151
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Zhang Y, Cui G, Wang Y, Gong Y, Wang Y. SIRT1 activation alleviates brain microvascular endothelial dysfunction in peroxisomal disorders. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:995-1005. [PMID: 31257461 PMCID: PMC6657955 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomal disorders are genetically heterogeneous metabolic disorders associated with a deficit of very long chain fatty acid β-oxidation that commonly manifest as early-onset neurodegeneration. Brain microvascular endothelial dysfunction with increased permeability to monocytes has been described in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, one of the most common peroxisomal disorders caused by mutations of the ATP binding cassette subfamily D member 1 (ABCD1) gene. The present study demonstrated that dysregulation of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) mediates changes in adhesion molecules and tight-junction protein expression, as well as increased adhesion to monocytes associated with peroxisomal dysfunction due to ABCD1 or hydroxysteroid 17-β dehydrogenase 4 silencing. Furthermore, enhancement of the function of SIRT1 by resve-ratrol attenuated this molecular and functional dysregulation of HBMECs via modulation of the nuclear factor-κB and Krüppel-like factor 4 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Guiyun Cui
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Yi Gong
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Yulan Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
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152
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Malone K, Amu S, Moore AC, Waeber C. Immunomodulatory Therapeutic Strategies in Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:630. [PMID: 31281252 PMCID: PMC6595144 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of immunity in all stages of stroke is increasingly being recognized, from the pathogenesis of risk factors to tissue repair, leading to the investigation of a range of immunomodulatory therapies. In the acute phase of stroke, proposed therapies include drugs targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and leukocyte infiltration, with a key objective to reduce initial brain cell toxicity. Systemically, the early stages of stroke are also characterized by stroke-induced immunosuppression, where downregulation of host defences predisposes patients to infection. Therefore, strategies to modulate innate immunity post-stroke have garnered greater attention. A complementary objective is to reduce longer-term sequelae by focusing on adaptive immunity. Following stroke onset, the integrity of the blood–brain barrier is compromised, exposing central nervous system (CNS) antigens to systemic adaptive immune recognition, potentially inducing autoimmunity. Some pre-clinical efforts have been made to tolerize the immune system to CNS antigens pre-stroke. Separately, immune cell populations that exhibit a regulatory phenotype (T- and B- regulatory cells) have been shown to ameliorate post-stroke inflammation and contribute to tissue repair. Cell-based therapies, established in oncology and transplantation, could become a strategy to treat the acute and chronic stages of stroke. Furthermore, a role for the gut microbiota in ischaemic injury has received attention. Finally, the immune system may play a role in remote ischaemic preconditioning-mediated neuroprotection against stroke. The development of stroke therapies involving organs distant to the infarct site, therefore, should not be overlooked. This review will discuss the immune mechanisms of various therapeutic strategies, surveying published data and discussing more theoretical mechanisms of action that have yet to be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Malone
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sylvie Amu
- Cancer Research @UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anne C Moore
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christian Waeber
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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153
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Koenig JL, Shi S, Sborov K, Gensheimer MF, Li G, Nagpal S, Chang SD, Gibbs IC, Soltys SG, Pollom EL. Adverse Radiation Effect and Disease Control in Patients Undergoing Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy for Brain Metastases. World Neurosurg 2019; 126:e1399-e1411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.03.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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154
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Rossi S, Finocchiaro G, Marchetti S, Toschi L, Santoro A. Checkpoint inhibitors: 'raising the bar' also in brain metastases from non-small-cell lung cancer? Immunotherapy 2019; 10:403-410. [PMID: 29473467 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite efforts, brain metastases (BM) remain a critical issue in the management of patients affected by non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To date, radiotherapy is still considered the gold standard treatment; on the other hand, systemic chemotherapeutical agents are not so often an effective therapy for BM, whereas targeted agents in oncogene-addicted disease have shown a good activity also on BM. Anti-programmed death-1/programmed death ligand-1 agents represent a new valid therapeutic strategy for NSCLC as well as for several tumor types, but their efficacy on patients with BM is still unclear mainly due to the strict selection criteria adopted in clinical trials. The aim of the present article is to discuss the potential activity of checkpoint inhibitors in patients with BM from NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Rossi
- Department of Oncology & Hematology, Humanitas Clinical & Research Center, Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - Giovanna Finocchiaro
- Department of Oncology & Hematology, Humanitas Clinical & Research Center, Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - Silvia Marchetti
- Department of Oncology & Hematology, Humanitas Clinical & Research Center, Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - Luca Toschi
- Department of Oncology & Hematology, Humanitas Clinical & Research Center, Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - Armando Santoro
- Department of Oncology & Hematology, Humanitas Clinical & Research Center, Rozzano (MI), Italy
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155
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Yalon M, Toren A, Jabarin D, Fadida E, Constantini S, Mehrian-Shai R. Elevated NLR May Be a Feature of Pediatric Brain Cancer Patients. Front Oncol 2019; 9:327. [PMID: 31114757 PMCID: PMC6502986 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric brain tumors are the most common solid tumor type and the leading cause of cancer-related death in children. The immune system plays an important role in cancer pathogenesis and in the response to immunotherapy treatments. T lymphocytes are key elements for the response of the immune system to cancer cells and have been associated with prognosis of different cancers. Neutrophils on the other hand, which secrete pro-angiogenic and anti-apoptotic factors, enhance the ability of tumor cells to grow and develop into metastases. We conducted a retrospective study of 120 pediatric brain cancer patients and 171 elective pediatric patients hospitalized in Dana Children's Hospital and Sheba Medical Center. Data on age, sex, treatment, lymphocyte, neutrophil, and monocyte count were collected from routinely performed preoperative blood tests. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) were calculated and significance was determined by paired T test. p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. NLR was significantly higher in the pediatric brain cancer patients. The high NLR in pediatric brain cancer patients is the result of a combination of low lymphocytes and high neutrophils. Both of these factors can have a role in cancer development and propagation and also in response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Yalon
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Edmond and Lilly Safra Children's Hospital and Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Amos Toren
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Edmond and Lilly Safra Children's Hospital and Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dina Jabarin
- The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Edna Fadida
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shlomi Constantini
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ruty Mehrian-Shai
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Edmond and Lilly Safra Children's Hospital and Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
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156
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Mitoma H, Manto M. Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier During Neuroinflammatory and Neuroinfectious Diseases. NEUROIMMUNE DISEASES 2019. [PMCID: PMC7121618 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-19515-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As the organ of highest metabolic demand, utilizing over 25% of total body glucose utilization via an enormous vasculature with one capillary every 73 μm, the brain evolves a barrier at the capillary and postcapillary venules to prevent toxicity during serum fluctuations in metabolites and hormones, to limit brain swelling during inflammation, and to prevent pathogen invasion. Understanding of neuroprotective barriers has since evolved to incorporate the neurovascular unit (NVU), the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, and the presence of CNS lymphatics that allow leukocyte egress. Identification of the cellular and molecular participants in BBB function at the NVU has allowed detailed analyses of mechanisms that contribute to BBB dysfunction in various disease states, which include both autoimmune and infectious etiologies. This chapter will introduce some of the cellular and molecular components that promote barrier function but may be manipulated by inflammatory mediators or pathogens during neuroinflammation or neuroinfectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Mitoma
- Medical Education Promotion Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mario Manto
- Department of Neurology, CHU-Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium, Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
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157
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Dionisio-Santos DA, Olschowka JA, O'Banion MK. Exploiting microglial and peripheral immune cell crosstalk to treat Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:74. [PMID: 30953557 PMCID: PMC6449993 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is considered one of the cardinal features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Neuritic plaques composed of amyloid β and neurofibrillary tangle-laden neurons are surrounded by reactive astrocytes and microglia. Exposure of microglia, the resident myeloid cell of the CNS, to amyloid β causes these cells to acquire an inflammatory phenotype. While these reactive microglia are important to contain and phagocytose amyloid plaques, their activated phenotype impacts CNS homeostasis. In rodent models, increased neuroinflammation promoted by overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines can cause an increase in hyperphosphorylated tau and a decrease in hippocampal function. The peripheral immune system can also play a detrimental or beneficial role in CNS inflammation. Systemic inflammation can increase the risk of developing AD dementia, and chemokines released directly by microglia or indirectly by endothelial cells can attract monocytes and T lymphocytes to the CNS. These peripheral immune cells can aid in amyloid β clearance or modulate microglia responses, depending on the cell type. As such, several groups have targeted the peripheral immune system to modulate chronic neuroinflammation. In this review, we focus on the interplay of immunomodulating factors and cell types that are being investigated as possible therapeutic targets for the treatment or prevention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawling A Dionisio-Santos
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - John A Olschowka
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - M Kerry O'Banion
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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158
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Zhou F, Liu X, Gao L, Zhou X, Cao Q, Niu L, Wang J, Zuo D, Li X, Yang Y, Hu M, Yu Y, Tang R, Lee BH, Choi BW, Wang Y, Izumiya Y, Xue M, Zheng K, Gao D. HIV-1 Tat enhances purinergic P2Y4 receptor signaling to mediate inflammatory cytokine production and neuronal damage via PI3K/Akt and ERK MAPK pathways. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:71. [PMID: 30947729 PMCID: PMC6449963 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1466-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) afflict more than half of HIV-1-positive individuals. The transactivator of transcription (Tat) produced by HIV virus elicits inflammatory process and is a major neurotoxic mediator that induce neuron damage during HAND pathogenesis. Activated astrocytes are important cells involved in neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. Purinergic receptors expressed in astrocytes participate in a positive feedback loop in virus-induced neurotoxicity. Here, we investigated that whether P2Y4R, a P2Y receptor subtype, that expressed in astrocyte participates in Tat-induced neuronal death in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Soluble Tat protein was performed to determine the expression of P2Y4R and proinflammatory cytokines in astrocytes using siRNA technique via real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence assays. Cytometric bead array was used to measure proinflammatory cytokine release. The TUNEL staining and MTT cell viability assay were analyzed for HT22 cell apoptosis and viability, and the ApopTag® peroxidase in situ apoptosis detection kit and cresyl violet staining for apoptosis and death of hippocampal neuron in vivo. RESULTS We found that Tat challenge increased the expression of P2Y4R in astrocytes. P2Y4R signaling in astrocytes was involved in Tat-induced inflammatory cytokine production via PI3K/Akt- and ERK1/2-dependent pathways. Knockdown of P2Y4R expression significantly reduced inflammatory cytokine production and relieved Tat-mediated neuronal apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo challenged with Tat, P2Y4R knockdown mice showed decreased inflammation and neuronal damage, especially in hippocampal CA1 region. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide novel insights into astrocyte-mediated neuron damage during HIV-1 infection and suggest a potential therapeutic target for HANDs.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Astrocytes/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cerebral Cortex/cytology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/genetics
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism
- Glioma/pathology
- Humans
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/pathology
- Oncogene Protein v-akt
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transduction, Genetic
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/metabolism
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism and Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism and Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Lin Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism and Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Xinxin Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Dongseodaero 125, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-719 South Korea
| | - Qianwen Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism and Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Liping Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism and Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism and Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Dongjiao Zuo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism and Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism and Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Ying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism and Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Minmin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism and Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Yinghua Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism and Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Renxian Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism and Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Bong Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Dongseodaero 125, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-719 South Korea
| | - Byoung Wook Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Dongseodaero 125, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-719 South Korea
| | - Yugang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism and Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Yoshihiro Izumiya
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis (UC Davis) School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Min Xue
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Kuiyang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism and Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Dianshuai Gao
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
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159
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Farfara D, Feierman E, Richards A, Revenko AS, MacLeod RA, Norris EH, Strickland S. Knockdown of circulating C1 inhibitor induces neurovascular impairment, glial cell activation, neuroinflammation, and behavioral deficits. Glia 2019; 67:1359-1373. [PMID: 30882931 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cross-talk between blood proteins, immune cells, and brain function involves complex mechanisms. Plasma protein C1 inhibitor (C1INH) is an inhibitor of vascular inflammation that is induced by activation of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) and the complement system. Knockout of C1INH was previously correlated with peripheral vascular permeability via the bradykinin pathway, yet there was no evidence of its correlation with blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and brain function. In order to understand the effect of plasma C1INH on brain pathology via the vascular system, we knocked down circulating C1INH in wild-type (WT) mice using an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), without affecting C1INH expression in peripheral immune cells or the brain, and examined brain pathology. Long-term elimination of endogenous C1INH in the plasma induced the activation of the KKS and peritoneal macrophages but did not activate the complement system. Bradykinin pathway proteins were elevated in the periphery and the brain, resulting in hypotension. BBB permeability, extravasation of plasma proteins into the brain parenchyma, activation of glial cells, and elevation of pro-inflammatory response mediators were detected. Furthermore, infiltrating innate immune cells were observed entering the brain through the lateral ventricle walls and the neurovascular unit. Mice showed normal locomotion function, yet cognition was impaired and depressive-like behavior was evident. In conclusion, our results highlight the important role of regulated plasma C1INH as it acts as a gatekeeper to the brain via the neurovascular system. Thus, manipulation of C1INH in neurovascular disorders might be therapeutically beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Farfara
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Emily Feierman
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Allison Richards
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Alexey S Revenko
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, IONIS Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, California
| | - Robert A MacLeod
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, IONIS Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, California
| | - Erin H Norris
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
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160
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Mehrian-Shai R, Reichardt JKV, Harris CC, Toren A. The Gut-Brain Axis, Paving the Way to Brain Cancer. Trends Cancer 2019; 5:200-207. [PMID: 30961828 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The gut-brain axis formed by blood and lymphatic vessels paves the way for microbiota to impact the brain. Bacterial populations in the gut are a good candidate for a nongenetic factor contributing substantively to brain tumor development and to the success of therapy. Specifically, suppression of the immune system and induction of inflammation by microbiota sustain proliferative signaling, limit cell death, and induce angiogenesis as well as invasiveness. In addition, altered microbial metabolites and their levels could stimulate cell proliferation. We propose here a novel gear model connecting these complex interdisciplinary fields. Our model may impact mechanistic studies of brain cancer and better treatment outcomes through precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juergen K V Reichardt
- Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Curtis C Harris
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amos Toren
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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161
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Astroglia in Sepsis Associated Encephalopathy. Neurochem Res 2019; 45:83-99. [PMID: 30778837 PMCID: PMC7089215 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02743-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular pathophysiology of sepsis associated encephalopathy (SAE) remains poorly characterised. Brain pathology in SAE, which is manifested by impaired perception, consciousness and cognition, results from multifactorial events, including high levels of systemic cytokines, microbial components and endotoxins, which all damage the brain barriers, instigate neuroinflammation and cause homeostatic failure. Astrocytes, being the principal homeostatic cells of the central nervous system contribute to the brain defence against infection. Forming multifunctional anatomical barriers, astroglial cells maintain brain-systemic interfaces and restrict the damage to the nervous tissue. Astrocytes detect, produce and integrate inflammatory signals between immune cells and cells of brain parenchyma, thus regulating brain immune response. In SAE astrocytes are present in both reactive and astrogliopathic states; balance between these states define evolution of pathology and neurological outcomes. In humans pathophysiology of SAE is complicated by frequent presence of comorbidities, as well as age-related remodelling of the brain tissue with senescence of astroglia; these confounding factors further impact upon SAE progression and neurological deficits.
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162
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Doron H, Pukrop T, Erez N. A Blazing Landscape: Neuroinflammation Shapes Brain Metastasis. Cancer Res 2019; 79:423-436. [PMID: 30679177 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastases are more common than primary CNS tumors and confer grave prognosis on patients, as existing treatments have very limited efficacy. The tumor microenvironment has a central role in facilitating tumorigenesis and metastasis. In recent years, there has been much progress in our understanding of the functional role of the brain metastatic microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in brain metastasis research, with special emphasis on the role of the brain microenvironment and neuroinflammation, integrating insights from comparable findings in neuropathologies and primary CNS tumors. In addition, we overview findings on the formation of a hospitable metastatic niche and point out the major gaps in knowledge toward developing new therapeutics that will cotarget the stromal compartment in an effort to improve the treatment and prevention of brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Doron
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tobias Pukrop
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Neta Erez
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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163
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Chuntova P, Downey KM, Hegde B, Almeida ND, Okada H. Genetically Engineered T-Cells for Malignant Glioma: Overcoming the Barriers to Effective Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3062. [PMID: 30740109 PMCID: PMC6357938 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas carry a dismal prognosis. Conventional treatment using chemo- and radiotherapy has limited efficacy with adverse events. Therapy with genetically engineered T-cells, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells, may represent a promising approach to improve patient outcomes owing to their potential ability to attack highly infiltrative tumors in a tumor-specific manner and possible persistence of the adaptive immune response. However, the unique anatomical features of the brain and susceptibility of this organ to irreversible tissue damage have made immunotherapy especially challenging in the setting of glioma. With safety concerns in mind, multiple teams have initiated clinical trials using CAR T-cells in glioma patients. The valuable lessons learnt from those trials highlight critical areas for further improvement: tackling the issues of the antigen presentation and T-cell homing in the brain, immunosuppression in the glioma microenvironment, antigen heterogeneity and off-tumor toxicity, and the adaptation of existing clinical therapies to reflect the intricacies of immune response in the brain. This review summarizes the up-to-date clinical outcomes of CAR T-cell clinical trials in glioma patients and examines the most pressing hurdles limiting the efficacy of these therapies. Furthermore, this review uses these hurdles as a framework upon which to evaluate cutting-edge pre-clinical strategies aiming to overcome those barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Chuntova
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kira M Downey
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Bindu Hegde
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Neil D Almeida
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Cancer Immunotherapy Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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164
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Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly malignant CNS tumor with very poor survival despite intervention with conventional therapeutic strategies. Although the CNS is separated from the immune system by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, emerging evidence of immune surveillance and the selective infiltration of GBMs by immune suppressive cells indicates that there is breakdown or compromise of these physical barriers. This in turn offers hope that immunotherapy can be applied to specifically target and reduce tumor burden. One of the major setbacks in translating immunotherapy strategies is the hostile microenvironment of the tumor that inhibits trafficking of effector immune cells such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes into the CNS. Incorporating important findings from autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis to understand and thereby enhance cytotoxic lymphocyte infiltration into GBM could augment immunotherapy strategies to treat this disease. However, although these therapies are designed to evoke a potent immune response, limited space in the brain and cranial vault reduces tolerance for immune therapy-induced inflammation and resultant brain edema. Therefore, successful immunotherapy requires that a delicate balance be maintained between activating and retaining lasting antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita M Ratnam
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark R Gilbert
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amber J Giles
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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165
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Swenson BL, Meyer CF, Bussian TJ, Baker DJ. Senescence in aging and disorders of the central nervous system. TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE OF AGING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tma.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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166
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García-Cuesta EM, Santiago CA, Vallejo-Díaz J, Juarranz Y, Rodríguez-Frade JM, Mellado M. The Role of the CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 Axis in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:585. [PMID: 31507535 PMCID: PMC6718456 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. These receptors are intimately involved in cell movement, and thus play a critical role in several physiological and pathological situations that require the precise regulation of cell positioning. CXCR4 is one of the most studied chemokine receptors and is involved in many functions beyond leukocyte recruitment. During embryogenesis, it plays essential roles in vascular development, hematopoiesis, cardiogenesis, and nervous system organization. It has been also implicated in tumor progression and autoimmune diseases and, together with CD4, is one of the co-receptors used by the HIV-1 virus to infect immune cells. In contrast to other chemokine receptors that are characterized by ligand promiscuity, CXCR4 has a unique ligand-stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF1, CXCL12). However, this ligand also binds ACKR3, an atypical chemokine receptor that modulates CXCR4 functions and is overexpressed in multiple cancer types. The CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 axis constitutes a potential therapeutic target for a wide variety of inflammatory diseases, not only by interfering with cell migration but also by modulating immune responses. Thus far, only one antagonist directed against the ligand-binding site of CXCR4, AMD3100, has demonstrated clinical relevance. Here, we review the role of this ligand and its receptors in different autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. García-Cuesta
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - César A. Santiago
- Macromolecular X-Ray Crystallography Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vallejo-Díaz
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yasmina Juarranz
- Department Cell Biology, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mario Mellado
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Mario Mellado
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167
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Takemoto K, Miyahara N, Chikuie N, Hamamoto T, Ishino T, Ueda T, Takeno S. Efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy in a patient with brain metastasis of parotid carcinoma: A case report. Auris Nasus Larynx 2018; 46:813-817. [PMID: 30442438 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CheckMate 141, an open-label, randomized phase III trial of nivolumab, indicated that treatment with nivolumab prolonged overall survival of patients with platinum-refractory, recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Herein, we describe a case of brain metastasis of parotid carcinoma in which a good response was achieved after nivolumab treatment. The patient was a 67-year-old woman with parotid carcinoma (cT4bN0M0) who received induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiation. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging performed 10 weeks after the primary treatment revealed a residual tumor and brain and lung metastases. Thereafter, chemotherapy comprising cisplatin, 5-FU, and cetuximab was performed. Unfortunately, the tumor volume increased 5 months after chemotherapy, after which she received immunotherapy with biweekly nivolumab. After six cycles of nivolumab administration, the brain and lung metastases shrank markedly. Nivolumab had an intracranial effect in the patient with brain metastases of parotid carcinoma. This case report highlights the efficacy of nivolumab in the management of head and neck cancer with brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Takemoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Higashi-hiroshima Medical Center, 513 Jike, Saijyo-cho, Higashi-hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima, 739-0041, Japan.
| | - Nobuyuki Miyahara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Higashi-hiroshima Medical Center, 513 Jike, Saijyo-cho, Higashi-hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima, 739-0041, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Chikuie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hirhoshima-shi, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Takao Hamamoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hirhoshima-shi, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishino
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hirhoshima-shi, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ueda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hirhoshima-shi, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Sachio Takeno
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hirhoshima-shi, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
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168
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Zhou F, Liu X, Zuo D, Xue M, Gao L, Yang Y, Wang J, Niu L, Cao Q, Li X, Hua H, Zhang B, Hu M, Gao D, Zheng K, Izumiya Y, Tang R. HIV-1 Nef-induced lncRNA AK006025 regulates CXCL9/10/11 cluster gene expression in astrocytes through interaction with CBP/P300. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:303. [PMID: 30382871 PMCID: PMC6208068 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1343-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with persistent neuroinflammation and subsequent neuron damage. Pro-inflammatory factors and neurotoxins from activated astrocytes by HIV-1 itself and its encoded proteins, including the negative factor (Nef), are involved in the pathogenesis of HAND. This study was designed to find potential lncRNAs that regulate astrocyte functions and inflammation process. Methods We performed microarray analysis of lncRNAs from primary mouse astrocytes treated with Nef protein. Top ten lncRNAs were validated through real-time PCR analysis. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analysis were applied to explore the potential functions of lncRNAs. RIP and ChIP assays were performed to demonstrate the mechanism of lncRNA regulating gene expression. Results There were 638 co-upregulated lncRNAs and 372 co-downregulated lncRNAs in primary astrocytes treated with Nef protein for both 6 h and 12 h. GO and KEGG pathway analysis showed that the biological functions of top differential-expressed mRNAs were associated with inflammatory cytokines and chemokine. Knockdown of lncRNA AK006025, not AK138360, inhibited significantly CXCL9, CXCL10 (IP-10), and CXCL11 expression in astrocytes treated with Nef protein. Mechanism study showed that AK006025 associated with CBP/P300 was enriched in the promoter of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 genes. Conclusions Our findings uncovered the expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs in vitro, which might help to understand the pathways that regulate astrocyte activation during the process of HAND. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1343-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongjiao Zuo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Xue
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianwen Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Hua
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Minmin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianshuai Gao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuiyang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yoshihiro Izumiya
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis (UC Davis) School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Renxian Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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169
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Leibovitch EC, Caruso B, Ha SK, Schindler MK, Lee NJ, Luciano NJ, Billioux BJ, Guy JR, Yen C, Sati P, Silva AC, Reich DS, Jacobson S. Herpesvirus trigger accelerates neuroinflammation in a nonhuman primate model of multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11292-11297. [PMID: 30322946 PMCID: PMC6217390 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811974115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens, particularly human herpesviruses (HHVs), are implicated as triggers of disease onset/progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neuroinflammatory disorders. However, the time between viral acquisition in childhood and disease onset in adulthood complicates the study of this association. Using nonhuman primates, we demonstrate that intranasal inoculations with HHV-6A and HHV-6B accelerate an MS-like neuroinflammatory disease, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Although animals inoculated intranasally with HHV-6 (virus/EAE marmosets) were asymptomatic, they exhibited significantly accelerated clinical EAE compared with control animals. Expansion of a proinflammatory CD8 subset correlated with post-EAE survival in virus/EAE marmosets, suggesting that a peripheral (viral?) antigen-driven expansion may have occurred post-EAE induction. HHV-6 viral antigen in virus/EAE marmosets was markedly elevated and concentrated in brain lesions, similar to previously reported localizations of HHV-6 in MS brain lesions. Collectively, we demonstrate that asymptomatic intranasal viral acquisition accelerates subsequent neuroinflammation in a nonhuman primate model of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Leibovitch
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Breanna Caruso
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Seung Kwon Ha
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Matthew K Schindler
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nathanael J Lee
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nicholas J Luciano
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Bridgette J Billioux
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Joseph R Guy
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Cecil Yen
- Cerebral Microcirculation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Pascal Sati
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Afonso C Silva
- Cerebral Microcirculation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Daniel S Reich
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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170
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Ludewig P, Winneberger J, Magnus T. The cerebral endothelial cell as a key regulator of inflammatory processes in sterile inflammation. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 326:38-44. [PMID: 30472304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral endothelial cells accomplish numerous tasks connected to the maintenance of homeostasis of the central nervous system. They create a barrier between the central nervous system and peripheral blood and regulate mechanotransduction, vascular permeability, rheology, thrombogenesis, and leukocyte adhesion. In pathophysiological conditions (e.g., stroke or ischemia-reperfusion injury) the endothelial functions are impaired, leading to increased vascular permeability, vascular inflammation, leukocyte-endothelium interactions, and transendothelial migration, driving CNS inflammation and neuronal destruction. This review describes the current knowledge on the regulatory roles of endothelial cells in neuroinflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ludewig
- Department of Neurology at the University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Jack Winneberger
- Department of Neurology at the University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology at the University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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171
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Sharma P, Debinski W. Receptor-Targeted Glial Brain Tumor Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3326. [PMID: 30366424 PMCID: PMC6274942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Among primary brain tumors, malignant gliomas are notably difficult to manage. The higher-grade tumors represent an unmet need in medicine. There have been extensive efforts to implement receptor-targeted therapeutic approaches directed against gliomas. These approaches include immunotherapies, such as vaccines, adoptive immunotherapy, and passive immunotherapy. Targeted cytotoxic radio energy and pro-drug activation have been designed specifically for brain tumors. The field of targeting through receptors progressed significantly with the discovery of an interleukin 13 receptor alpha 2 (IL-13RA2) as a tumor-associated receptor over-expressed in most patients with glioblastoma (GBM) but not in normal brain. IL-13RA2 has been exploited in novel experimental therapies with very encouraging clinical responses. Other receptors are specifically over-expressed in many patients with GBM, such as EphA2 and EphA3 receptors, among others. These findings are important in view of the heterogeneity of GBM tumors and multiple tumor compartments responsible for tumor progression and resistance to therapies. The combined targeting of multiple receptors in different tumor compartments should be a preferred way to design novel receptor-targeted therapeutic approaches in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Sharma
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Waldemar Debinski
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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172
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Prajeeth CK, Dittrich-Breiholz O, Talbot SR, Robert PA, Huehn J, Stangel M. IFN-γ Producing Th1 Cells Induce Different Transcriptional Profiles in Microglia and Astrocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:352. [PMID: 30364000 PMCID: PMC6191492 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive T cells that infiltrate into the central nervous system (CNS) are believed to have a significant role in mediating the pathology of neuroinflammatory diseases like multiple sclerosis. Their interaction with microglia and astrocytes in the CNS is crucial for the regulation of neuroinflammatory processes. Our previous work demonstrated that effectors secreted by Th1 and Th17 cells have different capacities to influence the phenotype and function of glial cells. We have shown that Th1-derived effectors altered the phenotype and function of both microglia and astrocytes whereas Th17-derived effectors induced direct effects only on astrocytes but not on microglia. Here we investigated if effector molecules associated with IFN-γ producing Th1 cells induced different gene expression profiles in microglia and astrocytes. We performed a microarray analysis of RNA isolated from microglia and astrocytes treated with medium and Th-derived culture supernatants and compared the gene expression data. By using the criteria of 2-fold change and a false discovery rate of 0.01 (corrected p < 0.01), we demonstrated that a total of 2,106 and 1,594 genes were differentially regulated in microglia and astrocytes, respectively, in response to Th1-derived factors. We observed that Th1-derived effectors induce distinct transcriptional changes in microglia and astrocytes in addition to commonly regulated transcripts. These distinct transcriptional changes regulate peculiar physiological functions, and this knowledge can help to better understand T cell mediated neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chittappen K Prajeeth
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Steven R Talbot
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Philippe A Robert
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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173
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MRI visualization of neuroinflammation using VCAM-1 targeted paramagnetic micelles. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:2341-2350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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174
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Aydın MŞ, Yiğit EN, Vatandaşlar E, Erdoğan E, Öztürk G. Transfer and Integration of Breast Milk Stem Cells to the Brain of Suckling Pups. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14289. [PMID: 30250150 PMCID: PMC6155265 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32715-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Beside its unique nutritional content breast milk also contains live cells from the mother. Fate of these cells in the offspring has not been adequately described. In this study, we aimed to detect and identify maternal cells in the suckling’s blood and the brain. Green fluorescent protein expressing transgenic female mice (GFP+) were used as foster mothers to breastfeed wildtype newborn pups. One week and two months after the birth, blood samples and brains of the sucklings were analyzed to detect presence of GFP+ cells by fluorescence activated cell sorting, polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry on the brain sections and optically cleared brains. The tests confirmed that maternal cells were detectable in the blood and the brain of the pups and that they differentiated into both neuronal and glial cell types in the brain. This phenomenon represents breastfeeding – induced microchimerism in the brain with functional implications remain to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Şerif Aydın
- Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, 34810, Turkey
| | - Esra Nur Yiğit
- Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, 34810, Turkey
| | - Emre Vatandaşlar
- Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, 34810, Turkey
| | - Ender Erdoğan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, 42030, Turkey
| | - Gürkan Öztürk
- Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, 34810, Turkey. .,Department of Physiology, International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, 34810, Turkey.
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175
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Diao K, Bian SX, Routman DM, Yu C, Ye JC, Wagle NA, Wong MK, Zada G, Chang EL. Stereotactic radiosurgery and ipilimumab for patients with melanoma brain metastases: clinical outcomes and toxicity. J Neurooncol 2018; 139:421-429. [PMID: 29696531 PMCID: PMC7469981 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-2880-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is evidence that the combination of ipilimumab and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for brain metastases improves outcomes. We investigated clinical outcomes, radiation toxicity, and impact of ipilimumab timing in patients treated with SRS for melanoma brain metastases. METHODS We retrospectively identified 91 patients treated with SRS at our institution for melanoma brain metastases from 2006 to 2015. Concurrent ipilimumab administration was defined as within ± 4 weeks of SRS procedure. Acute and late toxicities were graded with CTCAE v4.03. Overall survival (OS), local failure, distant brain failure, and failure-free survival were analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier method. OS was analyzed with Cox regression. RESULTS Twenty-three patients received ipilimumab concurrent with SRS, 28 patients non-concurrently, and 40 patients did not receive ipilimumab. The median age was 62 years and 91% had KPS ≥ 80. The median follow-up time was 7.4 months. Patients who received ipilimumab had a median OS of 15.1 months compared to 7.8 months in patients who did not (p = 0.02). In multivariate analysis, ipilimumab (p = 0.02) and diagnosis-specific graded prognostic assessment (p = 0.02) were associated with OS. There were no differences in intracranial control by ipilimumab administration or timing. The incidence of radiation necrosis was 5%, with most events occurring in patients who received ipilimumab. CONCLUSIONS Patients who received ipilimumab had improved OS even after adjusting for prognostic factors. Ipilimumab did not appear to increase risk for acute toxicity. The majority of radiation necrosis events, however, occurred in patients who received ipilimumab. Our results support the continued use of SRS and ipilimumab as clinically appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Diao
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Shelly X Bian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David M Routman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cheng Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason C Ye
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Naveed A Wagle
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael K Wong
- Division of Medical Oncology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel Zada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric L Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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176
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. The potential importance of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3099-3120. [PMID: 29779041 PMCID: PMC11105369 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2844-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The exact cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still unknown, but the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and chronic inflammation indicates that immune disturbances are involved in AD pathogenesis. Recent genetic studies have revealed that many candidate genes are expressed in both microglia and myeloid cells which infiltrate into the AD brains. Invading myeloid cells controls the functions of resident microglia in pathological conditions, such as AD pathology. AD is a neurologic disease with inflammatory component where the immune system is not able to eliminate the perpetrator, while, concurrently, it should prevent neuronal injuries induced by inflammation. Recent studies have indicated that AD brains are an immunosuppressive microenvironment, e.g., microglial cells are hyporesponsive to Aβ deposits and anti-inflammatory cytokines enhance Aβ deposition. Immunosuppression is a common element in pathological disorders involving chronic inflammation. Studies on cancer-associated inflammation have demonstrated that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have a crucial role in the immune escape of tumor cells. Immunosuppression is not limited to tumors, since MDSCs can be recruited into chronically inflamed tissues where inflammatory mediators enhance the proliferation and activation of MDSCs. AD brains express a range of chemokines and cytokines which could recruit and expand MDSCs in inflamed AD brains and thus generate an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Several neuroinflammatory disorders, e.g., the early phase of AD pathology, have been associated with an increase in the level of circulating MDSCs. We will elucidate the immunosuppressive armament of MDSCs and present evidences in support of the crucial role of MDSCs in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70029 KYS, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
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177
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Breuer J, Korpos E, Hannocks MJ, Schneider-Hohendorf T, Song J, Zondler L, Herich S, Flanagan K, Korn T, Zarbock A, Kuhlmann T, Sorokin L, Wiendl H, Schwab N. Blockade of MCAM/CD146 impedes CNS infiltration of T cells over the choroid plexus. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:236. [PMID: 30134924 PMCID: PMC6106934 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Very late antigen 4 (VLA-4; integrin α4β1) is critical for transmigration of T helper (TH) 1 cells into the central nervous system (CNS) under inflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS). We have previously shown that VLA-4 and melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) are important for trans-endothelial migration of human TH17 cells in vitro and here investigate their contribution to pathogenic CNS inflammation. Methods Antibody blockade of VLA-4 and MCAM is assessed in murine models of CNS inflammation in conjunction with conditional ablation of α4-integrin expression in T cells. Effects of VLA-4 and MCAM blockade on lymphocyte migration are further investigated in the human system via in vitro T cell transmigration assays. Results Compared to the broad effects of VLA-4 blockade on encephalitogenic T cell migration over endothelial barriers, MCAM blockade impeded encephalitogenic T cell migration in murine models of MS that especially depend on CNS migration across the choroid plexus (CP). In transgenic mice lacking T cell α4-integrin expression (CD4::Itga4−/−), MCAM blockade delayed disease onset. Migration of MCAM-expressing T cells through the CP into the CNS was restricted, where laminin 411 (composed of α4, β1, γ1 chains), the proposed major ligand of MCAM, is detected in the endothelial basement membranes of murine CP tissue. This finding was translated to the human system; blockade of MCAM with a therapeutic antibody reduced in vitro transmigration of MCAM-expressing T cells across a human fibroblast-derived extracellular matrix layer and a brain-derived endothelial monolayer, both expressing laminin α4. Laminin α4 was further detected in situ in CP endothelial-basement membranes in MS patients’ brain tissue. Conclusions Our findings suggest that MCAM-laminin 411 interactions facilitate trans-endothelial migration of MCAM-expressing T cells into the CNS, which seems to be highly relevant to migration via the CP and to potential future clinical applications in neuroinflammatory disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1276-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Breuer
- Clinic of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus-1, Building A01, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Eva Korpos
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and of Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Melanie-Jane Hannocks
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and of Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tilman Schneider-Hohendorf
- Clinic of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus-1, Building A01, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jian Song
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and of Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lisa Zondler
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Herich
- Clinic of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus-1, Building A01, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ken Flanagan
- Prothena Biosciences Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Korn
- Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Zarbock
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lydia Sorokin
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and of Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Clinic of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus-1, Building A01, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nicholas Schwab
- Clinic of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus-1, Building A01, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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178
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Chen Z, Chen S, Liu J. The role of T cells in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 169:1-23. [PMID: 30114440 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, different components of the brain's immune system may exert diverse effects on neuroinflammatory events in PD. The adaptive immune response, especially the T cell response, can trigger type 1 pro-inflammatory activities and suppress type 2 anti-inflammatory activities, eventually resulting in deregulated neuroinflammation and subsequent dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Additionally, studies have increasingly shown that therapies targeting T cells can alleviate neurodegeneration and motor behavior impairment in animal models of PD. Therefore, we conclude that abnormal T cell-mediated immunity is a fundamental pathological process that may be a promising translational therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichun Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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179
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Shi H, Hua X, Kong D, Stein D, Hua F. Role of Toll-like receptor mediated signaling in traumatic brain injury. Neuropharmacology 2018; 145:259-267. [PMID: 30075158 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying secondary brain damage following traumatic brain injury (TBI) remain unclear. A great many studies have demonstrated that inflammatory cascades contribute to brain damage through the activation of immune/inflammatory responses, including the increased release of cytokines and chemokines, and the recruitment of leukocytes. The cells and tissues damaged by primary mechanical injury release a number of endogenous factors acting as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which initiate and perpetuate noninfectious inflammatory responses through transduction signaling pathways. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a transmembrane receptor family that can recognize the specific DAMPs released from damaged cells and recruit a set of adaptors leading to the activation of downstream kinases and nuclear factors which regulate the expression of inflammatory genes. The activation of inflammatory responses mediated by TLR signaling is closely associated with brain tissue damage and neurological dysfunction following TBI. TLRs and their downstream protein kinases may be potential targets for the treatment of TBI. Modulation of TLR-mediated signaling may attenuate brain damage and improve TBI outcome. In this review, we briefly discuss the role of TLR-mediated signaling in TBI and the new treatments targeting TLR signaling. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Novel Treatments for Traumatic Brain Injury".
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Shi
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Xiaodong Hua
- Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, GA, 30606, USA; Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Delian Kong
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Donald Stein
- Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30032, USA
| | - Fang Hua
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
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180
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The role of radiation therapy in the treatment of metastatic cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:535-546. [PMID: 30062507 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-018-9926-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy continues to play an important role in the management of cancer. In this review, we discuss the use of radiation therapy to target and control micrometastatic disease (adjuvant use of radiation), or using stereotactic radiation therapy to address small volumes of gross disease, such as oligometastases, and finally the use of radiation therapy in the era of immunotherapy. Radiation therapy is commonly used to treat nodal basins suspected of harboring microscopic disease. More recently, computer and technical innovations have allowed radiation oncologists to treat small volumes of gross disease within the brain and also in the body with great success, adding to the cancer armamentarium. This modality of cancer treatment that began shortly after the discovery of X-rays by William Roentgen continues to evolve and finds new clinical applications which minimize toxicity while increasing effectiveness. The newly discovered interactions of high dose/fraction radiation (stereotactic radiosurgery) with immune check point inhibitors in melanoma is the latest example of how synergism can be achieved between two different modalities thus increasing the therapeutic ratio to control metastatic cancer.
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181
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High-grade glioma associated immunosuppression does not prevent immune responses induced by therapeutic vaccines in combination with T reg depletion. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1545-1558. [PMID: 30054667 PMCID: PMC6182405 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
High-grade gliomas (HGG) exert systemic immunosuppression, which is of particular importance as immunotherapeutic strategies such as therapeutic vaccines are increasingly used to treat HGGs. In a first cohort of 61 HGG patients we evaluated a panel of 30 hematological and 34 plasma biomarkers. Then, we investigated in a second cohort of 11 relapsed HGG patients receiving immunomodulation with metronomic cyclophosphamide upfront to a DC-based vaccine whether immune abnormalities persisted and whether they hampered induction of IFNγ+ T-cell responses. HGG patients from the first cohort showed increased numbers of leukocytes, neutrophils and MDSCs and in parallel reduced numbers of CD4+/CD8+ T-cells, plasmacytoid and conventional DC2s. MDSCs and T-cell alterations were more profound in WHO IV° glioma patients. Moreover, levels of MDSCs and epidermal growth factor were negatively associated with survival. Serum levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 were altered in HGG patients, however, without any impact on clinical outcome. In the immunotherapy cohort, 6-month overall survival was 100%. Metronomic cyclophosphamide led to > 40% reduction of regulatory T cells (Treg). In parallel to Treg-depletion, MDSCs and DC subsets became indistinguishable from healthy controls, whereas T-lymphopenia persisted. Despite low T-cells, IFNγ-responses could be induced in 9/10 analyzed cases. Importantly, frequency of CD8+VLA-4+ T-cells with CNS-homing properties, but not of CD4+ VLA-4+ T-cells, increased during vaccination. Our study identifies several features of systemic immunosuppression in HGGs. Metronomic cyclophosphamide in combination with an active immunization alleviates the latter and the combined treatment allows induction of a high rate of anti-glioma immune responses.
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182
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Label-free leukocyte sorting and impedance-based profiling for diabetes testing. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 118:195-203. [PMID: 30077872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Circulating leukocytes comprise of approximately 1% of all blood cells and efficient enrichment of these cells from whole blood is critical for understanding cellular heterogeneity and biological significance in health and diseases. In this work, we report a novel microfluidic strategy for rapid (< 1 h) label-free leukocyte sorting and impedance-based profiling to determine cell activation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using whole blood. Leukocytes were first size-fractionated into different subtypes (neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes) using an inertial spiral sorter prior to single-cell impedance measurement in a microfluidic device with coplanar electrode design. Significant changes in membrane dielectric properties (size and opacity) were detected between healthy and activated leukocytes (TNF-α/LPS stimulated), during monocyte differentiation and among different monocyte subsets (classical, intermediate, non-classical). As proof-of-concept for diabetes testing, neutrophil/monocyte dielectric properties in T2DM subjects (n = 8) were quantified which were associated with cardiovascular risk factors including lipid levels, C-reactive protein (CRP) and vascular functions (LnRHI) (P < 0.05) were observed. Overall, these results clearly showed that T2DM subjects have pro-inflammatory leukocyte phenotypes and suggest leukocyte impedance signature as a novel surrogate biomarker for inflammation.
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183
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Yao H, Price TT, Cantelli G, Ngo B, Warner MJ, Olivere L, Ridge SM, Jablonski EM, Therrien J, Tannheimer S, McCall CM, Chenn A, Sipkins DA. Leukaemia hijacks a neural mechanism to invade the central nervous system. Nature 2018; 560:55-60. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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184
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Garcia SA, Lebrun A, Kean RB, Craig Hooper D. Clearance of attenuated rabies virus from brain tissues is required for long-term protection against CNS challenge with a pathogenic variant. J Neurovirol 2018; 24:606-615. [PMID: 29987584 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0655-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies virus is a neurotropic lyssavirus which is 100% fatal in its pathogenic form when reaching unprotected CNS tissues. Death can be prevented by mechanisms delivering appropriate immune effectors across the blood-brain barrier which normally remains intact during pathogenic rabies virus infection. One therapeutic approach is to superinfect CNS tissues with attenuated rabies virus which induces blood-brain barrier permeability and immune cell entry. Current thinking is that peripheral rabies immunization is sufficient to protect against a challenge with pathogenic rabies virus. While this is undoubtedly the case if the virus is confined to the periphery, what happens if the virus reaches the CNS is less well-understood. In the current study, we find that peripheral immunization does not fully protect mice long-term against an intranasal challenge with pathogenic rabies virus. Protection is significantly better in mice that have cleared attenuated virus from the CNS and is associated with a more robust CNS recall response evidently due to the presence in CNS tissues of elevated numbers of lymphocytes phenotypically resembling long-term resident immune cells. Adoptive transfer of cells from rabies-immune mice fails to protect against CNS challenge with pathogenic rabies virus further supporting the concept that long-term resident immune cell populations must be established in brain tissues to protect against a subsequent CNS challenge with pathogenic rabies virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Garcia
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, JAH Rm 452, Philadelphia, PA, 19107-6731, USA
| | - Aurore Lebrun
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, JAH Rm 452, Philadelphia, PA, 19107-6731, USA
| | - Rhonda B Kean
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, JAH Rm 452, Philadelphia, PA, 19107-6731, USA
| | - D Craig Hooper
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, JAH Rm 452, Philadelphia, PA, 19107-6731, USA. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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185
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Vander Jagt TA, Davis LE, Thakur MD, Franz C, Pollock JM. Pseudoprogression of CNS metastatic disease of alveolar soft part sarcoma during anti-PDL1 treatment. Radiol Case Rep 2018; 13:882-885. [PMID: 29991973 PMCID: PMC6037874 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors are increasingly used in treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma, melanoma, and nonsmall cell lung cancer, as well as in clinical trials for novel targets. We present a pediatric patient with metastatic alveolar soft part sarcoma who was treated with MPDL3280 (Atezolizumab), a monoclonal anti-programmed death ligand-1 antibody. Imaging results for the patient suggested disease progression of multiple brain metastases with stable systemic disease. The patient met response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) criteria of progression of disease and was removed from treatment with MPDL3280. Subsequent surgical resection of the brain lesions revealed nonviable tumor with extensive lymphocytic infiltrates consistent with pseudoprogression. This case report adds to a growing number of reports that question reliance on RECIST criteria and suggest need for further refinement of RECIST or irRECIST during immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment for central nervous system metastatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lara E Davis
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; Knight Cancer Institute Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Division of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genetech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Meghna Das Thakur
- Division of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genetech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carl Franz
- Division of Chemistry and Biology, Lake Tahoe Community College, South Lake Tahoe, CA, USA
| | - Jeffery M Pollock
- Department of Radiology, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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186
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Shen Y, Yan L, Shao X, Zhao B, Bai J, Lu W, Wang DJ. Improved sensitivity of cellular MRI using phase-cycled balanced SSFP of ferumoxytol nanocomplex-labeled macrophages at ultrahigh field. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:3839-3852. [PMID: 30013339 PMCID: PMC6039059 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s169860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility and sensitivity of cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with ferumoxytol nanocomplex-labeled macrophages at ultrahigh magnetic field of 7 T. Materials and methods THP-1-induced macrophages were labeled using self-assembling heparin + protamine + ferumoxytol nanocomplexes which were injected into a gelatin phantom visible on both microscope and MRI. Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) and balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) pulse sequences were applied at 3 and 7 T. The average, maximum intensity projection, and root mean square combined images were generated for phase-cycled bSSFP images. The signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) efficiencies were calculated. Ex vivo experiments were then performed using a formalin-fixed pig brain injected witĥ100 and ~1,000 labeled cells, respectively, at both 3 and 7 T. Results A high cell labeling efficiency (.90%) was achieved with heparin + protamine + ferumoxytol nanocomplexes. Less than 100 cells were detectable in the gelatin phantom at both 3 and 7 T. The 7 T data showed more than double CNR efficiency compared to the corresponding sequences at 3 T. The CNR efficiencies of phase-cycled bSSFP images were higher compared to those of SWI, and the root mean square combined bSSFP showed the highest CNR efficiency with minimal banding. Following co-registration of microscope and MR images, more cells (51/63) were detected by bSSFP at 7 T than at 3 T (36/63). On pig brain, botĥ100 and ~1,000 cells were detected at 3 and 7 T. While the cell size appeared larger due to blooming effects on SWI, bSSFP allowed better contrast to precisely identify the location of the cells with higher signal-to-noise ratio efficiency. Conclusion The proposed cellular MRI with ferumoxytol nanocomplex-labeled macrophages at 7 T has a high sensitivity to detect, 100 cells. The proposed method has great translational potential and may have broad clinical applications that involve cell types with a primary phagocytic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelong Shen
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA, .,Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shangdong, China
| | - Lirong Yan
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA,
| | - Xingfeng Shao
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA,
| | - Bin Zhao
- Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shangdong, China
| | - Jinlun Bai
- Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wange Lu
- Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Danny Jj Wang
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA,
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187
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Cell- and stage-specific localization of galectin-3, a β-galactoside-binding lectin, in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neurochem Int 2018; 118:176-184. [PMID: 29920290 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which pathogenic T cells play an important role, and an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is used as an animal model of MS. Galectins are β-galactoside-binding lectins and involved in various physiological and pathological events. Among fifteen members of galectins, galectin-1, -8, and -9 play immunosuppressive roles in MS and EAE; however, the role of galectin-3 (gal-3) is complex and controversial. We examined expression of gal-3 in the spinal cord and nerve roots of EAE mice. No immunohistochemical signals were detected in naïve mice, whereas gal-3 appeared at lower lumbar levels of the spinal cord and nerve roots in EAE mice. In the spinal cord, gal-3-positive cells were activated microglia and/or infiltrating macrophages, which were round in shape and intensified for the lysosomal enzyme, cathepsin D, indicating elevated phagocytic activity. Gal-3-positive cells in the spinal cord were most abundant during the peak symptomatic period. In the recovery period, they disappeared from the spinal parenchyma but remained at moderate levels in the pia mater. Interestingly, gal-3-positive cells selectively appeared in ventral, but not dorsal, nerve roots running through the spinal canal, with expression peaking during the recovery period. In ventral nerve roots, the major cell type expressing gal-3 was a specific population of Schwann cells that surround unmyelinated axons and express the biosynthetic enzyme for l-serine, a potent neurotrophic amino acid. Gal-3 was also induced in Iba1/F4/80-positive macrophages, which engulf damaged myelin and axon debris. Thus, gal-3 is induced in distinct cell types that are engaged in removal of damaged axons and cell debris and axon regeneration and remyelination, suggesting a potential neuroprotective role of gal-3 in EAE mice.
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188
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Benakis C, Llovera G, Liesz A. The meningeal and choroidal infiltration routes for leukocytes in stroke. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2018; 11:1756286418783708. [PMID: 29977343 PMCID: PMC6024265 DOI: 10.1177/1756286418783708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major health burden as it is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Blood flow restoration, through thrombolysis or endovascular thrombectomy, is the only effective treatment but is restricted to a limited proportion of patients due to time window constraint and accessibility to technology. Over the past two decades, research has investigated the basic mechanisms that lead to neuronal death following cerebral ischemia. However, the use of neuroprotective paradigms in stroke has been marked by failure in translation from experimental research to clinical practice. In the past few years, much attention has focused on the immune response to acute cerebral ischemia as a major factor to the development of brain lesions and neurological deficits. Key inflammatory processes after stroke include the activation of resident glial cells as well as the invasion of circulating leukocytes. Recent research on anti-inflammatory strategies for stroke has focused on limiting the transendothelial migration of peripheral immune cells from the compromised vasculature into the brain parenchyma. However, recent trials testing the blockage of cerebral leukocyte infiltration in patients reported inconsistent results. This emphasizes the need to better scrutinize how immune cells are regulated at the blood-brain interface and enter the brain parenchyma, and particularly to also consider alternative cerebral infiltration routes for leukocytes, including the meninges and the choroid plexus. Understanding how immune cells migrate to the brain via these alternative pathways has the potential to develop more effective approaches for anti-inflammatory stroke therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Benakis
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Medical Center Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Gemma Llovera
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Medical Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Arthur Liesz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Medical Center Munich, Munich, Germany Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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189
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Takamura S. Niches for the Long-Term Maintenance of Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1214. [PMID: 29904388 PMCID: PMC5990602 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) are a population of immune cells that reside in the lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs without recirculation through the blood. These important cells occupy and utilize unique anatomical and physiological niches that are distinct from those for other memory T cell populations, such as central memory T cells in the secondary lymphoid organs and effector memory T cells that circulate through the tissues. CD8+ TRM cells typically localize in the epithelial layers of barrier tissues where they are optimally positioned to act as sentinels to trigger antigen-specific protection against reinfection. CD4+ TRM cells typically localize below the epithelial layers, such as below the basement membrane, and cluster in lymphoid structures designed to optimize interactions with antigen-presenting cells upon reinfection. A key feature of TRM populations is their ability to be maintained in barrier tissues for prolonged periods of time. For example, skin CD8+ TRM cells displace epidermal niches originally occupied by γδ T cells, thereby enabling their stable persistence for years. It is also clear that the long-term maintenance of TRM cells in different microenvironments is dependent on multiple tissue-specific survival cues, although the specific details are poorly understood. However, not all TRM persist over the long term. Recently, we identified a new spatial niche for the maintenance of CD8+ TRM cells in the lung, which is created at the site of tissue regeneration after injury [termed repair-associated memory depots (RAMD)]. The short-lived nature of RAMD potentially explains the short lifespans of CD8+ TRM cells in this particular tissue. Clearly, a better understanding of the niche-dependent maintenance of TRM cells will be important for the development of vaccines designed to promote barrier immunity. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the properties and nature of tissue-specific niches that maintain TRM cells in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Takamura
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
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190
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Liu YW, Li S, Dai SS. Neutrophils in traumatic brain injury (TBI): friend or foe? J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:146. [PMID: 29776443 PMCID: PMC5960133 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge of the pathophysiology about traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still limited. Neutrophils, as the most abundant leukocytes in circulation and the first-line transmigrated immune cells at the sites of injury, are highly involved in the initiation, development, and recovery of TBI. Nonetheless, our understanding about neutrophils in TBI is obsolete, and mounting evidences from recent studies have challenged the conventional views. This review summarizes what is known about the relationships between neutrophils and pathophysiology of TBI. In addition, discussions are made on the complex roles as well as the controversial views of neutrophils in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Wuyue Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.,Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
| | - Song Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
| | - Shuang-Shuang Dai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China. .,Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China.
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191
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Cuzzocrea S, Doyle T, Campolo M, Paterniti I, Esposito E, Farr SA, Salvemini D. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Subtype 1 as a Therapeutic Target for Brain Trauma. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1452-1466. [PMID: 29310513 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) provokes secondary pathological mechanisms, including ischemic and inflammatory processes. The new research in sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulators has opened the door for an effective mechanism of reducing central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory lesion activity. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the immunomodulatory effect of the functional S1PR1 antagonist, siponimod, in phase III clinical trials for autoimmune disorders and of the competitive sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor subtype 1 (S1PR1) antagonist, TASP0277308, in pre-clinical development in an in vivo model of TBI in mice. We used the well-characterized model of TBI caused by controlled cortical impact. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with siponimod or TASP0277308 (1 mg/kg) at 1 and 4 h post-trauma. Our results demonstrated that these agents exerted significant beneficial effects on TBI pre-clinical scores in term of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, in particular, attenuation of astrocytes and microglia activation, cytokines release, and rescue of the reduction of adhesion molecules (i.e., occludin and zonula occludens-1). Moreover, these compounds were able to decrease T-cell activation visible by reduction of CD4+ and CD8+, reduce the lesioned area (measured by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining), and to preserve tissue architecture, microtubule stability, and neural plasticity. Moreover, our findings provide pre-clinical evidence for the use of low-dose oral S1PR1 antagonists as neuroprotective strategies for TBI and broaden our understanding of the underlying S1PR1-driven neuroinflammatory processes in the pathophysiology of TBI. Altogether, our results showed that blocking the S1PR1 axis is an effective therapeutic strategy to mitigate neuropathological effects engaged in the CNS by TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, Messina, Italy .,2 Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Saint Louis University , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Timothy Doyle
- 2 Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Saint Louis University , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michela Campolo
- 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, Messina, Italy
| | - Susan A Farr
- 3 VA Medical Center Saint Louis , St. Louis, Missouri.,4 Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Daniela Salvemini
- 2 Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Saint Louis University , St. Louis, Missouri
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192
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Nazmi A, Albertsson AM, Rocha-Ferreira E, Zhang X, Vontell R, Zelco A, Rutherford M, Zhu C, Nilsson G, Mallard C, Hagberg H, Lai JCY, Leavenworth JW, Wang X. Lymphocytes Contribute to the Pathophysiology of Neonatal Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2018; 9:159. [PMID: 29615958 PMCID: PMC5868390 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is the most common form of preterm brain injury affecting the cerebral white matter. This type of injury involves a multiphase process and is induced by many factors, including hypoxia–ischemia (HI) and infection. Previous studies have suggested that lymphocytes play a significant role in the pathogenesis of brain injury, and the aim of this study was to determine the contribution of lymphocyte subsets to preterm brain injury. Methods Immunohistochemistry on brain sections from neonatal mice was performed to evaluate the extent of brain injury in wild-type and T cell and B cell-deficient neonatal mice (Rag1−/− mice) using a mouse model of HI-induced preterm brain injury. Flow cytometry was performed to determine the presence of different types of immune cells in mouse brains following HI. In addition, immunostaining for CD3 T cells and CD20 B cells was performed on postmortem preterm human infant brains with PVL. Results Mature lymphocyte-deficient Rag1−/− mice showed protection from white matter loss compared to wild type mice as indicated by myelin basic protein immunostaining of mouse brains. CD3+ T cells and CD20+ B cells were observed in the postmortem preterm infant brains with PVL. Flow cytometry analysis of mouse brains after HI-induced injury showed increased frequency of CD3+ T, αβT and B cells at 7 days after HI in the ipsilateral (injured) hemisphere compared to the contralateral (control, uninjured) hemisphere. Conclusion Lymphocytes were found in the injured brain after injury in both mice and humans, and lack of mature lymphocytes protected neonatal mice from HI-induced brain white matter injury. This finding provides insight into the pathology of perinatal brain injury and suggests new avenues for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshed Nazmi
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna-Maj Albertsson
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Regina Vontell
- Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aura Zelco
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mary Rutherford
- Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gisela Nilsson
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline C Y Lai
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jianmei W Leavenworth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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193
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Tsutsui S. Studying the blood-brain barrier will provide new insights into neurodegeneration - No. Mult Scler 2018; 24:1025-1026. [PMID: 29504439 DOI: 10.1177/1352458518755564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Tsutsui
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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194
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Abstract
The incidence of melanoma continues to rise worldwide. Prior to 2010, there had been no progress in the treatment of advanced melanoma in living memory. Since then, immunotherapy has become a standard of care in the treatment of advanced melanoma. Nivolumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody against PD-1, which is a negative regulatory checkpoint in the T cells. The clinical benefit of nivolumab as a single agent is well established, with response rates of ≥40%, durable responses and a favorable tolerability profile. The combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab has also become a standard of care and the role of nivolumab in the adjuvant setting for high-risk patients has been recently confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Gomes
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Paul Lorigan
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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195
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Zhao Y, Shi D, Cao K, Wu F, Zhu X, Wen S, You Q, Zhang K, Liu L, Zhou H. Fingolimod targets cerebral endothelial activation to block leukocyte recruitment in the central nervous system. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 103:107-118. [PMID: 29345065 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0717-287r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fingolimod (FTY720), an immunomodulator, is approved as an oral treatment for patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. Its effects are largely attributed to its mechanism of selectively retaining lymphocytes in the lymph nodes to reduce autoreactive T-cell recruitment in the CNS. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of FTY720 on an animal model of CNS inflammation induced by intracerebral ventricle LPS injection. We found that FTY720 treatment significantly prevented LPS-induced neutrophil recruitment in the CNS by inhibiting leukocyte recruitment in cerebral microvessels. Furthermore, FTY720 also inhibited the expressions of adhesion molecules on the cerebral endothelium, but did not affect the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and chemokines (CXCL1 and CXCL2) in the CNS parenchyma. The inhibition of endothelial activation was accompanied by reduced phosphorylation of signaling molecules, including serine/threonine-specific protein kinase (Akt), STAT6, and nuclear factor-κB. This FTY720-attenuated inhibition of leukocyte recruitment and endothelial activation was reversed by blocking the functions of sphingosine kinase 2 or sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1. Our study demonstrated, for the first time, that FTY720 directly inhibits the phosphorylation of multiple signaling molecules in endothelial cells, thereby effectively blocking leukocyte recruitment in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongyan Shi
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kelei Cao
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengjiao Wu
- Department of Immunology, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xingxing Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Wen
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang You
- Department of Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Keqi Zhang
- Ningbo Yongxin Optics Co., Ltd, Ningbo, China
| | - Lixin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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196
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Llovera G, Benakis C, Enzmann G, Cai R, Arzberger T, Ghasemigharagoz A, Mao X, Malik R, Lazarevic I, Liebscher S, Ertürk A, Meissner L, Vivien D, Haffner C, Plesnila N, Montaner J, Engelhardt B, Liesz A. The choroid plexus is a key cerebral invasion route for T cells after stroke. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 134:851-868. [PMID: 28762187 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1758-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation contributes substantially to stroke pathophysiology. Cerebral invasion of peripheral leukocytes-particularly T cells-has been shown to be a key event promoting inflammatory tissue damage after stroke. While previous research has focused on the vascular invasion of T cells into the ischemic brain, the choroid plexus (ChP) as an alternative cerebral T-cell invasion route after stroke has not been investigated. We here report specific accumulation of T cells in the peri-infarct cortex and detection of T cells as the predominant population in the ipsilateral ChP in mice as well as in human post-stroke autopsy samples. T-cell migration from the ChP to the peri-infarct cortex was confirmed by in vivo cell tracking of photoactivated T cells. In turn, significantly less T cells invaded the ischemic brain after photothrombotic lesion of the ipsilateral ChP and in a stroke model encompassing ChP ischemia. We detected a gradient of CCR2 ligands as the potential driving force and characterized the neuroanatomical pathway for the intracerebral migration. In summary, our study demonstrates that the ChP is a key invasion route for post-stroke cerebral T-cell invasion and describes a CCR2-ligand gradient between cortex and ChP as the potential driving mechanism for this invasion route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Llovera
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Corinne Benakis
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Gaby Enzmann
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ruiyao Cai
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Arzberger
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Alireza Ghasemigharagoz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Xiang Mao
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer Malik
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ivana Lazarevic
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Liebscher
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Grosshaderner Str. 9, 82152, Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Ertürk
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Lilja Meissner
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Denis Vivien
- INSERM, UMR-S U919, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Team Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, University Caen Basse-Normandie, 14074, Caen Cedex, France
| | - Christof Haffner
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Liesz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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197
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Ciervo Y, Ning K, Jun X, Shaw PJ, Mead RJ. Advances, challenges and future directions for stem cell therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:85. [PMID: 29132389 PMCID: PMC5683324 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative condition where loss of motor neurons within the brain and spinal cord leads to muscle atrophy, weakness, paralysis and ultimately death within 3–5 years from onset of symptoms. The specific molecular mechanisms underlying the disease pathology are not fully understood and neuroprotective treatment options are minimally effective. In recent years, stem cell transplantation as a new therapy for ALS patients has been extensively investigated, becoming an intense and debated field of study. In several preclinical studies using the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS, stem cells were demonstrated to be neuroprotective, effectively delayed disease onset and extended survival. Despite substantial improvements in stem cell technology and promising results in preclinical studies, several questions still remain unanswered, such as the identification of the most suitable and beneficial cell source, cell dose, route of delivery and therapeutic mechanisms. This review will cover publications in this field and comprehensively discuss advances, challenges and future direction regarding the therapeutic potential of stem cells in ALS, with a focus on mesenchymal stem cells. In summary, given their high proliferation activity, immunomodulation, multi-differentiation potential, and the capacity to secrete neuroprotective factors, adult mesenchymal stem cells represent a promising candidate for clinical translation. However, technical hurdles such as optimal dose, differentiation state, route of administration, and the underlying potential therapeutic mechanisms still need to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Ciervo
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Rd S10 2HQ, Sheffield, UK.,Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Rd, Yangpu Qu, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Ning
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Rd S10 2HQ, Sheffield, UK.,Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Rd, Yangpu Qu, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Jun
- Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Rd, Yangpu Qu, Shanghai, China
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Rd S10 2HQ, Sheffield, UK
| | - Richard J Mead
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Rd S10 2HQ, Sheffield, UK.
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Reuwer AQ, Heron M, van der Dussen D, Schneider-Hohendorf T, Murk J. The clinical utility of JC virus antibody index measurements in the context of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Acta Neurol Scand 2017; 136 Suppl 201:37-44. [PMID: 29068484 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In natalizumab-treated patients without previous immunosuppressive treatment, the JCV antibody index is used to stratify PML risk. A high index value indicates that the risk to develop PML is significantly elevated, although probably about 99% of patients with this index value will not develop PML. This minireview aimed to provide an overview of the basic virology and immunology relevant to understanding JCV infections in MS patients, with a focus on what is presently known about antibodies to JCV and how they could be of use to predict and diagnose PML.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Q. Reuwer
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; St. Elisabeth Hospital Tilburg; Tilburg The Netherlands
| | - M. Heron
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; St. Elisabeth Hospital Tilburg; Tilburg The Netherlands
| | - D. van der Dussen
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Centre Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - J.L. Murk
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; St. Elisabeth Hospital Tilburg; Tilburg The Netherlands
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199
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Lauer AN, Tenenbaum T, Schroten H, Schwerk C. The diverse cellular responses of the choroid plexus during infection of the central nervous system. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 314:C152-C165. [PMID: 29070490 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00137.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) is responsible for the production of a large amount of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). As a highly vascularized structure, the CP also presents a significant frontier between the blood and the central nervous system (CNS). To seal this border, the epithelium of the CP forms the blood-CSF barrier, one of the most important barriers separating the CNS from the blood. During the course of infectious disease, cells of the CP can experience interactions with intruding pathogens, especially when the CP is used as gateway for entry into the CNS. In return, the CP answers to these encounters with diverse measures. Here, we will review the distinct responses of the CP during infection of the CNS, which include engaging of signal transduction pathways, the regulation of gene expression in the host cells, inflammatory cell response, alterations of the barrier, and, under certain circumstances, cell death. Many of these actions may contribute to stage an immunological response against the pathogen and subsequently help in the clearance of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa N Lauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Tobias Tenenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Christian Schwerk
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
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200
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Prajeeth CK, Kronisch J, Khorooshi R, Knier B, Toft-Hansen H, Gudi V, Floess S, Huehn J, Owens T, Korn T, Stangel M. Effectors of Th1 and Th17 cells act on astrocytes and augment their neuroinflammatory properties. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:204. [PMID: 29037246 PMCID: PMC5644084 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0978-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autoreactive Th1 and Th17 cells are believed to mediate the pathology of multiple sclerosis in the central nervous system (CNS). Their interaction with microglia and astrocytes in the CNS is crucial for the regulation of the neuroinflammation. Previously, we have shown that only Th1 but not Th17 effectors activate microglia. However, it is not clear which cells are targets of Th17 effectors in the CNS. Methods To understand the effects driven by Th17 cells in the CNS, we induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in wild-type mice and CD4+ T cell-specific integrin α4-deficient mice where trafficking of Th1 cells into the CNS was affected. We compared microglial and astrocyte response in the brain and spinal cord of these mice. We further treated astrocytes with supernatants from highly pure Th1 and Th17 cultures and assessed the messenger RNA expression of neurotrophic factors, cytokines and chemokines, using real-time PCR. Data obtained was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results We observed in α4-deficient mice weak microglial activation but comparable astrogliosis to that of wild-type mice in the regions of the brain populated with Th17 infiltrates, suggesting that Th17 cells target astrocytes and not microglia. In vitro, in response to supernatants from Th1 and Th17 cultures, astrocytes showed altered expression of neurotrophic factors, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Furthermore, increased expression of chemokines in Th1- and Th17-treated astrocytes enhanced recruitment of microglia and transendothelial migration of Th17 cells in vitro. Conclusion Our results demonstrate the delicate interaction between T cell subsets and glial cells and how they communicate to mediate their effects. Effectors of Th1 act on both microglia and astrocytes whereas Th17 effectors preferentially target astrocytes to promote neuroinflammation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-0978-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chittappen K Prajeeth
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julius Kronisch
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reza Khorooshi
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Knier
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Henrik Toft-Hansen
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Floess
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Trevor Owens
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Korn
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany. .,Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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