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Fast-degrading bioresorbable arterial vascular graft with high cellular infiltration inhibits calcification of the graft. J Vasc Surg 2016; 66:243-250. [PMID: 27687327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2016.05.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bioresorbable vascular grafts are biologically active grafts that are entirely reconstituted by host-derived cells through an inflammation-mediated degradation process. Calcification is a detrimental condition that can severely affect graft performance. Therefore, prevention of calcification is of great importance to the success of bioresorbable arterial vascular grafts. The objective of this study was to test whether fast-degrading (FD) bioresorbable arterial grafts with high cellular infiltration will inhibit calcification of grafts. METHODS We created two versions of bioresorbable arterial vascular grafts, slow-degrading (SD) grafts and FD grafts. Both grafts had the same inner layer composed of a 50:50 poly(l-lactic-co-ε-caprolactone) copolymer scaffold. However, the outer layer of SD grafts was composed of poly(l-lactic acid) nanofiber, whereas the outer layer of FD grafts was composed of a combination of poly(l-lactic acid) and polyglycolic acid nanofiber. Both grafts were implanted in 8- to 10-week-old female mice (n = 15 in the SD group, n = 10 in the FD group) as infrarenal aortic interposition conduits. Animals were observed for 8 weeks. RESULTS von Kossa staining showed calcification in 7 of 12 grafts in the SD group but zero in the FD group (P < .01, χ2 test). The cell number in the outer layer of FD grafts was significantly higher than in the SD grafts (SD, 0.87 ± 0.65 × 103/mm2; FD, 2.65 ± 1.91 × 103/mm2; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS The FD bioresorbable arterial vascular graft with high cellular infiltration into the scaffold inhibited calcification of grafts.
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Sharaf El Din UAA, Salem MM, Abdulazim DO. Vascular calcification: When should we interfere in chronic kidney disease patients and how? World J Nephrol 2016; 5:398-417. [PMID: 27648404 PMCID: PMC5011247 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v5.i5.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are endangered with the highest mortality rate compared to other chronic diseases. Cardiovascular events account for up to 60% of the fatalities. Cardiovascular calcifications affect most of the CKD patients. Most of this calcification is related to disturbed renal phosphate handling. Fibroblast growth factor 23 and klotho deficiency were incriminated in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification through different mechanisms including their effects on endothelium and arterial wall smooth muscle cells. In addition, deficient klotho gene expression, a constant feature of CKD, promotes vascular pathology and shares in progression of the CKD. The role of gut in the etio-pathogenesis of systemic inflammation and vascular calcification is a newly discovered mechanism. This review will cover the medical history, prevalence, pathogenesis, clinical relevance, different tools used to diagnose, the ideal timing to prevent or to withhold the progression of vascular calcification and the different medications and medical procedures that can help to prolong the survival of CKD patients.
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Scherer DJ, Psaltis PJ. Future imaging of atherosclerosis: molecular imaging of coronary atherosclerosis with (18)F positron emission tomography. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2016; 6:354-67. [PMID: 27500093 DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2015.12.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by the formation of complex atheroma lesions (plaques) in arteries that pose risk by their flow-limiting nature and propensity for rupture and thrombotic occlusion. It develops in the context of disturbances to lipid metabolism and immune response, with inflammation underpinning all stages of plaque formation, progression and rupture. As the primary disease process responsible for myocardial infarction, stroke and peripheral vascular disease, atherosclerosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality on a global scale. A precise understanding of its pathogenic mechanisms is therefore critically important. Integral to this is the role of vascular wall imaging. Over recent years, the rapidly evolving field of molecular imaging has begun to revolutionize our ability to image beyond just the anatomical substrate of vascular disease, and more dynamically assess its pathobiology. Nuclear imaging by positron emission tomography (PET) can target specific molecular and biological pathways involved in atherosclerosis, with the application of (18)Fluoride PET imaging being widely studied for its potential to identify plaques that are vulnerable or high risk. In this review, we discuss the emergence of (18)Fluoride PET as a promising modality for the assessment of coronary atherosclerosis, focusing on the strengths and limitations of the two main radionuclide tracers that have been investigated to date: 2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose ((18)F-FDG) and sodium (18)F-fluoride ((18)F-NaF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Scherer
- Vascular Research Centre, Heart Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia;; Royal Adelaide Hospital, South Australia 5000, Australia; ; School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Peter J Psaltis
- Vascular Research Centre, Heart Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia;; Royal Adelaide Hospital, South Australia 5000, Australia; ; School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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Barbarash OL, Lebedeva NB, Kokov AN, Novitskaya AA, Hryachkova ON, Voronkina AV, Raskina TA, Kashtalap VV, Kutikhin AG, Shibanova IA. Decreased Cathepsin K Plasma Level may Reflect an Association of Osteopoenia/Osteoporosis with Coronary Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Calcification in Male Patients with Stable Angina. Heart Lung Circ 2016; 25:691-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Rodriguez-Granillo GA, Carrascosa P, Bruining N. Progression of coronary artery calcification at the crossroads: sign of progression or stabilization of coronary atherosclerosis? Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2016; 6:250-8. [PMID: 27280088 DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2016.03.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery calcification (CAC) has been strongly established as an independent predictor of adverse events, with a significant incremental prognostic value over traditional risk stratification algorithms. CAC progression has been associated with a higher rate of events. In parallel, several randomized studies and meta-analysis have shown the effectiveness of statins to slow progression and even promote plaque regression. However, evidence regarding the effect of routine medical therapy on CAC has yielded conflicting results, with initial studies showing significant CAC regression, and contemporaneous data showing rather the opposite. Accordingly, there is currently a great controversy on whether progression of CAC is a sign of progression or stabilization of coronary artery disease (CAD). The finding of inexorable CAC progression despite the implementation of intensive contemporaneous medical therapy suggests that further understanding of this phenomenon should be undertaken before the implementation of CAC as a surrogate endpoint for longitudinal studies, or for prospective follow-up of patients under routine medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaston A Rodriguez-Granillo
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Diagnóstico Maipú, Buenos Aires, Argentina ; 2 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina ; 3 Thoraxcenter, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Carrascosa
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Diagnóstico Maipú, Buenos Aires, Argentina ; 2 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina ; 3 Thoraxcenter, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Bruining
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Diagnóstico Maipú, Buenos Aires, Argentina ; 2 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina ; 3 Thoraxcenter, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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156
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Wang WG, He YF, Chen YL, Zhao FM, Song YQ, Zhang H, Ma YH, Guan X, Zhang WY, Chen XL, Liu C, Cong HL. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 levels and aortic valve calcification: A prospective, cross sectional study. J Int Med Res 2016; 44:865-74. [PMID: 27278556 PMCID: PMC5536630 DOI: 10.1177/0300060516648030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the possible association between plasma proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and the incidence and severity of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). Methods This prospective, cross sectional study involved patients with and without (controls) aortic valve calcification diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiography and dual source computed tomography (DSCT) scan. Aortic valves calcification scores were calculated from DSCT scans and patients were graded: grade 1, no calcification; grade 2, mildly calcified; grade 3, moderately calcified; grade 4, heavily calcified. Plasma PCSK9 levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Forty patients were grade 1 (controls), 32 were grade 2, 48 were grade 3 and 32 were grade 4. Plasma levels of PCSK9 were significantly different between the four groups and the highest value was observed in the patients with grade 2 calcification. Only low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lipoprotein (Lp)(a) were associated with the severity of CAVD. Regression analysis showed that age, Lp(a) and PCSK9 were independent predictors of CAVD. Conclusion Data from this cross sectional study in a small sample of patients showed that plasma PCSK9 was correlated with the presence of CAVD but not its severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Guang Wang
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yong-Feng He
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Weinan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Weinan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yuan-Li Chen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fu-Mei Zhao
- Tianjin Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan-Qiu Song
- Tianjin Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan-He Ma
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Guan
- Department of Echocardiography, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen-Ya Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong-Liang Cong
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
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157
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O'Rourke C, Shelton G, Hutcheson JD, Burke MF, Martyn T, Thayer TE, Shakartzi HR, Buswell MD, Tainsh RE, Yu B, Bagchi A, Rhee DK, Wu C, Derwall M, Buys ES, Yu PB, Bloch KD, Aikawa E, Bloch DB, Malhotra R. Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27284788 DOI: 10.3791/54017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Atherosclerotic plaques, consisting of lipid-laden macrophages and calcification, develop in the coronary arteries, aortic valve, aorta, and peripheral conduit arteries and are the hallmark of cardiovascular disease. In humans, imaging with computed tomography allows for the quantification of vascular calcification; the presence of vascular calcification is a strong predictor of future cardiovascular events. Development of novel therapies in cardiovascular disease relies critically on improving our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis. Advancing our knowledge of atherosclerotic mechanisms relies on murine and cell-based models. Here, a method for imaging aortic calcification and macrophage infiltration using two spectrally distinct near-infrared fluorescent imaging probes is detailed. Near-infrared fluorescent imaging allows for the ex vivo quantification of calcification and macrophage accumulation in the entire aorta and can be used to further our understanding of the mechanistic relationship between inflammation and calcification in atherosclerosis. Additionally, a method for isolating and culturing animal aortic vascular smooth muscle cells and a protocol for inducing calcification in cultured smooth muscle cells from either murine aortas or from human coronary arteries is described. This in vitro method of modeling vascular calcification can be used to identify and characterize the signaling pathways likely important for the development of vascular disease, in the hopes of discovering novel targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin O'Rourke
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Georgia Shelton
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Megan F Burke
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Trejeeve Martyn
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Timothy E Thayer
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Hannah R Shakartzi
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Mary D Buswell
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Robert E Tainsh
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Binglan Yu
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Aranya Bagchi
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - David K Rhee
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Connie Wu
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Matthias Derwall
- Department of Anesthesiology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen University
| | - Emmanuel S Buys
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Paul B Yu
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Kenneth D Bloch
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Donald B Bloch
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Anesthesiology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen University; Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases and the Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Rajeev Malhotra
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School;
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158
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Zoccali C, London G. Con: vascular calcification is a surrogate marker, but not the cause of ongoing vascular disease, and it is not a treatment target in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2016; 30:352-7. [PMID: 25712936 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this narrative review, we discuss the dynamics and pathobiology of calcium accumulation in the arterial system and then appraise the validity of vascular calcification as a surrogate end point in cardiovascular (CV) diseases and in chronic kidney disease (CKD) in particular. Calcification follows inflammation in human atherosclerosis and therefore most likely represents a secondary phenomenon. This phenomenon is proportional to the severity of antecedent inflammation and is perhaps a healing process. As such, vascular calcification is a disease marker and a prognostic factor but not a relevant aetiological factor in arterial disease in CKD patients. Therefore, targeting vascular calcifications per se is unlikely to improve clinical outcomes. To maximize health benefits, the approach to vascular disease in CKD patients should focus on the prevention of arterial lesions by correcting the several, traditional and non-traditional, pro-atherogenic risk factors responsible for arterial injury, hyperphoshataemia and CKD-mineral and bone disorder disorders included. Interventions aiming at modifying late arterial lesions like calcifications are unlikely to produce tangible health benefits in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Zoccali
- CNR-IFC (National Research Council of Italy and Pisa Institute of Clinical Physiology, Reggio Cal Unit), Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Gerard London
- Department of Pharmacology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, National Institute of Health and Medical Research U970, Paris, France
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159
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Adamson PD, Williams MC, Newby DE. Cardiovascular PET-CT imaging: a new frontier? Clin Radiol 2016; 71:647-59. [PMID: 26951964 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular positron-emission tomography combined with computed tomography (PET-CT) has recently emerged as an imaging technology with the potential to simultaneously describe both anatomical structures and physiological processes in vivo. The scope for clinical application of this technique is vast, but to date this promise has not been realised. Nonetheless, significant research activity is underway to explore these possibilities and it is likely that the knowledge gained will have important diagnostic and therapeutic implications in due course. This review provides a brief overview of the current state of cardiovascular PET-CT and the likely direction of future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Adamson
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - M C Williams
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D E Newby
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Doris MK, Newby DE. Identification of early vascular calcification with (18)F-sodium fluoride: potential clinical application. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2016; 14:691-701. [PMID: 26854119 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2016.1151354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification plays a prominent role in cardiovascular disease. Once considered to be a passive consequence of aging, this pathological process is now accepted to be dynamic and tightly regulated, its onset triggered by inflammation and necrosis and its progression bearing key similarities to osteogenesis. A major potential advance in our ability to understand the natural history and clinical implications of vascular calcification is the detection of its early and dynamic stages through the use of the positron-emitting radiotracer, (18)F-sodium fluoride. Alongside anatomical information gained from computed tomography, hybrid positron emission and computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging with (18)F-sodium fluoride has, for the first time, enabled the non-invasive detection of microcalcification within the aortic valve, great vessels, and vulnerable coronary plaque. This has raised promise that exploring this process may allow improved risk prediction, better application of current therapies and ultimately the development of novel treatments to target this widespread pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhairi K Doris
- a Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , Scotland , UK
| | - David E Newby
- a Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , Scotland , UK
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161
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Villa-Bellosta R, Hamczyk MR, Andrés V. Alternatively activated macrophages exhibit an anticalcifying activity dependent on extracellular ATP/pyrophosphate metabolism. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 310:C788-99. [PMID: 26936458 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00370.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-phosphate deposition (CPD) in atherosclerotic lesions, which begins in middle age and increases with aging, is a major independent predictor of future cardiovascular disease morbi-mortality. Remodeling of atherosclerotic vessels during aging is regulated in part by intimal macrophages, which can polarize to phenotypically distinct populations with distinct functions. This study tested the hypothesis that classically activated macrophages (M1φs) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2φs) differently affect vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) calcification and investigated the underlying mechanisms. We analyzed mouse VSMC-macrophage cocultures using a transwell system. Coculture of VSMCs with M2φs significantly reduced CPD, but coculture with M1φs had no effect. The anticalcific effect of M2φs was associated with elevated amounts of extracellular ATP and pyrophosphate (PPi), two potent inhibitors of CPD, and was lost upon forced hydrolysis of these metabolites. In M2φs and VSMC-M2φs cocultures, analysis of the ectoenzymes that regulate extracellular ATP/PPi metabolism revealed increased mRNA expression and activity of ectoenzyme nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1, which synthesizes PPi from ATP, without changes in tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, which hydrolyzes PPi In conclusion, increased accumulation of extracellular ATP and PPi by alternatively activated mouse M2φs inhibits CPD. These results reveal novel mechanisms underlying macrophage-dependent control of intimal calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magda R Hamczyk
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Andrés
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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162
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Lee SH, Choi JH. Involvement of Immune Cell Network in Aortic Valve Stenosis: Communication between Valvular Interstitial Cells and Immune Cells. Immune Netw 2016; 16:26-32. [PMID: 26937229 PMCID: PMC4770097 DOI: 10.4110/in.2016.16.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve stenosis is a heart disease prevalent in the elderly characterized by valvular calcification, fibrosis, and inflammation, but its exact pathogenesis remains unclear. Previously, aortic valve stenosis was thought to be caused by chronic passive and degenerative changes associated with aging. However, recent studies have demonstrated that atherosclerotic processes and inflammation can induce valvular calcification and bone deposition, leading to valvular stenosis. In particular, the most abundant cell type in cardiac valves, valvular interstitial cells, can differentiate into myofibroblasts and osteoblast-like cells, leading to valvular calcification and stenosis. Differentiation of valvular interstitial cells can be trigged by inflammatory stimuli from several immune cell types, including macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, and mast cells. This review indicates that crosstalk between immune cells and valvular interstitial cells plays an important role in the development of aortic valve stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyun Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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163
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Calcific Aortic Valve Disease: Part 1--Molecular Pathogenetic Aspects, Hemodynamics, and Adaptive Feedbacks. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2016; 9:102-18. [PMID: 26891845 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-016-9679-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aortic valvular stenosis (AVS), produced by calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) causing reduced cusp opening, afflicts mostly older persons eventually requiring valve replacement. CAVD had been considered "degenerative," but newer investigations implicate active mechanisms similar to atherogenesis--genetic predisposition and signaling pathways, lipoprotein deposits, chronic inflammation, and calcification/osteogenesis. Consequently, CAVD may eventually be controlled/reversed by lifestyle and pharmacogenomics remedies. Its management should be comprehensive, embracing not only the valve but also the left ventricle and the arterial system with their interdependent morphomechanics/hemodynamics, which underlie the ensuing diastolic and systolic LV dysfunction. Compared to even a couple of decades ago, we now have an increased appreciation of genomic and cytomolecular pathogenetic mechanisms underlying CAVD. Future pluridisciplinary studies will characterize better and more completely its pathobiology, evolution, and overall dynamics, encompassing intricate feedback processes involving specific signaling molecules and gene network cascades. They will herald more effective, personalized medicine treatments of CAVD/AVS.
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164
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Viaene L, Behets GJ, Heye S, Claes K, Monbaliu D, Pirenne J, D'Haese PC, Evenepoel P. Inflammation and the bone-vascular axis in end-stage renal disease. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:489-97. [PMID: 26294291 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bone loss and vascular calcification coincide in patients with end-stage renal disease, similar as to what is observed in the general population. In the present bone biopsy study, we provide further evidence that (micro-)inflammation may represent a common soil for both diseases. INTRODUCTION Vascular calcification is a common complication of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and is predictive of subsequent cardiovascular disease and mortality. Mounting evidence linking bone disorders with vascular calcification has contributed to the development of the concept of the bone-vascular axis. Inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of both disorders. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between aortic calcification, inflammation, and bone histomorphometry in patients with ESRD. METHODS Parameters of inflammation and mineral metabolism were assessed in 81 ESRD patients (55 ± 13 year, 68 % male) referred for renal transplantation. Static bone histomorphometry parameters were determined on transiliac bone biopsies performed during the transplant procedure. Aortic calcification was quantified on lateral lumbar X-rays using the Kauppila method. RESULTS Aortic calcification, low bone turnover, and low bone area were observed in 53, 37, and 21 % of patients respectively. Inflammatory markers were found to be independently associated with aortic calcification (hsIL-6) and low bone area (TNF-α). Low bone area associated with aortic calcification, independent of age, diabetes, and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Low bone area and inflammation associates with aortic calcification, independent of each other and traditional risk factors. Our data emphasize the role of (micro-)inflammation in the bone-vascular axis in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Viaene
- Department of Nephrology, Catholic University Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - G J Behets
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - S Heye
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Claes
- Department of Nephrology, Catholic University Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - D Monbaliu
- Department of Abdominal Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Pirenne
- Department of Abdominal Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - P C D'Haese
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - P Evenepoel
- Department of Nephrology, Catholic University Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium.
- Dienst nefrologie, Universitair Ziekenhuis Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Kakutani Y, Shioi A, Shoji T, Okazaki H, Koyama H, Emoto M, Inaba M. Oncostatin M Promotes Osteoblastic Differentiation of Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Through JAK3-STAT3 Pathway. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:1325-33. [PMID: 25735629 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a clinically significant component of atherosclerosis and arises from chronic vascular inflammation. Oncostatin M (OSM) derived from plaque macrophages may contribute to the development of atherosclerotic calcification. Here, we investigated the stimulatory effects of OSM on osteoblastic differentiation of human vascular smooth muscle cells (HVSMC) derived from various arteries including umbilical artery, aorta, and coronary artery and its signaling pathway. Osteoblastic differentiation was induced by exposure of HVSMC to osteogenic differentiation medium (ODM) (10% fetal bovine serum, 0.1 μM dexamethasone, 10 mM β-glycerophosphate and 50 μg/ml ascorbic acid 2-phosphate in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium [DMEM]). OSM significantly increased alkaline phosphate (ALP) activity and matrix mineralization in HVSMC from all sources. Osteoblast marker genes such as ALP and Runx2 were also up-regulated by OSM in these cells. OSM treatment induced activation of STAT3 in HVSMC from umbilical artery as evidenced by immunoblot. Moreover, not only a JAK3 inhibitor, WHI-P154, but also knockdown of JAK3 by siRNA prevented the OSM-induced ALP activity and matrix mineralization in umbilical artery HVSMC. On the other hand, silencing of STAT3 almost completely suppressed OSM-induced ALP expression and matrix mineralization in HVSMC from all sources. These data suggest that OSM promotes osteoblastic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells through JAK3/STAT3 pathway and may contribute to the development of atherosclerotic calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Kakutani
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shioi
- Department of Geriatrics and Vascular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Shoji
- Department of Geriatrics and Vascular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Okazaki
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Hidenori Koyama
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Masanori Emoto
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaaki Inaba
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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166
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Joshi FR, Rajani NK, Abt M, Woodward M, Bucerius J, Mani V, Tawakol A, Kallend D, Fayad ZA, Rudd JH. Does Vascular Calcification Accelerate Inflammation? J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 67:69-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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167
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Kang WJ. F-18 Fluoride Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography for Detecting Atherosclerotic Plaques. Korean J Radiol 2015; 16:1257-61. [PMID: 26576114 PMCID: PMC4644746 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2015.16.6.1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of major cardiovascular events occur in patients due to minimal or some lumen narrowing of the coronary artery. Recent biological studies have shown that the biological composition or vulnerability of the plaque is more critical for plaque rupture compared to the degree of stenosis. To overcome the limitations of anatomical images, molecular imaging techniques have been suggested as promising imaging tools in various fields. F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), which is widely used in the field of oncology, is an example of molecular probes used in atherosclerotic plaque evaluation. FDG is a marker of plaque macrophage glucose utilization and inflammation, which is a prominent characteristic of vulnerable plaque. Recently, F-18 fluoride has been used to visualize vulnerable plaque in clinical studies. F-18 fluoride accumulates in regions of active microcalcification, which is normally observed during the early stages of plaque formation. More studies are warranted on the accumulation of F-18 fluoride and plaque formation/vulnerability; however, due to high specific accumulation, low background activity, and easy accessibility, F-18 fluoride is emerging as a promising non-invasive imaging probe to detect vulnerable plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Jun Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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168
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Abstract
Gold nanoparticles ( AuNPs ) as one of the most stable metal nanoparticles have demonstrated extensive applications in recent years. In this review, the synthetic methods to AuNPs were discussed, which included citrate reduction, Brust–Schiffrin method, ligand-stabilized AuNPs and so on, followed with the synthetic mechanisms. Special emphasis was made on polymer modified AuNPs in biomedical applications, especially for polymer/ AuNPs conjugated in the field of cancer therapy and early diagnosis. The applications based on optoelectronic properties, which was related to surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect, were also summarized as biosensors for labeling and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Qinyuan Chai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Xinjun Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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169
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Hutcheson JD, Goettsch C, Rogers MA, Aikawa E. Revisiting cardiovascular calcification: A multifaceted disease requiring a multidisciplinary approach. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 46:68-77. [PMID: 26358815 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The presence of cardiovascular calcification significantly predicts patients' morbidity and mortality. Calcific mineral deposition within the soft cardiovascular tissues disrupts the normal biomechanical function of these tissues, leading to complications such as heart failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke. The realization that calcification results from active cellular processes offers hope that therapeutic intervention may prevent or reverse the disease. To this point, however, no clinically viable therapies have emerged. This may be due to the lack of certainty that remains in the mechanisms by which mineral is deposited in cardiovascular tissues. Gaining new insight into this process requires a multidisciplinary approach. The pathological changes in cell phenotype that lead to the physicochemical deposition of mineral and the resultant effects on tissue biomechanics must all be considered when designing strategies to treat cardiovascular calcification. In this review, we overview the current cardiovascular calcification paradigm and discuss emerging techniques that are providing new insight into the mechanisms of ectopic calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Hutcheson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Claudia Goettsch
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Maximillian A Rogers
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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170
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Schnabel C, Jannasch A, Faak S, Waldow T, Koch E. Imaging of aortic valve dynamics in 4D OCT. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/cdbme-2015-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The mechanical components of the heart, especially the valves and leaflets, are enormous stressed during lifetime. Therefore, those structures undergo different pathophysiological tissue transformations which affect cardiac output and in consequence living comfort of affected patients. These changes may lead to calcific aortic valve stenosis (AVS), the major heart valve disease in humans. The knowledge about changes of the dynamic behaviour during the course of this disease and the possibility of early stage diagnosis is of particular interest and could lead to the development of new treatment strategies and drug based options of prevention or therapy. 4D optical coherence tomography (OCT) in combination with high-speed video microscopy were applied to characterize dynamic behaviour of the murine aortic valve and to characterize dynamic properties during artificial stimulation. We present a promising tool to investigate the aortic valve dynamics in an ex vivo disease model with a high spatial and temporal resolution using a multimodal imaging setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schnabel
- Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät CGC, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine and Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Germany
| | - Anett Jannasch
- Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät CGC, Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Germany
| | - Saskia Faak
- Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät CGC, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine and Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Germany and Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät CGC, Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Germany
| | - Thomas Waldow
- Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät CGC, Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Germany
| | - Edmund Koch
- Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät CGC, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine and Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Germany
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171
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Sun F, Shi J, Chen S, Deng C, Hu X, Li H, Li G, Liu Y, Dong N. Lazaroid U-74389G inhibits the osteoblastic differentiation of IL-1β-indcued aortic valve interstitial cells through glucocorticoid receptor and inhibition of NF-κB pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 152:114-23. [PMID: 25957738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aortic valve calcification is characterized as the active process of aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs), and considered as an inflammatory disease. As an antioxidant, the anti-inflammatory activity of Lazaroid has been exhibited in various models. We hypothesized that Lazaroid U-74389G would inhibit the osteoblastic differentiation of AVICs induced by IL-1β. METHODS Normal tricuspid aortic valve leaflets were collected from patients with acute aortic dissection (Type A) undergoing the Bentall procedure. AVICs were isolated and stimulated with IL-1β in presence or absence of U-74389G in culture. Cell lysates were analyzed for osteogenic markers and nuclear factor-κB using real-time PCR and Immunoblotting. Culture media was analyzed for IL-6 and IL-8 with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Alizarin Red Staining was adopted to demonstrate the calcium deposition. RESULTS The expression of alkaline phosphatase and bone morphogenetic protein, accompanied by the production of IL-6 and IL-8, was up-regulated in response to IL-1β and was inhibited by the addition of U-74389G. The NF-κB pathway was activated by IL-1β and involved in the suppression of U-74389G on osteoblastic differentiation in AVICs. The negative effects of U-74389G on ostengenic gene expression and mineralization of AVICs were blocked by glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone and the NF-κB inhibitor Bay 11-7082. CONCLUSIONS U-74389G inhibits the pro-osteogenic response to IL-1β stimulation in AVICs. The osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization of AVICs were inhabited by U-74389G though the modulation of NF-κB activation, and this pathway could be potential therapeutic targets for medical treatment of calcified aortic valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Department of Cardiovascular surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Jiawei Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Cheng Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Xingjian Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Huadong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Geng Li
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Nianguo Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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172
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Pawade TA, Newby DE, Dweck MR. Calcification in Aortic Stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 66:561-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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173
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Quirce R, Martínez-Rodríguez I, Banzo I, Jiménez-Bonilla J, Martínez-Amador N, Ibáñez-Bravo S, López-Defilló J, Jiménez-Alonso M, Revilla MA, Carril JM. New insight of functional molecular imaging into the atheroma biology: 18F-NaF and 18F-FDG in symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid plaques after recent CVA. Preliminary results. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2015; 36:499-503. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Quirce
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Service; University Hospital “Marqués de Valdecilla”; University of Cantabria; Santander Spain
| | - I. Martínez-Rodríguez
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Service; University Hospital “Marqués de Valdecilla”; University of Cantabria; Santander Spain
| | - I. Banzo
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Service; University Hospital “Marqués de Valdecilla”; University of Cantabria; Santander Spain
| | - J. Jiménez-Bonilla
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Service; University Hospital “Marqués de Valdecilla”; University of Cantabria; Santander Spain
| | - N. Martínez-Amador
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Service; University Hospital “Marqués de Valdecilla”; University of Cantabria; Santander Spain
| | - S. Ibáñez-Bravo
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Service; University Hospital “Marqués de Valdecilla”; University of Cantabria; Santander Spain
| | - J. López-Defilló
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Service; University Hospital “Marqués de Valdecilla”; University of Cantabria; Santander Spain
| | - M. Jiménez-Alonso
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Service; University Hospital “Marqués de Valdecilla”; University of Cantabria; Santander Spain
| | - M. A. Revilla
- Neurology Service; University Hospital “Marqués de Valdecilla”; IDIVAL; Santander Spain
| | - J. M. Carril
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Service; University Hospital “Marqués de Valdecilla”; University of Cantabria; Santander Spain
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174
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Bessueille L, Magne D. Inflammation: a culprit for vascular calcification in atherosclerosis and diabetes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2475-89. [PMID: 25746430 PMCID: PMC11113748 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is today acknowledged that aging is associated with a low-grade chronic inflammatory status, and that inflammation exacerbates age-related diseases such as osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Vascular calcification is a complication that also occurs during aging, in particular in association with atherosclerosis and T2DM. Recent studies provided compelling evidence that vascular calcification is associated with inflammatory status and is enhanced by inflammatory cytokines. In the present review, we propose on one hand to highlight the most important and recent findings on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of vascular inflammation in atherosclerosis and T2DM. On the other hand, we will present the effects of inflammatory mediators on the trans-differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cell and on the deposition of crystals. Since vascular calcification significantly impacts morbidity and mortality in affected individuals, a better understanding of its induction and development will pave the way to develop new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Bessueille
- University of Lyon, ICBMS UMR CNRS 5246, Bâtiment Raulin, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - D. Magne
- University of Lyon, ICBMS UMR CNRS 5246, Bâtiment Raulin, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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175
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Yiu AJ, Callaghan D, Sultana R, Bandyopadhyay BC. Vascular Calcification and Stone Disease: A New Look towards the Mechanism. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2015; 2:141-164. [PMID: 26185749 PMCID: PMC4501032 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd2030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium phosphate (CaP) crystals are formed in pathological calcification as well as during stone formation. Although there are several theories as to how these crystals can develop through the combined interactions of biochemical and biophysical factors, the exact mechanism of such mineralization is largely unknown. Based on the published scientific literature, we found that common factors can link the initial stages of stone formation and calcification in anatomically distal tissues and organs. For example, changes to the spatiotemporal conditions of the fluid flow in tubular structures may provide initial condition(s) for CaP crystal generation needed for stone formation. Additionally, recent evidence has provided a meaningful association between the active participation of proteins and transcription factors found in the bone forming (ossification) mechanism that are also involved in the early stages of kidney stone formation and arterial calcification. Our review will focus on three topics of discussion (physiological influences-calcium and phosphate concentration-and similarities to ossification, or bone formation) that may elucidate some commonality in the mechanisms of stone formation and calcification, and pave the way towards opening new avenues for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen J. Yiu
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA; E-Mails: (A.J.Y.); (D.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Daniel Callaghan
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA; E-Mails: (A.J.Y.); (D.C.); (R.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Razia Sultana
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA; E-Mails: (A.J.Y.); (D.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Bidhan C. Bandyopadhyay
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA; E-Mails: (A.J.Y.); (D.C.); (R.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, George Washington University, Ross Hall 2300 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-202-745-8622; Fax: +1-202-462-2006
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176
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Farrar EJ, Huntley GD, Butcher J. Endothelial-derived oxidative stress drives myofibroblastic activation and calcification of the aortic valve. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123257. [PMID: 25874717 PMCID: PMC4395382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Oxidative stress is present in and contributes to calcification of the aortic valve, but the driving factors behind the initiation of valve oxidative stress are not well understood. We tested whether the valve endothelium acts as an initiator and propagator of oxidative stress in aortic valve disease. Methods and Results Calcified human aortic valves showed side-specific elevation of superoxide in the endothelium, co-localized with high VCAM1 expression, linking oxidative stress, inflammation, and valve degeneration. Treatment with inflammatory cytokine TNFα increased superoxide and oxidative stress and decreased eNOS and VE-cadherin acutely over 48 hours in aortic valve endothelial cells (VEC) and chronically over 21 days in ex vivo AV leaflets. Co-treatment of VEC with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) but not apocynin mitigated TNFα-driven VEC oxidative stress. Co-treatment of ex vivo AV leaflets with TNFα+BH4 or TNFα+peg-SOD rescued endothelial function and mitigated inflammatory responses. Both BH4 and peg-SOD rescued valve leaflets from the pro-osteogenic effects of TNFα treatment, but only peg-SOD was able to mitigate the fibrogenic effects, including increased collagen and αSMA expression. Conclusions Aortic valve endothelial cells are a novel source of oxidative stress in aortic valve disease. TNFα-driven VEC oxidative stress causes loss of endothelial protective function, chronic inflammation, and fibrogenic and osteogenic activation, mitigated differentially by BH4 and peg-SOD. These mechanisms identify new targets for tailored antioxidant therapy focused on mitigation of oxidative stress and restoration of endothelial protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Farrar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey D. Huntley
- Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Butcher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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177
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Maldonado N, Kelly-Arnold A, Laudier D, Weinbaum S, Cardoso L. Imaging and analysis of microcalcifications and lipid/necrotic core calcification in fibrous cap atheroma. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 31:1079-87. [PMID: 25837377 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-015-0650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The presence of microcalcifications (µCalcs) >5 µm within the cap of human fibroatheroma has been shown to produce a 200-700% increase in peak circumferential stress, which can transform a stable plaque into a vulnerable one, whereas µCalcs < 5 µm do not appear to increase risk. We quantitatively examine the possibility to distinguish caps with µCalcs > 5 µm based on the gross morphological features of fibroatheromas, and the correlation between the size and distribution of µCalcs in the cap and the calcification in the lipid/necrotic core beneath it. Atherosclerotic lesions (N = 72) were imaged using HR-μCT at 2.1-μm resolution for detailed analysis of atheroma morphology and composition, and validated using non-decalcified histology. At 2.1-μm resolution one observes four different patterns of calcification within the lipid/necrotic core, and is able to elucidate the 3D spatial progression of the calcification process using these four patterns. Of the gross morphological features identified, only minimum cap thickness positively correlated with the existence of µCalcs > 5 µm in the cap. We also show that µCalcs in the cap accumulate in the vicinity of the lipid/necrotic core boundary with few on the lumen side of the cap. HR-μCT enables three-dimensional assessment of soft tissue composition, lipid content, calcification patterns within lipid/necrotic cores and analysis of the axial progression of calcification within individual atheroma. The distribution of µCalcs within the cap is highly non-uniform and decreases sharply as one proceeds from the lipid pool/necrotic core boundary to the lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Maldonado
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College New York, The City University of New York, Steinman Hall T-401, 140th Street and Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10031, USA
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178
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Ruiz JL, Hutcheson JD, Aikawa E. Cardiovascular calcification: current controversies and novel concepts. Cardiovasc Pathol 2015; 24:207-12. [PMID: 25797772 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular calcification is a commonly observed but incompletely understood mechanism of increased atherosclerotic plaque instability and accelerated aortic valve stenosis. Traditional histological staining and imaging techniques are nonspecific for the type of mineral present in calcified tissues, information that is critical for proper validation of in vitro and in vivo models. This review highlights current gaps in our understanding of the biophysical implications and the cellular mechanisms of valvular and vascular calcification and how they may differ between the two tissue types. We also address the hindrances of current cell culture systems, discussing novel platforms and important considerations for future studies of cardiovascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Ruiz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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179
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Jang MA, Kim EK, Now H, Nguyen NTH, Kim WJ, Yoo JY, Lee J, Jeong YM, Kim CH, Kim OH, Sohn S, Nam SH, Hong Y, Lee YS, Chang SA, Jang SY, Kim JW, Lee MS, Lim SY, Sung KS, Park KT, Kim BJ, Lee JH, Kim DK, Kee C, Ki CS. Mutations in DDX58, which encodes RIG-I, cause atypical Singleton-Merten syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 96:266-74. [PMID: 25620203 PMCID: PMC4320253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Singleton-Merten syndrome (SMS) is an autosomal-dominant multi-system disorder characterized by dental dysplasia, aortic calcification, skeletal abnormalities, glaucoma, psoriasis, and other conditions. Despite an apparent autosomal-dominant pattern of inheritance, the genetic background of SMS and information about its phenotypic heterogeneity remain unknown. Recently, we found a family affected by glaucoma, aortic calcification, and skeletal abnormalities. Unlike subjects with classic SMS, affected individuals showed normal dentition, suggesting atypical SMS. To identify genetic causes of the disease, we performed exome sequencing in this family and identified a variant (c.1118A>C [p.Glu373Ala]) of DDX58, whose protein product is also known as RIG-I. Further analysis of DDX58 in 100 individuals with congenital glaucoma identified another variant (c.803G>T [p.Cys268Phe]) in a family who harbored neither dental anomalies nor aortic calcification but who suffered from glaucoma and skeletal abnormalities. Cys268 and Glu373 residues of DDX58 belong to ATP-binding motifs I and II, respectively, and these residues are predicted to be located closer to the ADP and RNA molecules than other nonpathogenic missense variants by protein structure analysis. Functional assays revealed that DDX58 alterations confer constitutive activation and thus lead to increased interferon (IFN) activity and IFN-stimulated gene expression. In addition, when we transduced primary human trabecular meshwork cells with c.803G>T (p.Cys268Phe) and c.1118A>C (p.Glu373Ala) mutants, cytopathic effects and a significant decrease in cell number were observed. Taken together, our results demonstrate that DDX58 mutations cause atypical SMS manifesting with variable expression of glaucoma, aortic calcification, and skeletal abnormalities without dental anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ae Jang
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Hesung Now
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Nhung T H Nguyen
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Woo-Jong Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Yoo
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Jinhyuk Lee
- Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea; Department of Bioinformatics, University of Sciences and Technology, Daejeon 305-350, Korea
| | - Yun-Mi Jeong
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Ok-Hwa Kim
- Department of Radiology, Woorisoa Children's Hospital, Seoul 152-862, Korea
| | - Seongsoo Sohn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Sung-A Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Shin Yi Jang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Jong-Won Kim
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Myung-Shik Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - So Young Lim
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Ki-Sun Sung
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Park
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Byoung Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Joo-Heung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Duk-Kyung Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Changwon Kee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea.
| | - Chang-Seok Ki
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea.
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180
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Kataoka Y, Puri R, Hammadah M, Duggal B, Uno K, Kapadia SR, Tuzcu EM, Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ. Spotty calcification and plaque vulnerability in vivo: frequency-domain optical coherence tomography analysis. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2015; 4:460-9. [PMID: 25610803 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2014.11.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spotty calcification is a morphological characteristic of a vulnerable plaque phenotype. While this calcium pattern is considered an active process, promoted by inflammation, it is unknown whether spotty calcification associates with development of microstructures observed in vulnerable plaques. As frequency-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) enables visualization of microstructures associated with plaque vulnerability, we investigated the association between spotty calcification and plaque microstructures by using FD-OCT. METHODS A total of 300 patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD), having clinical indication for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), were analyzed. Totally 280 non-culprit lipid plaques within the target vessel requiring PCI were evaluated by FD-OCT. Spotty calcification was defined as a presence of lesion <4 mm in length, containing an arc of calcification <90° on FD-OCT. Plaque microstructures were compared in non-culprit lipid-rich plaques with and without spotty calcification. RESULTS Spotty calcification was observed in 39.6% of non-culprit lipid-rich plaques, with 30.6% of these plaques demonstrating multiple spotty calcifications. Plaques containing spotty calcification exhibited a greater lipid index (= averaged lipid arc × lipid length); 1,511.8±1,522.3 vs. 815.2±1,040.3 mm°, P<0.0001), thinner fibrous caps (89.0±31.6 vs. 136.5±32.5 µm, P=0.002) and a higher prevalence of microchannels (45.9% vs. 17.7%, P=0.007). A significant association was observed between the number of spotty calcifications per plaque and fibrous cap thickness (r=-0.40, P=0.006). Increased number of spotty calcification was also associated with a higher prevalence of microchannel within plaques (P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS In patients with stable CAD requiring PCI, the presence of spotty calcification imaged by FD-OCT was associated with features of greater plaque vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kataoka
- 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Rishi Puri
- 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Muhammad Hammadah
- 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Bhanu Duggal
- 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kiyoko Uno
- 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Samir R Kapadia
- 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - E Murat Tuzcu
- 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Steven E Nissen
- 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen J Nicholls
- 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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181
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Barbarash O, Rutkovskaya N, Hryachkova O, Gruzdeva O, Uchasova E, Ponasenko A, Kondyukova N, Odarenko Y, Barbarash L. Impact of recipient-related factors on structural dysfunction of xenoaortic bioprosthetic heart valves. Patient Prefer Adherence 2015; 9:389-99. [PMID: 25834408 PMCID: PMC4358689 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s76001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the influence of recipient-related metabolic factors on the rate of structural dysfunction caused by the calcification of xenoaortic bioprostheses. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed clinical status, calcium-phosphorus metabolism, and nonspecific markers of inflammatory response in bioprosthetic mitral valve recipients with calcific degeneration confirmed by histological and electron microscopic studies (group 1, n=22), and in those without degeneration (group 2, n=48). RESULTS Patients with confirmed calcification of bioprostheses were more likely to have a severe clinical state (functional class IV in 36% in group 1 versus 15% in group 2, P=0.03) and a longer cardiopulmonary bypass period (112.8±18.8 minutes in group 1 versus 97.2±23.6 minutes in group 2, P=0.02) during primary surgery. Patients in group 1 demonstrated moderate hypovitaminosis D (median 34.0, interquartile range [21.0; 49.4] vs 40 [27.2; 54.0] pmol/L, P>0.05), osteoprotegerin deficiency (82.5 [44.2; 115.4] vs 113.5 [65.7; 191.3] pg/mL, P>0.05) and osteopontin deficiency (4.5 [3.3; 7.7] vs 5.2 [4.1; 7.2] ng/mL, P>0.05), and significantly reduced bone-specific alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme (17.1 [12.2; 21.4] vs 22.3 [15.5; 30.5] U/L, P=0.01) and interleukin-8 levels (9.74 [9.19; 10.09] pg/mL vs 13.17 [9.72; 23.1] pg/mL, P=0.045) compared with group 2, with an overall increase in serum levels of proinflammatory markers. CONCLUSION Possible predictors of the rate of calcific degeneration of bioprostheses include the degree of decompensated heart failure, the duration and invasiveness of surgery, and the characteristics of calcium-phosphorus homeostasis in the recipient, defined by bone resorption and local and systemic inflammation. The results confirm the hypothesis that cell-mediated regulation of pathological calcification is caused by dysregulation of metabolic processes, which are in turn controlled by proinflammatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Barbarash
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Natalya Rutkovskaya
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Oksana Hryachkova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Olga Gruzdeva
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Evgenya Uchasova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russia
- Correspondence: Evgenya Uchasova, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia, Tel +7 3842 640 553, Email
| | - Anastasia Ponasenko
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Natalya Kondyukova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Yuri Odarenko
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Leonid Barbarash
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russia
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182
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Bowler MA, Merryman WD. In vitro models of aortic valve calcification: solidifying a system. Cardiovasc Pathol 2015; 24:1-10. [PMID: 25249188 PMCID: PMC4268061 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) affects 25% of people over 65, and the late-stage stenotic state can only be treated with total valve replacement, requiring 85,000 surgeries annually in the US alone (University of Maryland Medical Center, 2013, http://umm.edu/programs/services/heart-center-programs/cardiothoracic-surgery/valve-surgery/facts). As CAVD is an age-related disease, many of the affected patients are unable to undergo the open-chest surgery that is its only current cure. This challenge motivates the elucidation of the mechanisms involved in calcification, with the eventual goal of alternative preventative and therapeutic strategies. There is no sufficient animal model of CAVD, so we turn to potential in vitro models. In general, in vitro models have the advantages of shortened experiment time and better control over multiple variables compared to in vivo models. As with all models, the hypothesis being tested dictates the most important characteristics of the in vivo physiology to recapitulate. Here, we collate the relevant pieces of designing and evaluating aortic valve calcification so that investigators can more effectively draw significant conclusions from their results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A Bowler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - W David Merryman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212.
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183
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Schnabel C, Jannasch A, Faak S, Waldow T, Koch E. Ex vivo 4D visualization of aortic valve dynamics in a murine model with optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:4201-12. [PMID: 25574432 PMCID: PMC4285599 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.004201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The heart and its mechanical components, especially the heart valves and leaflets, are under enormous strain and undergo fatigue, which impinge upon cardiac output. The knowledge about changes of the dynamic behavior and the possibility of early stage diagnosis could lead to the development of new treatment strategies. Animal models are suited for the development and evaluation of new experimental approaches and therefor innovative imaging techniques are necessary. In this study, we present the time resolved visualization of healthy and calcified aortic valves in an ex vivo artificially stimulated heart model with 4D optical coherence tomography and high-speed video microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schnabel
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine CGC, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine and Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Germany ; Authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Anett Jannasch
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine CGC, Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Germany ; Authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Saskia Faak
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine CGC, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine and Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Germany ; Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine CGC, Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Germany ; Authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Thomas Waldow
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine CGC, Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Germany
| | - Edmund Koch
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine CGC, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine and Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Germany
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Buendía P, Montes de Oca A, Madueño JA, Merino A, Martín-Malo A, Aljama P, Ramírez R, Rodríguez M, Carracedo J. Endothelial microparticles mediate inflammation-induced vascular calcification. FASEB J 2014; 29:173-81. [PMID: 25342130 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-249706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of endothelial cells (ECs) with TNF-α causes an increase in the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and the production of endothelial microparticles (EMPs). BMP-2 is known to produce osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). It was found that EMPs from TNF-α-stimulated endothelial cells (HUVECs) contained a significant amount of BMP-2 and were able to enhance VSMC osteogenesis and calcification. Calcium content was greater in VSMCs exposed to EMPs from TNF-α-treated HUVECs than EMPs from nontreated HUVECs (3.56 ± 0.57 vs. 1.48 ± 0.56 µg/mg protein; P < 0.05). The increase in calcification was accompanied by up-regulation of Cbfa1 (osteogenic transcription factor) and down-regulation of SM22α (VSMC lineage marker). Inhibition of BMP-2 by small interfering RNA reduced the VSMC calcification induced by EMPs from TNF-α-treated HUVECs. Similar osteogenic capability was observed in EMPs from both patients with chronic kidney disease and senescent cells, which also presented a high level of BMP-2 expression. Labeling of EMPs with CellTracker shows that EMPs are phagocytized by VSMCs under all conditions (with or without high phosphate, control, and EMPs from TNF-α-treated HUVECs). Our data suggest that EC damage results in the release of EMPs with a high content of calcium and BMP-2 that are able to induce calcification and osteogenic differentiation of VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Buendía
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba/Fundación de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Córdoba, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain; Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud Renal, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Addy Montes de Oca
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba/Fundación de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Córdoba, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain; Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud Renal, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Madueño
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba/Fundación de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Córdoba, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana Merino
- Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud Renal, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, IDIBELL, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martín-Malo
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba/Fundación de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Córdoba, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain; Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud Renal, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Nephrology Unit, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pedro Aljama
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba/Fundación de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Córdoba, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain; Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud Renal, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Nephrology Unit, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Ramírez
- Nephrology Unit, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain; Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud Renal, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Physiology Department, Alcalá de Henares University, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Mariano Rodríguez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba/Fundación de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Córdoba, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain; Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud Renal, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Nephrology Unit, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Julia Carracedo
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba/Fundación de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Córdoba, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain; Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud Renal, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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185
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Abstract
During every heartbeat, cardiac valves open and close coordinately to control the unidirectional flow of blood. In this dynamically challenging environment, resident valve cells actively maintain homeostasis, but the signalling between cells and their microenvironment is complex. When homeostasis is disrupted and the valve opening obstructed, haemodynamic profiles can be altered and lead to impaired cardiac function. Currently, late stages of cardiac valve diseases are treated surgically, because no drug therapies exist to reverse or halt disease progression. Consequently, investigators have sought to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of valvular diseases using in vitro cell culture systems and biomaterial scaffolds that can mimic the extracellular microenvironment. In this Review, we describe how signals in the extracellular matrix regulate valve cell function. We propose that the cellular context is a critical factor when studying the molecular basis of valvular diseases in vitro, and one should consider how the surrounding matrix might influence cell signalling and functional outcomes in the valve. Investigators need to build a systems-level understanding of the complex signalling network involved in valve regulation, to facilitate drug target identification and promote in situ or ex vivo heart valve regeneration.
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186
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Fernández-Pisonero I, López J, Onecha E, Dueñas AI, Maeso P, Crespo MS, Román JAS, García-Rodríguez C. Synergy between sphingosine 1-phosphate and lipopolysaccharide signaling promotes an inflammatory, angiogenic and osteogenic response in human aortic valve interstitial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109081. [PMID: 25275309 PMCID: PMC4183546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that the bioactive lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate is involved in cardiovascular pathophysiology, and since lipid accumulation and inflammation are hallmarks of calcific aortic stenosis, the role of sphingosine 1-phosphate on the pro-inflammatory/pro-osteogenic pathways in human interstitial cells from aortic and pulmonary valves was investigated. Real-time PCR showed sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor expression in aortic valve interstitial cells. Exposure of cells to sphingosine 1-phosphate induced pro-inflammatory responses characterized by interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and cyclooxygenase-2 up-regulations, as observed by ELISA and Western blot. Strikingly, cell treatment with sphingosine 1-phosphate plus lipopolysaccharide resulted in the synergistic induction of cyclooxygenase-2, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1, as well as the secretion of prostaglandin E2, the soluble form of the intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and the pro-angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor-A. Remarkably, the synergistic effect was significantly higher in aortic valve interstitial cells from stenotic than control valves, and was drastically lower in cells from pulmonary valves, which rarely undergo stenosis. siRNA and pharmacological analysis revealed the involvement of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors 1/3 and Toll-like receptor-4, and downstream signaling through p38/MAPK, protein kinase C, and NF-κB. As regards pro-osteogenic pathways, sphingosine 1-phosphate induced calcium deposition and the expression of the calcification markers bone morphogenetic protein-2 and alkaline phosphatase, and enhanced the effect of lipopolysaccharide, an effect that was partially blocked by inhibition of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors 3/2 signaling. In conclusion, the interplay between sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling leads to a cooperative up-regulation of inflammatory, angiogenic, and osteogenic pathways in aortic valve interstitial cells that seems relevant to the pathogenesis of aortic stenosis and may allow the inception of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier López
- Cardiology Department, Instituto Ciencias del Corazón (ICICOR) Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Esther Onecha
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-Universidad Valladolid), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Dueñas
- Research Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Patricia Maeso
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-Universidad Valladolid), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Mariano Sánchez Crespo
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-Universidad Valladolid), Valladolid, Spain
| | - José Alberto San Román
- Cardiology Department, Instituto Ciencias del Corazón (ICICOR) Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Carmen García-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-Universidad Valladolid), Valladolid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atherosclerotic plaque rupture and subsequent acute events, such as myocardial infarction and stroke, contribute to the majority of cardiovascular-related deaths. Calcification has emerged as a significant predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, challenging previously held notions that calcifications stabilize atherosclerotic plaques. In this review, we address this discrepancy through recent findings that not all calcifications are equivalent in determining plaque stability. RECENT FINDINGS The risk associated with calcification is inversely associated with calcification density. As opposed to large calcifications that potentially stabilize the plaque, biomechanical modeling indicates that small microcalcifications within the plaque fibrous cap can lead to sufficient stress accumulation to cause plaque rupture. Microcalcifications appear to derive from matrix vesicles enriched in calcium-binding proteins that are released by cells within the plaque. Clinical detection of microcalcifications has been hampered by the lack of imaging resolution required for in-vivo visualization; however, recent studies have demonstrated promising new techniques to predict the presence of microcalcifications. SUMMARY Microcalcifications play a major role in destabilizing atherosclerotic plaques. The identification of critical characteristics that lead to instability along with new imaging modalities to detect their presence in vivo may allow early identification and prevention of acute cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Hutcheson
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Joshi NV, Vesey A, Newby DE, Dweck MR. Will 18F-Sodium Fluoride PET-CT Imaging Be the Magic Bullet for Identifying Vulnerable Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaques? Curr Cardiol Rep 2014; 16:521. [DOI: 10.1007/s11886-014-0521-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang D, Zeng Q, Song R, Ao L, Fullerton DA, Meng X. Ligation of ICAM-1 on human aortic valve interstitial cells induces the osteogenic response: A critical role of the Notch1-NF-κB pathway in BMP-2 expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2744-53. [PMID: 25101972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a chronic inflammatory condition and affects a large number of elderly people. Aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) occupy an important role in valvular calcification and CAVD progression. While pro-inflammatory mechanisms are capable of inducing the osteogenic responses in AVICs, the molecular interaction between pro-inflammatory and pro-osteogenic mechanisms remains poorly understood. This study tested the hypothesis that intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) plays a role in mediating pro-osteogenic factor expression in human AVICs. AVICs were isolated from normal human aortic valves and cultured in M199 medium. Treatment with leukocyte function-associated factor-1 (LFA-1, an ICAM-1 ligand) up-regulated the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and resulted in increased alkaline phosphatase activity and formation of calcification nodules. Pre-treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.05μg/ml) increased ICAM-1 levels on cell surfaces and exaggerated the pro-osteogenic response to LFA-1, and neutralization of ICAM-1 suppressed this response. Further, ligation of ICAM-1 by antibody cross-linking also up-regulated BMP-2 expression. Interestingly, LFA-1 elicited Notch1 cleavage and NF-κB activation. Inhibition of NF-κB markedly reduced LFA-1-induced BMP-2 expression, and inhibition of Notch1 cleavage with a γ-secretase inhibitor suppressed LFA-1-induced NF-κB activation and BMP-2 expression. Ligation of ICAM-1 on human AVICs activates the Notch1 pathway. Notch1 up-regulates BMP-2 expression in human AVICs through activation of NF-κB. The results demonstrate a novel role of ICAM-1 in translating a pro-inflammatory signal into a pro-osteogenic response in human AVICs and suggest that ICAM-1 on the surfaces of AVICs contributes to the mechanism of aortic valve calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Anatomy, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingchun Zeng
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Song
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Ao
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David A Fullerton
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Xianzhong Meng
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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190
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Song R, Ao L, Zhao KS, Zheng D, Venardos N, Fullerton DA, Meng X. Soluble biglycan induces the production of ICAM-1 and MCP-1 in human aortic valve interstitial cells through TLR2/4 and the ERK1/2 pathway. Inflamm Res 2014; 63:703-10. [PMID: 24875140 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0743-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mononuclear cell infiltration in valvular tissue is one of the characteristics in calcific aortic valve disease. The inflammatory responses of aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) play an important role in valvular inflammation. However, it remains unclear what may evoke AVIC inflammatory responses. Accumulation of biglycan has been found in diseased aortic valve leaflets. Soluble biglycan can function as a danger-associated molecular pattern to induce the production of proinflammatory mediators in cultured macrophages. We tested the hypothesis that soluble biglycan induces AVIC production of proinflammatory mediators involved in mononuclear cell infiltration through Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent signaling pathways. METHODS Human AVICs isolated from normal aortic valve leaflets were treated with specific siRNA and neutralizing antibody against TLR2 or TLR4 before biglycan stimulation. The production of ICAM-1 and MCP-1 was assessed. To determine the signaling pathway involved, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK was analyzed, and specific inhibitors of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK were applied. RESULTS Soluble biglycan induced ICAM-1 expression and MCP-1 release in human AVICs, but had no effect on IL-6 release. TLR4 blockade and knockdown reduced ICAM-1 and MCP-1 production induced by biglycan, while knockdown and neutralization of TLR2 resulted in greater suppression of the inflammatory responses. Biglycan induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK, but ICAM-1 and MCP-1 production was reduced only by inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway. Further, inhibition of ERK1/2 attenuated NF-κB activation following biglycan treatment. CONCLUSIONS Soluble biglycan induces the expression of ICAM-1 and MCP-1 in human AVICs through TLR2 and TLR4 and requires activation of the ERK1/2 pathway. AVIC inflammatory responses induced by soluble biglycan may contribute to the mechanism of chronic inflammation associated with calcific aortic valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Song
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 E 19th Avenue, Box C-320, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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191
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximillian A. Rogers
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (M.A.R., E.A.) and Center of Excellence in Vascular Biology (E.A.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (M.A.R., E.A.) and Center of Excellence in Vascular Biology (E.A.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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192
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Willems BAG, Vermeer C, Reutelingsperger CPM, Schurgers LJ. The realm of vitamin K dependent proteins: shifting from coagulation toward calcification. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1620-35. [PMID: 24668744 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the past few decades vitamin K has emerged from a single-function "haemostasis vitamin" to a "multi-function vitamin." The use of vitamin K antagonists (VKA) inevitably showed that the inhibition was not restricted to vitamin K dependent coagulation factors but also synthesis of functional extrahepatic vitamin K dependent proteins (VKDPs), thereby eliciting undesired side effects. Vascular calcification is one of the recently revealed detrimental effects of VKA. The discovery that VKDPs are involved in vascular calcification has propelled our mechanistic understanding of this process and has opened novel avenues for diagnosis and treatment. This review addresses mechanisms of VKDPs and their significance for physiological and pathological calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brecht A G Willems
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; VitaK BV, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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193
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Chen ZY, Wang YX, Lin Y, Zhang JS, Yang F, Zhou QL, Liao YY. Advance of molecular imaging technology and targeted imaging agent in imaging and therapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:819324. [PMID: 24689058 PMCID: PMC3943245 DOI: 10.1155/2014/819324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is an emerging field that integrates advanced imaging technology with cellular and molecular biology. It can realize noninvasive and real time visualization, measurement of physiological or pathological process in the living organism at the cellular and molecular level, providing an effective method of information acquiring for diagnosis, therapy, and drug development and evaluating treatment of efficacy. Molecular imaging requires high resolution and high sensitive instruments and specific imaging agents that link the imaging signal with molecular event. Recently, the application of new emerging chemical technology and nanotechnology has stimulated the development of imaging agents. Nanoparticles modified with small molecule, peptide, antibody, and aptamer have been extensively applied for preclinical studies. Therapeutic drug or gene is incorporated into nanoparticles to construct multifunctional imaging agents which allow for theranostic applications. In this review, we will discuss the characteristics of molecular imaging, the novel imaging agent including targeted imaging agent and multifunctional imaging agent, as well as cite some examples of their application in molecular imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yi Chen
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Yi-Xiang Wang
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Jin-Shan Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Qiu-Lan Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Yang-Ying Liao
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
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194
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Cho HJ, Cho HJ, Kim HS. Vascular progenitor cells with decalcifying potential: a step toward prevention or treatment of atherosclerotic vascular calcification? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 11:937-9. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2013.814875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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195
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Cai Z, Li F, Gong W, Liu W, Duan Q, Chen C, Ni L, Xia Y, Cianflone K, Dong N, Wang DW. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Participates in Aortic Valve Calcification in Hypercholesterolemic Animals. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2345-54. [PMID: 23928865 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhejun Cai
- From the Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital (Z.C., W.G., Q.D., C.C., L.N., D.W.W.), and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (F.L., N.D.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Z.C.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Molecular
| | - Fei Li
- From the Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital (Z.C., W.G., Q.D., C.C., L.N., D.W.W.), and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (F.L., N.D.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Z.C.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Molecular
| | - Wei Gong
- From the Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital (Z.C., W.G., Q.D., C.C., L.N., D.W.W.), and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (F.L., N.D.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Z.C.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Molecular
| | - Wanjun Liu
- From the Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital (Z.C., W.G., Q.D., C.C., L.N., D.W.W.), and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (F.L., N.D.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Z.C.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Molecular
| | - Quanlu Duan
- From the Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital (Z.C., W.G., Q.D., C.C., L.N., D.W.W.), and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (F.L., N.D.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Z.C.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Molecular
| | - Chen Chen
- From the Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital (Z.C., W.G., Q.D., C.C., L.N., D.W.W.), and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (F.L., N.D.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Z.C.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Molecular
| | - Li Ni
- From the Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital (Z.C., W.G., Q.D., C.C., L.N., D.W.W.), and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (F.L., N.D.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Z.C.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Molecular
| | - Yong Xia
- From the Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital (Z.C., W.G., Q.D., C.C., L.N., D.W.W.), and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (F.L., N.D.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Z.C.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Molecular
| | - Katherine Cianflone
- From the Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital (Z.C., W.G., Q.D., C.C., L.N., D.W.W.), and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (F.L., N.D.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Z.C.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Molecular
| | - Nianguo Dong
- From the Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital (Z.C., W.G., Q.D., C.C., L.N., D.W.W.), and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (F.L., N.D.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Z.C.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Molecular
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- From the Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital (Z.C., W.G., Q.D., C.C., L.N., D.W.W.), and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (F.L., N.D.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Z.C.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Molecular
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196
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Weiss RM, Miller JD, Heistad DD. Fibrocalcific aortic valve disease: opportunity to understand disease mechanisms using mouse models. Circ Res 2013; 113:209-22. [PMID: 23833295 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.300153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies in vitro and in vivo continue to identify complex-regulated mechanisms leading to overt fibrocalcific aortic valve disease (FCAVD). Assessment of the functional impact of those processes requires careful studies of models of FCAVD in vivo. Although the genetic basis for FCAVD is unknown for most patients with FCAVD, several disease-associated genes have been identified in humans and mice. Some gene products which regulate valve development in utero also protect against fibrocalcific disease during postnatal aging. Valve calcification can occur via processes that resemble bone formation. But valve calcification can also occur by nonosteogenic mechanisms, such as formation of calcific apoptotic nodules. Anticalcific interventions might preferentially target either osteogenic or nonosteogenic calcification. Although FCAVD and atherosclerosis share several risk factors and mechanisms, there are fundamental differences between arteries and the aortic valve, with respect to disease mechanisms and responses to therapeutic interventions. Both innate and acquired immunity are likely to contribute to FCAVD. Angiogenesis is a feature of inflammation, but may also contribute independently to progression of FCAVD, possibly by actions of pericytes that are associated with new blood vessels. Several therapeutic interventions seem to be effective in attenuating the development of FCAVD in mice. Therapies which are effective early in the course of FCAVD, however, are not necessarily effective in established disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Weiss
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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197
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Cardoso L, Weinbaum S. Changing views of the biomechanics of vulnerable plaque rupture: a review. Ann Biomed Eng 2013; 42:415-31. [PMID: 23842694 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-013-0855-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review examines changing perspectives on the biomechanics of vulnerable plaque rupture over the past 25 years from the first finite element analyses (FEA) showing that the presence of a lipid pool significantly increases the local tissue stress in the atheroma cap to the latest imaging and 3D FEA studies revealing numerous microcalcifications in the cap proper and a new paradigm for cap rupture. The first part of the review summarizes studies describing the role of the fibrous cap thickness, tissue properties, and lesion geometry as main determinants of the risk of rupture. Advantages and limitations of current imaging technologies for assessment of vulnerable plaques are also discussed. However, the basic paradoxes as to why ruptures frequently did not coincide with location of PCS and why caps >65 μm thickness could rupture at tissue stresses significantly below the 300 kPa critical threshold still remained unresolved. The second part of the review describes recent studies in the role of microcalcifications, their origin, shape, and clustering in explaining these unresolved issues including the actual mechanism of rupture due to the explosive growth of tiny voids (cavitation) in local regions of high stress concentration between closely spaced microinclusions oriented along their tensile axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Cardoso
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, Steinman Hall, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10031, USA
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198
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New SE, Goettsch C, Aikawa M, Marchini JF, Shibasaki M, Yabusaki K, Libby P, Shanahan CM, Croce K, Aikawa E. Macrophage-derived matrix vesicles: an alternative novel mechanism for microcalcification in atherosclerotic plaques. Circ Res 2013; 113:72-7. [PMID: 23616621 PMCID: PMC3703850 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.301036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE We previously showed that early calcification of atherosclerotic plaques associates with macrophage accumulation. Chronic renal disease and mineral imbalance accelerate calcification and the subsequent release of matrix vesicles (MVs), precursors of microcalcification. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that macrophage-derived MVs contribute directly to microcalcification. METHODS AND RESULTS Macrophages associated with regions of calcified vesicular structures in human carotid plaques (n=136 patients). In vitro, macrophages released MVs with high calcification and aggregation potential. MVs expressed exosomal markers (CD9 and TSG101) and contained S100A9 and annexin V. Silencing S100A9 in vitro and genetic deficiency in S100A9-/- mice reduced MV calcification, whereas stimulation with S100A9 increased calcification potential. Externalization of phosphatidylserine after Ca/P stimulation and interaction of S100A9 and annexin V indicated that a phosphatidylserine-annexin V-S100A9 membrane complex facilitates hydroxyapatite nucleation within the macrophage-derived MV membrane. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the novel concept that macrophages release calcifying MVs enriched in S100A9 and annexin V, which contribute to accelerated microcalcification in chronic renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E. New
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Claudia Goettsch
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Cardiovascular Division and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Julio F. Marchini
- Cardiovascular Division and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Manabu Shibasaki
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Katsumi Yabusaki
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Peter Libby
- Cardiovascular Division and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Kevin Croce
- Cardiovascular Division and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Cardiovascular Division and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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199
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New SEP, Aikawa E. Role of extracellular vesicles in de novo mineralization: an additional novel mechanism of cardiovascular calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1753-8. [PMID: 23766262 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are membrane micro/nanovesicles secreted by many cell types into the circulation and the extracellular milieu in physiological and pathological conditions. Evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles, known as matrix vesicles, play a role in the mineralization of skeletal tissue, but emerging ultrastructural and in vitro studies have demonstrated their contribution to cardiovascular calcification as well. Cells involved in the progression of cardiovascular calcification release active vesicles capable of nucleating hydroxyapatite on their membranes. This review discusses the role of extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular calcification and elaborates on this additional mechanism of calcification as an alternative pathway to the currently accepted mechanism of biomineralization via osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E P New
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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200
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Circulation Research
Thematic Synopsis. Circ Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.301487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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