression of gluconeogenesis and cholesterol metabolism genes in the liver. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of miR-99a-overexpressing macrophages in the db/db mice recapitulated in vivo miR-99a mimic effects with increased M2 and reduced M1 macrophage populations and improved systemic glucose, insulin sensitivity, and insulin signaling in the eWAT and liver. The present study demonstrates that miR-99a mimics can regulate macrophage M1 phenotype activation by targeting TNFα. miR-99a therapeutics in diabetic mice reduces the adipose tissue inflammation and improves insulin sensitivity.
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200
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Apolipoprotein E and Atherosclerosis: From Lipoprotein Metabolism to MicroRNA Control of Inflammation. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2018; 5:jcdd5020030. [PMID: 29789495 PMCID: PMC6023389 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd5020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) E stands out among plasma apolipoproteins through its unprecedented ability to protect against atherosclerosis. Although best recognized for its ability to mediate plasma lipoprotein clearance in the liver and protect against macrophage foam cell formation, our recent understanding of the influence that apoE can exert to control atherosclerosis has significantly widened. Among apoE’s newfound athero-protective properties include an ability to control exaggerated hematopoiesis, blood monocyte activation and aortic stiffening in mice with hyperlipidemia. Mechanisms responsible for these exciting new properties extend beyond apoE’s ability to prevent cellular lipid excess. Rather, new findings have revealed a role for apoE in regulating microRNA-controlled cellular signaling in cells of the immune system and vascular wall. Remarkably, infusions of apoE-responsive microRNA mimics were shown to substitute for apoE in protecting against systemic and vascular inflammation to suppress atherosclerosis in mice with hyperlipidemia. Finally, more recent evidence suggests that apoE may control the release of microvesicles that could modulate cellular signaling, inflammation and atherosclerosis at a distance. These exciting new findings position apoE within the emerging field of intercellular communication that could introduce new approaches to control atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease.
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