151
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Pang JKS, Ho BX, Chan WK, Soh BS. Insights to Heart Development and Cardiac Disease Models Using Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived 3D Organoids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:788955. [PMID: 34926467 PMCID: PMC8675211 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.788955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical research in the recent years has achieved significant progress due to the increasing prominence of organoid technology. Various developed tissue organoids bridge the limitations of conventional 2D cell culture and animal models by recapitulating in vivo cellular complexity. Current 3D cardiac organoid cultures have shown their utility in modelling key developmental hallmarks of heart organogenesis, but the complexity of the organ demands a more versatile model that can investigate more fundamental parameters, such as structure, organization and compartmentalization of a functioning heart. This review will cover the prominence of cardiac organoids in recent research, unpack current in vitro 3D models of the developing heart and look into the prospect of developing physiologically appropriate cardiac organoids with translational applicability. In addition, we discuss some of the limitations of existing cardiac organoid models in modelling embryonic development of the heart and manifestation of cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Kah Sheng Pang
- Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, ASTAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Beatrice Xuan Ho
- Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, ASTAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Woon-Khiong Chan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon-Seng Soh
- Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, ASTAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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152
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Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell as a Disease Modeling and Drug Development Platform-A Cardiac Perspective. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123483. [PMID: 34943991 PMCID: PMC8699880 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology and cellular responses to drugs in human heart disease is limited by species differences between humans and experimental animals. In addition, isolation of human cardiomyocytes (CMs) is complicated because cells obtained by biopsy do not proliferate to provide sufficient numbers of cells for preclinical studies in vitro. Interestingly, the discovery of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) has opened up the possibility of generating and studying heart disease in a culture dish. The combination of reprogramming and genome editing technologies to generate a broad spectrum of human heart diseases in vitro offers a great opportunity to elucidate gene function and mechanisms. However, to exploit the potential applications of hiPSC-derived-CMs for drug testing and studying adult-onset cardiac disease, a full functional characterization of maturation and metabolic traits is required. In this review, we focus on methods to reprogram somatic cells into hiPSC and the solutions for overcome immaturity of the hiPSC-derived-CMs to mimic the structure and physiological properties of the adult human CMs to accurately model disease and test drug safety. Finally, we discuss how to improve the culture, differentiation, and purification of CMs to obtain sufficient numbers of desired types of hiPSC-derived-CMs for disease modeling and drug development platform.
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153
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From Spheroids to Organoids: The Next Generation of Model Systems of Human Cardiac Regeneration in a Dish. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413180. [PMID: 34947977 PMCID: PMC8708686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids are tiny, self-organized, three-dimensional tissue cultures that are derived from the differentiation of stem cells. The growing interest in the use of organoids arises from their ability to mimic the biology and physiology of specific tissue structures in vitro. Organoids indeed represent promising systems for the in vitro modeling of tissue morphogenesis and organogenesis, regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, drug therapy testing, toxicology screening, and disease modeling. Although 2D cell cultures have been used for more than 50 years, even for their simplicity and low-cost maintenance, recent years have witnessed a steep rise in the availability of organoid model systems. Exploiting the ability of cells to re-aggregate and reconstruct the original architecture of an organ makes it possible to overcome many limitations of 2D cell culture systems. In vitro replication of the cellular micro-environment of a specific tissue leads to reproducing the molecular, biochemical, and biomechanical mechanisms that directly influence cell behavior and fate within that specific tissue. Lineage-specific self-organizing organoids have now been generated for many organs. Currently, growing cardiac organoid (cardioids) from pluripotent stem cells and cardiac stem/progenitor cells remains an open challenge due to the complexity of the spreading, differentiation, and migration of cardiac muscle and vascular layers. Here, we summarize the evolution of biological model systems from the generation of 2D spheroids to 3D organoids by focusing on the generation of cardioids based on the currently available laboratory technologies and outline their high potential for cardiovascular research.
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154
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iPSC Therapy for Myocardial Infarction in Large Animal Models: Land of Hope and Dreams. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121836. [PMID: 34944652 PMCID: PMC8698445 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction is the main driver of heart failure due to ischemia and subsequent cell death, and cell-based strategies have emerged as promising therapeutic methods to replace dead tissue in cardiovascular diseases. Research in this field has been dramatically advanced by the development of laboratory-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that harbor the capability to become any cell type. Like other experimental strategies, stem cell therapy must meet multiple requirements before reaching the clinical trial phase, and in vivo models are indispensable for ensuring the safety of such novel therapies. Specifically, translational studies in large animal models are necessary to fully evaluate the therapeutic potential of this approach; to empirically determine the optimal combination of cell types, supplementary factors, and delivery methods to maximize efficacy; and to stringently assess safety. In the present review, we summarize the main strategies employed to generate iPSCs and differentiate them into cardiomyocytes in large animal species; the most critical differences between using small versus large animal models for cardiovascular studies; and the strategies that have been pursued regarding implanted cells' stage of differentiation, origin, and technical application.
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155
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Bi Z, Hong W, Yang J, Lu S, Peng X. Animal models for SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathology. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:548-568. [PMID: 34909757 PMCID: PMC8662225 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Current variants including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Lambda increase the capacity of infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2, which might disable the in-used therapies and vaccines. The COVID-19 has now put an enormous strain on health care system all over the world. Therefore, the development of animal models that can capture characteristics and immune responses observed in COVID-19 patients is urgently needed. Appropriate models could accelerate the testing of therapeutic drugs and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we aim to summarize the current animal models for SARS-CoV-2 infection, including mice, hamsters, nonhuman primates, and ferrets, and discuss the details of transmission, pathology, and immunology induced by SARS-CoV-2 in these animal models. We hope this could throw light to the increased usefulness in fundamental studies of COVID-19 and the preclinical analysis of vaccines and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Bi
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Weiqi Hong
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- National Kunming High‐level Biosafety Primate Research CenterInstitute of Medical BiologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeYunnanChina
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- National Kunming High‐level Biosafety Primate Research CenterInstitute of Medical BiologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeYunnanChina
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156
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Van de Sande DV, Kopljar I, Maaike A, Teisman A, Gallacher DJ, Bart L, Snyders DJ, Leybaert L, Lu HR, Labro AJ. The resting membrane potential of hSC-CM in a syncytium is more hyperpolarised than that of isolated cells. Channels (Austin) 2021; 15:239-252. [PMID: 33465001 PMCID: PMC7817136 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2021.1871815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) and stem cell (hSC) derived cardiomyocytes (CM) are gaining popularity as in vitro model for cardiology and pharmacology studies. A remaining flaw of these cells, as shown by single-cell electrophysiological characterization, is a more depolarized resting membrane potential (RMP) compared to native CM. Most reports attribute this to a lower expression of the Kir2.1 potassium channel that generates the IK1 current. However, most RMP recordings are obtained from isolated hSC/hiPSC-CMs whereas in a more native setting these cells are interconnected with neighboring cells by connexin-based gap junctions, forming a syncytium. Hereby, these cells are electrically connected and the total pool of IK1 increases. Therefore, the input resistance (Ri) of interconnected cells is lower than that of isolated cells. During patch clamp experiments pipettes need to be well attached or sealed to the cell, which is reflected in the seal resistance (Rs), because a nonspecific ionic current can leak through this pipette-cell contact or seal and balance out small currents within the cell such as IK1. By recording the action potential of isolated hSC-CMs and that of hSC-CMs cultured in small monolayers, we show that the RMP of hSC-CMs in monolayer is approximately -20 mV more hyperpolarized compared to isolated cells. Accordingly, adding carbenoxolone, a connexin channel blocker, isolates the cell that is patch clamped from its neighboring cells of the monolayer and depolarizes the RMP. The presented data show that the recorded RMP of hSC-CMs in a syncytium is more negative than that determined from isolated hSC/hiPSC-CMs, most likely because the active pool of Kir2.1 channels increased.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Kopljar
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Non-Clinical Safety, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Alaerts Maaike
- Centre of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ard Teisman
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Non-Clinical Safety, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - David J. Gallacher
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Non-Clinical Safety, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Loeys Bart
- Centre of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dirk J. Snyders
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hua Rong Lu
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Non-Clinical Safety, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Alain J. Labro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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157
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Liao Y, Zhu L, Wang Y. Maturation of Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes: Foe in Translation Medicine. Int J Stem Cells 2021; 14:366-385. [PMID: 34711701 PMCID: PMC8611306 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc21077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the in-depth study of heart development, many human cardiomyocytes (CMs) have been generated in a laboratory environment. CMs derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have been widely used for a series of applications such as laboratory studies, drug toxicology screening, cardiac disease models, and as an unlimited resource for cell-based cardiac regeneration therapy. However, the low maturity of the induced CMs significantly impedes their applicability. Scientists have been committed to improving the maturation of CMs to achieve the purpose of heart regeneration in the past decades. In this review, we take CMs maturation as the main object of discussion, describe the characteristics of CMs maturation, summarize the key regulatory mechanism of regulating maturation and address the approaches to promote CMs maturation. The maturation of CM is gradually improving due to the incorporation of advanced technologies and is expected to continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Liao
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Liyuan Zhu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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158
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Engineering the niche to differentiate and deploy cardiovascular cells. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 74:122-128. [PMID: 34861477 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Applications for stem cells have ranged from therapeutic interventions to more conventional screening and in vitro modeling, but significant limitations to each is due to the lack of maturity from decades old monolayer protocols. While those methods remain the 'gold standard,' newer three-dimensional methods, when combined with engineered niche, stand to significantly improve cell maturity and enable new applications. Here in three parts, we first discuss past methods, and where and why we believe those methods produced suboptimal myocytes. Second, we note how newer methods are moving the field into an era of cell mechanical, electrical, and biological maturity. Finally, we highlight how these improvements will solve issues of scale and engraftment to yield clinical success. It is our conclusion that only through a combination of diverse cell populations and engineered niche will we create an engineered heart tissue with the maturity and vasculature to integrate successfully into a host.
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159
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Gong Y, Yang L, Tang J, Zheng J, Witman N, Jakob P, Tan Y, Liu M, Chen Y, Wang H, Fu W, Wang W. Yohimbine Directly Induces Cardiotoxicity on Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 22:141-151. [PMID: 34817810 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-021-09709-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Yohimbine is a highly selective and potent α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, which is usually treated as an adjunction for impotence, as well for weight loss and natural bodybuilding aids. However, it was recently reported that Yohimbine causes myocardial injury and controversial results were reported in the setting of cardiac diseases. Here, we used human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) as a model system to explore electrophysiologic characterization after exposure to Yohimbine. HiPSC-CMs were differentiated by employment of inhibitory Wnt compounds. For analysis of electrophysiological properties, conventional whole-cell patch-clamp recording was used. Specifically, spontaneous action potentials, pacemaker currents (If), sodium (Na+) channel (INa), and calcium (Ca++) channel currents (ICa) were assessed in hiPSC-CMs after exposure to Yohimbine. HiPSC-CMs expressed sarcomeric-α-actinin and MLC2V proteins, as well as exhibited ventricular-like spontaneous action potential waveform. Yohimbine inhibited frequency of hiPSC-CMs spontaneous action potentials and significantly prolonged action potential duration in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, rest potential, threshold potential, amplitude, and maximal diastolic potential were decreased, whereas APD50/APD90 was prolonged. Yohimbine inhibited the amplitude of INa in low doses (IC50 = 14.2 μM, n = 5) and inhibited ICa in high doses (IC50 = 139.7 μM, n = 5). Whereas Yohimbine did not affect the activation curves, treatment resulted in left shifts in inactivation curves of both Na+ and Ca++ channels. Here, we show that Yohimbine induces direct cardiotoxic effects on spontaneous action potentials of INa and ICa in hiPSC-CMs. Importantly, these effects were not mediated by α2-adrenoceptor signaling. Our results strongly suggest that Yohimbine directly and negatively affects electrophysiological properties of human cardiomyocytes. These findings are highly relevant for potential application of Yohimbine in patients with atrioventricular conduction disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Gong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dong Fang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jijian Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Nevin Witman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp Jakob
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Yao Tan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dong Fang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Minglu Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dong Fang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dong Fang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Huijing Wang
- Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dong Fang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
- Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dong Fang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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160
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Wafer-Scale Patterning of Protein Templates for Hydrogel Fabrication. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12111386. [PMID: 34832798 PMCID: PMC8620583 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes are a potentially unlimited cell source and promising patient-specific in vitro model of cardiac diseases. Yet, these cells are limited by immaturity and population heterogeneity. Current in vitro studies aiming at better understanding of the mechanical and chemical cues in the microenvironment that drive cellular maturation involve deformable materials and precise manipulation of the microenvironment with, for example, micropatterns. Such microenvironment manipulation most often involves microfabrication protocols which are time-consuming, require cleanroom facilities and photolithography expertise. Here, we present a method to increase the scale of the fabrication pipeline, thereby enabling large-batch generation of shelf-stable microenvironment protein templates on glass chips. This decreases fabrication time and allows for more flexibility in the subsequent steps, for example, in tuning the material properties and the selection of extracellular matrix or cell proteins. Further, the fabrication of deformable hydrogels has been optimized for compatibility with these templates, in addition to the templates being able to be used to acquire protein patterns directly on the glass chips. With our approach, we have successfully controlled the shapes of cardiomyocytes seeded on Matrigel-patterned hydrogels.
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161
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Silver SE, Barrs RW, Mei Y. Transplantation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes for Cardiac Regenerative Therapy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:707890. [PMID: 34820426 PMCID: PMC8606657 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.707890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and bears an immense economic burden. Late-stage heart failure often requires total heart transplantation; however, due to donor shortages and lifelong immunosuppression, alternative cardiac regenerative therapies are in high demand. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, have emerged as a viable source of human cardiomyocytes for transplantation. Recent developments in several mammalian models of cardiac injury have provided strong evidence of the therapeutic potential of hPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CM), showing their ability to electromechanically integrate with host cardiac tissue and promote functional recovery. In this review, we will discuss recent developments in hPSC-CM differentiation and transplantation strategies for delivery to the heart. We will highlight the mechanisms through which hPSC-CMs contribute to heart repair, review major challenges in successful transplantation of hPSC-CMs, and present solutions that are being explored to address these limitations. We end with a discussion of the clinical use of hPSC-CMs, including hurdles to clinical translation, current clinical trials, and future perspectives on hPSC-CM transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia E. Silver
- Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Ryan W. Barrs
- Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Ying Mei
- Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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162
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Kim J, Shanmugasundaram A, Lee DW. Enhancement of cardiac contractility using gold-coated SU-8 cantilevers and their application to drug-induced cardiac toxicity tests. Analyst 2021; 146:6768-6779. [PMID: 34642716 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01337h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we propose an array of gold (Au)-coated SU-8 cantilevers with microgrooves for improved maturation of cardiomyocytes and describe its applications to drug-induced cardiac toxicity tests. Firstly, we evaluated the effect of cell culture substrates such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyimide (PI), and SU-8 on the cardiomyocyte's maturation. Among these, the SU-8 with microgroove structures exhibits improved cardiomyocyte maturation. Further, thin layers of graphene and Au are coated on SU-8 substrates and the effects of these materials on cardiomyocyte maturation are evaluated by analyzing the expression of proteins such as alpha-actinin, Connexin 43 (Cx43), and Vinculin. While both conductive materials enhanced protein expression when compared to bare SU-8, the Au-coated SU-8 substrates demonstrated superior cardiomyocyte maturation. The cantilever structure is constructed using microgroove patterned SU-8 with and without an Au coating. The Au-coated SU-8 cantilever showed maximum displacement of 17.6 ± 0.3 μm on day 21 compared to bare SU-8 (14.2 ± 0.4 μm) owing to improved cardiomyocytes maturation. Verapamil and quinidine are used to characterize drug-induced changes in the contraction characteristics of cardiomyocytes on bare and Au-coated SU-8 cantilevers. The relative contraction forces and beat rates changed according to the calcium and sodium channel related drugs. Matured cardiomyocytes are less influenced by the drugs compared to immature cardiomyocytes and showed reliable IC50 values. These results indicate that the proposed Au-coated SU-8 cantilever array could help improve the accuracy of toxicity screening results by allowing for the use of cardiomyocytes that have been matured on the drug screening platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongyun Kim
- Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Arunkumar Shanmugasundaram
- MEMS and Nanotechnology Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Weon Lee
- MEMS and Nanotechnology Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Next-Generation Sensor Research and Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.,Advanced Medical Device Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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163
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Ho BX, Yu H, Pang JKS, Hor JH, Liew LC, Szyniarowski P, Lim CYY, An O, Yang HH, Stewart CL, Chan WK, Ng SY, Soh BS. Upregulation of the JAK-STAT pathway promotes maturation of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:2928-2941. [PMID: 34767749 PMCID: PMC8693666 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The immature characteristics and metabolic phenotypes of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) restrict their applications for disease modeling, drug discovery, and cell-based therapy. Leveraging on the metabolic shifts from glycolysis to fatty acid oxidation as CMs mature, a human hexokinase1-GFP metabolic reporter cell line (H7 HK1-GFP) was generated to facilitate the isolation of fetal or more matured hPSC-CMs. RNA sequencing of fetal versus more matured CMs uncovered a potential role of interferon-signaling pathway in regulating CM maturation. Indeed, IFN-γ-treated CMs resulted in an upregulation of the JAK-STAT pathway, which was found to be associated with increased expression of CM maturation genes, shift from MYH6 to MYH7 expression, and improved sarcomeric structure. Functionally, IFN-γ-treated CMs exhibited a more matured electrophysiological profile, such as increased calcium dynamics and action potential upstroke velocity, demonstrated through calcium imaging and MEA. Expectedly, the functional improvements were nullified with a JAK-STAT inhibitor, ruxolitinib. RNA-seq revealed upregulation of IFN-signaling pathways during CM maturation IFN-γ-treated PSC-derived fetal CMs display increased MYH7:MYH6 ratio IFN-γ-treated PSC-derived fetal CMs exhibited improved electrophysiological profile
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Xuan Ho
- Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, A(∗)STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hongbing Yu
- Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, A(∗)STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Jeremy Kah Sheng Pang
- Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, A(∗)STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jin-Hui Hor
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, A(∗)STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Lee Chuen Liew
- Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, A(∗)STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Piotr Szyniarowski
- A∗STAR Skin Research Labs, 8A Biomedical Grove #06-40, Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Christina Ying Yan Lim
- Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, A(∗)STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Omer An
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Henry He Yang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Colin L Stewart
- A∗STAR Skin Research Labs, 8A Biomedical Grove #06-40, Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Woon Khiong Chan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Shi-Yan Ng
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, A(∗)STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Dr, Singapore 117593, Singapore; National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore.
| | - Boon-Seng Soh
- Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, A(∗)STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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164
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Song MH, Choi SC, Noh JM, Joo HJ, Park CY, Cha JJ, Ahn TH, Ko TH, Choi JI, Na JE, Rhyu IJ, Jang Y, Park Y, Gim JA, Kim JH, Lim DS. LEFTY-PITX2 signaling pathway is critical for generation of mature and ventricular cardiac organoids in human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac mesoderm cells. Biomaterials 2021; 278:121133. [PMID: 34571434 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The generation of mature ventricular cardiomyocytes (CMs) resembling adult CMs from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) is necessary for disease modeling and drug discovery. To investigate the effect of self-organizing capacity on the generation of mature cardiac organoids (COs), we generated cardiac mesoderm cell-derived COs (CMC-COs) and CM-derived COs (CM-COs) and evaluated COs. CMC-COs exhibited more organized sarcomere structures and mitochondria, well-arranged t-tubule structures, and evenly distributed intercalated discs. Increased expressions of ventricular CM, cardiac metabolic, t-tubule formation, K+ ion channel, and junctional markers were confirmed in CMC-COs. Mature ventricular-like function such as faster motion vector speed, decreased beats per min, increased peak-to-peak duration, and prolonged APD50 and APD90 were observed in CMC-COs. Transcriptional profiling revealed that extracellular matrix-integrin, focal adhesion, and LEFTY-PITX2 signaling pathways are upregulated in CMC-COs. LEFTY knockdown affected ECM-integrin-FA signaling pathways in CMC-COs. Here, we found that high self-organizing capacity of CMCs is critical for the generation of mature and ventricular COs. We also demonstrated that LEFTY-PITX2 signaling plays key roles for CM maturation and specification into ventricular-like CM subtype in CMC-COs. CMC-COs are an attractive resource for disease modeling and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong-Hwa Song
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Seung-Cheol Choi
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea; R&D Center for Companion Diagnostic, SOL Bio Corporation, Suite 510, 27, Seongsui-ro7-gil, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04780, South Korea
| | - Ji-Min Noh
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Joo
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Chi-Yeon Park
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Cha
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Ahn
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Tae Hee Ko
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine and Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jong-Il Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine and Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Na
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Im Joo Rhyu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Yongjun Jang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Yongdoo Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jeong-An Gim
- Medical Science Research Center, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul,08308, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Do-Sun Lim
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
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165
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Murphy SA, Chen EZ, Tung L, Boheler KR, Kwon C. Maturing heart muscle cells: Mechanisms and transcriptomic insights. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 119:49-60. [PMID: 33952430 PMCID: PMC8653577 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte (CM) maturation is the transformation of differentiated fetal CMs into adult CMs that involves changes in morphology, cell function and metabolism, and the transcriptome. This process is, however, incomplete and ultimately arrested in pluripotent stem cell-derived CMs (PSC-CMs) in culture, which hinders their broad biomedical application. For this reason, enormous efforts are currently being made with the goal of generating mature PSC-CMs. In this review, we summarize key aspects of maturation observed in native CMs and discuss recent findings on the factors and mechanisms that regulate the process. Particular emphasis is put on transcriptional regulation and single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis that has emerged as a key tool to study time-series gene regulation and to determine the maturation state. We then discuss different biomimetic strategies to enhance PSC-CM maturation and discuss their effects at the single cell transcriptomic and functional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Murphy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Elaine Zhelan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Leslie Tung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Kenneth R Boheler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Chulan Kwon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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166
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Hunkler HJ, Groß S, Thum T, Bär C. Non-coding RNAs: key regulators of reprogramming, pluripotency, and cardiac cell specification with therapeutic perspective for heart regeneration. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:3071-3084. [PMID: 34718448 PMCID: PMC9732524 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction causes a massive loss of cardiomyocytes (CMs), which can lead to heart failure accompanied by fibrosis, stiffening of the heart, and loss of function. Heart failure causes high mortality rates and is a huge socioeconomic burden, which, based on diets and lifestyle in the developed world, is expected to increase further in the next years. At present, the only curative treatment for heart failure is heart transplantation associated with a number of limitations such as donor organ availability and transplant rejection among others. Thus, the development of cellular reprogramming and defined differentiation protocols provide exciting new possibilities for cell therapy approaches and which opened up a new era in regenerative medicine. Consequently, tremendous research efforts were undertaken to gain a detailed molecular understanding of the reprogramming processes and the in vitro differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into functional CMs for transplantation into the patient's injured heart. In the last decade, non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs emerged as critical regulators of gene expression that were shown to fine-tune cellular processes both on the transcriptional and the post-transcriptional level. Unsurprisingly, also cellular reprogramming, pluripotency, and cardiac differentiation and maturation are regulated by non-coding RNAs. In here, we review the current knowledge on non-coding RNAs in these processes and highlight how their modulation may enhance the quality and quantity of stem cells and their derivatives for safe and efficient clinical application in patients with heart failure. In addition, we summarize the clinical cell therapy efforts undertaken thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Hunkler
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sonja Groß
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Thum
- Corresponding authors. Tel: +49 511 532 5272; fax: +49 511 532 5274, E-mail: (T.T.); Tel: +49 511 532 2883; fax: +49 511 532 5274, E-mail: (C.B.)
| | - Christian Bär
- Corresponding authors. Tel: +49 511 532 5272; fax: +49 511 532 5274, E-mail: (T.T.); Tel: +49 511 532 2883; fax: +49 511 532 5274, E-mail: (C.B.)
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167
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Modeling Hypoxic Stress In Vitro Using Human Embryonic Stem Cells Derived Cardiomyocytes Matured by FGF4 and Ascorbic Acid Treatment. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102741. [PMID: 34685725 PMCID: PMC8534799 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature cardiomyocytes (CMs) obtained from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have been required for more accurate in vitro modeling of adult-onset cardiac disease and drug discovery. Here, we found that FGF4 and ascorbic acid (AA) induce differentiation of BG01 human embryonic stem cell–cardiogenic mesoderm cells (hESC-CMCs) into mature and ventricular CMs. Co-treatment of BG01 hESC-CMCs with FGF4+AA synergistically induced differentiation into mature and ventricular CMs. FGF4+AA-treated BG01 hESC-CMs robustly released acute myocardial infarction (AMI) biomarkers (cTnI, CK-MB, and myoglobin) into culture medium in response to hypoxic injury. Hypoxia-responsive genes and potential cardiac biomarkers proved in the diagnosis and prognosis of coronary artery diseases were induced in FGF4+AA-treated BG01 hESC-CMs in response to hypoxia based on transcriptome analyses. This study demonstrates that it is feasible to model hypoxic stress in vitro using hESC-CMs matured by soluble factors.
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168
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Roshanzadeh A, Oyunbaatar NE, Ganjbakhsh SE, Park S, Kim DS, Kanade PP, Lee S, Lee DW, Kim ES. Exposure to nanoplastics impairs collective contractility of neonatal cardiomyocytes under electrical synchronization. Biomaterials 2021; 278:121175. [PMID: 34628193 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanoplastics are global pollutants that have been increasingly released into the environment following the degradation process of industrial and consumer products. These tiny particles have been reported to adversely affect various organs in the body, including the heart. Since it is probable that the less-developed hearts of newborn offspring are more vulnerable to nanoplastic insult during the infant feeding compared with mature hearts of adults, the acute effects of nanoplastics on the collective contractility of neonatal cardiomyocytes are to be elucidated. Here, we traced the aggregation of nanoplastics on the cell membrane and their internalization into the cytosol of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) for 60 min in the presence of electrical pulses to synchronize the cardiac contraction in vitro. The time-coursed linkage of collective contraction forces, intracellular Ca2+ concentrations, mitochondrial membrane potentials, extracellular field potentials, and reactive oxygen species levels enabled us to build up the sequence of the cellular events associated with the detrimental effects of nanoplastics with positive surface charges on the immature cardiomyocytes. A significant decrease in intracellular Ca2+ levels and electrophysiological activities of NRVMs resulted in the reduction of contraction forces in the early phase (0-15 min). The further reduction of contraction force in the late phase (30-60 min) was attributed to remarkable decreases in mitochondrial membrane potentials and cellular metabolism. Our multifaceted assessments on the effect of positively surface charged nanoplastics on NRVM may offer better understanding of substantial risks of ever-increasing nanoplastic pollution in the hearts of human infants or adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Roshanzadeh
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Nomin-Erdene Oyunbaatar
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sangwoo Park
- Gwangju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), 49 Dosicheomdansaneopro, Nam-gu, Gwangju, 61751, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Su Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Pooja P Kanade
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsoo Lee
- Gwangju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), 49 Dosicheomdansaneopro, Nam-gu, Gwangju, 61751, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Weon Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea; Center for Next Generation Sensor Research and Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eung-Sam Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea; Center for Next Generation Sensor Research and Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Sciences and Research Center of Ecomimetics, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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169
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Lou L, Lopez KO, Nautiyal P, Agarwal A. Integrated Perspective of Scaffold Designing and Multiscale Mechanics in Cardiac Bioengineering. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Lou
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Florida International University Miami FL 33174 USA
| | - Kazue Orikasa Lopez
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Florida International University Miami FL 33174 USA
| | - Pranjal Nautiyal
- Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Arvind Agarwal
- Plasma Forming Laboratory Advanced Materials Engineering Research Institute (AMERI) Mechanical and Materials Engineering College of Engineering and Computing Florida International University Miami FL 33174 USA
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170
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Rowton M, Guzzetta A, Rydeen AB, Moskowitz IP. Control of cardiomyocyte differentiation timing by intercellular signaling pathways. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 118:94-106. [PMID: 34144893 PMCID: PMC8968240 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Congenital Heart Disease (CHD), malformations of the heart present at birth, is the most common class of life-threatening birth defect (Hoffman (1995) [1], Gelb (2004) [2], Gelb (2014) [3]). A major research challenge is to elucidate the genetic determinants of CHD and mechanistically link CHD ontogeny to a molecular understanding of heart development. Although the embryonic origins of CHD are unclear in most cases, dysregulation of cardiovascular lineage specification, patterning, proliferation, migration or differentiation have been described (Olson (2004) [4], Olson (2006) [5], Srivastava (2006) [6], Dunwoodie (2007) [7], Bruneau (2008) [8]). Cardiac differentiation is the process whereby cells become progressively more dedicated in a trajectory through the cardiac lineage towards mature cardiomyocytes. Defects in cardiac differentiation have been linked to CHD, although how the complex control of cardiac differentiation prevents CHD is just beginning to be understood. The stages of cardiac differentiation are highly stereotyped and have been well-characterized (Kattman et al. (2011) [9], Wamstad et al. (2012) [10], Luna-Zurita et al. (2016) [11], Loh et al. (2016) [12], DeLaughter et al. (2016) [13]); however, the developmental and molecular mechanisms that promote or delay the transition of a cell through these stages have not been as deeply investigated. Tight temporal control of progenitor differentiation is critically important for normal organ size, spatial organization, and cellular physiology and homeostasis of all organ systems (Raff et al. (1985) [14], Amthor et al. (1998) [15], Kopan et al. (2014) [16]). This review will focus on the action of signaling pathways in the control of cardiomyocyte differentiation timing. Numerous signaling pathways, including the Wnt, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Hedgehog, Bone Morphogenetic Protein, Insulin-like Growth Factor, Thyroid Hormone and Hippo pathways, have all been implicated in promoting or inhibiting transitions along the cardiac differentiation trajectory. Gaining a deeper understanding of the mechanisms controlling cardiac differentiation timing promises to yield insights into the etiology of CHD and to inform approaches to restore function to damaged hearts.
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171
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Approaches to Optimize Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocyte Maturation and Function. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-021-00197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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172
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Smit T, Schickel E, Azimzadeh O, von Toerne C, Rauh O, Ritter S, Durante M, Schroeder IS. A Human 3D Cardiomyocyte Risk Model to Study the Cardiotoxic Influence of X-rays and Other Noxae in Adults. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102608. [PMID: 34685588 PMCID: PMC8533903 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart tissue is a potential target of various noxae contributing to the onset of cardiovascular diseases. However, underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are largely unknown. Human stem cell-derived models are promising, but a major concern is cell immaturity when estimating risks for adults. In this study, 3D aggregates of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes were cultivated for 300 days and characterized regarding degree of maturity, structure, and cell composition. Furthermore, effects of ionizing radiation (X-rays, 0.1–2 Gy) on matured aggregates were investigated, representing one of the noxae that are challenging to assess. Video-based functional analyses were correlated to changes in the proteome after irradiation. Cardiomyocytes reached maximum maturity after 100 days in cultivation, judged by α-actinin lengths, and displayed typical multinucleation and branching. At this time, aggregates contained all major cardiac cell types, proven by the patch-clamp technique. Matured and X-ray-irradiated aggregates revealed a subtle increase in beat rates and a more arrhythmic sequence of cellular depolarisation and repolarisation compared to non-irradiated sham controls. The proteome analysis provides first insights into signaling mechanisms contributing to cardiotoxicity. Here, we propose an in vitro model suitable to screen various noxae to target adult cardiotoxicity by preserving all the benefits of a 3D tissue culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Smit
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (T.S.); (E.S.); (S.R.); (M.D.)
- Biology Department, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany;
| | - Esther Schickel
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (T.S.); (E.S.); (S.R.); (M.D.)
| | - Omid Azimzadeh
- Section Radiation Biology, Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christine von Toerne
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Protein Science, 80939 Munich, Germany;
| | - Oliver Rauh
- Biology Department, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany;
| | - Sylvia Ritter
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (T.S.); (E.S.); (S.R.); (M.D.)
| | - Marco Durante
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (T.S.); (E.S.); (S.R.); (M.D.)
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Insa S. Schroeder
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (T.S.); (E.S.); (S.R.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
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173
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Disease Modeling of Mitochondrial Cardiomyopathy Using Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10100981. [PMID: 34681080 PMCID: PMC8533352 DOI: 10.3390/biology10100981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial cardiomyopathy (MCM) is characterized as an oxidative phosphorylation disorder of the heart. More than 100 genetic variants in nuclear or mitochondrial DNA have been associated with MCM. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms linking genetic variants to MCM are not fully understood due to the lack of appropriate cellular and animal models. Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) provide an attractive experimental platform for modeling cardiovascular diseases and predicting drug efficacy to such diseases. Here we introduce the pathological and therapeutic studies of MCM using iPSC-CMs and discuss the questions and latest strategies for research using iPSC-CMs.
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174
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Serna JA, Rueda-Gensini L, Céspedes-Valenzuela DN, Cifuentes J, Cruz JC, Muñoz-Camargo C. Recent Advances on Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels Based on Tissue-Derived ECMs and Their Components: Towards Improving Functionality for Tissue Engineering and Controlled Drug Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3263. [PMID: 34641079 PMCID: PMC8512780 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their highly hydrophilic nature and compositional versatility, hydrogels have assumed a protagonic role in the development of physiologically relevant tissues for several biomedical applications, such as in vivo tissue replacement or regeneration and in vitro disease modeling. By forming interconnected polymeric networks, hydrogels can be loaded with therapeutic agents, small molecules, or cells to deliver them locally to specific tissues or act as scaffolds for hosting cellular development. Hydrogels derived from decellularized extracellular matrices (dECMs), in particular, have gained significant attention in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to their inherently high biomimetic capabilities and endowment of a wide variety of bioactive cues capable of directing cellular behavior. However, these hydrogels often exhibit poor mechanical stability, and their biological properties alone are not enough to direct the development of tissue constructs with functional phenotypes. This review highlights the different ways in which external stimuli (e.g., light, thermal, mechanical, electric, magnetic, and acoustic) have been employed to improve the performance of dECM-based hydrogels for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Specifically, we outline how these stimuli have been implemented to improve their mechanical stability, tune their microarchitectural characteristics, facilitate tissue morphogenesis and enable precise control of drug release profiles. The strategic coupling of the bioactive features of dECM-based hydrogels with these stimulation schemes grants considerable advances in the development of functional hydrogels for a wide variety of applications within these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Juan C. Cruz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (J.A.S.); (L.R.-G.); (D.N.C.-V.); (J.C.)
| | - Carolina Muñoz-Camargo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (J.A.S.); (L.R.-G.); (D.N.C.-V.); (J.C.)
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175
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Ding Q, Qi Y, Tsang SY. Mitochondrial Biogenesis, Mitochondrial Dynamics, and Mitophagy in the Maturation of Cardiomyocytes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092463. [PMID: 34572112 PMCID: PMC8466139 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can undergo unlimited self-renewal and can differentiate into all the cell types present in our body, including cardiomyocytes. Therefore, PSCs can be an excellent source of cardiomyocytes for future regenerative medicine and medical research studies. However, cardiomyocytes obtained from PSC differentiation culture are regarded as immature structurally, electrophysiologically, metabolically, and functionally. Mitochondria are organelles responsible for various cellular functions such as energy metabolism, different catabolic and anabolic processes, calcium fluxes, and various signaling pathways. Cells can respond to cellular needs to increase the mitochondrial mass by mitochondrial biogenesis. On the other hand, cells can also degrade mitochondria through mitophagy. Mitochondria are also dynamic organelles that undergo continuous fusion and fission events. In this review, we aim to summarize previous findings on the changes of mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, and mitochondrial dynamics during the maturation of cardiomyocytes. In addition, we intend to summarize whether changes in these processes would affect the maturation of cardiomyocytes. Lastly, we aim to discuss unanswered questions in the field and to provide insights for the possible strategies of enhancing the maturation of PSC-derived cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Ding
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Yanxiang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Suk-Ying Tsang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- The Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-39431020
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176
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PGC-1α promotes mitochondrial respiration and biogenesis during the differentiation of hiPSCs into cardiomyocytes. Genes Dis 2021; 8:891-906. [PMID: 34522716 PMCID: PMC8427271 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is widely accepted that human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are readily available, robustly reproducible, and physiologically appropriate human cells for clinical applications and research in the cardiovascular field, hiPSC-CMs cultured in vitro retain an immature metabolic phenotype that limits their application, and little is known about the underlying molecular mechanism controlling mitochondrial metabolic maturation during human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs ) differentiation into cardiomyocytes. In this study, we found that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) played an important role in inducing mitochondrial biogenesis and establishing oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) during the cardiac differentiation of hiPSCs. Knocking down PGC-1α by siRNA impaired mitochondrial respiration, while upregulating PGC-1α by ZLN005 promoted mitochondrial biosynthesis and function by regulating the expression of downstream genes involved in mitochondrial dynamics and oxidative metabolism in hiPSC-CMs. Furthermore, we found that estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) was required for the induction of PGC-1α stimulatory effects in hiPSC-CMs. These findings provide key insights into the molecular control of mitochondrial metabolism during cardiac differentiation and may be used to generate more metabolically mature cardiomyocytes for application.
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177
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Stein JM, Mummery CL, Bellin M. Engineered models of the human heart: Directions and challenges. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:2049-2057. [PMID: 33338434 PMCID: PMC8452488 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human heart (patho)physiology is now widely studied using human pluripotent stem cells, but the immaturity of derivative cardiomyocytes has largely limited disease modeling to conditions associated with mutations in cardiac ion channel genes. Recent advances in tissue engineering and organoids have, however, created new opportunities to study diseases beyond "channelopathies." These synthetic cardiac structures allow quantitative measurement of contraction, force, and other biophysical parameters in three-dimensional configurations, in which the cardiomyocytes in addition become more mature. Multiple cardiac-relevant cell types are also often combined to form organized cardiac tissue mimetic constructs, where cell-cell, cell-extracellular matrix, and paracrine interactions can be mimicked. In this review, we provide an overview of some of the most promising technologies being implemented specifically in personalized heart-on-a-chip models and explore their applications, drawbacks, and potential for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen M Stein
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333ZA, the Netherlands; Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede 7500AE, the Netherlands
| | - Milena Bellin
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333ZA, the Netherlands; Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua 35129, Italy.
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178
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Fan X, Yang G, Kowitz J, Duru F, Saguner AM, Akin I, Zhou X, El-Battrawy I. Preclinical short QT syndrome models: studying the phenotype and drug-screening. Europace 2021; 24:481-493. [PMID: 34516623 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euab214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in developed and developing countries. Inherited cardiac channelopathies are linked to 5-10% of SCDs, mainly in the young. Short QT syndrome (SQTS) is a rare inherited channelopathy, which leads to both atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias, syncope, and even SCD. International European Society of Cardiology guidelines include as diagnostic criteria: (i) QTc ≤ 340 ms on electrocardiogram, (ii) QTc ≤ 360 ms plus one of the follwing, an affected short QT syndrome pathogenic gene mutation, or family history of SQTS, or aborted cardiac arrest, or family history of cardiac arrest in the young. However, further evaluation of the QTc ranges seems to be required, which might be possible by assembling large short QT cohorts and considering genetic screening of the newly described pathogenic mutations. Since the mechanisms underlying the arrhythmogenesis of SQTS is unclear, optimal therapy for SQTS is still lacking. The disease is rare, unclear genotype-phenotype correlations exist in a bevy of cases and the absence of an international short QT registry limit studies on the pathophysiological mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis and therapy of SQTS. This leads to the necessity of experimental models or platforms for studying SQTS. Here, we focus on reviewing preclinical SQTS models and platforms such as animal models, heterologous expression systems, human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte models and computer models as well as three-dimensional engineered heart tissues. We discuss their usefulness for SQTS studies to examine genotype-phenotype associations, uncover disease mechanisms and test drugs. These models might be helpful for providing novel insights into the exact pathophysiological mechanisms of this channelopathy and may offer opportunities to improve the diagnosis and treatment of patients with SQT syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Fan
- University of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Guoqiang Yang
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Hospital (T.CM.) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Research Unit of Molecular Imaging Probes, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Firat Duru
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Centre, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ardan M Saguner
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Centre, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ibrahim Akin
- University of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site, Heidelberg-Mannheim, Germany
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- University of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site, Heidelberg-Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ibrahim El-Battrawy
- University of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, University Heart Centre, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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179
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Tadano K, Miyagawa S, Takeda M, Tsukamoto Y, Kazusa K, Takamatsu K, Akashi M, Sawa Y. Cardiotoxicity assessment using 3D vascularized cardiac tissue consisting of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 22:338-349. [PMID: 34514026 PMCID: PMC8408525 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are used for cardiac safety assessment but have limitations for the evaluation of drug-induced contractility. Three-dimensional (3D) cardiac tissues are similar to native tissue and valuable for the assessment of contractility. However, a longer time and specialized equipment are required to generate 3D tissues. We previously developed a simple method to generate 3D tissue in a short period by coating the cell surfaces with extracellular matrix proteins. We hypothesized that this 3D cardiac tissue could be used for simultaneous evaluation of drug-induced repolarization and contractility. In the present work, we examined the effects of several compounds with different mechanisms of action by cell motion imaging. Consequently, human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) channel blockers with high arrhythmogenic risk caused prolongation of contraction-relaxation duration and arrhythmia-like waveforms. Positive inotropic drugs, which increase intracellular Ca2+ levels or myocardial Ca2+ sensitivity, caused an increase in maximum contraction speed (MCS) or average deformation distance (ADD) (ouabain, 138% for MCS at 300 nM; pimobendane, 132% for ADD at 3 μM). For negative inotropic drugs, verapamil reduced both MCS and ADD (61% at 100 nM). Thus, this 3D cardiac tissue detected the expected effects of various cardiovascular drugs, suggesting its usefulness for cardiotoxicity evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Tadano
- Drug Safety Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
- Corresponding author: Kiyoshi Tadano, Drug Safety Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Miyagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Maki Takeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Tsukamoto
- Building Block Science Joint Research Chair, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Kazusa
- Drug Safety Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takamatsu
- Drug Safety Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Akashi
- Building Block Science Joint Research Chair, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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180
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Körner A, Mosqueira M, Hecker M, Ullrich ND. Substrate Stiffness Influences Structural and Functional Remodeling in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Front Physiol 2021; 12:710619. [PMID: 34489730 PMCID: PMC8416903 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.710619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel treatment strategies for cardiac tissue regeneration are heading for the use of engineered cardiac tissue made from induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs). Despite the proven cardiogenic phenotype of these cells, a significant lack of structural and functional properties of mature myocytes prevents safe integration into the diseased heart. To date, maturation processes of cardiomyocytes remain largely unknown but may comprise biophysical cues from the immediate cell environment. Mechanosensing is one critical ability of cells to react to environmental changes. Accordingly, the surrounding substrate stiffness, comprised of extracellular matrix (ECM), cells, and growth surface, critically influences the myocyte's physiology, as known from deleterious remodeling processes in fibrotic hearts. Conversely, the mechanical properties during culture of iPSC-CMs may impact on their structural and functional maturation. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the environmental stiffness influences structural and functional properties of iPSC-CMs and investigated the effect of different substrate stiffnesses on cell contractility, excitation-contraction (EC) coupling, and intercellular coupling. Culture surfaces with defined stiffnesses ranging from rigid glass with 25GPa to PDMS of physiological softness were coated with ECM proteins and seeded with murine iPSC-CMs. Using confocal imaging, cardiac protein expression was assessed. Ca2+ handling and contractile properties were analyzed on different substrate stiffnesses. Intercellular coupling via gap junctions was investigated by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). Our data revealed greater organization of L-type Ca2+ channels and ryanodine receptors and increased EC-coupling gain, demonstrating structural and functional maturation in cells grown on soft surfaces. In addition, increased shortening and altered contraction dynamics revealed increased myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity in phase-plane loops. Moreover, connexin 43 expression was significantly increased in iPSC-CMs grown on soft surfaces leading to improved intercellular coupling. Taken together, our results demonstrate that soft surfaces with stiffnesses in the physiological range improve the expression pattern and interaction of cardiac proteins relevant for EC-coupling. In parallel, soft substrates influence contractile properties and improve intercellular coupling in iPSC-CMs. We conclude that the mechanical stiffness of the cell environment plays an important role in driving iPSC-CMs toward further maturation by inducing adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene Körner
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matias Mosqueira
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Hecker
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina D Ullrich
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
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181
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Cortella LRX, Cestari IA, Lahuerta RD, Araña MC, Soldera M, Rank A, Lasagni AF, Cestari IN. Conditioning of hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes using surface topography obtained with high throughput technology. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 34412045 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac1f73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Surface functionalization of polymers aims to introduce novel properties that favor bioactive responses. We have investigated the possibility of surface functionalization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheets by the combination of laser ablation with hot embossing and the application of such techniques in the field of stem cell research. We investigated the response of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) to topography in the low micrometer range. HiPSC-CMs are expected to offer new therapeutic tools for myocardial replacement or regeneration after an infarct or other causes of cardiac tissue loss. However, hiPSC-CMs are phenotypically immature compared to myocytes in the adult myocardium, hampering their clinical application. We aimed to develop and test a high-throughput technique for surface structuring that would improve hiPSC-CMs structural maturation. We used laser ablation with a ps-laser source in combination with nanoimprint lithography to fabricate large areas of homogeneous micron- to submicron line-like pattern with a spatial period of 3 µm on the PET surface. We evaluated cell morphology, alignment, sarcomeric myofibrils assembly, and calcium transients to evaluate phenotypic changes associated with culturing hiPSC-CMs on functionalized PET. Surface functionalization through hot embossing was able to generate, at low cost, low micrometer features on the PET surface that influenced the hiPSC-CMs phenotype, suggesting improved structural and functional maturation. This technique may be relevant for high-throughput technologies that require conditioning of hiPSC-CMs and may be useful for the production of these cells for drug screening and disease modeling applications with lower costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R X Cortella
- Bioengineering Department, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, 05403-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Idágene A Cestari
- Bioengineering Department, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, 05403-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo D Lahuerta
- Bioengineering Department, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, 05403-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus C Araña
- Bioengineering Department, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, 05403-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Soldera
- Institute for Manufacturing Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, George-Baehr-Str. 3c, 01069 Dresden, Germany.,PROBIEN-CONICET, Dto. de Electrotecnia, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Andreas Rank
- Institute for Manufacturing Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, George-Baehr-Str. 3c, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrés F Lasagni
- Institute for Manufacturing Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, George-Baehr-Str. 3c, 01069 Dresden, Germany.,Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoff- und Strahltechnik IWS, Winterbergstr. 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ismar N Cestari
- Bioengineering Department, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, 05403-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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182
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Das S, Nam H, Jang J. 3D bioprinting of stem cell-laden cardiac patch: A promising alternative for myocardial repair. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:031508. [PMID: 34368602 PMCID: PMC8318604 DOI: 10.1063/5.0030353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-laden three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted cardiac patches offer an alternative and promising therapeutic and regenerative approach for ischemic cardiomyopathy by reversing scar formation and promoting myocardial regeneration. Numerous studies have reported using either multipotent or pluripotent stem cells or their combination for 3D bioprinting of a cardiac patch with the sole aim of restoring cardiac function by faithfully rejuvenating the cardiomyocytes and associated vasculatures that are lost to myocardial infarction. While many studies have demonstrated success in mimicking cardiomyocytes' behavior, improving cardiac function and providing new hope for regenerating heart post-myocardial infarction, some others have reported contradicting data in apparent ways. Nonetheless, all investigators in the field are speed racing toward determining a potential strategy to effectively treat losses due to myocardial infarction. This review discusses various types of candidate stem cells that possess cardiac regenerative potential, elucidating their applications and limitations. We also brief the challenges of and an update on the implementation of the state-of-the-art 3D bioprinting approach to fabricate cardiac patches and highlight different strategies to implement vascularization and augment cardiac functional properties with respect to electrophysiological similarities to native tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanskrita Das
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, POSTECH, 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoryung Nam
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, POSTECH, 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinah Jang
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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183
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Yigit G, Wollnik B. Cellular models and therapeutic perspectives in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. MED GENET-BERLIN 2021; 33:235-243. [PMID: 38835701 PMCID: PMC11006313 DOI: 10.1515/medgen-2021-2094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a clinically heterogeneous cardiac disease that is mainly characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy in the absence of any additional cardiac or systemic disease. HCM is genetically heterogeneous, inherited mainly in an autosomal dominant pattern, and so far pathogenic variants have been identified in more than 20 genes, mostly encoding proteins of the cardiac sarcomere. Based on its variable penetrance and expressivity, pathogenicity of newly identified variants often remains unsolved, underlining the importance of cellular and tissue-based models that help to uncover causative genetic alterations and, additionally, provide appropriate systems for the analysis of disease hallmarks as well as for the design and application of new therapeutic strategies like drug screenings and genome/base editing approaches. Here, we review the current state of cellular and tissue-engineered models and provide future perspectives for personalized therapeutic strategies of HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Yigit
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Heinrich-Düker-Weg 12, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Heinrich-Düker-Weg 12, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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184
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Helle E, Ampuja M, Dainis A, Antola L, Temmes E, Tolvanen E, Mervaala E, Kivelä R. HiPS-Endothelial Cells Acquire Cardiac Endothelial Phenotype in Co-culture With hiPS-Cardiomyocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:715093. [PMID: 34422835 PMCID: PMC8378235 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.715093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell interactions are crucial for organ development and function. In the heart, endothelial cells engage in bidirectional communication with cardiomyocytes regulating cardiac development and growth. We aimed to elucidate the organotypic development of cardiac endothelial cells and cardiomyocyte and endothelial cell crosstalk using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC). Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed with hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPS-CMs) and endothelial cells (hiPS-ECs) in mono- and co-culture. The presence of hiPS-CMs led to increased expression of transcripts related to vascular development and maturation, cardiac development, as well as cardiac endothelial cell and endocardium-specific genes in hiPS-ECs. Interestingly, co-culture induced the expression of cardiomyocyte myofibrillar genes and MYL7 and MYL4 protein expression was detected in hiPS-ECs. Major regulators of BMP- and Notch-signaling pathways were induced in both cell types in co-culture. These results reflect the findings from animal studies and extend them to human endothelial cells, demonstrating the importance of EC-CM interactions during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmi Helle
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,New Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Ampuja
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexandra Dainis
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Laura Antola
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Temmes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Samaria Health Centre, Espoo, Finland
| | - Erik Tolvanen
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Mervaala
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Kivelä
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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185
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Tan JJ, Guyette JP, Miki K, Xiao L, Kaur G, Wu T, Zhu L, Hansen KJ, Ling KH, Milan DJ, Ott HC. Human iPS-derived pre-epicardial cells direct cardiomyocyte aggregation expansion and organization in vitro. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4997. [PMID: 34404774 PMCID: PMC8370973 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24921-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epicardial formation is necessary for normal myocardial morphogenesis. Here, we show that differentiating hiPSC-derived lateral plate mesoderm with BMP4, RA and VEGF (BVR) can generate a premature form of epicardial cells (termed pre-epicardial cells, PECs) expressing WT1, TBX18, SEMA3D, and SCX within 7 days. BVR stimulation after Wnt inhibition of LPM demonstrates co-differentiation and spatial organization of PECs and cardiomyocytes (CMs) in a single 2D culture. Co-culture consolidates CMs into dense aggregates, which then form a connected beating syncytium with enhanced contractility and calcium handling; while PECs become more mature with significant upregulation of UPK1B, ITGA4, and ALDH1A2 expressions. Our study also demonstrates that PECs secrete IGF2 and stimulate CM proliferation in co-culture. Three-dimensional PEC-CM spheroid co-cultures form outer smooth muscle cell layers on cardiac micro-tissues with organized internal luminal structures. These characteristics suggest PECs could play a key role in enhancing tissue organization within engineered cardiac constructs in vitro. The authors form pre-epicardial cells (PECs) from hiPSC-derived lateral plate mesoderm on treating with BMP4, RA and VEGF, and co-culture these PECs with cardiomyocytes, inducing cardiomyocyte aggregation, proliferation and network formation with more mature structures and improved beating/contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jie Tan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Jacques P Guyette
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenji Miki
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Applications, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ling Xiao
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gurbani Kaur
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tong Wu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liye Zhu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katrina J Hansen
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - King-Hwa Ling
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - David J Milan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Leducq Foundation, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harald C Ott
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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186
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Abstract
Cardiac congenital disabilities are the most common organ malformations, but we still do not understand how they arise in the human embryo. Moreover, although cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death globally, the development of new therapies is lagging compared with other fields. One major bottleneck hindering progress is the lack of self-organizing human cardiac models that recapitulate key aspects of human heart development, physiology and disease. Current in vitro cardiac three-dimensional systems are either engineered constructs or spherical aggregates of cardiomyocytes and other cell types. Although tissue engineering enables the modeling of some electro-mechanical properties, it falls short of mimicking heart development, morphogenetic defects and many clinically relevant aspects of cardiomyopathies. Here, we review different approaches and recent efforts to overcome these challenges in the field using a new generation of self-organizing embryonic and cardiac organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Hofbauer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan M Jahnel
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sasha Mendjan
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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187
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Gu X, Zhou F, Mu J. Recent Advances in Maturation of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes Promoted by Mechanical Stretch. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e931063. [PMID: 34381009 PMCID: PMC8369941 DOI: 10.12659/msm.931063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have significant potential use in tissue regeneration, especially for treating cardiac diseases because of their multi-directional differentiation capability. By mimicking the in vivo physiological environment of native cardiomyocytes during their development and maturation, researchers have been able to induce pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (PSC-CMs) at high purity. However, the phenotype of these PSC-CMs is immature compared with that of adult cardiomyocytes. Various strategies have been explored to improve the maturity of PSC-CMs, such as long-term culturing, mechanical stimuli, chemical stimuli, and combinations of these strategies. Among these strategies, mechanical stretch as a key mechanical stimulus plays an important role in PSC-CM maturation. In this review, the optimal parameters of mechanical stretch, the effects of mechanical stretch on maturation of PSC-CMs, underlying molecular mechanisms as well as existing problems are discussed. Mechanical stretch is a powerful approach to promote the maturation of SC-CMs in terms of morphology, structure, and functionality. Nonetheless, further research efforts are needed to reach a satisfactory standard for clinical applications of PSC-CMs in treating cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwang Gu
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Fan Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound, Third Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Junsheng Mu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
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188
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Kumar D, Baligar P, Srivastav R, Narad P, Raj S, Tandon C, Tandon S. Stem Cell Based Preclinical Drug Development and Toxicity Prediction. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:2237-2251. [PMID: 33076801 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201019104712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell based toxicity prediction plays a very important role in the development of the drug. Unexpected adverse effects of the drugs during clinical trials are a major reason for the termination or withdrawal of drugs. Methods for predicting toxicity employ in vitro as well as in vivo models; however, the major drawback seen in the data derived from these animal models is the lack of extrapolation, owing to interspecies variations. Due to these limitations, researchers have been striving to develop more robust drug screening platforms based on stem cells. The application of stem cells based toxicity testing has opened up robust methods to study the impact of new chemical entities on not only specific cell types, but also organs. Pluripotent stem cells, as well as cells derived from them, can be evaluated for modulation of cell function in response to drugs. Moreover, the combination of state-of-the -art techniques such as tissue engineering and microfluidics to fabricate organ- on-a-chip, has led to assays which are amenable to high throughput screening to understand the adverse and toxic effects of chemicals and drugs. This review summarizes the important aspects of the establishment of the embryonic stem cell test (EST), use of stem cells, pluripotent, induced pluripotent stem cells and organoids for toxicity prediction and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Kumar
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India
| | - Prakash Baligar
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India
| | - Rajpal Srivastav
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India
| | - Priyanka Narad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India
| | - Sibi Raj
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India
| | - Chanderdeep Tandon
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India
| | - Simran Tandon
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India
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189
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Kerr CM, Richards D, Menick DR, Deleon-Pennell KY, Mei Y. Multicellular Human Cardiac Organoids Transcriptomically Model Distinct Tissue-Level Features of Adult Myocardium. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8482. [PMID: 34445185 PMCID: PMC8395156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) have been widely used for disease modeling and drug cardiotoxicity screening. To this end, we recently developed human cardiac organoids (hCOs) for modeling human myocardium. Here, we perform a transcriptomic analysis of various in vitro hiPSC-CM platforms (2D iPSC-CM, 3D iPSC-CM and hCOs) to deduce the strengths and limitations of these in vitro models. We further compared iPSC-CM models to human myocardium samples. Our data show that the 3D in vitro environment of 3D hiPSC-CMs and hCOs stimulates the expression of genes associated with tissue formation. The hCOs demonstrated diverse physiologically relevant cellular functions compared to the hiPSC-CM only models. Including other cardiac cell types within hCOs led to more transcriptomic similarities to adult myocardium. hCOs lack matured cardiomyocytes and immune cells, which limits a complete replication of human adult myocardium. In conclusion, 3D hCOs are transcriptomically similar to myocardium, and future developments of engineered 3D cardiac models would benefit from diversifying cell populations, especially immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M. Kerr
- Molecular Cell Biology and Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Dylan Richards
- Immunology Translational Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA;
| | - Donald R. Menick
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (D.R.M.); (K.Y.D.-P.)
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Kristine Y. Deleon-Pennell
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (D.R.M.); (K.Y.D.-P.)
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Ying Mei
- Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 2942, USA
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190
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Grancharova T, Gerbin KA, Rosenberg AB, Roco CM, Arakaki JE, DeLizo CM, Dinh SQ, Donovan-Maiye RM, Hirano M, Nelson AM, Tang J, Theriot JA, Yan C, Menon V, Palecek SP, Seelig G, Gunawardane RN. A comprehensive analysis of gene expression changes in a high replicate and open-source dataset of differentiating hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15845. [PMID: 34349150 PMCID: PMC8338992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94732-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptional changes occurring during human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) differentiation to cardiomyocytes. Using single cell RNA-seq, we sequenced > 20,000 single cells from 55 independent samples representing two differentiation protocols and multiple hiPSC lines. Samples included experimental replicates ranging from undifferentiated hiPSCs to mixed populations of cells at D90 post-differentiation. Differentiated cell populations clustered by time point, with differential expression analysis revealing markers of cardiomyocyte differentiation and maturation changing from D12 to D90. We next performed a complementary cluster-independent sparse regression analysis to identify and rank genes that best assigned cells to differentiation time points. The two highest ranked genes between D12 and D24 (MYH7 and MYH6) resulted in an accuracy of 0.84, and the three highest ranked genes between D24 and D90 (A2M, H19, IGF2) resulted in an accuracy of 0.94, revealing that low dimensional gene features can identify differentiation or maturation stages in differentiating cardiomyocytes. Expression levels of select genes were validated using RNA FISH. Finally, we interrogated differences in cardiac gene expression resulting from two differentiation protocols, experimental replicates, and three hiPSC lines in the WTC-11 background to identify sources of variation across these experimental variables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander B Rosenberg
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,, Parse Biosciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charles M Roco
- , Parse Biosciences, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Matthew Hirano
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Joyce Tang
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Calysta Yan
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vilas Menon
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sean P Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Georg Seelig
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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191
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Gamma-irradiated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate, OZG-38.61.3, confers protection from SARS-CoV-2 challenge in human ACEII-transgenic mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15799. [PMID: 34349145 PMCID: PMC8339061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus caused the most severe pandemic around the world, and vaccine development for urgent use became a crucial issue. Inactivated virus formulated vaccines such as Hepatitis A and smallpox proved to be reliable approaches for immunization for prolonged periods. In this study, a gamma-irradiated inactivated virus vaccine does not require an extra purification process, unlike the chemically inactivated vaccines. Hence, the novelty of our vaccine candidate (OZG-38.61.3) is that it is a non-adjuvant added, gamma-irradiated, and intradermally applied inactive viral vaccine. Efficiency and safety dose (either 1013 or 1014 viral RNA copy per dose) of OZG-38.61.3 was initially determined in BALB/c mice. This was followed by testing the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the vaccine. Human ACE2-encoding transgenic mice were immunized and then infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus for the challenge test. This study shows that vaccinated mice have lowered SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA copy numbers both in oropharyngeal specimens and in the histological analysis of the lung tissues along with humoral and cellular immune responses, including the neutralizing antibodies similar to those shown in BALB/c mice without substantial toxicity. Subsequently, plans are being made for the commencement of Phase 1 clinical trial of the OZG-38.61.3 vaccine for the COVID-19 pandemic.
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192
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Yang J, Ding N, Zhao D, Yu Y, Shao C, Ni X, Zhao ZA, Li Z, Chen J, Ying Z, Yu M, Lei W, Hu S. Intermittent Starvation Promotes Maturation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:687769. [PMID: 34395420 PMCID: PMC8362881 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.687769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) represent an infinite cell source for cardiovascular disease modeling, drug screening and cell therapy. Despite extensive efforts, current approaches have failed to generate hPSC-CMs with fully adult-like phenotypes in vitro, and the immature properties of hPSC-CMs in structure, metabolism and electrophysiology have long been impeding their basic and clinical applications. The prenatal-to-postnatal transition, accompanied by severe nutrient starvation and autophagosome formation in the heart, is believed to be a critical window for cardiomyocyte maturation. In this study, we developed a new strategy, mimicking the in vivo starvation event by Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS) treatment, to promote hPSC-CM maturation in vitro. We found that EBSS-induced starvation obviously activated autophagy and mitophagy in human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs). Intermittent starvation, via 2-h EBSS treatment per day for 10 days, significantly promoted the structural, metabolic and electrophysiological maturation of hESC-CMs. Structurally, the EBSS-treated hESC-CMs showed a larger cell size, more organized contractile cytoskeleton, higher ratio of multinucleation, and significantly increased expression of structure makers of cardiomyocytes. Metabolically, EBSS-induced starvation increased the mitochondrial content in hESC-CMs and promoted their capability of oxidative phosphorylation. Functionally, EBSS-induced starvation strengthened electrophysiological maturation, as indicated by the increased action potential duration at 90% and 50% repolarization and the calcium handling capacity. In conclusion, our data indicate that EBSS intermittent starvation is a simple and efficient approach to promote hESC-CM maturation in structure, metabolism and electrophysiology at an affordable time and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsi Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Nan Ding
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yunsheng Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunlai Shao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuan Ni
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Ao Zhao
- Institute of Microcirculation & Department of Pathophysiology of Basic Medical College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianquan Chen
- Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zheng Ying
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Lei
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shijun Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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193
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Nakano K, Nanri N, Tsukamoto Y, Akashi M. Mechanical activities of self-beating cardiomyocyte aggregates under mechanical compression. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15159. [PMID: 34312427 PMCID: PMC8313529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93657-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of synchronous pulsations in cardiomyocytes (CMs), electrical communication between CMs has been emphasized; however, recent studies suggest the possibility of mechanical communication. Here, we demonstrate that spherical self-beating CM aggregates, termed cardiac spheroids (CSs), produce enhanced mechanical energy under mechanical compression and work cooperatively via mechanical communication. For single CSs between parallel plates, compression increased both beating frequency and beating energy. Contact mechanics revealed a scaling law on the beating energy, indicating that the most intensively stressed cells in the compressed CSs predominantly contributed to the performance of mechanical work against mechanical compression. For pairs of CSs between parallel plates, compression immediately caused synchronous beating with mechanical coupling. Compression tended to strengthen and stabilize the synchronous beating, although some irregularity and temporary arrest were observed. These results suggest that mechanical compression is an indispensable control parameter when evaluating the activities of CMs and their aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Nakano
- Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan.
| | - Naoya Nanri
- Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | | | - Mitsuru Akashi
- Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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194
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Massively parallel in vivo CRISPR screening identifies RNF20/40 as epigenetic regulators of cardiomyocyte maturation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4442. [PMID: 34290256 PMCID: PMC8295283 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24743-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The forward genetic screen is a powerful, unbiased method to gain insights into biological processes, yet this approach has infrequently been used in vivo in mammals because of high resource demands. Here, we use in vivo somatic Cas9 mutagenesis to perform an in vivo forward genetic screen in mice to identify regulators of cardiomyocyte (CM) maturation, the coordinated changes in phenotype and gene expression that occur in neonatal CMs. We discover and validate a number of transcriptional regulators of this process. Among these are RNF20 and RNF40, which form a complex that monoubiquitinates H2B on lysine 120. Mechanistic studies indicate that this epigenetic mark controls dynamic changes in gene expression required for CM maturation. These insights into CM maturation will inform efforts in cardiac regenerative medicine. More broadly, our approach will enable unbiased forward genetics across mammalian organ systems.
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195
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Roshanbinfar K, Esser TU, Engel FB. Stem Cells and Their Cardiac Derivatives for Cardiac Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:143-162. [PMID: 32993354 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Heart failure is among the leading causes of morbidity worldwide with a 5-year mortality rate of ∼50%. Therefore, major efforts are invested to reduce heart damage upon injury or maintain and at best restore heart function. Recent Advances: In clinical trials, acellular constructs succeeded in improving cardiac function by stabilizing the infarcted heart. In addition, strategies utilizing stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes have been developed to improve heart function postmyocardial infarction in small and large animal models. These strategies range from injection of cell-laden hydrogels to unstructured hydrogel-based and complex biofabricated cardiac patches. Importantly, novel methods have been developed to promote differentiation of stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes to prevascularized cardiac patches. Critical Issues: Despite substantial progress in vascularization strategies for heart-on-the-chip technologies, little advance has been made in generating vascularized cardiac patches with clinically relevant dimensions. In addition, proper electrical coupling between engineered and host tissue to prevent and/or eliminate arrhythmia remains an unresolved issue. Finally, despite advanced approaches to include hierarchical structures in cardiac tissues, engineered tissues do not generate forces in the range of native adult cardiac tissue. Future Directions: It involves utilizing novel materials and advancing biofabrication strategies to generate prevascularized three-dimensional multicellular constructs of clinical relevant size; inclusion of hierarchical structures, electroconductive materials, and biologically active factors to enhance cardiomyocyte differentiation for optimized force generation and vascularization; optimization of bioreactor strategies for tissue maturation. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 143-162.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Roshanbinfar
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tilman U Esser
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix B Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Muscle Research Center Erlangen, MURCE, Erlangen, Germany
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196
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Khalil NN, McCain ML. Engineering the Cellular Microenvironment of Post-infarct Myocardium on a Chip. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:709871. [PMID: 34336962 PMCID: PMC8316619 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.709871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarctions are one of the most common forms of cardiac injury and death worldwide. Infarctions cause immediate necrosis in a localized region of the myocardium, which is followed by a repair process with inflammatory, proliferative, and maturation phases. This repair process culminates in the formation of scar tissue, which often leads to heart failure in the months or years after the initial injury. In each reparative phase, the infarct microenvironment is characterized by distinct biochemical, physical, and mechanical features, such as inflammatory cytokine production, localized hypoxia, and tissue stiffening, which likely each contribute to physiological and pathological tissue remodeling by mechanisms that are incompletely understood. Traditionally, simplified two-dimensional cell culture systems or animal models have been implemented to elucidate basic pathophysiological mechanisms or predict drug responses following myocardial infarction. However, these conventional approaches offer limited spatiotemporal control over relevant features of the post-infarct cellular microenvironment. To address these gaps, Organ on a Chip models of post-infarct myocardium have recently emerged as new paradigms for dissecting the highly complex, heterogeneous, and dynamic post-infarct microenvironment. In this review, we describe recent Organ on a Chip models of post-infarct myocardium, including their limitations and future opportunities in disease modeling and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie N Khalil
- Laboratory for Living Systems Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Megan L McCain
- Laboratory for Living Systems Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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197
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Dwyer KD, Coulombe KL. Cardiac mechanostructure: Using mechanics and anisotropy as inspiration for developing epicardial therapies in treating myocardial infarction. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2198-2220. [PMID: 33553810 PMCID: PMC7822956 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical environment and anisotropic structure of the heart modulate cardiac function at the cellular, tissue and organ levels. During myocardial infarction (MI) and subsequent healing, however, this landscape changes significantly. In order to engineer cardiac biomaterials with the appropriate properties to enhance function after MI, the changes in the myocardium induced by MI must be clearly identified. In this review, we focus on the mechanical and structural properties of the healthy and infarcted myocardium in order to gain insight about the environment in which biomaterial-based cardiac therapies are expected to perform and the functional deficiencies caused by MI that the therapy must address. From this understanding, we discuss epicardial therapies for MI inspired by the mechanics and anisotropy of the heart focusing on passive devices, which feature a biomaterials approach, and active devices, which feature robotic and cellular components. Through this review, a detailed analysis is provided in order to inspire further development and translation of epicardial therapies for MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera D. Dwyer
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kareen L.K. Coulombe
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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198
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Andrysiak K, Stępniewski J, Dulak J. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, 3D cardiac structures, and heart-on-a-chip as tools for drug research. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1061-1085. [PMID: 33629131 PMCID: PMC8245367 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02536-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Development of new drugs is of high interest for the field of cardiac and cardiovascular diseases, which are a dominant cause of death worldwide. Before being allowed to be used and distributed, every new potentially therapeutic compound must be strictly validated during preclinical and clinical trials. The preclinical studies usually involve the in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Due to the increasing reporting of discrepancy in drug effects in animal and humans and the requirement to reduce the number of animals used in research, improvement of in vitro models based on human cells is indispensable. Primary cardiac cells are difficult to access and maintain in cell culture for extensive experiments; therefore, the human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) became an excellent alternative. This technology enables a production of high number of patient- and disease-specific cardiomyocytes and other cardiac cell types for a large-scale research. The drug effects can be extensively evaluated in the context of electrophysiological responses with a use of well-established tools, such as multielectrode array (MEA), patch clamp, or calcium ion oscillation measurements. Cardiotoxicity, which is a common reason for withdrawing drugs from marketing or rejection at final stages of clinical trials, can be easily verified with a use of hiPSC-CM model providing a prediction of human-specific responses and higher safety of clinical trials involving patient cohort. Abovementioned studies can be performed using two-dimensional cell culture providing a high-throughput and relatively lower costs. On the other hand, more complex structures, such as engineered heart tissue, organoids, or spheroids, frequently applied as co-culture systems, represent more physiological conditions and higher maturation rate of hiPSC-derived cells. Furthermore, heart-on-a-chip technology has recently become an increasingly popular tool, as it implements controllable culture conditions, application of various stimulations and continuous parameters read-out. This paper is an overview of possible use of cardiomyocytes and other cardiac cell types derived from hiPSC as in vitro models of heart in drug research area prepared on the basis of latest scientific reports and providing thorough discussion regarding their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Andrysiak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek Stępniewski
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Józef Dulak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
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199
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ERRγ enhances cardiac maturation with T-tubule formation in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3596. [PMID: 34155205 PMCID: PMC8217550 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the earliest maturation steps in cardiomyocytes (CMs) is the sarcomere protein isoform switch between TNNI1 and TNNI3 (fetal and neonatal/adult troponin I). Here, we generate human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) carrying a TNNI1EmGFP and TNNI3mCherry double reporter to monitor and isolate mature sub-populations during cardiac differentiation. Extensive drug screening identifies two compounds, an estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERRγ) agonist and an S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 inhibitor, that enhances cardiac maturation and a significant change to TNNI3 expression. Expression, morphological, functional, and molecular analyses indicate that hiPSC-CMs treated with the ERRγ agonist show a larger cell size, longer sarcomere length, the presence of transverse tubules, and enhanced metabolic function and contractile and electrical properties. Here, we show that ERRγ-treated hiPSC-CMs have a mature cellular property consistent with neonatal CMs and are useful for disease modeling and regenerative medicine. Cardiomyocytes (CMs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) suffer from limited maturation. Here the authors identify ERRγ agonist as a factor that enhances cardiac morphological, metabolic, contractile and electrical maturation of hiPSC-derived CMs with T-tubule formation.
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200
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Guo J, Tian Q, Barth M, Xian W, Ruppenthal S, Schaefers HJ, Chen Z, Moretti A, Laugwitz KL, Lipp P. Human BIN1 isoforms grow, maintain and regenerate excitation-contraction couplons in adult rat and human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:1479-1491. [PMID: 34152414 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS In ventricular myocytes, Transverse-tubules (T-tubules) are instrumental for excitation-contraction (EC) coupling and their disarray is a hallmark of cardiac diseases. BIN1 is a key contributor to their biogenesis. Our study set out to investigate the role of human BIN1 splice variants in the maintenance and regeneration of EC-coupling in rat adult ventricular myocytes and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes (hiPS-CMs). METHODS AND RESULTS In heart samples from healthy human donors expression patterns of 5 BIN1 splice variants were identified. Following viral transduction of human BIN1 splice variants in cellular models of T-tubular disarray we employed high-speed confocal calcium imaging and Ca-CLEAN analysis to identify functional EC-coupling sites and T-tubular architecture. Adult rat ventricular myocytes were used to investigate the regeneration after loss and maintenance of EC-coupling while we studied the enhancement of EC-coupling in hiPS-CMs. All five human BIN1 splice variants induced de novo generation of T-tubules in both cell types. Isoforms with the phosphoinositide binding motif (PI) were most potent in maintenance and regeneration of T-tubules and functional EC-coupling in adult rat myocytes. In hiPSC-CMs, BIN1 variants with PI motiv induced de-novo generation of T-tubules, functional EC-coupling sites and enhanced calcium handling. CONCLUSION(S) BIN1 is essential for the maintenance, regeneration, and de-novo generation of functional T-tubules, especially isoforms with PI motifs. These T-tubules trigger the development of functional EC couplons resulting in enhanced calcium handling. TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVE Cardiomyopathy and heart failure are among the most frequent causes of death in modern societies. Gene therapies and hiPSC technology are becoming increasingly promising, both for treatment and therapy development. On the cellular level, one of the common denominators of cardiac diseases is the concurrent loss of T-tubules essential for efficient EC-coupling. While initial approaches in animal models employing gene therapy with BIN1 have depicted encouraging improvements the expression pattern of BIN1 isoforms in the human heart is still elusive. The present study identifies a unique set of five distinct BIN1 isoforms in healthy human hearts and demonstrates their potency in both, T-tubule maintenance and re-generation after loss resulting in efficient EC-coupling. Noteworthy, PI-motif containing isoforms were potent trigger of de-novo generation of T-tubules and establishment of efficient EC-coupling in hiPSC-CMs. Therefore, the expression of BIN1 might be novel and promising for pharmaceutical treatment and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Guo
- Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Medical Faculty, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Qinghai Tian
- Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Medical Faculty, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Monika Barth
- Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Medical Faculty, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Wenying Xian
- Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Medical Faculty, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Ruppenthal
- Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Medical Faculty, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Schaefers
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Zhifen Chen
- I. Department of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675, München, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) - partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Alessandra Moretti
- I. Department of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675, München, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) - partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Ludwig Laugwitz
- I. Department of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675, München, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) - partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Lipp
- Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Medical Faculty, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
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